CHAPTER 11

Additional Problems

Solved Problems

11.1 A single phase voltage controller has input voltage of 230 V, 50 Hz and a load of R = 15W. For 6
cycles on and 4 cycles off, determine.
(a) rms output voltage
(b) input pF and
(c) average and rms thyristor currents.
Sol. (a) For n on-cycles and m off-cycles,
n 6
Eor = Es . = 230 = 178.16 V.
n+m 6+4

n 6
(b) Input pF = = = 0.78 lag
n+m 6+4
Also power delivered to load = Ior2 . R
178.157 2
= Vor2/R. =
15
= 2116 W.
230 6
Input VA = 230 = 2731.74 VA.
15
2116
\ Input PF = = 0.78 lag
2731.74

230 6
(c) Peak thyristor current, Im = = 21.68 A.
15
Average value of thyristor current
h F
ITA = m
n+m p
0.6 21.68
= = 4.14 A
p
 Solution Manual 2

n
Im
n+m
\ RMS value of thyristor current, ITe =
2
21.681 0.6
= = 8.397 A
2
11.2 A three-phase, three-wire bidirectional controller supplies a star-connected resistance load of
R = 10 W per phase. Determine the output voltage and power consumed by the load for
following cases:
(a) a = 30 (b) a = 75 (c) a = 120
Assume Es = 230 V
Sol. (a) From Eq. (11.41),
1/ 2
1 p p / 6 sin (p /3)
Eo = 6 ( 230) 6 - 4 +
p 8
= 225 V.
3 Eo 2
Power consumed, P=
R
2
3 ( 225)
= = 15.19 kW.
10
(b) for a = 75 (= 5p/12)
1/ 2
1 p 3 sin (150) 3 cos (150)
Eo = 6 ( 230) 12 + +
p 16 10
= 162.65 V.
2
3 (162.65)
P= = 7.93 KW.
10
2p
(c) for a = 120 =
3
1/ 2
1 5p 2p /3 sin ( 240) 3 cos ( 240)
Eo = 6 ( 230) 24 - 4 + 16 +
p 16
= 47.83 V

P= 3
(47.83)2 = 686.3 W.
10
11.3 In an on-off control circuit using single-phase 230 V, 50 Hz supply, the on-time is 10 cycles and
off-time is 4 cycles. Determine the RMS value of the output voltage.
Sol. Output voltage is equal to the supply voltage during on-time and zero during off-time.
\ RMS value of the output voltage is given by
3 Power Electronics

1/ 2
( 230)2 10 + 0 4

Vrms =
14

= 230 0.84 = 193 V.
11.4 The circuit in Fig. E 11.4 is used for controlling furnance temperature. If the pedestal voltage
VP = OV. Calculate the firing angle a and rms load-voltage. If the pedestal voltage is 3 V,
calculate the change in a.

+ +
15 V
R1 R3 R4

VP
n = 0.8
330 sin 314 t D
R2 C G
furnace
0.1mF
K
(a) (b)
Pedestal voltage

Fig. E 11.4

Sol. (i) When pedestal voltage, VP = O. With this Fig. E 11.4 (b) simply work as UJT relaxation
oscillator. Time taken by the capacitor to charge from O to nVBB is t1 which corresponds to the
firing angle a.
\ Peak voltage on capacitor, VP = nVBB + VD.
= (0.8 15) + 0.7 = 12.7 Volts.

Now, (
VP = VBB 1 - e-t1/ R 3c )
3
0.1 10-6
\ 12.7 = 15 1 - e -t1 / 3 10

\ t1 = 562.6 msec.
One half cycle of input a.c. voltage corresponds to 1800 and the duration of one half cycle is 10
msec.
\ If 10 msec 180,
then 0.562 ms 2
0.562
\ a= 180
10
\ a = 10.116
Now, rms value of load voltage is
180 1/ 2
1
2 2
ELrms = E m sin wt dwt
p 10
 Solution Manual 4

180 1/ 2
1 2

=
p (330 sin wt ) d wt
10

180 1/ 2
(330)2 1 - cos 2 wt
= d wt
p 2
10
180 1/ 2
(330)2 p
= p - - 1/ 2 (sin 2 wt )
2p 18 10
= 232.95 Volts.
(b) With the pedestal voltage VP = 3 V., the initial voltage on capacitor is 3 V
\ Therefore, time t1. is given by

nVBB + VD = 3 + Es. 1 - e-t1 / R3c

-3
\ 12.7 3 = 15 1 - e-t1 / 0.3 10

\ t1 = 312.1 msec.
So if 10 msec 180, 312.1 msec ?
312 10-6
\ a= 180 \ a = 5.6.
10 10-3
11.5 An a.c. full-wave voltage controller operating in integral cycle mode feeds a resistive load of
10W from a single phase a.c. voltage source related at 230 V, 50 Hz. The thyristor switch is ON
for 25 cycles followed by 75 cycles of extinction period. Determine:
(a) rms value of load voltage and load current
(b) input power factor and (i) average and rms value of thyristor current.
Ton n.
Sol. (a) Duty ratio, d= =
Ton + Toff m + n.

In a integral cycle power controller, control is achieved by allowing a number of cycles of

supply voltage to be applied to the load and with a number of cycles of supply voltage
withdrawn from the load. This type of control is known as burst-firing.
25
d= =
25 + 75
Rms value of load voltage, is given by
Eorms = E . d
= 230 1/ 4 = 115 V.
E orm 115
and Iorms = = = 11.5 A.
R 10

(b) pF = d = 1/ 4 = 0.5
5 Power Electronics

(c) Average value of thyristor voltage

1 p
Eoavg = . . 2 E sin wt d wt .
2p f 0

2E p 2 2 E.d . 2 E.d
=
2p / d
[ - cos wt ]o =
2p
=
p
2 230 0.25
= = 25.88 V.
p
Hence, average value of thyristor current
E oavg 25.88
ITav = = = 2.6 A.
R 10
Rms value of thyristor current (IRMS)
E o rms
=
2 R
Io rms
=
2
11.5
=
2
= 8.14 A