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4K views334 pagesEngineering Tilt Up
Engineering Tilt-Up
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/ 334
ENGINEERING TILT-UP
Timothy W. Mays, Ph.0., PE. | Joseph J. Steinbicker, PE., S.E.
Published by the Tilt Up Conorete Association ENGNEEAING THTUP
Fist Eion
Pubic by
Tip Cone Asacaion
Moun Vere, low S204
womans
Copyigt 2013 TikUp Cone Aasoien
‘ght ered
Pred end boundln e Unt Sie ot Ae
Is5W s7609670199606
No part hs book may be used or repraduceain ay ms wha rn pein rom
tne puaner cxcoptin the conte of ean
rey easoratie atop hs ban rade a idertly he cana of coy
arent mins wl be publeneon We publ’ webstart wie caected
subsequent tors
Feb he aft he TR Up Concrete Reson
Conon Ets: Space! Task Goup othe TCA tcl Conmiten- Matt Bel (Cha,
Day Tomasula (Cha, TOA Tecicl Corie, Casioghe.sson, Craig Oso,
ar in, Set Coli, Tet Nagel, Hl acne, Jt Lavson John Asbah
onl ne: au Lda
over ttn Canad
WARNING AND OISCLAWER
“Thisbooks honed orev vomaton about titup design and cereton, and athowgh
"isi at here maybe ors, bth of ereson nd earnsen a ype rather
tne autor atte Ta Up Cone Asocaion makes ry warn) eh exes
ic othe accuracy fh ral ro stably fora speci epeatn.ror
‘dey accap any aby fr amages ofa fam eating om he usa Fe inermaon
ser adoption cb consucton datas and exarlesuctualealeuaion sous ony
‘ene by cus error ance he espnsbly of toe peor, Aiermson
comin heres seco change wht ote,
Thoreader should also be are that ther qualia engineers, eect cantar my
have fence lopron abou he kaon poset
youd nol a9 wth eee cnc, elu he man whi 0c a recta etre
‘orto pres fe mana, CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE
2. INITIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
24 ung Codes
22 Panag The Wal
23 Deleminng Wal Panel Ticknass
24 Logateal Consens
25 valle Dein Stvare
3. DETERMINING DESIGN LOADS.
83 SrowLoade
251 Snow Dit Papas
35 Selic Lode
351 Soimie Design Catagory Ad npleatons
{852 Deteming Me Saismc Foc Rising Sytem
353. Buldng iepuertes And irlestens
354 Resuncancy And OverSvegth Facer Appleone
855. Aras Process Sacto
356. Duinzon Free
387 Tosional Efecte
358 Ont
359. OM#OLPane Forces
3510 Arctorage Fores Ard Conscaaions
26 Lead Comeinstone
4 ROOF DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
41 Peplesbe Famng Systm
4211 Faye Precast Sjtons
42 Digtrag Anais
421 Chord Forces
422 Colectrs
428 Daphragn Conacons
43. Subcaptragr Anatyes
44 parson Joris
45 Conoeton Design
0
“
6
28
2
a
3
o
es
0
8
a
1"
” 5. FLOOR AND MEZZANINE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS.
51 Sty Considerations ©
52. Diaptragm Anas ©
521 Chad Faces st
523. Detectors 2
53. pansion Joris @
54 Conectan Design e
6 WALL PANEL DESIGN 53
61 ACSIA And ACL 8128-10 =
51.1 Ansys Coneps Fr Sender Create Wake ss
612. Lead Conctiens 6
5331 Tempers And Snkage Ect
815, Para OasgnPaceaves 8
616 In Plane Shear Ana Ovearing m
817 Conmectens 5
518. Conswcton Requkemenis 10
619. Design Fertig Sessee 100
£81.10 Temporary Bracing so
{62 Inusted Wat Paral Design Consisrons ‘ot
(63 Exiting Pane Measton -Renorang For New Wall Openings to
{68 Mut Story Pare! sgn Consieatone we
85 Bas Doscyvaalais Restore 108
65 Progecave Cape 106
(67 _TjpesO'Parl Frets And Deen Conlatons 107
7 FOUNDATION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. 109
11 Tempera Contos 110
72. Shalow Fourcton Considerations 10
73. Deop Founten Conidersions no
7A Oveturing Etec 12
75 Rettig Wale 15.
‘SYMBOLS GLOSSARY 7
APPENDIX A - DESIGN EXAMPLE 1 119
APPENDIX B - DESIGN EXAMPLE 2 7
APPENDIX C - DESIGN EXAMPLE 3 an
ENGINEERING TATUP © 000000000000000000000000000000000000
3
oO CHAPTER 4
INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE
Engineering Til-Up isthe final volume of trilogy on tt-up design
and construction published by the Ti-up Concrete Association
(TCA). The ist publication, Te Architecture of Til-Up, now
initssecond edition, includes new techniques, endered three
dimensional detail chapter on sustainability, and new evidence
‘of great strides of novation in the tit-up industry. ‘The second
publication, The Construction of Tl-Up, focuses on industry
Specific construction issues such construction planning, slabs and
foundations, panel layout and forming reinforcement, inserts and
embeded items, placing and inishing ofthe panel iting, setting
and bracing ofthe panel, connections and other tops.
This volume, Enginering Tit-Up, presents a summary of structural
engineering practice from fundamental analysis principles to
sdvanced design and dealing of entire tit-up building systems,
“Major design aspects of typical ap buildings ae covered in
thismanual. Building code requirements are presented in detail,
Including some background information on the development
of current design procedures. To make the desiga task ease,
summaries of design equations, recommended design approaches,
and easy-to-use design aids are Included throughout this man
‘The design examples presented throughout the manual are
developed exclusively for use with the 2012 International Building
Code (2012 18C) and its referenced material and load standards
such as ACI 318-11 and ASCEISEI 7-10, However, where earlier
‘sitions of these codes and standatds are used, most, if not all of the
provisions presented inthe example problems are equally applicable
“This manual has been developed for practicing structural engineers
Interested inthe complete delivery of engineering for typical t=
up structures and for engineering students interested in studying,
fundamental to advanced topics specif to this ld. The format
ofthe manual has been selected to make learning straight forward,
cfcent and practical. Th chapters making up the main body of|
the manual present a complete overview of engineering analysis,
desig, and detailing procedures specie to til-up construction
and cover all fndamentl topics such a panel design, foundations,
iaphragms, and global building performance under both gravity
and Inter loading, Embedded within the chapters are simple,
concept-oxiented example problems or msjor principles to help
the reader better understand the application of building code
provisions ot-up construction. Chapter 2 presets initial design
‘onsldeations tha the eader should be aware of prior to begining.
the tit-up design process. Chapter 3 proves a comprehensive
‘overview oflaad determination procedures for tl-up buildings,
Dead live, snow; wind and seismic loads sre considered
independently and s components oflasd combinations that
typically gover ilt-up buidng designs. Roof desig considerations
are presented in Chapter 4and emphasis placed on several types
‘of roof framing systems. Diaphragms, subdiaphragms, chords, and
collectors are presented in detail Chapter 5 presents dsign and
, and replace with hen determining
Example 32: For the 100-f-wide by 170-¢-long flat oof three-story building with a2--tall parapet wall
around the perimeter, determine the design snow drift agaist the 100--long parapet wal, Te building
islocated in Tertain Category B (see wind load examples) near Charleston, SC with no trees or ther
structures offering shelter.
=35 ps (previous problem)
= O39, ¢14~0145) +4147 p30 pet (ok)
hyepy/te3s/ia7= 0238
ath, +h), =2-028-1768
bh, 1.76/028-629502. comer dei
Levon
#00758, =075(30)=225 & (ASCE/SE Figure 7-8)
aig 40257
bush swe
Pyrhey=176(147)=259 pst
115 ft<8h, -61.76)= 1411 (ok)
"Note tha the rsin on snow and p, do not apply top, ‘The maximum pressure at the face ofthe parapet
walliep, + p/=259 +35 =294 pst
Example
3.2 3.4 WIND LoaDs
"Nominal wind loads W ar determined in accordance with Section
1609 of the 2012 IBC and Chapters 26 through 31 of ASCEISEI 7-1
‘Wind pressures used to design clement of the Main Wind- Force
Resisting System (MWFRS) may be determined using one ofthe
following four methods.
1. Directional Procedure fr buildings ofall heights (ASCESEL
7-10 Chapter 27)
2. nvelope Procedure fo low-rise buildings (ASCEISEL7-
Chapter 28)
3. Wind Tunnel Procedure (ASCEYSEI 7-10 Chapter 31)
44 Alternate All-Heights Method (IBC Section 16086)
‘This manual presents wind load determination procedures for
MWERS in accordance with th Directional Procedure for buildings
‘ofall heights. The simplifed procedures used for the Envelope
Procedute and the Alternate All-Heights Method may result in
slightly diferent design demands than those obtained inthis
manval
Wind pressures used to design component and cladding (C&C)
ements may be determined using one ofthe flowing three
methods
1. Analytical Procedures (ASCE/SEI7-10 Chapter 30)
2. Wind Tunnel Procedure (ASCEYSEI 7-10 Chapter 31)
3. Alternate All-Heights Method (IBC Section 16096)
“This manual presents wind load determination proceduses for
(C&C in accordance with Analytical Procedures provided in ASCE!
SEI7-10. "The simplified procedures used for the Alternate Al
Heights Method should result in slightly conservative demands (ie,
higher design pressures than those obtained sing the Analytical
Procedures) in most ass
‘The basi wind speed V (mph) fra siti obtained directly fom
igure 265-1. For Risk Category It building, Figure 265-14
applies. For Risk Category Il and 1V buildings, Figure 265-1B is
used and for Risk Category I buildings, Figure 265-1C applies
‘The wind directionality facto K, for both the MWERS and C&C
‘lt-up buildings is typically 088 (see ASCE/SEI Tale 26.61), Note
thatthe applicability of the specied value is valid only when loud
‘combinations specified in ASCEISEI Sections 2.3 and 24 are used
for design. Topographic effects that include the acceleration of wind
‘over hls, ridges and escarpments is considered beyond the scope
of ths manual and a topographic factor K,of 1,0 used hers.
