Discharge Calculator - Flowrates, Jet Properties and Outfall Design

The following spreadsheet was developed for the estimation of effluent flowrates and their
characteristics of a reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant. The procedere is based on the
technical note "Improved Discharge Configurations for Brine Effluents from Desalination
Plants" by Jirka (2006).

First, the flowrates of the desalination plant are estimated related to the drinking water
flowrate Qdrinkthe
Additionally . effluent properties (e.g. density, salinity) are calculated.
Second, the required design of the outfall (geometry) and its characteristics (e.g. discharge
velocity Uo, momentum flux Mo, length scales LQ & LM) are calculated for a discharge into a
stagnant
Third, water body.
the properties of the negatively buoyant jet are estimated (Dilution S, maximum
level of rise zmax, xmax, impingement point zi, xi) and a recommendation for the outfall
location is given all
In the summary (distance to shore).
important parameters are listed.
The density & viscosity calculator is attachted and can be used separately. The figures for
the calculation of the jet trajectory and the dilution are also attached.

Note that the calculations are only valid for dense discharges (= effluent is more dense than

For the calculation following parameters are required:

- ambient characteristics: temperature Ta, salinity Sala, bottom slope B
- plant characteristics: flow rate Qdrink, recovery rate r, brine temperature Tdesal
- if existent blended effluent char.: flow rate Qeffl,ex, temperature Teffl,ex , salinity Saleffl,ex
- outfall geometry: discharge angle o, port openenings n
Please enter the values of these parameters into the highlighted cells on the following three

Declaration of the colors of the highlighted cells:

yellow fixed parameters (ambient characteristics, plant/effluent properties)
blue freely selectable (outfall geometry)
green calculation not yet implemented
Flowrates & Effluent Characteristics RO

- ambient characteristics (seawater)

ambient temperature Ta = 22.00 C
ambient salinity Sala = 33.00 ppt
ambient density a = 1022.44 kg/m3
ambient kin. viscosity a = ### m2/s

- fresh water (permeate)

flowrate Qdrink = 1.00 m/s
recovery rate r= 50 %
intake flowrate Qin = 2.00 m/s

- brine characteristics (effluent from desalination process)

plant effluent flowrate Qdesal = 1.00 m3/s
temperature Tdesal = 22.00 C
salinity Saldesal = 66.00 ppt
density desal = 1047.49 kg/m3
substance concentratiocdesal = 20.00 ppm

- blended effluent - exter (e.g. waste water or others)

flowrate Qeffl,ex = 1.00 m3/s
temperature Teffl,ex = 20.00 C
salinity Saleffl,ex = 0.00 ppt
density effl,ex = 998.40 kg/m3

Final effluent characteristics:

flowrate Qo = 2.00 m3/s
effluent temperature To = 21.00 C
effluent salinity Salo = 33.00 ppt
effluent density o = ### kg/m3
buoyant acceleration go' = ### m/s2
-> negatively buoyant, ok!
kin. viscosity o = ### m2/s

substance concentratio co = 10.00 ppm

haracteristics RO
annotations/limitations:

T= 10 to 180C
Sal= 0 to 160 ppt (ppt = g/kg)
allowed ranges for viscosity calculation:
Sal = 0 to 130 ppt, T = 10 to 180C (El-Dessouky, Ettouny (2002))

recovery rate:
percentage of intake water converted into permeate;
plant characteristic; following Lattemann: r = 40-65%

from desalination process)

usually ambient or 1C above

with Saldrink= 0 ppt

e.g. coagulants, anti-scalants, ....

(has no effect on density or mixing characteristics)
waste water or others)

Sal = 0 to 160 ppt, T = 10 to 180 C

mean average
mean average

go' = g(|a-o|)/a
go' < 0: negatively buoyant, go' > 0: positively buoyant
allowed ranges for viscosity calculation:
Sal = 0 to 130 ppt, T = 10 to 180C (El-Dessouky, Ettouny (2002))
Discharge Characteristics RO
annotations:
- ambient characteristics
ambient density a = 1022.44 kg/m3
buoyant acceleration g'o = ### m/s2
offshore slope B = 10

- effluent characteristics
flowrate Qo = 2.00 m3/s
discharge density o = 1022.73 kg/m3
kin. viscosity o = ### m2/s

