CHAPTER-1

1
 CHAPTER-1
ABSTRACT

The objective of this project is to generate the electric power through the
revolving door arrangement in park place. Now days power demand has increased, so
this project is used to generate the electrical power in order to compensate the electric
power demand.

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CHAPTER-2

3
 CHAPTER-2
2.1. INTRODUCTION
Energy is the ability to do work. While energy surrounds us in all aspects of life,
the ability to harness it and use it for constructive ends as economically as possible is the
challenge before mankind. Alternative energy refers to energy sources which are not
based on the burning of fossil fuels or the splitting of atoms. The renewed interest in this
field of study comes from the undesirable effects of pollution (as witnessed today) both
from burning fossil fuels and from nuclear waste byproducts. Fortunately there are many
means of harnessing energy which have less damaging impacts on our environment.

The alternatives are,

Solar
Wind Power
Geothermal
Tides
Hydroelectric
In addition to these we have developed a new methodology of generating power
using human energy and the name of this alternative is a railway track power generation.

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CHAPTER 3

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 CHAPTER 3
EXISTING METHODS

3.1 POWER GENERATION FROM REVOLVING DOOR:

The usage of traditional power generation method such as burning of coal, wood,
diesel (generators) etc is continuously depleting our natural resources such as fossil fuels,
which is the demand for power has exceed the supply due to the rise in population. In
addition to this the traditional methods cause pollution, encourage deforestation (cutting
of trees) the consequences are global warming, power shortage like we are facing
nowadays.

3.2 GLOBAL WARMING:

Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Earth's
near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century, and its projected
continuation.Global surface temperature increased 0.74 0.18 C (1.33 0.32 F) during
the 100 years ending in 2005. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
concludes that most of the increase since the mid-twentieth century is "very likely" due to
the increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. Natural phenomena such as
solar variation combined with volcanoes probably had a small warming effect from pre-
industrial times to 1950 and a small cooling effect from 1950 onward.

Climate model projections summarized by the IPCC indicate that average global
surface temperature will likely rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 C (2.0 to 11.5 F) during the
twenty-first century. This range of values results from the use of differing scenarios of
future greenhouse gas emissions as well as models with differing climate sensitivity.
Although most studies focus on the period up to 2100, warming and sea level rise are
expected to continue for more than a thousand years even if greenhouse gas levels are
stabilized. The delay in reaching equilibrium is a result of the large heat capacity of the
oceans.

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 Increasing global temperature is expected to cause sea levels to rise, an increase in
the intensity of extreme weather events, and significant changes to the amount and
pattern of precipitation, likely including an expanse of the subtropical desert regions..
Other expected effects of global warming include changes in agricultural yields,
modifications of trade routes, glacier retreat, mass species extinctions, and increases in
the ranges of disease vectors.

Remaining scientific uncertainties include the amount of warming expected in the

future, and how warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the
globe. Most national governments have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol aimed at
reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but there is ongoing political and public debate
worldwide regarding what, if any, action should be taken to reduce or reverse future
warming or to adapt to its expected consequences.

Global dimming, the gradual reduction in the amount of global direct irradiance at
the Earth's surface, may have partially mitigated global warming in the late 20th century.
From 1960 to 1990 human-caused aerosols likely precipitated this effect. Scientists have
stated with 6690% confidence that the effects of human-caused aerosols, along with
volcanic activity, have offset some of the global warming, and that greenhouse gases
would have resulted in more warming than observed if not for these dimming agents.

Ozone depletion, the steady decline in the total amount of ozone in Earth's
stratosphere, is frequently cited in relation to global warming. Although there are areas of
linkage, the relationship between the two is not strong.

3.3 POWER SHORTAGE:

Some developing countries and newly-industrialized countries have several hours
of daily power-cuts in almost all cities and villages because the increase in demand for
electricity exceeds the increase in electric power generation. Wealthier people in these
countries may use a power-inverter (rechargeable batteries) or a diesel/petrol-run electric
generator at their homes during the power-cut. The use of standby generators is common
in industrial and IT hubs.

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3.4 ULTIMATE AIM:
The ultimate aim of this project is to develop much cleaner cost effective way of
power generation method, which in turns helps to bring down the global warming as well
as reduce the power shortages.

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CHAPTER - 4

9
 CHAPTER - 4

CONSTRUCTION AND COMPONENTS

4.1 POWER GENERATION:

Power generation is the electrical energy generating facility. They maintain the
equipment with periodic inspections and logs temperatures, pressures, and other
important information on regular intervals. The plants are responsible for starting and
stopping the generators depending on need. They are able to synchronize and adjust the
voltage output of the added generation with the running electrical system without
upsetting the system. They must know the electrical and mechanical systems in order to
troubleshoot problems in the facility and add to the reliability of the facility. The power
plant must be able to respond to an emergency and know the procedures in place to deal
with it. Power plant is a net consumer of energy but decreases the price of electricity.
Water is pumped to a high reservoir during the night when the demand, and price, for
electricity is low. During hours of peak demand, when the price of electricity is high, the
stored water is released to produce electric power.

