Setting up a Home VPN Server Using Your Raspberry Pi

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Setting up a Home VPN Server Using Your Raspberry Pi

By Patrick Catanzariti (https://www.sitepoint.com/author/pcatanzariti/) July 05, 2016

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Its IoT Week at SitePoint! All week were publishing articles focused on the intersection of the internet and the physical world, so keep checking the IoT tag (https://www.sitepoint.com/tag/iot/) for the latest
updates. 1 Picking the Brains of Your Customers with Mic
(https://www.sitepoint.com/picking-the-brains
One part of working with the Internet of Things is the difPculty of connecting to devices in your home when you arent in your home network. I face this difPculty every week when travelling around I need to
with-microsofts-text-analytics/?
run tests and build Internet of Things demos, yet Im not home to do so! I decided to turn my Raspberry Pi into a VPN so I could connect to my home network remotely. Heres how you can do the same thing
using an OpenVPN installer called PiVPN (https://github.com/pivpn/pivpn). utm_source=sitepoint&utm_medium=relatedsi

2 Build Your Own Dropbox Client with the Dropbo

You can run through the following tutorial using either the terminal on your Pi or using SSH to connect to your Raspberry Pi remotely. If you arent quite sure how to SSH into your Raspberry Pi, I have a short (https://www.sitepoint.com/build-your-own-dro
guide on how to SSH into a Raspberry Pi (https://devdiner.com/answers/how-do-i-ssh-into-raspberry-pi) which might help! If you dont have a static IP address set up on your Pi, Id recommend working dropbox-api/?
directly on your Pi (otherwise, its likely your IP addresses will change during the process to a static IP and kick you out of your SSH session!). utm_source=sitepoint&utm_medium=relatedsi

3 Developing Add-ons for Enterprise Apps like JI

Starting the Install Process (https://www.sitepoint.com/developing-add-on
apps-like-jira/?
To get started, we run the following command in our Pis terminal (either via SSH or directly on the Pi): utm_source=sitepoint&utm_medium=relatedsi

4 There Are More Virtual Reality Headsets Than

curl -L https://install.pivpn.io | bash (https://www.sitepoint.com/there-are-more-vir
than-you-realize/?
utm_source=sitepoint&utm_medium=relatedsi
Important Note: This command parses a random script downloaded from the web directly into your Pis bash. That can be incredibly dangerous if you dont trust the installation source, as it will run whatever code
you give it straight away. I havent gone through and vetted their bash command line by line (I trust them!) but it is available to look through on their GitHub account 5 Creating Machine Learning Systems with JRub

(https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pivpn/pivpn/master/auto_install/install.sh) (under install.sh within the auto_install folder) if you have any concerns. (https://www.sitepoint.com/creating-machine-
with-jruby/?
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Running that command will open a slightly nicer looking, text-based GUI that starts with a simple prompt:

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Once youve hit Enter, youll be taken to another screen which will point out that a static IP address is important for this VPN service to work: if you dont have a static IP for your Pi, your router wont have an IP
address to forward VPN functionality to. Dont have a static IP on your Pi? Dont worry the automated installer will set up a static IP for you soon.

Hit Enter to go to the next screen:

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Be careful on this screen: hitting Enter will take you to the next screen, rather than making a selection in the two radio button options. I made this mistake during the install process, and it gets messy to restart
the install process to change it!

In the interface selection, you can choose whether youd like to set the VPN up on your ethernet connection (eth0) or your Wi-Fi (wlan0). I personally choose Wi-Fi as my Pi isnt close to my router. If you can
connect the Pi via ethernet, this will be much better for speeds! To choose an option, move your selection with the arrow keys and select it with the Spacebar. Then click Enter to go to the next screen.

This screen conPrms your current IP address for the Pi. I personally wanted to change my Pis IP to something more memorable, so I clicked the arrow key to move my selection to <No> and hit Spacebar to
select it. I then hit Enter to go to the setup to change my Pis static IP.

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In this screen, youll enter in the static IP address youd like your Pi to have. I chose 192.168.0.31. Once youve got the IP address youd like, hit Enter.

In this screen, youll need to enter in the IP address of your router or default gateway. This will depend on your network setup, but a lot of the time this will be 192.168.0.1. If you arent sure, try entering
whatever IP address you enter to get to your routers conPg page in your browser. Once youve got this entered in, hit the Enter key.

