ANSI/ASAE S319.

4 FEB2008
Method of Determining and Expressing Fineness of Feed
Materials by Sieving

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ANSI/ASAE S319.4 FEB2008
Revision approved February 2008 as an American National Standard

Method of Determining and Expressing Fineness of Feed

Materials by Sieving

Proposed initially by a subcommittee of the American Feed 3 Definitions

Manufacturers Association; approved by the ASAE Electric Power and The following is a list of the definitions for the terms related to this
Processing Division Technical Committee; adopted by ASAE December Standard. Refer to ISO 2395 for more general terminology of test sieving.
1968; reconfirmed December 1973, December 1978, December 1983;
revised March 1985; revised by the ASAE Food and Grain Processing 3.1 aperture size: Dimension defining an opening.
and Storage Committee; approved by the Food and Process Engineering 3.2 blinding: Obstruction of the apertures of a sieving medium by
Institute Standards Committee December 1989; revised editorially particles of material being sieved.
November 1990; reaffirmed December 1994, December 1995; revised 3.3 charge: A test sample, or part of a test sample, placed on a test
October 1996; approved as an American National Standard July 1997; sieve or a nest of test sieves.
reaffirmed December 2001, February 2003; reaffirmed by ANSI February
2003; Editorially revised March 2003; reaffirmed by ASABE February 3.4 cumulative oversize distribution curve: A curve obtained by
2008; revised February 2008; revision approved by ANSI February 2008. plotting the total percentages by mass retained on each of a set of sieves
of descending aperture size against the corresponding aperture sizes.
Keywords: Feed, Particle size, Sieving 3.5 cumulative undersize distribution curve: A curve obtained by
plotting the total percentages by mass passing through each of a set of
sieves of descending aperture size against the corresponding aperture
1 Purpose and scope sizes.
1.1 The purpose of this Standard is to define a test procedure to 3.6 dispersion agent: Non-toxic chemicals that help break up
determine the fineness of feed ingredients and to define a method of agglomerates.
expressing the particle size of the material. Surface area and number of
particles per unit mass can be calculated from the determined particle 3.7 end-point: The point in time after which further sieving fails to pass
size. an amount sufficient to change the result significantly.
1.2 This Standard should be used to determine the fineness of feed 3.8 frame: A rigid framework that supports the sieving medium and limits
ingredients where the reduction process yields particles which are the spread of the material being sieved.
primarily spherical or cubical the approximate ratio of major to minor axes 3.9 log-normal standard deviation: The standard deviation of the
is approximately 1.0. It is not adequate to define the particle size of logarithm of particle diameters in a log-normal size distribution curve
materials such as steamed and rolled grains, which are a flaked product, (refer to equation 2).
or products such as chopped hay and fibrous biomass where a 3.10 median size: Particle diameter at 50% probability of a size
substantial fraction consists of elongated particles. distribution curve. Equivalent to geometric mean diameter (see equation
1.3 This Standard is compatible with ISO 565, ISO 2395, ISO 2591-1, 1).
ISO 3310-1, and ISO 9276-1. 3.11 nest of test sieves: A set of test sieves assembled together with
a lid (cover) and a receiver (pan).
2 Normative references 3.12 oversize: That portion of the charge that has not passed through
The following standards contain provisions which, through references in the apertures of a stated sieve.
this text, constitute provisions of this Standard. At the time of publication, 3.13 sample: A representative part taken from a quantity of material.
the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, 3.14 sieving: The process of separating a mixture of particles according
and parties to agreements based on this Standard are encouraged to to their size by means of one or more sieves.
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the
standards indicated below. Standards organizations maintain registers of 3.15 size distribution curve: A graphical representation of the results of
currently valid standards. a size analysis.
2.1 ASTM E11-95 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing 3.16 test sieve: A sieve, intended for the particle size analysis of the
Purposes material to be sieved, that conforms to a test sieve standard
2.2 ASTM D1921-89 Test Methods for Particle Size (Sieve Analysis) of specification.
Plastic Materials 3.17 undersize: That portion of the charge that has passed through the
2.3 ASTM D4749-87 Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis of apertures of a stated sieve.
Coal and Designating Coal Size 3.18 woven wire cloth: A sieving medium of wires that cross each other
2.4 ASTM D4570-86 Test Methods for Rubber ChemicalsDetermination to form the apertures.
of Particle Size of Sulfur by Sieving (Dry)
2.5 ISO 565:1990 Test sievesMetal wire cloth, perforated metal plate
and electroformed sheetNominal sizes of openings
2.6 ISO 2395:1990 Test sieves and test sievingVocabulary 4 Test equipment
2.7 ISO 2591-1:1988 Test sievingPart 1: Methods using test sieves of 4.1 A set of woven wire-cloth sieves having a frame diameter of either
woven wire cloth and perforated metal plate 200 mm (ISO 565) or 203 mm (8 in.) (ASTM Standard E11) are used.
2.8 ISO 3310-1:1990 Test sievesTechnical requirements and testing With the most common shaking equipment, sieves having a height of 25
Part 1: Test sieves of metal wire cloth mm (1 in.) or half-height sieves are most suitable to avoid the necessity
2.9 ISO 9276-1:1990 Representation of results of particle size analysis of resieving the finer fraction. These sieves should consist of the aperture
Part 1: Graphical representation sizes shown in table 1.