- discharge characteristics
Choose a discharge angle (recommended: 45
discharge angle o = 15 [0o90] only integer!
discharge angle ok!
port discharge velocity Uo = 5.00 m/s recommended: Uo = 4-6 m/s
number of openings n = 6 start with one opening!
port diameter D = 0.29 m

dens. Froude Number Fro = 174.75 Fro = Uo/(g'oD)1/2 = Qo/(Dp/4)/(g'oD)1/2

Reynolds Number Reo = ### Reo = UoD/no

Checking of characteristic properties: required:

Diameter D: in required range, ok! 0.1 D 1.0
Froude Number Fo: huge value, please check openings! Fro 10, recommended: Fro=2025
Reynolds Number Reo: in required range, ok! Reo > 4000

Choose an appropriate port diameter (DN according to ISO standard):

port diameter D = 0.30 m

Final discharge characteristics:

port diameter D = 0.30 m
number of openings n = 6
discharge angle o = 15
flowrate (individual) Qo,ind. = 0.33 m3/s
port discharge velocity Uo = 4.72 m/s
dens. Froude Number Fr o
= 162.42
Reynolds Number Reo = ###
momentum flux Mo = 1.57 m4/s2 Mo = UoQo
buoyancy flux Jo = -0.001 m4/s3 Jo = g'oQo (<0: negatively buoyant)
discharge length scale LQ = 0.27 m LQ = (D/4)1/2 = Qo / Mo1/2
momentum length scal L M
= 45.87 m LM = Mo3/4 / Jo1/2
Jet Properties RO
annotations:
- discharge & ambient characteristics
discharge angle o = 15
port height ho = 0.50 m ho= 0m or ho= 0.5-1.0m
in required range, ok!
offshore slope B = 10
imaginary offshore slope B* = 10 due to port height, not yet implemented

momentum length scale LM = 45.87 m

dens. Froude Number Fro = 162.42
16-29
31-44
- geometric jet prope(for discharge angles that are not a multiple of 15: linear iterpolation!)
46-59
Zmax/LM (3%) = 0.564 (c/cmax = 3%) 61-85
Zmax/LM (25%) = 0.447 (c/cmax = 25%)
(taken from Fig. 2(a))
zmax/LM = 0.232
xmax/LM = 1.241
zi/LM = -0.487
(taken from Fig. 4(a))
xi/LM = 2.700 !port height not considered!
upper jet boundary Z max
(3%) = 25.86 m
Zmax (25%) = 20.51 m
maximum jet centerline zmax = 10.64 m
position xmax = 56.94 m
jet centerline position a zi = -22.34 m
the impingement poin xi = ### m
offshore location x 869.62 m
local water depth Hao 15.38 m Hao0.75Zmax (25%)

Choose an appropriate outfall location:

offshore location x = 870.0 m in required range,
local water depth Hao
= 15.39 m offshore location ok!

- dilutions & concentration

tom slopes that are not a multiple of 10: linear iterpolation!)
minimum centerline Sm/Fro = 0.21 Fig. 2(b)
dilution at zmax Sm = 34.8
bulk dilution at Si/Fro = 1.00 Fig. 4(b)
impingement point Si = 162.5
substance concentration at the centerline of
max. level of rise (zmax) cm = 0.29 ppm S = co/cc -> cc = co/S
impingement point (zi) ci = 0.06 ppm
iterpolation!)

considered!
SUMMARY RO

- ambient characteristics
ambient density a = ### kg/m3
offshore slope B = 10

- effluent characteristics
flowrate Qo = 2.00 m3/s
discharge density o = ### kg/m3
kin. viscosity o = ### m2/s
buoyant acceleration g'o = ### m/s2
(<0: negatively buoyant)

- dicharge characteristics & jet properties

flowrate (individual) Qo,ind. = 0.33 m3/s
port discharge velocity Uo = 4.72 m/s
dens. Froude Number Fro = 162.42
Reynolds Number Reo = ###
momentum flux Mo = 1.57 m4/s2
buoyancy flux Jo = 0.00 m4/s3
discharge length scale LQ = 0.27 m
momentum length scale LM = 45.87 m
max. jet centerline position zmax = 10.64 m
xmax = 56.94 m
jet centerline position zi = -22.34 m
at the impingement point xi = 123.85 m
min. centerline dilution @ z Sm = 34.8
dilution @ impingement po Si = 162.5
substance concentrat. @ zmax cm = 0.06 ppm
substance concentration @ ci = 0.22 ppm