4
Hit Enter on this screen to conPrm your IP address settings are correct. They should look similar to my ones above if your home network is set up to the defaults of most home networks. If not, chances are
high that you already know your own settings.

The visual GUI style interface will then disappear and youll see in the terminal that your settings are conPrmed in the text shown. Wait a bit as it performs these actions to set a static IP and so on. If youve
SSHed in and just changed your IP address chances are, this is where youll get stuck, because your connection will get dropped! If this happens to you, run through the process again, but connect to the
static IP you set up this time around.

Once PiVPNs network setting adjustments are done, it will bring you back to a nicer looking screen.

5
This screen above is just notifying us that we will soon choose our VPNs local user. Hit Enter to begin and move to the next screen.

In this screen, if your Pi is set to defaults youll likely only have one option the pi user. If thats the case, hit Enter! If youve got a custom user set up and want to set things up through that, select that user
via the arrow keys and hit Spacebar. Then once that user is selected, hit Enter.

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This next screen is advising you of something thats incredibly important to pay attention to! Setting up your Pi as a VPN means it will have a port open to the wider internet. This comes with serious
responsibility: if security issues arise, your Pi is potentially open for anyone to access. Access to your Pi as a VPN means something incredibly dangerous depending on how your network is set up. It likely
means access to your whole home network. For this reason, PiVPN recommends turning on unattended upgrades, which will automatically update security packages at the very least. It is important to note it
is still your responsibility to watch for security vulnerabilities in the press and keep an eye out for strange activity on your network. You can set up most routers to show logs of connections and so on; keep an eye
on these things and more.

So, for the unattended upgrades question, youll likely want to say yes unless you know what youre doing in terms of maintaining your Pis updates. Once you make that decision, the fancy UI screen will
disappear.

7
Here its checking for potential updates via apt-get. After this process, it will notify you if there are updates you should do after installation. In my case, it found 143 updates on my rather old and upgraded
Pi! After this whole process of getting the VPN running, run sudo apt-get upgrade to ensure your Pi is secure in the immediate future.

It then also checks if OpenVPN is installed on your Pi. If not, it begins that process! That should bring up the following screen:

This screen is part of the OpenVPN install process. You can choose which port to run your VPN through on the Pi. I left it as is at port 1194 and hit Enter.

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Check that the port entered looks correct, then hit Enter once more.

In the screen above, were choosing our desired level of encryption. The larger the encryption, the longer it will take to run and set up but the more secure it will be. I stuck with 2048-bit as recommended
and hit Enter. I wouldnt recommend dropping to 1024-bit, but if youd like super thorough encryption, you could go up to 4096-bit.

9
Now, this screen above just tells us that the next one is going to show the default values for the security certiPcate info. It lets you know you dont need to change them as you and the clients who connect are
the only ones wholl see them. It speaks the truth. You dont need to worry about changing these. Hit Enter to go to the next screen.

Not only do you not need to worry about changing them, I couldnt see a way to change the values in this screen either. Look through them and then click Enter.

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It will ask if those values are correct, just hit Enter once more.

Next, it lets you know that its about to generate your encryption keys. Click Enter.

11
It will then leave the slick UI and bring you back to the terminal, where it begins key generation. It will take a while to generate longer if you chose 4096-bit encryption!

A really long time

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DePnitely grab some tea or coffee while this runs.

Once its done, it will ask whether or not youve got a public DNS entry youd like to use, or whether youd like to use an IP address. This part is entirely up to you. Your IP address is the public facing IP that you
have on the web from your ISP. Its the one that appears if you go to services like www.whatismyip.com (https://www.whatismyip.com). Some ISPs give a static one that wont change, others will change it
intermittently.

With my own ISP, theres no guarantee it will remain the same, so I registered with No-IP (https://www.noip.com) a service that allows you to link a free web address they provide (such as
yourdomain.ddns.net) to your public IP. If your IP changes, you can change the value with No-IP.

13
If you want to use the IP address provided by your ISP, leave it as is and hit Enter. Otherwise, navigate to DNS Entry with your keyboard, hit Spacebar and then hit Enter to go to the next screen.

If you chose DNS Entry, youll be prompted with the screen above. Add your URL as Ive done above. If you chose IP address, itll ask for that instead.

Next, youll be asked to select the DNS provider youd like to use for your VPN. This can be important if the reason youre looking to have a VPN is for privacy: whichever DNS provider you choose will have
visibility over requests made by the VPN. If youre looking for a completely private VPN, youll want a more private DNS solution. In my case, Im not using it for that purpose and left it as Google, hitting Enter
to continue on.