22ENGINEERING TLTUP
See ASCEISEI Section 26.8.2 for moreinformation regarding the
‘aleuation of K,. The gust effet factor G for rigid buildings s
permitted tobe iaken as 085 per ASCEISEI Section 269.1, Ths is
assumption is commonly applicable t tt-up buildings since they
are usualy low-rise, si stretares,
Exposure Categories (ASCEISE! Section 2673) are ted directly to
Surface Roughness Categories (ASCESEI Section 267.2) and ace
cncidered separately foreach wind deecion. Surface Roughnes:
Bis identified with urban and suburban areas or wooded areas with
closely spaced obstructions similar in sie to single-family homes,
Surface Roughness C accounts for open train with sattered
‘obstructions that are ess than 30 tal. Typical examples are fat
‘open country and grasslands. Suefice Roughness Di identified
with lat, unobstructed areas and wate surfaces including those in
hurvicane-prone regions. See ASCEISEI Section 267.3 for more
Information regarding upwind requirements that relate Exposure
‘Categories to Surface Roughness Catepories.
“Top buildings ae typically classified as enclosed or partly
«enclosed per ASCE/SEI Section 26.10. Note that glazed openings
in Risk Categories IIT and IV locate in huricane-prone
reglons tagged wind-borne debis region (eg, within 1 mile of
coast and V = 130 mph, or in areas where V 2 140 mph) require
protection, Specifically in wind-borne debris regions openings
equire protection fom impact in accerdance with ASCLISEI
Section 2610.32 inthe form ofan imgact-protectiv system suchas
approved window coverings or impact resistant glazing.
‘When designing the MWERS o¢ C&C internal and external
pressures are calculated on each exterior wal ofthe building
‘envelope. Inall cases, postive pressure i assumed act towaed the
exterior wal surface. The internal presure assumed to acts a
positive or negative pressure fr each wll element so thatthe worst
ase total wall pressure acting ona wal canbe calculated. Positive
Internal pressures often occur when exsting or torm-created
‘openings are relatively excesiv onthe wind\ard face of a ullding.
‘The response of such a building sto act ike a balloon filing up with
alr (Le, erestng postive internal pressare). Iereated or existing
‘openings are relatively excesive on theleeward wal or sidewalls of
a builing the internal pressure is typically negative since the wind
passing around the building tends to suck air out ofthese openings.
Internal pressures are direety proportional to a building’ internal
pressure coefficient GC, which is found in ASCEISEI Table 2611
1, Since most ut-up bldings ae clasfed a either enclosed or
partially enclosed, GC, is typically 2 O18 or 05, respectively,
‘The Directional Procedure (ASCE/SEI Chapter 27) used to
‘determine wind pressures forthe desig af the MWERS as discussed in this manual isbased on the “al heights approach. As such the commentary provided in this section i
applicable tall buildings so longs the conditions presented in ASCE/SEI Section 27.1-2arsatised. The
condition are intended to ensure that the building shape and response characteristics donot make it subject
to load magnification that may result from gusts or resonance. The ifiness and configuration of most it.
up buildings make them resistant to these dynamic characteristics and only inthe atest of eases should
other recognized literature be used to determine design wind pressures. All buildings must be designed for
4 munimum lateral pressure of 16 ps multiplied by the total wall atea subjected to windward load combined
ith psf multiplied by the vertically projected ara ofthe rof (Le, roof height times actual width).
‘The velocity pressure, (ps) used to determine design wind pressures function of the basi wind speed
(mph) and height, terrain, and directionality coefcientsas follows:
4, = 000256 KV (ASCE SEI Bg. 273-1)
K,=see ASCE/SEL Table 273-1
[Note that the velocity pressure exposure coefcient K, soften taken atthe mean roof height hand called K,
‘Wall and roof MWERS pressures p (ps) ate determined fo
il up building as follows
=qGC, ~4(GC,) (ASCE/SEI Eg, 274-1)
4, fr windward walls
for leeward wal side wal and oof
= ASCE/SEIFgure 27.41
‘Example 3.3: For the “enclosed” ofce building shown and located on an Exposure Category B ste, Example
determine the MWERS velocity pressure q atthe mean rot height h= 40 The design wind speed is V
120 mph, Assume K,~ 10
ELEVATION a
9 A
Ey ample 33 Contes
Example
Example
ENGINEERING TLTUP
K, Ky #K, 20176 (ASCE/SEI Table 273-1)
25 (ASCE SEI Table 266-1)
"002564, K,V" (ASCE/SE Eg, 273
4, = 000256K,11.04085)120' = 313K, pst
nde 311K g)* 31.4076) 238 pot
‘Example 3.4 For the “enclosed” fice building shown in Example 3.3 and lcated on an Exposure
(Category B site determine the internal pressure p, acting onal interior surfces.
4.94, = 2358 psf (be Bmp 33)
(6C,= 4018 (Table 2611-1)
p.=29(GC,)==238(018)2428 pst
[Note that the internal pressures not normally calculated separately but i used here to usr is
application in subsequent problems.
"Example 3.5 For the “enclose” ofc building shown in Example 33 and lcated on an Exposure
Category 8 ste, determine the MWERS presse distribution onthe 100-f-wide windward wal,
.=2428 pf (se Example 34)
313K, psf (Se Bmp 83)
C08 (ASCE/SEL Figuce 274-1)
(G=085(ASCE/SEI Section 269.1 rik)
KD? (ASCE/SEI Tale 273-1)
K-06 (ASCE/SEI Table 273-1)
1K, 2066 (ASCE /SEI Table 273-1
K,,-070 (ASCE/SEI Table 273-1)
K 026 (ASCE/SEI Table 273-1
=qGC,~9(GC,) (ASCE /SEI Equation 274
P46, ~p,=313K,(085)08)-p,=213K,-p,
For educational purposes, the design windward pressures ae shown on thebuiling section without the
internal pressure and are fund simply a5 213K, The internal pressure pias shown acting on the
{interior surface of the windward wall as both a postive and negative val.
182
spa
41
ss2ea]
aap ‘Example 36: For the “enclosed” ofce building shown in Example 33 and located on an Exposure
(Category B st, determine the MWERS pressure distribution on the 100-t-wide leeward wall
pye428 psf (6 Fuampe 34)
.=313K, pl (ce Example 33)
Lavoe
e108
Lib 170/100=17
6, =-0.6 (ASCE SEL Figue 274-1, 18)
(6085 (ASCE /SHI Section 269.19)
Ky =076 ASCE/SEI Table 273-1)
eqGC, -4(GC,) (ASCE/SEI Equation 274-1)
P+qGC, ~p=3131076)085)-036)-p, =
-42mpet apt
‘Example 37: For the “enclosed” ofc building shown in Example 33 and located on an Exposure
Category B site, determine the design base shear caused by windward and leeward pressures on the 100-8
-wide walls,
Y= 1121015) 13.265)4 14.15) +1456)4 16200) 472940) = 86,6018
Voor
2p
opel
sai
ss2ps] 42a
ee t0)2 19 13.9 +1416) 414918)
“Trea ZaO eho R84 6K
3.6
Example
3.7 Example
3.8
2bENGNEEAING TLILP
Example 3.8 For the “enclosed” office building shown in Example 3.3 an loated on an Exposure
‘Category B sit, determine the MWERS pressure distribution onthe roo fer wind perpendicular tothe
100:
2pet
sar ps
zap
Sete
skaapet
.=2428 pt (ce Example 34)
4. =313K, ps Ge Bape 33)
hoaor
Lema
h/L=40/170=-0235.£05, (ASCE/SE Figure 274-1)
Dtoh/2,C,=-09, -018
>2h,¢,=-03, -018
{6=085 (ASCE/SE Section 26.
Ky 2076 (ASCE/SEI Table 273-1
P=gGC, ~q(GC,) (ASCE /SEI Equation 274-1)
P=QGC,-p,=31.N076K035)C,)-p,=2026,-p,
Parapet MWERS pressure p, (ps) are found as “net pressures” accounting for emands on both sides ofthe
parapet wal:
= 44(GC,) (ASCE/SEI By. 274-4)
a," elo preset the top ofthe parapet
(6,415 for windward parapet-10 for laeward parapet
‘The MWERS of tit-up buildings must be designed for four unique wind load cases (ASCEISEI Figure 274
8), Cases 1 and 2 teat orthogonal wind pressures independently. Case 1 accounts forthe fall design wind
pressure in each orthogonal direction acting independently. Case 2 accounts fora 25 percent reduced wind
pressure in each orthogonal direction acting independently, but adds torsional moment component, Cases 3 and 4 account for multidirectional effects simultaneously. Case 3 considers a25 percent reduction in each
‘orthogonal pressure but requires consideration of simultaneous application. Cake 4 includes an additional
25 percent reduction (i.e, 0.75 0.75 = 0.563 times the full design load) in cach orthogonal dieection while
‘requiring simultaneous aplication of pressures and adds an additonal and simultaneous torsional moment
‘component
Procedures for determining desig wind pressures on C&C are presented inthis manual in accordance with
Analytical Procedures provided in ASCE/SEI Chapter 3. Limitations presented for MWERS also apply to this
method and are not repeated here. Regardless ofthe calculated design pressure all CRCs must be designed for
‘minimum lateral pressure of 16 psf (ASCEVSEI Section $02.2),
‘Wall and r0of C&C pressures p (psf) are determined as follows
rqiGC, ~(6C,)](ASCE/SEI Ha. 904-1)
GC, = ASCE/SEI Figures 304-1 tough 304-7
‘The external pressure coefcint GC, for C&C pressures is directly related to the “effective wind area. ASCE
SEI Section 262 defines the effective wind aeaas the span ofthe member times its fective width, which need
not be taken as less than one-third ofits span length. For multi-story structures, the span length is typically
taken asthe span between diaphragm levels. ‘The horizontal span between pilasters should be used forthe
span length when tit-up wal span horizontally as result oftheir excessive unbraed height. For panels
with large openings, the efetve width canbe taken a the loaded width tributary to the trctural section of
‘he panel times its span. This manual uses the more common spn times one-thitd the span length between
points of support as illustated inthe example below.