- recommended outfall geometries

port diameter D = 0.30 m
number of openings n = 6
discharge angle o = 15
port height ho = 0.50 m
offshore location x = 870.0 m
local water depth Hao = 15.39 m
 SEAWATER DENSITY & VISCOSITY CALCULATOR
Please enter the values of salinity and temperature of the effluent or ambient water (p=1atm):

Salinity:Sal = 33.00 ppt for : 0 Sal 160 ppt

for : 0 Sal 130 ppt

Temperature: T = 20.00 C 10 T 180 C

Density: = 1023.019 kg/m

Dynamic Viscosity: 1.069 *10-3 kg/m s

Kinematic Viscosity: 1.045 *10-6 m/s

source:
El-Dessouky, Ettouny (2002): Fundamentals of Sea Water Desalination (Appendix A: Themodynamic Prop

Density of sea water as a function of salinity and temperature

Salinity: 0 to 160 ppt, Temperature: 10 to 180 C, Pressure: p = 1 atm

The density correlation of sea water is given by:

= (A1F1 + A2F2 + A3F3 + A4F4)*10 [kg/m]

where:
F1 = 0.5 G1 = 0.5 A1 = 4.032219 G1 + 0.115313 G2 + 3.26*10-4 G3
F2 = A G2 = B A2 = -0.108199 G1 + 1.571*10-3 G2 - 4.23 * 10-4 G3
F3 = 2A - 1 G3 = 2B - 1 A3 = -0.012247 G1 + 1.74*10-3 G2 - 9.0*10-6 G3
F4 = 4A - 3A A4 = 6.92*10-4 G1 - 8.7*10-5 G2 - 5.3*10-5 G3

A = (2T-200)/160 B = (2Sal-150)/150

Viscosity of sea water as a function of salinity and temperature

Salinity: 0 to 130 ppt, Temperature: 10 to 180 C, Pressure: p = 1 atm

The dynamic viscosity correlation of sea water is given by:

 = ( W)( R)*10-3 [kg/m s]

= / [m/s]

where:
Ln(W) = -3.79418 + 604.129/(139.18+T)
R = 1 + A*Sal + B*Sal
A = 1.474*10-3 + 1.5*10-5 T - 3.927*10-8 T2
B = 1.0734*10-5 - 8.5*10-8 T +2.23*10-10 T2
r (p=1atm):
 Fig. 2 (a)

f(x) = - 1.90212550505162E-012x^6
4.155360650926E-012x^6 + 2.0765797339088E-009x^5
+ 2.10387511575112E-009x^5
- 3.13673259990353E-007x^4
- 3.8627230314918E-007x^4+ 1.5107324729381E-005x^3
+ 2.18413065083024E-005x^3
- 5.80846214423941E-006x^2
- 0.0002233177x^2 + 0.0234174001x
+ 0.0185734635x
+ 0.196157408
+ 0.122
Geometric jet properties at maximum level of rise
ax/LM

2.5
ax/LM zmax/LM xm

f(x) = 8.96034582476358E-012x^6 - 0.000000002x^5 + 1.61940813214635E-007x^4 - 1.10417102010735E-005x^3 + 0.0006912846x^2 + 0.0063922032x

Zm

1.5

0.5

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
x_max Polynomial (x_max) z_max Polynomial (z_max)