4.2 LIST OF COMPONENTS

Dynamo
Spur gear
Rectifier
Filter
Battery

4.3 DYNAMO:
Dynamo is an electrical generator. This dynamo produces direct current with the
use of a commutator.dynamo were the first generator capable of the power industries.The
dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation

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into a pulsing direct electric current. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure,
called the stator, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings
called the armature which turn within that field. On small machines the constant magnetic
field may be provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger machines have the
constant magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called
field coils.
The commutator was needed to produce direct current. When a loop of wire
rotates in a magnetic field, the potential induced in it reverses with each half turn,
generating an alternating current. However, in the early days of electric experimentation,
alternating current generally had no known use. The few uses for electricity, such as
electroplating, used direct current provided by messy liquid batteries. Dynamos were
invented as a replacement for batteries. The commutator is a set of contacts mounted on
the machine's shaft, which reverses the connection of the windings to the external circuit
when the potential reverses, so instead of alternating current, a pulsing direct current is
produced.

4.4 SPUR GEAR:

The slipping of belt is a common phenomenon, in the transmission of motion or
power between two shafts. The effect of slipping is to reduce the velocity ratio of the
system precision machines, in which a definite velocity ratio is of importance, the only
positive drive is by gears or toothed wheels. A gear drive is also provided, when the
distance between the driver and the follower is very small.

4.5 ADVANTAGES:

It transmits exact velocity ratio.

It may be used to transmit large power

It may be used for small center distance of shafts.

It has high efficiency

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 It has reliable service.

It has compact layout.

4.6 RECTIFIER:
Rectifier is an electrical device .it is converting to the alternating current to direct
current this process known as a rectification.rectifier has many uses it can be found in
many power supply components and also as a detector. The term rectifier describes a
diode that is being used to convert AC to DC. Almost all rectifiers comprise a number of
diodes in a specific arrangement for more efficiently converting AC to DC than is
possible with only one diode.

4.7 FILTER:
Electronic filters are electronic circuits which perform signal processing
functions, specifically intended to remove unwanted signal components and/or enhance
wanted ones.

4.8 BATTERY:
In our project we are using secondary type battery. It is rechargeable Type.A
battery is one or more electrochemical cells, which store chemical energy and make it
available as electric current. There are two types of batteries, primary (disposable) and
secondary (rechargeable), both of which convert chemical energy to electrical energy.
Primary batteries can only be used once because they use up their chemicals in an
irreversible reaction. Secondary batteries can be recharged because the chemical reactions
they use are reversible; they are recharged by running a charging current through the
battery, but in the opposite direction of the discharge current. Secondary, also called
rechargeable batteries can be charged and discharged many times before wearing out.
After wearing out some batteries can be recycled.

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 Batteries have gained popularity as they became portable and useful for many
purposes. The use of batteries has created many environmental concerns, such as toxic
metal pollution. A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical
energy it consists of one or more voltaic cells. Each voltaic cell consists of two half cells
connected in series by a conductive electrolyte.

One half-cell is the positive electrode, and the other is the negative electrode. The
electrodes do not touch each other but are electrically connected by the electrolyte, which
can be either solid or liquid. A battery can be simply modeled as a perfect voltage source
which has its own resistance, the resulting voltage across the load depends on the ratio of
the battery's internal resistance to the resistance of the load.

When the battery is fresh, its internal resistance is low, so the voltage across the
load is almost equal to that of the battery's internal voltage source. As the battery runs
down and its internal resistance increases, the voltage drop across its internal resistance
increases, so the voltage at its terminals decreases, and the battery's ability to deliver
power to the load decreases.

Battery is use for storing the energy produced from the solar power. The battery
used is a lead-acid type and has a capacity of 12v; 2.5A.the most inexpensive secondary
cell is the lead acid cell and is widely used for commercial purposes. A lead acid cell
when ready for use contains two plates immersed in a dilute sulphuric acid (H 2SO4) of
specific gravity about 1.28.the positive plate (anode) is of
Lead peroxide (PbO2) which has chocolate brown colour and the negative plate
(cathode) is lead (Pb) which is of grey colour.
When the cell supplies current to a load (discharging), the chemical action that
takes place forms lead sulphate (PbSO4) on both the plates with water being formed in the
electrolyte. After a certain amount of energy has been withdrawn from the cell, both
plates are

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Transformed into the same material and the specific gravity of the electrolyte (H 2so4) is
lower. The cell is then said to be discharged. There are several methods to ascertain
whether the cell is discharged or not.

To charge the cell, direct current is passed through the cell in the reverse direction
to that in which the cell provided current. This reverses the chemical process and again
forms a lead peroxide (PbO2) positive plate and a pure lead (Pb) negative plate. At the
same time,(H2so4) is formed at the expense of water, restoring the electrolyte (H 2so4 ) to
its original condition. The chemical changes that
Occur during discharging and recharging of a lead-acid cell.