Example 39: For the “enclose” ofc building shown in Example 33 and loated onan Exposure
Category B ste, determine the design C&C pressure on atypical exterior wal panel (25 wie, assume
13:)-span between flors) for wind perpendicular tothe 100-R-wall The wall pne isnot located near
building corner.
pion pt (ee Example 4)
4," 313K, pot (ce Example 33)
newark
ARISMISSI3) 5980
(GC, «045, 096 (ASCE/SEI gue 304-1, Zone 4)
(Casas ~086(09)=0774, -096(09)=-0864
(see ASCH/S gure 41, Footnote»)
Ky #076 ASCE/SEI Table 303-1)
prgl(@C,)-(GC,)](ASCE/SE Equaon 304
= Q\GC, ~p, 319K (0774)=p,=31.076)0774) 9428-27 st
P-=Q\GC,~p,=313K\-086H)=p, = 31.4076) -M864)-428»-252 pst
[Not thatthe internal pressure must be considered as both postive and negative and the solutions show
the correct choiees for both directions.
Example
3.9 2 ENGINEERING TLTUP
Parapet CAC pressures p (pf) are found a. "net pressure” accountng for demande on both sides of the
parapet wal:
p=4jl(GC, (GC, (ASCE/SEI By, 308-1)
y= velocity pressure athe op af the parapet
(G6, )= see ASCE/SE1 Figures 30.41 dhrogh 30
(GC, =0 for sali pal parapets
For mean root heights exceeding 60, ASCE/SEI Figure 306 fs used to determine the external pressure
coefficient GC, The internal pressure coefficient GC,, forthe parapet sO since there i na internal pressure in
solid wall, When calculating the design wind presse forthe parapet, two load cases are considered. Load
(Case A is used to determine the design wind presure acting on the windward parapet and its value is based
fon the windward wall pressure on the windward face ofthe parapet combined withthe roof uplift pressure
Aiecly behind the parapet wall acing on the eeward face ofthe parapet. Load Case Bis used to determine
the design wind pressure acting onthe leeward parapet and is value i based onthe windward wal presse
fon the windward face (.e, inside face) of the parapet combined with the leward pressure acting onthe
leeward face (ue, exterior face of the parapet.
3.5 SEISMIC Loaps
‘Nominal seismic loads are determined in accordance with Section 1613 of the 2012 IBC and Chapters 11
and 12 of ASCEISEI7-10. Chapters 13 through 23 of ASCEISEI 7-10 contain ational provisions related to
Seismic design and analysis requirements with the exception that Chapter 1s excluded per the 2012 IBC in
lieu of structural material provisions aleady present n IBC Chapters 19 through 23,
3.5.1 SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORY AND IMPLICATIONS.
ery tk-up building must be asigned a Seismic Design Category (SDC) designation that is based on its
‘ocupaney/use andthe level of seismicity asociated withthe site. SDC designation include A,B,C, D, and
and each increasing clasfation rests n more stringent analysis, design, and detailing requirements for
the engineer.
Prior to determining the SDC for a given structure, several spectral accelerations must first be determined.
AASCE/SEI Figures 22-1 and 226 provide canour maps used to determine the maximum considered
«earthquake (Le, 2.500 year retun period) specteal accelerations S, and S,whichare assumed to act 100
below the ground surface for an assume Site Class B sol profile and 5 percent damping, These accelerations
ae amplified or deamplified using a site-specific study or more commonly simple site coefcents F, and
Eas obtained from ASCE/SEI Tables 114-1 and 11.42. The maximum consideed earthquake spectral
acelerations 8, and S,, atthe surfce se found as allows
Sy “BS, (ASCE/SEI Bq 114-3)
Sua BS, (ASCE/SEI Bq. 1A) The design earthquake spectral accelerations S,, and, assume a fctr of safety of 3/2 aginst collapse and
allow the engineer to design for 2/3 ofthe maximum considered earthquake:
Sao B ASC/SEEG 14-9
Sa.=25y (ASCEYSEI Eg 114-2)
In most cases, the SDC is determined twice; once asa function ofS, (ASCE/SEL able 116-1) and ance as
function of, (ASCEJSEI Table 11.6-2). The more stingent ofthe two classifications must be assigned to
the structure. Note that for Rik Category I, I, and I structures with S, 20.75, SDC E applies by defaule
Silly for Risk Category IV structures with’, 2 0.75, DCF applies. Given the predominant use ofthe
‘ulvalent Isteral force method to design it-up buildings and thesifIatral fore resistance provided by
regular tt-up wall building structures, it should be noted thatthe S, only SDC designation method presented
in Section 1.6 often applies and may result in a lower SDC in many cases.
“Tlup buildings assigned to SDC Aare exert frm all sismic design requirement as stated in ASCE/SEL
Section 1.7, The remaining topes in thi section apply to SDC B and higher
Example 3.10: For the ofice building shown in Example 33, assume,
Determine the design spectral accelerations for he project
a
5,$,=04 and Site Clas D. Example
Suet
0 (ASCESEI Ea, 43)
F, =16 (ASCE/SEI Table 1.42)
SuyBS,=1.6(04)=0064 (ASCE /SHI Eq. 1.42)
2,
SZ Hones SHI 4-0)
3.5.2. DETERMINING THE SEISMIC FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM
"The seismic force-resistng system for tlt-upbulldings often consists of perimeter-bearing wal panels serving
as shear walls. For ieregular configuration or those equiring additional strength or stiffness, interior shear
‘walls of ti-up construction may be utilize, Brace frames and momen frames ae sometimes combined
‘with tit-up shear was to help resis torsion winen necessary (eq three sided structure). Seismic force
resisting system designations are not formally coded fo il-up walls when designated as lateral force
resisting elements as presented in ASCE/SEI Table 122-1. However, tit-up concrete wall today are generally
Considered by most designers to be site-ast precast concrete, In Fact, ACL 318-11 specifically tte in
‘commentary section RI6.1 of Chapter 16 ~ Preeast Concrete tat “Tit-up concrete constuction sa form
‘of preeast concrete” Thus tit-up wall an be dasifed fr design purposes as ordinary precast shear walls,
Intermediate precast shear wall, or special reinforced concrete shear walls subject othe height limitations
specified i the table. Ordinary precast shear walls are only permitted in SDCs Aand B, Intermediate precast
shear walls of any height are permitted for SDC, but for SDCs D, E, and F they are limited to building
height of 40 (45 ft fr single-story warehouses). Special reinforced concrete shear walls are permitted for
up bildings of all practical building heights (Le, up to 160). Although not explicit allowed inthe 2012 SDENGINEEAING TLTUP
TBC, standard practice permits nonseismic detailing when tt-up wall panels are so numerous such that asic
design with R10 is used and the entire load path, including diaphragms chords and collectors, are designed
for elastic forces as wel,
3521 Shear Wall-Frame Interaction System - When openings inthe wall panels are excessive such that
wall behavior becomes more like moment frame behavior or moment fame behavior combined
With shear wall behavior, the seismic force resisting system canbe classed as (1) shear wall-frame
Interactive system and detailed ass combination of ordinary moment ames and ordinary reinforced
concrete shear walls (SDC B only), (2) dual-system with the moment frame components inthe wall
design for 25 percent of the presribed seismic forces (SDC linits vary}, or (3) ordinary, intermediate,
‘or special moment frames as appropiate (SDC limit vary.
3.5.3 BUILDING IRREGULARITIES AND IMPLICATIONS.
“The typical configuration of it-up buildings consists of exterior it-up shear walls that are built continuous
(ith or without openings) fom the foundation to the roof line and onal sides ofthe stracture, and helps
minimize the ikelyhood that it-up buildings are classified wit irregularities sted in ASCE/SEI Tables
123-1 and 123-2. Hence, the discussion heres limited to charactevstisofit-up balding that may
‘make them susceptible to certain irregularities. Implications ofeach regularity are clearly outlined in the
forementioned tables. Common implication inchde force increases fr critical load path elements (ASCED
SEI Section 123.34), thre-dimensional modeling requirements (ASCE/SEI Seaion 127.3) and dynamic
analysis requirements (ASCEISEI Section 126)
Horizontal iregulaties 1 and 1b (torsional and extreme torsional regularities) may exist when walls re
provided om all sides ofa structure but tis usally equires openings on one side ofthe structre that ste
significantly more prominent than on the opposite side. Even in such cses, orthogonal walls eit torsional
displacements and make the ieregularity uncommon, Thre sided tit-up buildings could be casiied as
‘having horizontal irregularity 1a or 1b if the roof diaphragms ae considered rigor semi-rigid. ‘The majority
of single-story tilt-up buildings use a feible diaphragm forthe rof so this iereqularty would not apply.
Horizontal irregularity 2 say common since architects often deal reentrantcorner of sulcen sie so 3s
to qualifyas having this irregularity. Horizontal ireglartes 3,4, and are wncommon for tit-up buildings.
‘Vertical irregularities are not common i tit-up buildings. Vertical irregularities 2,3, and 4 rarely exis, but
types la, 1b 5a, and 8b may occur when excesive openings exist nly on the botom story of multistory
structures and result in weak or ratvely flexible levels compared to those above.
9.5.4. REDUNDANCY AND OVER-STRENGTH FACTOR APPLICATIONS.
-Aredundancy factor p is assigned tothe seismic force-ressting sytem in each rection, For SDCB and C,
0, Regards of SDC, p-L0 applies to P-dla eects, designs with 2, diaphragms loads (ASCE/SEI E
1210-1) and out-of plane wall fore and anchorage requirements. For SDC D and higher p = 1.3 may be
used conservatively orp = 1.0 may be used when justified. For tit-up buildings with perimeter shear walls on
allsides, p= 1.0 is usally simple to prove compliance with ASCEISEI Section 123.42,
An overstength factor 0, is defined foreach seismic force-ressting system listed in ASCEVSEI Table 122-
1, Its. use is mited to specific element where the maximum force tobe resisted by the element required
For common tit-up buildings the use of is limited to the design of collectors, ther splices, and their
‘connections ta the scimic force resisting system in SDCs Cand higher (ASCEISEI Section 12.102.) 3.5.5 ANALYSIS PROCEDURE SELECTION
ASCEYSE! Table 126-1 presents permitted analytical procedures for tit-up buildings. In mos cases, the
‘equivalent lateral foree method (ASCE/SEI Section 128) i permitted. However, til-up buildings with
horizontal irregularities 1a and 1b must be analyad with at least modal response spectrum analysis (ASCE!