Theta 0
0.9715
2.6160
4.5568
7.2432 x_max 0
0.1151
0.3157
0.5162
0.7835 Theta 0
4.6697
10.6027
17.1311
23.2161 z_max 0
0.0403
0.1362
0.2693
0.4172 Theta
0.5342
5.7276
8.9923
13.0000 Z_max 3%
0.2118
0.3227
0.3967
0.5002 Theta
0.6768
3.3468
9.5783
15.3665 Z_max0.4479
25%
0.1375
0.1817
0.3074
10.3725
13.6449
18.2490
22.9980
28.3379
34.1195 1.0285
1.2065
1.3621
1.4730
1.5615
1.6129 28.8572
34.3508
40.1412
45.1897
48.6048
54.8402 0.5726
0.7355
0.9058
1.0613
1.1650
1.3426 15.3753
20.7202
24.2840
28.2938
31.8582
34.9781 0.5669
0.7223
0.8334
0.9668
1.0853
1.2038 18.1868
21.7495
26.7980
30.8074
34.6691
37.7879 0.5219
0.6181
0.7736
0.8995
1.0329
1.1366
39.7502
43.3051
45.3786
48.6357
51.2990
55.4410 1.6270
1.6192
1.6115
1.5813
1.5364
1.4541 60.6289
66.1192
71.0146
75.6121
83.9150
89.8436 1.4906
1.6089
1.6975
1.7639
1.8521
1.8885 38.5429
42.8513
46.8623
49.6848
52.9523
56.2192 1.3298
1.4928
1.6410
1.7448
1.8559
1.9596 40.0156
44.1747
46.5511
49.3725
53.6787
57.8356 1.2107
1.3588
1.4403
1.5292
1.6625
1.7809
58.6937
61.3548
64.9021
68.3006
71.6981
74.6517 1.3645
1.2898
1.1778
1.0585
0.9242
0.7974 59.4851
63.3435
66.9045
70.6126
75.3588
79.6589 2.0484
2.1371
2.2110
2.2701
2.3438
2.3953 61.6946
64.8106
70.1516
73.7110
77.5667
80.5318 1.8771
1.9436
2.0471
2.0987
2.1502
2.1796
78.1945
80.5566
83.6556
86.4593
88.0818
89.7043 0.6260
0.5142
0.3502
0.2012
0.1043
0.0075 84.8479
87.6643
89.7390 2.4467
2.4687
2.4759 84.5340
87.6462
89.5726 2.2089
2.2233
2.2305

xmax/LM = -3.87340930091997E-11*theta^6 + 1.35855657125514E-08*theta^5 - 1.88466399633769E-06

zmax/LM = 8.96034580956262E-12*theta^6 - 1.96811134631301E-09*theta^5 + 1.61940812676287E-07*
Zmax(3%)/LM = -1.90212551452414E-12*theta^6 + 2.10387511821525E-09*theta^5 - 3.86272303589499E-07
Zmax(25%)/LM = -4.15536063691431E-12*theta^6 + 2.07657972657878E-09*theta^5 - 3.13673259007529E-07
xmax*/LM = 5.84507682255264E-08*theta^6 - 2.48546607631953E-06*theta^5 + 4.05917264968633E-05*
214423941E-006x^2
2233177x^2 + 0.0234174001x
+ 0.0185734635x
+ 0.1961574088
+ 0.1222312457

+ 0.0063922032x

Theta
0.0811586735
1.4183444367
3.2016268541
4.6878795686 x_max*
1.0966542751
1.1040892193
1.1189591078
8.4040634547 1.1338289963
6.1741322831
10.187897972
12.269314292
13.310022452
14.053700909
15.094409069
1.1486988848
1.1784386617
1.2007434944
1.2304832714
1.2453531599
1.2602230483
15.987154478 1.2750929368
1.2973977695

^5 - 1.88466399633769E-06*theta^4 + 1.32370099986678E-04*theta^3 - 5.59539047637969E-03*theta^2 + 1.4260625

+ 1.61940812676287E-07*theta^4 - 1.1041710155979E-05*theta^3 + 6.91284581577634E-04*theta^2 + 6.392203361
5 - 3.86272303589499E-07*theta^4 + 2.18413065660464E-05*theta^3 - 2.2331771852952E-04*theta^2 + 2.34174001
^5 - 3.13673259007529E-07*theta^4 + 1.51073246639019E-05*theta^3 - 5.80846006220177E-06*theta^2 + 1.8573463
+ 4.05917264968633E-05*theta^4 - 3.32232691203778E-04*theta^3 + 1.84266719305346E-03*theta^2 + 3.45977712
 Fig. 4 (b)

637969E-03*theta^2 + 1.42606256975711E-01*theta
7634E-04*theta^2 + 6.3922033613153E-03*theta
2952E-04*theta^2 + 2.34174001868774E-02*theta + 1.96157411179688E-01
220177E-06*theta^2 + 1.85734633977261E-02*theta + 1.22231246044606E-01
05346E-03*theta^2 + 3.45977712866332E-03*theta + 1.0963449609836E+00
Fig. 2 (b)

Minimum centerline dilution

0.3

f(x) = - 6.64809017655336E-012x^6 + 2.13443629858147E-009x^5 - 2.78481179697359E-007x^4 + 1.94758863528191E-005x^3 - 0.0008332996x^2 + 0.0217919729x +