14
With that, youve successfully run through the installation! Click Enter to pass through the congratulatory screen but take note that well need to run pivpn add as it says!

Choose Yes to reboot your Pi! You may need to select it with the keyboard as with other selections earlier.

15
It should do its Pnal bits and pieces and then restart your Pi.

Remember to Update!
Remember now youve completed the whole process of getting the VPN installed, run the following command to ensure your Pi is secure in the immediate future:

sudo apt-get upgrade

Once that is all updated, we can feel safe enough to set up a client for VPN access!

Setting up Your First VPN Client

From this point, youve got an OpenVPN instance running on your Pi through PiVPN. However, to access the VPN from other computers and devices on the network, it will need a client that these devices can
connect through. To add this client, we enter the following command:

pivpn add

It will ask you for a name for the client. Call it whatever your heart desires. It will also ask for a passphrase: this is the password for accessing the VPN through this client. Dont forget this one as you
otherwise wont be able to connect to your VPN server using this client!

Once youve done that, it will generate an .ovpn Ple for that client. Youll need this to log in on each client device.

OpenVPN Clients

16
There are a range of OpenVPN clients you can download to use on various platforms. You can Pnd them at openvpn.net (https://openvpn.net/). Those arent the only ones available; I personally used
Tunnelblick (https://tunnelblick.net) on my Mac.

Port Forwarding
One area that will be different for everyone is port forwarding on your router. You need to set up forwarding on your router for the port you set up for the VPN (by default, it was 1194). We want any requests to
that port to go to your Pis IP address. This setup is different for every router; however, you can Pnd out more about the process of port forwarding here (http://www.online-tech-tips.com/computer-tips/ott-
explains-what-is-port-forwarding-and-what-is-it-used-for/). Look up port forwarding and your router name to Pnd out how to do this for your own router. Be careful when updating router settings!

FTPing Your Key

The easiest way to copy across Ples from your Pi is using SFTP. You can do this using FTP programs like Filezilla. There are ofPcial docs on how to use FTP with Raspberry Pi here
(https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/remote-access/ssh/sftp.md). Once youve connected to your Pi, copy across your key from /home/pi/ovpns:

Connecting to Your Pis FTP

Once youve got everything set up, open up your OpenVPN application on your device and load up the .ovpn Ple youve downloaded from the Pi. Upon loading it, it will ask for the passphrase you set: enter
that in, and it should run through and connect you!

Conclusion
Now that youve successfully connected to your home network via a VPN, you should be able to access devices on that network with ease. For example, if
youve got a local web server on that network, you should be able to visit web pages running on that server using its local network address. Likewise, if you ( More from this author
try to connect to an IoT device on the network from your VPN-connected device using its IP address, it should now work!
There Are More Virtual Reality
If you have any tips for setting up a VPN over Raspberry Pi, tips on securing a Raspberry Pi better on the open web, or additional ideas on whats possible Headsets Than You Realize!
after a VPN is set up, Id love to hear them! Let me know in the comments below, or get in touch with me on Twitter at @thatpatrickguy (https://www.sitepoint.com/there-are-
(https://www.twitter.com/thatpatrickguy). more-virtual-reality-headsets-than-you-

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TariAkpodiete
oh, i LIKE this!

Patrick Catanzariti
Me too! My VPN server has been running for about a month now with no problems. Loving it!

Sven
many thanks Pat !! I threw my Pi-1 in the drawer after failing miserably with the BBC Click version of this. so much simpler with much less chance of human error and just about zero Linux
knowledge required.
PiVPN up and running, Great Job.

{dFb}eMac (http://www.dfbgaming.com/)
To me the real winner here is the installation process. Very nice. Something you dont see in the stock OpenVPN server installer for both Linux and Windows. Youre stuck manually editing the confg,
routes and generating encryption/auth keys just to get a base install.

Patrick Catanzariti
Yeah, from the other times Ive set up VPNs on Linux installs and VPS builds, this makes things easier and because its a private home VPN server, so much of the process is fne with defaults for the
base install. Makes life much easier!

Patrick Catanzariti
To be totally honest with you, Im not entirely sure what ports those run on. Itd be worth looking into whether OpenVPN plays well with those services, as thats what PiVPN is basically installing onto
your Pi. If the ports might cross over, youd need to ensure you choose a different port in the install process. Otherwise I think itd be okay but I couldnt say for sure. Id personally recommend doing
a bit of double checking and understanding what OpenVPN would install on your Pi before going ahead with it. I ran the process on a Pi without too much already running but a web server and it seemed
to be ok.