ASABE STANDARDS 2008 ANSIASAE S319.4 FEB2008 1

 Table 1 Aperture sizes for test sieves 5.4 Mass of material on all sieves should be determined and recorded.
5.5 If a dispersing agent is required, it should be added at a level of
ISO 3310-1 0.5% relative to total charge mass, and its effect on particle size need not
supplementary be considered.
sizes R40/3 US sieve no. US sieve opening Tyler designation
5.6 If 20% or more of the material by mass passes the smallest sieve,
(mm) (mm) (in.) the fine material should be subjected to a non-sieving particle size
4.75 4 4.76 0.187 4 analysis, such as microscopic measurement or sedimentation testing,
3.35 6 3.36 0.132 6 and such analysis should be reported separately.
2.36 8 2.38 0.0937 8
1.70 12 1.68 0.0661 10
1.18 16 1.19 0.0469 14
6 Data analysis
(m) (m) 6.1 Particle size data can be presented in histograms, density
850 20 841 0.0331 20 distributions and cumulative distributions. The procedures and
600 30 595 0.0234 28 nomenclature specified in ISO 9276-1 apply to this Standard.
425 40 420 0.0165 35
300 50 297 0.0117 48 6.2 Calculation of particle size, surface area, and number of particles by
212 70 210 0.0083 65 mass calculations is based on the assumption that particle sizes of all
150 100 149 0.0059 100 ground feeds and feed ingredients are logarithmic-normally distributed.
106 140 105 0.0041 150 6.2.1 The size of particles can be reported in terms of geometric mean
75 200 74 0.0029 200 diameter (or median size) and geometric standard deviation by mass.
53 270 53 0.0021 270
Pan 6.2.2 Calculation formulas, based on the derivations by Pfost and

Headley (1976) and Sokhansanj and Yang (1996), are as follows:
n

1) 1)
4.2 A sieve shaker, such as a Tyler Ro-Tap , Retsch , or equivalent i 1
W i log d i
1
unit, is required. d gw log n (1)
4.3 A balance that can weigh to an accuracy better than 0.1% of the Wi

charge mass should be used. i 1

4.4 Sieve agitators such as plastic or leather rings, or small rubber balls n 1/2
may be required to break up agglomerates on finer sieves, usually those
smaller than 300 mm in opening (ISO 3310-1) or US sieve No. 50.
i 1
W i log d i log d gw 2
S ln
4.5 A dispersion agent2) can be used to facilitate sieving of high-fat or S log n (2)
2.3
other materials prone to agglomeration.
4.6 Sieve openings must be kept free of feed particles so that normal