0.25

S_m/F_o Polynomial (S_m/F_o)

0.2
Sm/Fo

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Theta 2.2937
1.2691
1.7086
3.4710
4.2061 S_m/F_o
0.0466
0.0562
0.0703
0.0887
0.1013
5.0901
5.8268
6.8580
8.4814
9.6643
10.8460 0.1138
0.1242
0.1389
0.1581
0.1692
0.1817
12.9178
14.6951
17.3624
19.8836
23.2975
26.1192 0.1986
0.2111
0.2280
0.2412
0.2552
0.2646
28.7943
31.9160
35.4860
40.5455
43.3738
46.6494 0.2712
0.2777
0.2820
0.2854
0.2860
0.2859
50.8188
54.5432
58.2677
62.5887
67.6559
71.9781 0.2849
0.2818
0.2786
0.2740
0.2670
0.2609
84.9463
87.9280
90.1641 0.2403
0.2349
0.2311

Sm/Fo = -6.6480900894465E-12*x^6 + 2.13443627515762E-09*x^5 - 2.78481177335259E-07*x^4

o = 90.00
Sm/Fo = 0.231
0008332996x^2 + 0.0217919729x + 0.0219626824

81177335259E-07*x^4 + 1.94758862414959E-05*x^3 - 8.33299633928484E-04*x^2 + 2.17919728705891E-02*x + 2.1

 Fig. 4 (b)

+ 2.17919728705891E-02*x + 2.19626824040669E-02
 Fig.4 (a)

Jet trajectories for variable offshore slope

3

90
2
1.89 o = o =
1.77
75 60
1.47
45
1 1.05
z/LM

30
0.61
15
f(x) = - 0.0010438859x^6 + 0.0010164158x^5 + 0.0247415202x^4 - 0.141491952x^3 + 0.0137863407x^2 + 0.6080621673x
0.23 0
f(x) 0= - 0.0003547616x^6 - 0.0031475921x^5 + 0.0302414456x^4 - 0.1208274952x^3 + 0.007265864x^2 + 0.3078512671x
f(x) = 0.0005390805x^6 - 0.0123445059x^5 + 0.0627249544x^4 - 0.1779539581x^3 + 0.0834397115x^2 - 0.0109367852x
B = 10