Brian J King (http://badassdash.com/)

18
Strange, Ive installed this and wasnt ever prompted to enter my hostname as seen here: https://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/1466739152pivpn25.jpg
(https://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/1466739152pivpn25.jpg)

Any ideas?

Patrick Catanzariti
Thats really strange! Im afraid I dont have a Pi on me as Im travelling at the moment, so I cant double check this it really should give you that prompt though :/

Chih-cheng Yuan (http://fb.me/ChihchengYuan)

I wasnt prompted for my hostname, either.

Patrick Catanzariti
Im glad you worked out how to get it running! Thanks for leaving that link to help others :)

Patrick Catanzariti
Thanks for the link! Its defnitely a risk, just like almost every other application and script on the internet which you havent built yourself. I mention the potential risk of running a random bash script in the
article and agree with you its a risk each person needs to weigh up before running it on their Pi.

For me, the installation process and everything using PiVPN just simplifed things and made it much quicker for a simple home VPN solution. The code is all available on GitHub to look through and audit
for anyone who is concerned, and the OpenVPN packages are also relatively simple to follow. Ive installed VPNs via those methods too, however PiVPN is just a bit more convenient so I felt it was worth
an article :)

Chih-cheng Yuan (http://fb.me/ChihchengYuan)

Hi! Im getting TLS Error: TLS key negotiation failed to occur within 60 seconds (check your network connectivity) TLS Error: TLS handshake failed when I try to connect with it.

Im using a Mac with Tunnelblick and a raspberry pi I bought yesterday loaded with Raspbian installed using NOOBs.

What should I do with it?

Patrick Catanzariti
A similar suggestion to Jerry above is all I can think of have you adjusted the settings on your home router to allow for the VPN port traffc to go through to it?

Jerry Steele
I follow the instructions and take all the defaults. The Pi side looks like the example. I cannot connect on the client side. I get the ConnectionRefusedError: 10061: No connection could be made because
the target machine actively refused it.. error. What am I doing wrong? HELP?????

Patrick Catanzariti
Im not sure what it could be, I havent had that message before :/ What VPN program are you using to try to connect?

Patrick Catanzariti
Have you adjusted the settings on your home router to allow for the VPN port traffc to go through to it?

Jerry Steele
Im using OpenVPN Client.
I dont have a router connected. I am going from my ethernet port thru a cable to the Pi. I wanted to get a connection frst and then add to the system.

Jerry Steele
I follow the instructions and take all the defaults. The Pi side looks like the example. I cannot connect on the client side. I get the ConnectionRefusedError: 10061: No connection could be made because
the target machine actively refused it.. error. What am I doing wrong? HELP?????

Jerry Steele
Im still trying Ive never set up a VPN before, so please bear with me.
The frst IP that the script asks for, you set it to 192.168.0.31, is that the IP address for wlan0? So if I complete the setup, reboot, and do an ifconfg, wlan0 will have an IP of 192.168.0.31? If not, who gets
192.168.0.31?

19
The next IP, 60.241.230.202, is the public IP that is accessed by the client? Who gets that IP? eth0? After the setup, reboot, and an ifconfg, eth0 will have 60.241.230.202? Do I have to change
/etc/network/interfaces?

Thanks for your help.

Jerry Steele
OK, I found what I was doing wrong. I was opening the OpenVPN client with the gui box that asks the server, etc. I didnt see the fle option on the client.ovpn fle to launch with openvpn. Once I launched
it with that, all was good.

Now to the reason I was trying to do this.. I have a customer that has their private intra-plant network setup with public IP addresses. The person who did this is long gone. There are now over 300
devices on this network across 2 subnets. This network is used for control systems and data acquisition systems to talk to each other. I need the ability to access the network from offsite if they have a
problem.

All the solutions I have tried so far work until I try them with the public ips. Then they fail. Any ideas???

Jerry

Jerry Steele
Disregard

Vincent Ward
Hey, gone through this install but when I try to access the VPN (Both over LAN and from internet) OpenVPN comes up with Process Started and then Immediately Exited or No Connection Could be
Made Because the Target Machine Actively Refused it.
What are the possible reasons for this??