i 1
Wi

sieving can be accomplished. A stiff bristle sieve cleaning brush, or

compressed air, is useful for cleaning sieves clogged due to blinding. 1
S gw d gw log1 S log(log1 S log)1] (3)
Sieves must be cleaned periodically to remove oil. Oil can be removed by 2
washing with water containing a detergent. Sieves must be dried before
use. where:
di is nominal sieve aperture size of the i th sieve, mm
5 Method of sieving d i 1 is nominal sieve aperture size in next larger than ith sieve
5.1 A charge of 100 g should be used, although larger or smaller (just above in a set), mm
charges may be used if necessary. Extra care shall be taken to recover d gw is geometric mean diameter or median size of particles
all material from the sieves when smaller charges are used. by mass, mm, or
5.2 Place the charge on one sieve or the top sieve of the nest of test is geometric mean diameter or median size of particles
sieves and shake until the mass of material on any one sieve reaches on ith sieve, mm, or
end-point. End-point is decided by determining the mass on each sieve is ( d i d i 1 ) 1/2, which is di
at 1-min intervals after an initial sieving time of 10 min. If the mass on the Slog is geometric standard deviation of log-normal distribution
smallest sieve containing any material changes by 0.1% or less of the by mass in ten-based logarithm, dimensionless
charge mass during a 1-min period, the sieving is considered complete.
For industrial applications, the end-point determination process can be S ln is geometric standard deviation of log-normal distribution
omitted, and the end-point is set to be the sieving time of 15 min. by mass in natural logarithm, dimensionless
5.3 For hand-sieving, take the test sieve or nest of test sieves in one S gw is geometric standard deviation of particle diameter by mass,
hand, or cradle it in the crook of the arm if too heavy. Incline the sieve mm
(or the nest) at an angle of about 20 with the point at which the sieve Wi is mass on ith sieve, g
is held in the lower position, and tap the sieve (or nest) approximately n is number of sieves +1 (pan)
120 times a minute with the other hand. After tappings, return the test S log can, in addition to equation 2, also be determined by graphical
sieve to a horizontal position, turn 90 and give a hard tap by hand method as:
against the sieve frame. From time to time the sieve may also be shaken

vertically.
d 84 d 50
S loglog log (4)
1)
Registered trade name. d 50 d 16
2)
Dispersion agents include Cab-O-Sil MS available from the Cabot Corp., Boston;
Ziolex 23A and Zeofree 80 available from the J. M. Huber Corp., New York; and
Flo-Gard available from the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., St. Louis, calcium
1
S gw d 84 d 16 (5)
carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and zeolyte. 2

2 ANSIASAE S319.4 FEB2008 ASABE STANDARDS 2008

where: Wt
N t exp 4.5 ln23 ln gw (7)
d 84 is particle diameter at 84% probability v
d 50 is particle diameter at 50% probability where:
d 16 is particle diameter at 16% probability N t is the number of particles in a charge
6.2.3 Material passing a 53-m sieve (ISO 3310-1) or US sieve No. 270 6.2.6 Table 1 shows a typical data sheet used for tabulation of sieving
should be considered to have a mean diameter of 0.045 or 0.044 mm, data and calculation of log-normal particle size distribution parameters by
respectively, and di is equal to 0.045 mm or 0.044 mm, respectively. The mass where sieves of 203-mm frame diameter (ASTM Standard E11) are
geometric mean diameter (or median size) of particles larger than the used.
aperture size of 4.75 mm (ISO 3310-1) or US sieve No. 4 is determined 6.2.7 Sample calculations.
by using the 6.70 mm sieve (ISO 3310-1) or US sieve No. 3 with a sieve
Using equations 1 through 3, the following can be obtained:
aperture size of 6.73 mm (4.76 &) as the i th 1 sieve.
6.2.4 The equation for estimating the total surface area of particles in a
charge is: d gw log1 W i log d i
Wi
log1 21.986
96.3