‘SBI Section 29) 50 that torsional modes are included inthe analysis results. Vertical irregularities type 1, 1b,
2,and 3 also require dynamic analysis procedures but their casication is less common for t-upstuctures.
3.5.
DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES.
‘Most tlt-up buildings are analyzed for force effect using the equlvalent ateal force method (ASCE
SEI Section 12.8) An inital step ito assume or determine the natural period ofthe building. For it-up
buildings, the folowing approximate value is usd in inal design:
Tech,
1 highest eve (8)
(6, ASCE SEI Table 128-2
“ASCE/SEI Table 128-2
“The seismic response coefclent C forthe building is determined as follows:
| Su torte,
frei)
(ascn/ Set Ege. 12
foro,
2128-3, and 12.
(ASCE/SEE Egy. 128-8 and 128-6)
1, =ASCE/SEI Table 15-2
‘T, ASCE/SHI Figure 22-12 rough 22-16
Note that ASCEYSEI Section 12.8.3 assigns a maximum value of,» 1.5 when calculating , for regular
structures with ao more than 5 stores and with a fundamental period of 5 oF les. Most it-upbulldings
satisfy these assumptions, but they must be verified foreach project.
‘The base shear V (ke) fr the building ia function of the effective seismic weight W (k) and i determined as
follows:
V=C,W (ASCE/ SEI, 128-1) Example
3.11
Example
3.12
ENGINEERING TLTUP
‘The lateral seismic force at each evel F, (kis determined as fllows
b= C.V (ASCE/SEI Eg. 128-11)
eat gens ng nam)
™
forT 2058
Jo75+ast or 05 s04)
‘T0554, =14(0318)=045 (ok)
Teoaiss
Example 3.12: For the ofc building shown in Example 33, determine the smi response coefficient C,
forthe three story Special Reinforced Concrete Shea Wall fice building shown. S=1.9, $03,
(4, and R= 5 (bearing wall system). The bulding is located in Charleston,SC,
“T0445 (e Example 3.10)
|, 10 (ASCE/SEI Table 15-2)
he igure 22-12)
s,
th TT,
AR
Sak
Sa foe t>!
ray Pe
sant 70199 ng: ws C, 0193) HAS,» 001 fr all cases 0.04411) = D444 £0,193 (ok)
71055, for 5506 (NA)
Example 3.13 For the office building shown in Example 33, determine the seismic base shear and story
shear forces assuming C, = 0.193 and seismic weights tributary tothe diaphragm levels of W,,.,~ 1,000
Ky Wyss 000 , W,_,= 600k, Also assume diaphragm elevation ae Bag ® Mf Bye 27
Dye toh
Catelat base shea
|W =1,000+,000600 «2,600
V=€,W =0.195(2,500)~502k (ASCE SEI. 128-1)
Example Calealations fr the second level ae presented below followed bya tabular summary for all
levels. Not that per ASCE Section 128.3, k=1.0 since Tis ess than OS ea presented in Example 3.
Not thatthe tory shear force ealeulated below occurs just below the second level. Also note that the
table must be crated in advance of performing the caleultions presented below since the solutions for
the second level are affected by numerical values forthe other levels
Second Level
hyea7 278
Wb = 1000027) 227,00 kp
27,000
Jou ea. aKeG
oats
F,=CV=04151502)=208 k
vy,- Sy -185208-399k
Seismic | Welght Wh Wiis © | Shank, [Story
Levelx | (hips) (ey | ceekipy | (tips) "| shears
3 00.00 | 4000 | 2400000 | 3690 | 18532 | 185.32
2 100000 | 2700 | 2700000 | _a150__| 20848 | 395.80
1 100000 | 1400 | 1400000 [2150 | 108.10 | sous
3.5.7 TORSIONAL EFFECTS
“Torsional eects may be neglected for single-story tit-up buildings with exible diaphragms as permitted
by ASCEISEI Section 128.41 For single-story structures with rigor semi-rigid diaphragms and
rl story struetues with igo semi-rigid loor or roof diaphragms, inherent and accidental torsion
rmustbe considered. Accidental torsion is calculated by offsetting the center of mass each way from its
‘modeled location by 5 percent ofthe building dimension perpendicular tothe applied seismic load under
Example
3.13 3.14
3.15
SWENGNEERNG TLEUP
‘consideration, Flexible, rgd, and semi diaphragms are presented in grester detail in Chapters 4 and Sof
this marl
a DRIFT
“The defection at each evel ofa tit-up building must be calculated so that story deft may be checked foreach
story agsinst the allowable story drift as presented in ASCE/SEI Table 12.12-1 At each level x the expected
deflection 8, with seismic deformations considered i calulated as follows
8, Se casce/se ns
5)
‘The defection amplification factor G, foreach slam force-resisting system is sted in ASCEISEI Table 122.
1 and is wed to increase the elastic defection 8 calculated with reduced sesmis forces (Le, wih R) to the
expected deletion, that includes nonlnese and increasing deflection demand.
Example 3.14 For the ofce building shown in Example 3.3, assume that two ofthese dential buildings
are bait side by side and determine the separation required between buildings per ASCE Section 1212.3
Ifthe maximum deflection ofthe buildings the roof level has been determined elastically tobe 1. jn
Cys50and 10.
Determine inelastic dif of one bulldng
4, -Sae
Determine required building separation:
b= ay AR =
3.5.9 OUT-OF-PLANE FORCES
‘According to ASCEISEI Section 12.1.1 tit-up wal panels must be designed for an out-of plane seismic load
a follow
= O45,.W, 201,
where
‘=e the wal (af)
‘Example 3.15:For the tit up load-bearing shear wall shown weighing 125 psf, determine the seismic out-
‘ofplane demand onthe wall per ASCE Section 12.111. S10 and l=.
5,04. =0.10,
= 0.0K1.0)125)=30 pa 00125) 125 ps (ok) 3.5.10 ANCHORAGE FORCES AND CONSIDERATIONS
‘Tik-up walls mst be anchored for out-of plane seismic demand a8 follows:
04S, 2026,
where
k=teL (100220
1, =tebuary weight ofthe wale anchor (b)
Inthe above expression , ithe amplification factor for diaphragm flexibility and its taken as 1.0 when the
(2/3)M, is found a: SHENGNEEANG TLILP
In, -273))
a-0/98,.! (8,203), 2/150 (ACTS. 1-8)
be =a
ese
m2
j= SMef (ct 1-10) and
= Bi ay,
en SME acttg oud
we te :
Where Ms (23)M,. is found as:
80 (ACI, 14-9)
6.1.5 PANEL DESIGN PROCEDURES
Compute softwares commonly used to design ilt-up pan
sand listing eres of steps fora variety of pane
‘ypes and configurations seems unnecessary. Readers seeking a detalled list of steps can refer to Chapter 7
‘OFACISSL.2R-10. Instead, this section presents common design conditions assumptions, nd unique limit
states necessary to design panes using single and double mats of reinforcement. Example problems are used
In this section to illustrate how models are appropriately created for a variety of panels as necessary to meet
limit state requitements specified in. ACI 318-1,
Prior to performing the structural design of tit-up panes, panel geometry and applied loading mast be
0005 nok)
ly 75S 241217.259 12
an 72572
OM, =A, (da /2}-09(139(6098425-0698/2)~2015 kin
OM 6 fhe, = 9.7 Bt ok)
M,
197,000 n-99.7
‘Check minimum reinforcement required per ACI Section 14.32
AL 1056
‘ania
8.0081 Pe OOS 0K)
Note thatthe spacing ofthe 24 No.6 vertical bars (approximately 1 in. cis ess than the maximum
permite spacing of 18 in. as per ACI Section 14.35,
‘Check maximum moment per ACI Section 1483 (assume ¢,=h/2-3.625 in}
sfaatftaet
no eee omy anvoany
78
cat Bae 29290? ,7H05/19) 24g
eS 3
Me Ne gg eg canted
wats, “emaneairn
1-4 suasunaeny
Trae, OmaaN
hein
In this example, the load combination of L2D+1.08 i evaluated. In actual single-story panel design
applications, the following load combinations should also be evaluated 14D; 1.2D+1.6L,40:5W;
1.2D+.0W10.5L;09D+10W;09D+1.0E. The oad combination 14D doesnot typically contol, but
shouldbe checked, Service load deflections are checked inthe next example
Example 63 For the 725-in-thcktt-up panel analyzed in Example 62, determine ithe service load
defection is acceptable using the load combination D+0.7E. Load Case: D407,
Inthe following calculations, P and P,, are the service load ail forces with and without the weight of
the panel above the design section incloded, respectively, and w, isthe service load out-of-plane demand.
is used when calculating the moment M, which doesnot include second order eff.
Ad, 260) a
ass) dastayanisy”
‘e=4/f,=0689/085-0811in
= DORN ©) /e=4.00%5.25-0811)/0811=00104> 0.005 in (ok)
tn fe 25 ATS 7 g09 fin ~987 Kk
(0M, = 98, (d-a/2}-0901125),60)(3625-0689 72)
(9M, =165 k-fR=M, ~997 kf (ok)
M,=166/09=185 k=
M,
1993k-in.=166 kA
Ef B(A)fonor
23.00,
cy
0125405 + EECA gg
7
Service load detection check
Bef /150— (2812) /150= 22.
TSM ss7\8e12
{RE WG eon (OHID|7 ATTA
hg Myf SUB5HL228H02)
ae aaanea)
WE Ree O65" 6625/12)
Men aa 2 al
For the first iteration, assume M, 5 (2/3)M,:
ample 6 3Contnues
8 Example
6.4 |
Example
6.5
(2ENGNEEANG TLE
Firstitration for My
Meg 61,
ate, «82 @07)-0277 in
Meas 597087)
M,=M, oP, 647¢414(0277)/12=657 kf
inal iteration for M, (since already converging at this point)
Mey 687,
= Me, «$52 427) 0.81 in «224i
= en, «S200 (ol
MM eR, 647 ¢414(0281)/12=657 k-fR<(2/3)M, = 665 =f (ok)
ote thatthe ntl assumption M,< (21M, sais indicating that he corset approach was wed in
thisexampl. In thbeampletheload combination of D+0.7E evened. In acta single-story panel
design applications, DW, should lobe checked
‘Example 64: For the 7.25-in-thick lt-up panel analyzed in Example 62, determine the quantity of
horizontal reinforcement required per ACI Section 14.32.