Jerry Steele
I had that problem too if I used the OpenVPN client and used the connection profles. When I right clicked the .ovpn fle in fle manager and clicked the option to open the fle with OpenVPN, it
connected. Is that similar to the problem you are having?

Chris Hague
Is it possible to connect to the VPN using an iPhone?

Patrick Catanzariti (https://www.devdiner.com)

This should work https://itunes.apple.com/au/app/openvpn-connect/id590379981?mt=8 (https://itunes.apple.com/au/app/openvpn-connect/id590379981?mt=8)

Bethany James
When I go to add a client, I get an error when it tries to generate a key after I create a client name and password.

Patrick Catanzariti (https://www.devdiner.com)

One of the comments below said I found what I was doing wrong. I was opening the OpenVPN client with the gui box that asks the server, etc. I didnt see the fle option on the client.ovpn fle to
launch with openvpn. Once I launched it with that, all was good.

Is that maybe what you were having an issue with? :/

me
Thats the better for openvpn i have seen on the weband i have test lot with a lot of error and dont really works.
Well, very well.
Thanks

Stephen Goncalves
Nice work. Very nice indeed.

bill steiner

20
I added the port forwarding to 1194 and get a good openvn connection with Tunnellblick but fails on getting internet connection

Marvin
I did a mistake in the part where I needed to change to use dyndns or ip address. What can I do at this point ?

Patrick Catanzariti (https://www.devdiner.com)

I dont have access to my PiVPN set up to give it a go but I think that the command for re-running the options was to type this into your command line: pivpn

Kem Tekinay
Nice post! I did this yesterday before I found this, and it would have helped. You outlined the steps nicely.

I didnt get asked the hostname either (and I did it twice) so I used the public IP address and OpenDNS, then manually edited the fle at /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/Default.txt to replace that IP address
with the dynamic DNS hostname. This is what will be copied into the client confguration fles when you create a new client profle.

Now I just have to fgure out how to get the OpenVPN web interface running.

Patrick Catanzariti (https://www.devdiner.com)

Thanks for contributing with your fndings on all this :) Did you get it all working a-okay?

Kem Tekinay
To change the certifcate values, use the spacebar to mark the felds you want to change, then press return. You will be asked for the value of each marked feld in turn, if that matters to you.

Dozer
Hi , nice guide but i have problem !?

OpenVPN works like everything !!! just now i cant ping or install packages on RPi ?

Jeff Powell
Problem: Critical: Unable to locate confguration fle to set static IPv4 address!
Solution: sudo apt-get install dhcpcd

Brian
This didnt work for me using debian jessie (but thanks for pointing me in the right direction). I had to use sudo apt-get install dhcpcd5 to get by this error. Some users may have to uninstall the
original dhcpcd if installing dhcpcd5 doesnt work for them.

whitecollar16
Does the Raspberry Pi traffc run through the vpn also? If not can I set it up as a client?

nishit patel
hey guys!! I am stuck on the Waiting for the Serverand it dose not move ahead from it. any suggestions??

Gintautas Jankauskas
Hi, very useful information. But now I need to change VPN Port. I selected 443 port, but now I need other like 1194. How I can edit this information. If after editing require regenerate certifcate key?

bidyut das
dear sir
I have local web-server http:// :/Page?parameters with rest-api like put, post, get http apis.this works perfectly on local network .will creating vpn help me to access my webserver while I m out of
local network.thx

Neil Kamulkar
Hi, I have installed PIVpn and answered all the question properly but some how i cannot connect to the VPN box what all ports are to be open on the box is it only 1194 or some other ports that have
to be open

Cold Fish

21
 Please help. I ran the initial curl command. I dont understand the vertical line and then the red bash. Was that supposed to be part of the command? I dont have a vertical line like that on my keyboard
so Im a little lost. Anyway, after I ran the command a bunch of text appeared and then it gave me the command prompt again. No GUI. What did I do wrong? And yes, I know I dont have a very frm grasp
on all this, but Im trying. Please advise.

Phil Wolstenholme (http://wolstenhol.me/)

Its all part of the command, your keyboard will have the | (vertical line/pipe) symbol on it somewhere, but if not you can just copy the command from here and paste it into your terminal.

Rob Harkin
I have completed the install and can successfully connect my clients using the profles that are created. Does this actually install OpenVPN Access Server on the Pi that is usually accessible from
https://:943/admin (https://:943/admin) ?

Colin Gilker
i am not sure about what client software install

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