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CHAPTER 5

15
 CHAPTER 5

SPECIFICATION OF COMPONENTS
5.1 ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION FROM REVOLVING DOOR IN
PARK PLACE
The electrical power generation from revolving door in park place consists of
the following components to full fill the requirements of complete operations of a
machine.

Dynamo
Battery
Spur gear (96 teeth)
Spur gear (24 teeth)
Base frame
Revolving door

5.2 CALCULATIONS

1. DYNAMO
Material of yoke =mild steel
Quantity =1

2. BATTERY
Voltage =12v dc

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Material =plastic
Type =lead acid battery
Quantity 1

3. SPUR GEAR
Gear 1:
Dia of gear = 125.3mm
No of teeth =96 no
Thickness of the gear =10mm
Gear 2:
Dia of gear = 31.5mm
No of teeth =24 no
Thickness of the gear =10mm

4. BASE FRAME:
Length of frame =470mm
Height of frame =124mm

5. REVOLVING DOOR:
Length of door =200mm
Height of door =600mm

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CHAPTER 6

18
 CHAPTER 6
MODELING
6.1 DESIGN DIAGRAM

Fig 6.1 Base Diagram

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Fig 6.2 Revolving Door

Fig 6.3 Spure Gear-1

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Fig 6.4 Spure Gear-2

Fig 6.5 Dynamo

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 Fig 6.4 Electrical Power Generation From Revolving Door In Park Place

6.2 FABRICATION
The spur gear used in this project is made of nylon material and is injection
molded for the required p.c.d and teeth.
This supporting stand on which the components are fixed consist of bearing block
and stand for placing the dynamo.

6.3 WORKING PRINCIPLE

Revolving gate is used for power generation it is reliable and much more efficient.
Design is simplified because, No pointing mechanism is required to allow for shifting
revolve direction and the gate is self starting. The rotation of the gate and the gear which

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is fixed on the gate shaft on the below, the gear rotation will transmit the rotation to the
dynamo. When the dynamo is rotated it generates the electrical power supply. The
generated voltage is the alternate voltage. The AC voltage is given to the rectifier circuit
to convert into DC voltage. Then the rectified voltage is given to filter circuit to remove
the ripple voltage. After the filtration the pure DC voltage is given to battery through the
charging circuit. The stored DC voltage is used for different applications. Through this
way electric energy is generated and compensated the electric demands. For demo
purpose here we are connecting the CFL to the inverter for the light to glow.

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CHAPTER -7

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 CHAPTER -7
MERITS AND DEMERITS
7.1 MERITS:

Alternate power generating unit

Easy installation

Maintenance cost is less

Non polluting

Occupying very less space

7.2 DEMERITS:

Technical persons required for construction

Proper rectifiers required for charging Battery

7.3 APPLICATIONS
Electrical power generation from revolving door in park place can be used in most of the
places such as

House

Hotels

Cinema theaters

Shopping complex

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 Industries

CHAPTER -8

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 CHAPTER -8
LIST OF MATERIALS
8.1 FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS
The various factors which determine the choice of material are discussed below.
1. Properties:
The material selected must posses the necessary properties for the proposed
application. The various requirements to be satisfied
can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand environmental attack from
chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively affect their
selection
a. Physical
b. Mechanical
c. From manufacturing point of view
d. Chemical
The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal
Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific gravity, electrical
conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.
The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,
Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue resistance, impact
resistance, eleastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear
resistance and sliding properties.
The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of view are,
Cast ability
Weld ability

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 Bribability
Surface properties
Shrinkage
Deep drawing etc.

2. Manufacturing case:
Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface qualities
obtainable by the application of suitable coating substances may demand the use of
special materials.
3. Quality Required:
This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the material. For
example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a less number of components which
can be fabricated much more economically by welding or hand forging the steel.

4. Availability of Material:
Some materials may be scarce or in short supply.it then becomes obligatory for
the designer to use some other material which though may not be a perfect substitute for
the material designed.the delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should
also be kept in mind.

5. Space consideration:
Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces involved are
high and space limitations are there.

6. Cost:
As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material plays an
important part and should not be ignored.
Some times factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-maintenance of the
designed part are involved in the selection of proper materials.

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CHAPTER -9

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 CHAPTER -9
CONCLUSION

This project is made with pre planning, that it provides flexibility in operation.
Smoother and noiseless operation by the medium of ELECTRICAL POWER
GENERATION FROM REVOLVING DOOR IN PARK PLACE

The comparative gain that can be accomplished is the utilization of roller bar. This
innovation has made the more desirable

This project ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION FROM REVOLVING

DOOR IN PARK PLACE is designed with the hope that it is very much economical and
help full to many industries and workshops.

This project helped us to know the periodic steps in completing a project work.

This project has also reduced the cost involved in the concern. Project has been
designed to perform the entire requirement task which has also been provided. Thus we
have completed the project successfully.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Design data book -P.S.G.Tech.
2. Strength of Materials -R.S.Kurmi
3. Manufacturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.

4. Design of machine elements - R.s.Kurumi

5. Design of transmission elements - S.Md.jalaludeen

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PHOTOGRAPHY

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