002A, 0002812421217 25)=5.221n"
Provide 27 No. bars (A, Ain)
[Note that the spacing of the 27 No. horizontal bars approximately 136 ino.) isles than the
‘maximum permitted spacing of 18a, as per ACI Section 14.35.
Example 65 For the 725-inthicktit-up panel shown, determine the adequacy of 46 No.4 vertical bars
(23 bars per face with d =7.25-1-0.5/2= 6 in A,=23(0.2) =4.6in' pr fac) to support the dead and roof
live loads shown in addition to an out-of plane seismic demand of E=387 ps. Assume wind load does
‘not control and joist spacing i 8 foc as shown inthe igure below. Consicer only the load combination
12D + 108. Concrete is normal weight concrete with {74 ks and = 60
Determine total dead load and roaflive load acting onthe design section (i, 14 above foundation
Teves
Joist Dead Load =322)-6.6&
Wall Den Load =(725/12)24)4+240.180)=348 k
Roof Live Lad =3031)=9.3k peek Peak 22k
Load Cate: 1204.08
Inthe following caleulatons P.,and Pare the factored axial forces with and without the weight ofthe
panel above the design section included, respectively, and w, isthe factored out-of-plane demand. P, is
‘sed when caleulating the moment M, which doesnot inelide second order effects,
21. 266)=792
Riya 792412348) 249k
10387(24)=929 Ih) =0529 kif
(Check if ACI 1438 slender wall procedure is permite:
A, 725)
00238 si <6, ~D06(4) 024 bs ok)
‘Check the design moment strength:
seat 28
©
eB | sco)
TSC TR” ANAT)
‘al, =0315/085=0.368 in
«= O0x(d~C) /e=00%6-0.68)/0.68= 04590005 in (ok)
{= Ele - SA MOO 221.257 2 197,000 kin. 99:7 =f
we 72512
OM, =O Fd /2) 05: NGO6=-031372) 1.609
OM =130 k= feM, «997 kt (hd
$0313,
Mk f
samo 65 Continued apie 85 Conte
6.6
ENGINEERING TATUP
Check minimum reinforcement required per ACI Section 14.3.2:
pote 4602
bh GENT
0014 > Pan = B02 (ok)
Note thatthe spacing ofthe 23 No vertical bars (approximately 12.8.0) isles than the maximum
permitted spacing of 18 in. as per ACI Section 14.35.
Check maximum moment per ACI Section 14.83 (assume e,=h/2=3.625 in}
ebfroB (Manor
29,00, i
= BOs if 6-030 +
Metal Bata ORION" 7920052)
0 k-R<¢M,.
4A (ok)
Seow
(wasn, 'To75}3,608, 306
110812108322)"
In this example, the load combination of 12D+.08 i evaluated. In actual single tory pane design
applications, the following load combinations should alto be evaluated: L4D; 12D+ 1.6L, +05;
1.2D+1.0W051,309D+1.0W;09D+1.08. The loxd combination LAD doesnot typically control,
but shouldbe checked. Using two mats of steal sch as wed inthis example is atthe discretion of the
designe. In many cases, ess vertical enforcement may be required to med the moment demand, but
‘minimum spacing requirements must stil be satistied. The designer should also consider consructabiity
Issues when deciding whether to use one or two mats of see
Example 66 Por the 725-inthck tit up panel analyzed in Example 65, determine ithe service load
deletion saceptable using the load combination D+0E.
Load Case: 004078
Inthe ellowing calculations, P, an P., ae the service load axial forces with and without the weight of
the panel above the design section inlined, respectively and ws the service load out-of plane demand.
a is used when calculating the moment M, which doesnot include seconé onder eft.
=10166)~66 k
Pn 6648 ALA
wi AO7087)24)=650 b/n=o4so kif A | 50060) yyy,
* Dast)b Oana
8/8, =0308/085..0362
= 001K ~c)/e=0.003(6-0362)0362 00467 > 0005 in (ok)
i, 7S 129725) 12
oie 72572
OM. (€-4/2) 09(502),60(6-0308/2)= 1584 Kin. DKA
OM 12k fhe, =997 kot (hd
Ma152/09=47k-f
=1197,000 = in.=99.7 ft
Leb la ok |feorote
S608
(502-0362) +!
(2412)0352 59 gt
4 Mi
Service loud deflection check
Baa, 180 (28x12)7180-224 in,
Siuasryaast2y
Econ ewae257 73
042m
Assume M, < (2/3)M,:
Fist iteration for M
MoM,
647 6414(0277)112=657 kf
Fina eration for Mj
4
Mag, «SZ omyonanin22tin (08)
ooh? 94h (28 20687 G/9M, kK (0)
ample 6 Contec Example 66 Continued |
Example |
6.7
Example
6.8
SBENGINEEAING TLTUP
In this example, M,< (2/3). andthe resulting service loud deflection check sential to that in
Example 63. For cases where M, > (2/3)M, the lations tothe two problems would not be identical
since pat af the solution involves the presence of the sel as calculated (i.e. A, isa function ofthe
nominal moment strength ofthe panel, M, wehich s based on the quantity of enforcing inthe panel),
but not use in the final conclusion ofthis example. In this example, the loud combination of D¥0.7E is
‘evaluated. In actual single-story panel design application, D+ W, should alo be checked.
Example 67: For the 7.25-n-thick i up panel analyzed in Example 65, determine the quantity of
horizontal reinforcement required per ACI Section 14.33.
‘A, =110024, = 0.002(28112+212)7.25)=5.22 in?
Provide 24No, 3 bars pe fe€ A ayy = 538)
Although No.3 bars canbe used they are not recommended for vertical orhorizntal reinforcement. No.
bars wil key be walked on by concrete finishers and easly bend. Note thatthe spacing ofthe 24 No.
‘horizontal bars per face (approximately 154i, o) is ess than the maxinum permitted spacing of 18
in as per ACI Section 14.3.5 and acceptable. However, in light ofthe dscusion above it is recommended
that No. bas be placed at 18 in. ec. horizontal to satisfy both area of steland spacing requirement,
[Example 6 For the 725-in-thick tt-up panel shown, determine the adequacy ofthe 12-t design strip
shown which is reinforced with 20 No 6 vertical bas (centered in th pane thickness A, = 20(0.4)
{38 in?) to support the dead and roflive loads shown in addition to an out-of plane seismic demand of|
'E=387 pa. Assume wind load doesnot control an girder shown is locate 5 from the right edge of
the girder (ie design strip width = 141/2}+5 = 12 fy neglecting bearing width). Consider only the load
‘combination 12D + LOE. Concrete is normal weight concrete with f= ks and f, = 60k.
Ante Determine total dead load and ro lve load acting on the design section forthe design strip (Le, M ft
sbove foundation level):
Cinder Dead Load 12k
‘Wall Dead Lond =(7.25/12)2X14+24(0180) 174
Roof Lve Load =17 k
‘Load Case: L2D41.08
Ry L22)=144k
Rig n td 1.20074)0383
WHOS 712) <464 Iya 0.46t kit
(Checkif ACL 14.8 slender wall procedure is permite:
‘Fata
00338 kl < 066 = 0.64) =024 bt (0k)
‘Check the design moment strength
pce ae Be 2) 5 4359(22522
— “els li ae
ae Aah 9.990)
asthe” aast4Kt2315)
calf oL18/085413510
= OONK-c}/e=0100%3 425-1 38)/135 = 1005060005 (ok)
4, _ 75mm axt2¥725) 12
we 72572
4M, = Ag (d-a/2.-091939)60)(3625-1.15/2)
$M, = 29k M, AVI- (OK)
-Lasin
™,
598,400 bin 89K
S16 kin 129 kt
CCheck minimum reinforcement required per ACI Section 1432:
xrple 65 Contac ample 68 Coniaues
Example
BENGNEEAING TLTUP
pe
Gane)
=0100843» gu 00015 (ok)
[Note that the spacing ofthe 20 No 6 vertical bars approximately7.25 ino) isles han the maximum
permitted spacing of 18 in. as per ACI Section 14.35.
(Check maximum moment per ACI Section 14.3.2 (assume e,=h/2+3.625 in)
HABBSI) ggg
06
mt ~|_aasaxomery—~*7 Fh <0
Wray, '(o75y495.600505
SMe Ses 2u12x2812) _
Drs), * (07581, 500509
129A (ok)
In this example, the load combination of1.2D+.08 i evaluated. In actual single-story panel design
pplcations, the following load combinations should also be evaluated: 14D; 12D+1 61, +05W;,
12D+1,0W+0451,309D+1,0W09D+106. Theload combination 14D doe nt typically contro, but
should be checked. The let half ofthe wal snot modeled as being subject the pont load considered
‘and No.6 bast 18 in. on centr or even smaller bars ean possibly be used as erial reinforcement in
this area. Note thatthe left half ofthe walls til subject to the same out-of plane seismic force asthe
right half ofthe wall nd shouldbe checked fr this loading n combination with its own weight
Example 69: For the 7.25in-thicktit- up panel design strip analyzed in Example 68, determine ithe
service load deflection is acceptable using the load combination D+.7E
Load Cate: 1.006078
Py =L()-12k
Pa nl2e100741=294k
9070387 (12)=325 /ft=0325 Kk) 12. 24(223)
AS, 929160)
‘as(C)8"daseq2«T7
e-2/B, 114/035-1340
«000K ~€) c= 004625-1.34)/1.4 «00512» 0405 jn (ok)
My = He = STORES? 9.4 kin a 99
ie 72/2 a
OM, 4 B(G-a2) 09.291 60)025-
(9M, -128K- Re, =499 =f (ok)
28/09-102k-&
14/2) 1509 kin 128 kt
B2|fscorate
506 n*
28.0007599)3, 605-134) 6 W224
220099 29005-1349 « 2
Service load deflection check
Bea, (28x12)/10-=224 in,
stsoay2n02)
WEeoo(easiy 725770)
stuzutayo6a"
49(3,6001506)
oss09)
0427
1.018,
a7 kt
Assume M, > (2/3)M,:
Fist iteration for Mz
crane M203)
BR arm
7 .[387-273099}
s.r 0aan ZB
a, (2/3),
~(21390427}=0327
sarple 69 Contac Loneeb eeu MoM, ¢Pa°387429:4(0.327)/12=345 kf
inal tration for M;
f45-(2/3989),
1, =(2/3youa7y M3223 99197 3)9427) 0406224 (0)
= ao Se -(2/3 0427 (oe)
MoM +R 2387429:40406)/12=347 k= (2/3)M, “3339-1 (0K)
‘Note that the inital assumption M,> 2/3)M, is satisfied indicating thatthe correct approach was weed in
this example, In this example the lad combination of D+0.7 isevaluated In actual single-story panel
design applications, D+W, should als be checked
quantity of horizontal reinforcement required per ACI Section 14.33,
6. 1 0
A= 010024, = 0.002(28112+212)725)=5.22 i
Provide 27 No. Aba (Ag 5)
Note thatthe spacing ofthe 27 No 4 horizontal bars approximately 13.6no.c) isles than the
‘maximum permitted spacing of 18 n.a per ACI Section 14.35. ‘This solution is identical otha of
Example ‘Example 6.10; For the 7.25-in-thicktlt-up panel design strip analyzed in Evample 6.8, determine the
Example 64.