0.591 mm (8)

sW t
A st exp 4.5 ln2ln gw (6) W i log d i log d gw 2
1/2 1/2
v 11.256
S log 0.341 (9)
where: Wi 96.3
A st is estimated total surface area of a charge, cm2
1 0.591 2.192.19 1
s is shape factor for calculating surface area of particles. Cubical, S gw d gw log1 S log log1 S log 1
2 2
s 6; Spherical, s
v is shape factor for calculating volume of particles. Cubical, 0.512 mm (10)
v 1; Spherical, v /6
is particle density of the material, g /cm3 The geometric mean diameter (or median size) ( d gw ) and log-normal
geometric standard deviation ( S log) may also be obtained graphically by
ln is log-normal geometric standard deviation of parent population plotting the summed percentages in table 2 ( P i , %<) on logarithmic
by mass in natural logarithm, use S ln as an estimate probability paper in relation to particle diameter (figure 1). From figure 1,
gw is geometric mean particle diameter of parent population by
mass, cm, use d gw as an estimate d gw d 50 0.59 mm (11)
(Note: gw is expressed in cm and d gw in mm)
W t is mass of a charge, g
S loglog
d 84
d 50
log
1.3
0.59
log
d 50
d 16
log
0.59
0.26
0.34 (12)

6.2.5 Similarly the number of particles in a charge is calculated as: Note: S ln 2.3026 S log

Table 2 Typical data sheet used for tabulation of sieving data and calculation of log-normal particle size distribution parameters by mass2)

Test No: ASAE-11 Date: 5-16 Material: Ground corn

US
ISO 3310-1 US Sieve (log di W i (log di
Size R40/3 Sieve Size ( d i ) Wi P i *1) Pi
(mm) No. (mm) (g) (%) (%<) log di W i log di logdgw) logdgw)2

6.70 3 6.73
4.75 4 4.76 0.751
3.35 6 3.36 100.00 0.602
2.36 8 2.28 4.0 4.15 95.86 0.451 1.806 0.680 1.848
1.70 12 1.68 5.1 5.30 90.56 0.301 1.535 0.529 1.429
1.18 16 1.19 9.6 9.97 80.59 0.150 1.444 0.379 1.377
0.850 20 0.841 13.5 14.02 66.57 0.000 0.001 0.228 0.703
0.600 30 0.595 18.8 19.52 47.05 0.152 2.866 0.076 0.108
0.425 40 0.420 13.0 13.50 33.55 0.303 3.938 0.075 0.072
0.300 50 0.297 11.6 12.05 21.50 0.452 5.243 0.224 0.580
0.212 70 0.210 10.1 10.49 11.01 0.603 6.085 0.374 1.414
0.150 100 0.149 6.6 6.85 4.16 0.752 4.965 0.524 1.812
0.106 140 0.105 3.6 3.74 0.42 0.903 3.250 0.675 1.638
0.075 200 0.074 0.4 0.42 0.00 1.055 0.422 0.826 0.273
0.053 270 0.053 1.203 0.000
0.045 pan 0.044 1.356 0.000

Summation 96.3 100.01 21.986 11.256

1)
P i is equal to the mass of the particles on the i th sieve divided by the total charge mass (W i summation) 100.
d i [ d i xd i 1 ] 1/2
2)

ASABE STANDARDS 2008 ANSIASAE S319.4 FEB2008 3

 1 1.30.26
S gw d d 16 0.52 (13)
2 84 2

Assuming that a ground corn particle is spherical and has 1.4 g/cm3
average particle density,

96.3
A st exp 4.5 2.3026 0.341 2
/6 1.4
ln 0.0591/10 111,933.28 cm2 (14)

96.3
N t exp 4.5 2.3026 0.341 2
/6 1.4
3 ln 0.0591/10 10,200,804 particles (15)

Figure 1 Cumulative undersize distribution by mass

for a ground corn sample.

Annex A
(informative)
Bibliography
The following documents are cited as reference sources used in
development of this Standard.
Pfost, H. and V. Headley. Methods of determining and expressing particle
size, in: Feed Manufacturing Technology. American Feed Industry
Council, Arlington, VA, pp. 512-517;1976.
Sokhansanj, S., and W. Yang. Revision of ASAE standard: ASAE S319.2.
Method of determining and expressing fineness of feed materials by
sieving. ASAE Paper No. 966002, St Joseph, MI 49085-9659; 1996.

4 ANSIASAE S319.4 FEB2008 ASABE STANDARDS 2008