OENAINEERING HEEL Example 611: For the 7.25-n-thick tit-up panel shown, determine the adequacy of the 12 design
strip shoven whichis reinforced with 32 No.4 vertical bars (16 brs per face with d =7.25-1-05/2= 6 ing
‘A, 16(02) » 32 in’ per face) to support the dead and roof live loads shown in addition to an out-of-
plane seismic demand of E=387 psf. Assume wind load does not control and girder shown s located 5
fe from the right edge of the peder (Le, design strip width = 14(1/2}+5 = 12). Consider ony the load
combination .2D + LOE, Concteteis nrmal weight concrete with [' ki and, = 60k
Determine total dea load and roo lve load acting onthe design section forthe design strip (ie, 14
above foundation lve)
Ginder Dead Lond =12
Wall Dead Load =(7.25/12\12)14+2(0180)=174
Roof Live Load =17
Load Case: 1204.08
Py etatiayatdak
4912074) =359k
1.0(387)12)=466 t/R-0464 A
(Check f AGT 148 slender wal procedure i permite:
00538 bt < 05 = 0.64) =024 bt ok)
6.11 ample 6:11 Contund
TRENGNEEANG TLELP
‘Check the design moment strength
soon
728
6
Af, 35000) 9436 in
*"aas9b dasa)
naff, 046/085-0513 in
= 0003(d~6)/e= 0.006 -0.513)/0513 0321 >0.005 in (ok)
a, = ile 75:0t00H 12N12N7 35) 2
hie 78/2
9M, $A, (d-a/2)=0.9682)(60)(6—0436/2)=999 kin. 833 k=
OM, =AISe-feM, ABI Bol)
=598400 bin. = 19.9 =f
(Check minimum reinforcement required per ACT Section 14.32:
2.00613> 9, 00015 (ok)
Note that the spacing ofthe 16 No vertical bas (approximately 9.2 in.) ses than the marimar
permitted spacing of 18 in as per ACI Section 1.35.
‘Check maximum moment per ACI Section 432 (assume ¢,=h/2=3.625 in}
Leekfnek anor
Pag Osuna, M.4(3625/12)
ee
orsines, ‘(753 006
aM Serax"
oo
In this example, the load combination of 201.08 is evaluated, In actual single-story panel design
applications, the fllowing load combinations should also be evaluated: LAD; L2D+ 1.61, 405s,
12D+1.0W703L;09D+1 0W;0.9D¢L.0E, The oad combination LAD doesnot typically control, but
shouldbe checked, ‘The left hal ofthe wal is not modeled as being subject othe point oad considered
and No. 4 barsat 18 in. on center or even smaller bars can possibly be wed s vertical enforcement in
this area. Note that the left half ofthe wal stil subject to the same out-of plane seismic force as the
right half of the wall and shouldbe checked fr this loading in combination with its wn weight. Example 6.12: For the 7.25-in-thick tit-up panel design step analyzed in Example 6.1, determine ifthe
service loud deflection is acceptable using the lad combination D+0.7E.
Load Case: 0040.78
PyeLMi2)=12k
Py 212+10174)2294
ve, =017882712)=325 Bh) 0325 kit
nsf
ae Af .0160
ase)“ OastaKtaxi3)
=f, 0429/05 20.505 in
,=0003(¢~e)/e=00056-0505)/0505 0.0326» 0.05 in (ok)
1, _ 7508
8, PSA yg ne OK
gM, 6A, Fda 12) 0913 50,60(6-0.29/2)
«gM, -91.1k-ft2M, 9499 k= (ok)
M,=91.1/09=1011-R
ly “fae 22h ore
80 ein 911A
1x20 sso)" WSINOS p7igt
Service oad defection check
oa /80=(242)/150-224 in
ALM, SPRAY gay
SE, BG ooNa2\7.2577)
SMe
WEI. 493.6001057)
MoM Be «oat
os
6.12
a eample 6:12 Cortund
Example
6.13
Example
6.14
74ENGNEERNG TLIUP
Assume M,> (2)M
First iteration fr M.
a0), far)
Final tration for M,
“ 2452/38 30271-03622 in (oh)
AABN Tg aiay93] At ALA A
My=M, +B, =387+294(0368)/12-346 k= > (2/9),
S83 kA (0k)
Note that the intl assumption M,> (2/3), isstisied indicating thatthe correct approach was usd in
this example. In this example the load combination of D+0,7E evaluated In actual single story panel
‘design applications, D+, should also be checked
Example 6.13: For the 725-in-thicktilt-up panel design strip analyzed in Example 6.11, determine the
‘quant of horizontal reinforcement required per ACI Section 143.3,
‘A,Q002A, = 0.00(28112+20124725)=5.22 a?
Provide 24 No, 3 bars per fC (A aug 528)
Although No.3 bars canbe use, they are not recommended for vertical or horizontal reinforcement. No,
‘bars wll likely be walked on by concrete finishers and easly end, Note thatthe spacing ofthe 24 No,
3 horizontal bas per fae (approximately 15.4 in. ec.) isless than the maxirum permitted spacing of 18
Ins per ACI Section 14.3.5 and aceptable, However, in ight ofthe discusion above its recommended
that No.4 base placed at 18 in. horizontal to satsy both area of steland spacing requirements,
‘This solution is identical to that of Example 66,
Example 614: For the 7.25-incthick tt-up panel shown, determine the adequacy of the 725-R design
strip shown which i reinforced wit 12 No. vertical bats (centered inthe panel thickness: A, =
12(044) = 528 in?) to support the dead and roo lve loads shown in addition to an out-of plane sesmlc
‘demand of E=281 bt above the opening and an effective E=18 It below the top ofthe opening
(Ce, the demands are diferent since the weight of opening materials ss than the wal clement above
the opening). Assume wind load doesnot control and thatthe maximum pane with for panels
ith opening is taken as 12 times the panel thickness h per ACI 551.2R-10 (Le, design strip with = 12(7.25)/12 =725 f). Consider only the load combination 1.2D + LOE. Concrete is nocmal weight
concrete with it ks and f, = 60k
Determine total dead load and roof live load acting on the design section forthe design strip (rtcal
section is 148 f from bottom of pane| as shown below):
Joist Dead Load=322)/2=33
‘Wall Dead Lond =(7.25/12(0150)(25K1822)4(4)28-2062)]-136k
Lond Case: 1.24.08
Py 21203)=3.96
Poy 8961.20136)=203k
Iby-oasi kt
<1 by=o181 ket
‘Locate desig section (point of maximum moment for 12+ LOE}
"Neglecting the parapet, the point of maximum moments obtained by potting shear and bending
‘moment diagrams fr the 28-t simple span beam with 0.281 kift and 0.181 kit n combination with
point moment of3.96(3.625/12) = 1.20 kt applied atthe bearing location atthe top ofthe wll.
orl 614 Cots
15 ample 614 Contund
ToENGNEERNG TLTUP
HEAR 08)
‘The maximum moment in panel caused i 19.7 Kft acting st 148 rom the et end (Le, x=0 or bottom
cof pane). Thus the rtical section is 1.8 fom the bottom of the panel
(Check if ACI 148 slender wall procedures permite
te nis 0.05 in ()
fil, 7507450121795) 112
wa 72502
9M, 99 (0-012) 045 6246036251142) 927 kina 773 Kft
9M, -773 ko fl2M, 30. kf (08)
M, 3615 k~in.=301 kof
(Check minimum reinforcement required per ACI Section 14.3.2:
‘oh GapeaK7a)
200857 > po, 005 (0k) Note thatthe spacing of the 12 No. 6 vertical bats proximately 74 in.) is ess than the maximum
permitted spacing of If in. as per ACI Section 14.35,
‘Check maximum moment per ACI Section 14.3.2 (assume,
23625 in)
5
zl
1 = 205 57]ea say « CASAS
ben Bsr} yr 2500
Me IB7 KA ie sone)
Me
\ ae
cazoiee, '7suMconses
ne Hen ar
**azsaMe,"075HsG.aNI306
a
Sante
$277 kN gM, e779 Kf (od
In this example, the load combination of .2D+1.08 i evaluated. In actual single-story panel design
pplication, the following load combinations should also be evaluated: 14D; 1.2D+.61, +05;
1.2D+1.0W#051,;09D+H.0W;08D4+1.0E. The load combination 14D doesnot ypicaly contol, but
should be checked. The design strip is detailed to take all vertical load acting onthe strip itself and above
the opening and out-of plane loads acting onthe design stip itself, the opening, and the area above the
opening. Although a small portion of wall inthis example, the 0.75-¢-wide remaining wall portion on the
leftand right edges is typically enforced with minimum ste and checked a strip to esist ony its own
weight nd out-of plane force (forthe load combination considered). In this case itis ok with minimum
steal by inspection, Practically speaking, the 12 No. bars would be spaced over the ll strip width
since the stength and spacing would stil satisfy the design requirements fr the 725-f stip,
For economy, ste reinforcement with f= 80,000 psi is sometimes considered for us in tit-up concrete
panel. Als, the use of 80 ksi welded stél mats to reinforce tit-up panels is becoming more prevalent. On the
surface, this would seem to make sense. Reinforcement wth higher yield strength should result i ss steel
area required, thus cost savings
However thisis not necessarily the case. Tit-up panels are slender concrete elements where p- effects
snd buckling area primary consideration, Less ate of tec ests in a wall section with les sifinss to
resist buckling. With ss tines, the p-A effects increase, requiring more reinforcement to ress the
Increased buckling forces. Because ofthis effect, enforcement with Fy = 60,000 ps cannot be replaced using
reinforcement wit f= 80,000 ps strictly by using linear reduction ofthe tel area based onthe rato ofthe
Yel strengths. The Panes must be redesigned using the higher ye strength reinforcement to account for
the slenderness fects.
ACI 318 Section 143 specifies minimum ratios of vertical and horizontal reinforcement area to gross concrete
rea for walls. When the steel yield strength is equal to or greater than 60,000 ps, the minimiam amount of
‘einforcement required doesnot change. Thus, the amount of horizontal reinforcement cannot be reduced for
steel wth f= 80,000.
“The reduction in primary steel are required averages approximately 15 percent to 20 percent, not 25 percent
‘based on straight linear reduction. However, the reduction in total area of stel required is generally 10,
ple 614 Contes percent or less due tothe minimum reinforcement ratios. There
Ismore tothe cost-saving calculation than the savings resulting
steely from a reduction inthe primary steel area, Many times
the contractor wants to use deformed wite welded into mats asthe
panel reinforcement for theefcencies achieved in placing the
reinforcement as mats versus tying individal bars. This stele
typically 80 ksi and is generally more expensive than 60 ks ars.
"Thus the savings mast come fom the labor savings du tothe
Placing efficiencies, not in the small eduction in required area of|
steal
“There is one final item to note. Cae should be exercised even with
the direct substitution of 80 ks ste for 60 ks steel area. ACL
Section 1482.3 states, "The wall shal be tension-controlled” If
the panel ace heavily loaded duc to gravity or ater loads and
the area of tel eitorcement provide is close to the maximum,
the substitution of €0 ks reinforcement could result in an ovety|
reinforced section that is no loge tension controled, invalidating
the design. Using higher strength ste, then, may require the ure of|
Ihgher strength concrete aswel
6.1.6 IN-PLANE SHEAR AND OVERTURNING
‘Shear walls esist in-plane forces delivered to them fom roof
and floor diaphragms and fom thei oven weight (in selsnke
applications), They must be designed with adequate dealing to
receive these forces and to tease these frees othe ground.
‘Connections between the panels, which will usualy be only a the
ol |
Example
6.17 sample 6.17 Contund
CENGNEEAING TLEUP
Determine total dead load and roof lve load ating on the design section (ie, a foundation level)
Joist Dead Load =322)-66
‘Will Dend Load =(7.25/12)28)284 24,0150) 2683
Roof Live Load =¥3.1)=9.3k
(Note:The joist dead loads shown have been reduced by the wind uplift forces acting onthe roof joists)
Load Case: 09D+1.0W
2, 09464) +05(653) 647 &
¥,=10(10)028)=24
Determine the factored overturning moment about the bottom sight corns ofthe pane
My 2405) -672 =f
Determine the factored resisting moment about the bottom right corner ofthe panel
My 64702)=776 4-8
Since the factored resisting moment i ager than the factored overturning moment, the panels table for
‘overturning and postive anchorage isnot required. Note that horizontal cennections between the panel
and the adjacent sibon grade are often provided to transfer horizontal. When this detailing suse, the
shea is transfered out ofthe slabon-grade into the underlying sol by utlzng friction. Note that only
the weight ofthe slab itself and any permanent gravity loads directly sippoted bythe slab may be utlized
when calculating the fitional resistance 6.1.7 CONNECTIONS
“The mechanics of designing many of the connections employed to attach structural framing members to
the tit-up concrete panels are sini to those used for other types of constriction involving concrete. The
Intent ofthis section is not to present detailed design calculations for these connections, a this topic is well
documented in other texts suchas Gude to the Design of Out-of plane Wall Anchorage and SEAOC% Seismic
Design Manuals, but to show representative examples ofthe many types of connections curently in use and
describe their function. The design procedures used should follow the requirements of ACI 318-11, Append.
1D Anchoring to Concrete, as wll asthe other applicable building cod.
“Ther are essentially two basic ypes of bearing connections used in tit-up structures, Both generally invlve
‘some form of tel embed plate with headed stud anchors. One isa standard bearing type connection, where
the structural framing member ether sts ina pocket cast into the panel or bears directly on top ofthe panel
Bearing connections ae a very positive typeof connection and generally simpler to construct, thus they are
usually more economical. They algo minimize load eccentricity for panel reinforcing design. However they
are not as forgiving for mispacement.
‘The other common connection i the face-mounted typ, where the structural framing sts ona seat attached
to an embedded sel plate cst into the face of the panel. These generally involve more pieces to fabricate and
instal, thus they can be more expensive. They alo have a larger lod eccentecty for panel reinforcing desig.
However, they are more tolerant of embedded plate misplacement. Face-mounted connections ate compatible
with continuous parapets.
Post installed anchors are sometimes used to connect secondary framing tothe panels. These connections
allow accurate positioning of the connection since they ae located on the panel afer the concrete ha cued
‘They are also used when a steel embed plate forgotten or misplaced
For some applications or conditions, specialty inserts such as col inserts with coll bls, sloted anchors and
embedded structural shapes, such as stub beams, are sed
Some design considerations:
+ Connections are an essential part of any tit-up conrete structure and pay’ erica oe in how the
structure ultimately functions. The succes of any tt-up project depends, n par, on well designed and
easily executed connections.
+The design and detailing ofthe connection should accommodate standard industry tolerances. Itis
suggested that connections be designed to accommodate a misplacement of the embeded item of upto
In. in the plane ofthe panel. When possible embedded items should us asymmetrical layout in atleast
‘one axis to simpliy layout and placement inthe panel
+ Roof framing members can easly be placed in recessed pockets and connected to tel beating plates for
quick economical connection. Structural framing at supported floors oF lower roofs as oppose 103
high oof should generally use face connections. Closely spaced pockets for repetitive structural framing,
such as steel ois, ereates weakened plane in the panel This should not bea problem when the panel is
{nthe final suctut, but presents problems during construction, Pocket interrupt the continuity ofthe
‘vertical reinforcing andthe weskened plane crested canbe a problem fo iting the panel and while ts
con braces,
+ Contractors wil typically want o instal as many connections as posible while the panes ae still on
‘the ground fr safety and economy. The design and layout ofthe connection should take this into
consideration, SG ENGNEEANG TLILP
Connection Detail:
e174
67a
Roof Strcture'To Panel These connections transmit gravity, wind up out-of-plane wind and
seismic, in-plane wind and seismic forces.
Structural Stel Framing Connections
617.1: K Series Roo ost Pocket Bearing
617.12: K Series Roo ost Angle Bear
‘61.7.2; Joist Girder Bearing In Pocket
617.4: Wide Flange Beam Bearing In Pocket
G17A5: End Wall Roof Deck Support Welded
61.716: End Wall Roof Deck Support Bolted
6.17.7: Welded Horizontal Bridging Anchorage
G.L7A8 Bolted Diagonal Bridging Anchorage
Plant Cast Precast Framing Connections:
6.1749: Roof Double Tee Bearing
6.17.1.10: Roof Double Tee Endvall Connection
6174.11; Roof Hollow-Core Bearing
6.17.12: Roof Hollow-Core Endwall Connection
‘Wood Framing Connections
G.L.7..13 Hybrid Roof Ste Jolst And Wood Ledger At Tut-Up Panel
6171.14 Hybrid Roof Ste Joist Connections At Steel Girder
6.17.15. Hybrid Roof Stel Girder Wood Blocking At Sub- Diaphragm
6174.16 Hybrid Rof Wood Sub-Puin At Ste ost
6171.17 Hybrid Roof Wood Sub-Purin Connection To Side Wall
‘Supported Flor Structure To Panck These connections transmit gravity out-of plane wind, esr,
and thermal bowing: in-plane wind; and seismic Frcs.
Comment Typical the supported flor structure wil be connected to panel. Tits doe to transfer
‘the required forces and prevent a separation from occurring betwee the oor structure and the panels
due out-of plane deflections from wind an ses forces and thera bowing effets. Without
fective vertical structural bracing, even when the floor structure is connected to the panel it still may
hot provide lateral support point to reduce the vertical pan ofthe pane.
‘Structural Stel Framing Connections
61721 K-Seres Flor lout Angle Bearing
61722: Non-Composite Foo Bea Wt Joist Framing Connection
161723: Non-Composite Floor Deck Endvall ering Welded Angle
{61724 NonCompouite Foo Deck Endvall Bearing Balted Ange
61725: Composite Boor Beam Connection
{61726 Composite Hoor Girder Endl Connection
61727: Composite Hoor Deck Sidevall Angle With Sb Dowels
{61.728 Composite Foor Deck Endval Bering With kb Dowels 6.173 Pane o Slab on Grade: These connections transmit out-of plane wind, seismic thermal bowing,
lateral earth pressure, in-plane wind and seismic forces
61.73. Grade High Wall Footing With Reinforcing Doves
61732: Dock High Wall Footing With Reinforcing Dowels
61733: Grade High Wall Footing With Col lasers
61734) Dock High Wall Footing With Col Inserts
61735; Edge OF lab Connection With Sted Embeds
(64.74 Pane to Footing: These connections transmit out-of-plane wind and seismic forces, in-plane wind
ad seismie forces, and uplit due to overturning
‘Comment: The joint betwee the bottom ofthe panels and top of footing is type 1m t0 2.
size. Porla cement-based grout is used ffl tis joint aed typically is not required obs non-shrink.
‘Coarse aggregate with a maxinuon sizeof 318. cv be added to minimize shrinkage and cement se
6174.1; Wide Flange Pane ie Down Deal
61742 Panel Te Down With Foting Wel Plates
Comment: These connections must be protected agains corrosion due fo ther exposure to the
surrounding sil and elements. Methods currently used fo protect these connections include het dipped
galvanizing, asphaltic coatings and concrete encasement. Te we of galvanising generally precludes
the use of welds to connect the individual parts ofthe connection. The effectiveness ofthe concrete
“encaement to provide long term protection has not been proven The concrete encasement of relatively
somal sce ans placed against the smooth outside ac ofthe panel
6.175 Panel to Panl these connections transmit in-plane wind and sesmic forces to resist overturning and
resist dierent bowing,
Comment Typically tit-up panls are not connected atthe vertical jas. Vertical joints function
1s contr joints to aczommedate concrete shrinkage and thermal movements. A rigid comectin
‘cross the joint wll aco restrain this maverent and many ines wl result in racking around the
connection. If rigid connection is require, its suggested that panels be connected in pats oy.
6175.1: Panel To Panel Corner Angle Deal
Comment This detail is typically used 0 ress ferential thermal bowing at building commer but can
ao be designed to trast plane forces,
Comment: Concrete should generally no bear directly on concrete. Fiber-renforced rubber elastomer
or neoprene bearing pads are used with ta bearing plates, required due to bearing stress, 0
‘accommodate member end rotations uneven bearing surfaces and to reduce tension forces atthe WI ry
Pare
PRL i
PRA
heen
Smeets Sa
‘Alay tains rtatod ana arin step taced. Dope
‘enthesroje, bis dona ke or at nl erect
chee sro toe Daye ei
ona sel cormscon deta provide 8 noose Sr ray anor
lor vnsar (ot aa pack shown hr
a ENGINEERING TLILP yb anced oo! tam bar ied rena. Te yd pan which
‘ens an open ved sel, 2x wood sb-prne,ans wood haha,
SDENGNEEANG TLILP earns Sates Rat doet Peat Bearng 6.712 Serie Root ot Ange Bown
em cose
size Joa Greer Seamngin Pecks 617.14 ‘ie Flange Baa Goan Poa
o ears ‘ne Wal Root Dock Suppor Weed 67.18 Ed Wa Ft Deck Suppo Bote
eunar Wild Hort BrdgogAncorage 817.18 ated DagealBidgng Ancora
SeENGNEEAING TLTUP eee ‘coseenese,
exna Foo Daibie Tee Bowing 617110 ex Daub ee Enon Comecion
sexetemt norman sergerer rh
+ sowauon coe
EN oa
sara FootHotow coe Bowing 617.112 ol Hallow Coe Erna Comnsion
% enna yb ct Stet Jolt And Wood Ledger A TH-Up Panel
oars ti io! So Jot Camsctone See Grae
1
I
!
a4
at
1637..38 Hr loo Sloe! Gre Wood Blocking A Sub Deshag
DUENGNEEANG TLTUP
G17A16 Pia Roo! Stel Gee Wood Booking A Sub Dastagm | Hye io! Woo Sub Puta ernecton to Sie Wal
eurat Sofie For Jt Ange Boating
i722
"Nor Corpoate Foor Seam wih Jos Faring Cannacton
1728 Ner-Carposte Flor Dek naval amg Welded Argo eir24 ‘Non Compost Fir Deck Endval Bouin Baie Arle
Canposie eer Seam Comecion
poets
conse f Le oh
= ee
e728 ‘Composta For Geer EndwallCormocton 6.1727, ‘Compost Feo Dek Sidowal Ange Wih Stab Dawes
6 ENGINEERING TIZUP e128 ‘Compste Foo Deck Enda Bearing With Slab Dowels
savas
‘Grace Hg al Facing th ccna Dowels
“nam
eave ‘Deck High Wa Feting With Reriorang Dowels
Grade High Wa Foctng With Coins geome
ei7as DockHigh Wal Focing WenColmcats 81735, ‘Eo O Sab Comecon Win Sta Erbads
eazy Woe Farge Pal Te Down Dal 6.742 Pane Te Doon Wh Footing We Pos
BENGNEEANG TLTUP Panel Parl Caer rg Data
1752
Paro To Fane! Star Plt Conactn etal 6.1.8 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
ACTSS1L1R contains detalled summary of construction
requirements for tk-up conctet. ACI SS1.2R-10 highligh
several ofthese requirements and makes additional tit-up specific
recommendations regarding concrete cover, concrete material,
and reinforcement selection. Many ofthese recommendations are
repeated hee for completenes
shouldbe noted that AC 318 (Seti R7.73 ke, commentary
section) specifics that site-ast concrete clements such a it-up
nels can be detailed as precast elements so long as forming,
placing reinforcement, quality control and curing procedures are
‘equivalent to those that would be normally encountered ina plant
fnironment, Hence, engineers can detail itp panel using
cover and tolerance limits of precast elements, site cast elements, or
somewhere in between. Special inspection requtements in Chapter
17 ofthe 2012 IBC make the use of precast clement deta even
moc applicable
(Concrete with a 28-day strength of at lest 3000 psi is normally
specified. Higher strengths are often specie since 2.500 pl
often required prior to liting which usually occurs within two weeks
of casting, Since time delays ar ritalin ik-up construction, fy
ash is often no utlized: it can delay the time required to acquire
the required strength. Some engineers specify minimum tensile
strength fin addition to) since this value i rtcal in regards to
lifting. ACT551.2R-10 specially recommends the following
£5 =3,0 ps
£=550 pst
‘Maximum size aggregate = 1 in. (typical) upto 1.5 in. when
reinforeing i not congested
Grade 60 reinforcement is typiclof al tit-up panels. Vertical bars
are typically either No.5 or No. 6 bars and horizontal bars are most
‘commonly spcted as No. 4or No, Sbars as necessary to meet,
‘minimum steel requirements or even those required foe strength
inmost applications. No, 3 and No.4 bars are typclly used a the
‘bars for vertical wall segments adjacent to openings and pilasters in
cases where confinement ties are required, Bars larger that No.6
are rarely sed in tit-up panels. An exception exists in high seismic
areas where bar sizes upto No. 9 are not nusval for drag reinforcing
from collectors, for heavy chord reinforcing, and for hold-down
anchors, Alo pilasters may contain relatively larger reinforcement
‘ACL551.2R-10 specifically recommends the follwing cover
dimensions which are greater than that required By ACI 318 for
recast concrete:
100 ENGINEERING LEU
Min Reinforcement:
‘Outside fae of panel 1.0,
Inside face of pane 075 in
Edge of panel: 20 in.
“Tes and Suerups:
Inside or ottsde face: 0.75 in,
Edge of pane: 15 in
6.1.9 DESIGN FOR LIFTING STRESSES
For almost all t-up projects, major vendors design the lifting and
bracing, including selection of litng ardware and braces, Each of|
these companies has sophisticated computer capabilites ta snalyze
panels and prepare “Lifting Manuals” or their customers. They have
the expertise, and tke the responsibilty, for providing this servic,
‘TCA recommends using the services af one of these vendors.
In addition to thei iting experts, these companies ofr excellent
Iteraue ona variety of tilt-up related product, The sophistication
fling hardware has been a major contribution tthe advance of|
ti-up construction. Computer anal of panels for iting stresses,
‘ingeniously designed inserts, ground release hardware, and other
{innovations have lite resemblance tothe ealy days of it-up when
the design engincr both checked the panels for ling stresses
and designed the ling hardware, usual a sleve nut with re-bar
‘welded on. Although tis not expected thatthe panel designer will
design for lifting, its stil important that he or she understands the
general design proces.
“Te ist step in iting design Ito compute the center of gravity
ofeach panel both vertically and horizontally. Next, the weight of
the panels calculated. To determine the number af it points the
‘weight ofthe panei divided by the vendor recommended capacity
ofthe pickup inserts in tension or shew, as applicable,
Pickup points onthe panel ae lid out so that their center of it
‘matches the horizontal centr of gravity ofthe pan! and the center
oft in the vertical diretion shouldbe sited slighty higher to
allow thettng action about the lower edge to occur during lifting.
fa preferred location of a pickup poi occurs in an opening, it
_mustbe shifted one way or the other, ut its twin must aso be
shifed so tha ther center oflitremains the same, Lifting inserts
should generally never be close than sbou 15 in. rom the edge of
panel oan opening
‘Tit-up panels are typically lifted using the strength ofthe uncracked
panel section without relying on reinforcement. Therefore,
calculated bending stresses within the panel are generally kept lw enough 9 that cracking doesnot occur. Complicating the analysis
isthe ever-changing reactions atthe pick-up points a the panel
rotates from a horizontal to vertical position during iting, This
significantly changes the bending moments in the panel from
those obtained when th pane ishorizontal. A single curtain of
reinforcing is not fully efective to resist bending stresses for iting:
therefore the uncracked section flexural sess controls the design.
Minimum concrete strength at lifting as determined by testing,
shouldbe 2500 psi. This gives an allowable exral stres of 300 psi
‘or more. In cases where the calculated flexural tens stress exceeds
the allowable, higher strength concrete could be used to ensure that
the lesural tensile strength isnot exceeded during installation ofthe
panel. Adeltional reinforcements sometimes added tothe panel
in strategic locations to ress localized high lifting stresses while
sill eeping the stresses inthe concrete below the lesural tensile
strength. In some cases external enforcing in the form of strong.
‘acs will hae tobe temporarily bolted on tothe panel to keep the
‘concrete fom cracking during ling. The use of trong backs is
{generally to be avoided, iat al possible, due tothe additional time
and expense requized to install and remove them.
6.1.10 TEMPORARY BRACING
As suggested above, bracing requirements in compliance with TCA
‘Guideline 1-05 are normally designed and provided by the brace
supplier and notte panel designer. For atypical tt-up panel,
two braces are usually useds however, in very high-wind areas and
for muitisory panels, additional braces wil be required for greater
resistance, Braces are generally attached tothe panel at about 2/3,
the height (to equalize positive snd negative bending) and aa slope
‘down tothe lor slab at somewhat steper than 1:1. Each major
vendor sells (or rents braces and will provide guidlines for their
location on a panel and sive selection. Reactions tthe connection |
to the pane! and to the lor canbe determined by conventional
analysis. Braces shouldbe installed ina vertical plane perpendicular
to the panel, and not skewed more than fve depres. This is
particularly important when bracing corner panels.
“The connection ofthe lower end of the brace othe floor slab every
Important since nearly all eases of brace flue occur at his pint
‘While drilin type insert anchors are the most popula they aso
have the highest flue rate, Pre-located inserts are probably safest,
‘but more costly to instal. The capacity of the lab on grade must be
be used in place of Chapter 34 ofthe 2012 IBC. For alteration, the
‘only noticeable benefit appears tobe for cass where lateral load