-1
B = 20

-2
B = 30

-3
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 x/LM2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
x
0.0000
0.0324
0.3175 z_max (0)
0.0000
-0.0016
-0.0022 x
0.0000
0.1176
0.2428z_max (15) 0.3273
0.0000
0.0325
0.0722 x
0.0000
0.0834
0.2025 z_max (30) 0.3206
0.0000
0.0383
0.1180 x
0.0000
0.0605
0.1736z_max
0.0000
0.0440
0.1694 x z_max
0.0000
0.0659
0.1502
(45) 0.3526
0.2907
0.4483 (60)0.1868
0.0000
0.0783
0.2380
0.4946
0.5916
0.7456 x
0.0000
0.0488
0.1095
0.1370
0.2200
0.5685
0.6142
0.7055
0.8825
1.0995
1.2481
1.3796
-0.0026
-0.0084
-0.0143
-0.0375
-0.0779
-0.1124
-0.1526
0.3679
0.5957
0.7323
0.8576
1.0856
1.2339
1.4052
0.1119
0.1629
0.1912
0.2081
0.2248
0.2245
0.2070 0.4692
0.5942
0.7249
0.9182
1.0376
1.1857
0.1977
0.2773
0.3456
0.4025
0.4763
0.5161
0.5500 0.4394
0.5583
0.6943
0.7963
1.0177
1.1938
0.3233
0.4430
0.5455
0.6594
0.7335
0.8701
0.9554 0.5329
0.6345
0.7475
0.8890
1.0534
1.2240
1.3151 0.8596
0.9964
1.1218
1.2586
1.3782
1.4464
1.4633 0.2701
0.3536
0.4039
0.4654
0.5667
0.6685
0.7253
1.4997
1.6543
1.7803
1.9064
2.0325 -0.1985
-0.2673
-0.3304
-0.4106
-0.4907
2.1760 -1.6117
-0.5995 1.5879
1.7194
1.9367
2.1314
2.3149 0.1781
0.1436
0.0690
-0.0284
-0.1430
2.4756 -1.8182
-0.2632 1.4306
1.5561
1.7045
1.8416
2.0932 0.5838
0.5836
0.5719
0.5488
0.4684
2.2765 -0.7442
0.3710 1.3360
1.5752
1.7464
1.8837
2.0268 1.0008
1.0346
1.0229
0.9826
0.9196
2.1700 -0.4526 1.4807
1.6124
1.7387
1.9289
1.9984
2.1668
0.8336 2.2777
2.2250 1.4402
1.3771
1.2741 0.7594
0.8165
0.9084
1.0282 1.3119
0.9025
0.5310
0.3882 1.0473
1.1056
1.2171
z/L z/L
2.4059
2.4864
2.7514
2.8611
2.9998
3.0867
3.1389
3.2259
(0)(0)
= =
-0.8112
-0.8970
-1.2229
-1.3830
-1.7717
-1.8746
-2.0517
2.8494
2.9820
3.2653
3.4044
3.5148
3.6313
3.6722
3.7189
-0.6522
-0.8180
-1.2867
3.5730 -1.5668
-1.9553
-2.1096
-2.2353
-2.3610
2.5462
2.7360
3.0186
3.0822
3.2038
3.3489
3.4071
3.4887
3.5997
3.6876
3.7288
0.1649
-0.0296
-0.4127
-0.5156
-1.0528
-1.1956
-1.4070
-1.7384
-2.0184
-2.1726
2.4748
2.6191
2.7811
2.8971
3.0018
3.0833
3.1767
3.2529
3.3350
3.3763
0.5247
0.3246
0.0388
-0.2012
-0.6526
-0.9211
-1.1725
-1.4467
3.4528 -1.6124
2.3479
2.4360
2.5011
2.5545
2.6138
-1.9094 2.6676
2.7034
2.7335 ### 1.2585
0.2225
### 1.3657
1.4137
1.4559
1.4801
1.4985
1.5166
1.5350
1.5593
z/L
z/Lz/L
z/L
z/L (15)
(15)
(30)
(30)
(45)=
= =
= 5.39080486760213E-04*x^6
-0.075
-3.54761572680218E-04*x^6
0.225
-1.04388586385085E-03*x^6
3.7698-+1.2344505827059E-02*x^5
- -2.3154 3.4941
3.5297 -2.0694
-2.2407
3.1475920441153E-03*x^5
1.01641578112321E-03*x^5 ++6.27249541430501E-02*x^4
3.02414455945836E-02*x^4
+ - 1.7
2.47415202684351E-02*x^4 - 1.
-- 1
M
z/L
z/Lz/L(45)
M
M (60)
M
M (60)
M
z/L (75)
z/LMM (75) =
= =
= 0.533
5.470577491450970E-04*x^6
0.916
1.1117107795144E-02*x^6
= = 1.298
1.406 - - 1.721598829499270E-02*x^5
1.516790444657090E-01*x^5 + + 9.609741519670930E-02*x^4
6.031069714954360E-01*x^4
M M
M
M 1.83778805987095*x^6 - 9.5838303292112*x^5 + 19.0983936369884*x^4 - 19.11908794764
bottom 0 15 30 45 60
slope [] x_i/L_M z_i/L_M x_i/L_M z_i/L_M x_i/L_M z_i/L_M x_i/L_M z_i/L_M x_i/L_M z_i/L_M
0 0.000 0.000 2.079 0.000 2.712 0.000 2.802 0.000 2.348 0.000
1 0.658 -0.011 2.148 -0.037 2.755 -0.048 2.827 -0.049 2.360 -0.041
2 0.838 -0.029 2.215 -0.077 2.796 -0.098 2.851 -0.100 2.372 -0.083
3 0.984 -0.052 2.281 -0.120 2.836 -0.149 2.875 -0.151 2.383 -0.125
4 1.112 -0.078 2.345 -0.164 2.876 -0.201 2.899 -0.203 2.395 -0.167
5 1.230 -0.108 2.408 -0.211 2.915 -0.255 2.923 -0.256 2.406 -0.211
6 1.339 -0.141 2.469 -0.259 2.953 -0.310 2.946 -0.310 2.418 -0.254
7 1.443 -0.177 2.529 -0.310 2.991 -0.367 2.969 -0.365 2.429 -0.298
8 1.542 -0.217 2.587 -0.364 3.027 -0.425 2.992 -0.421 2.440 -0.343
9 1.637 -0.259 2.644 -0.419 3.063 -0.485 3.015 -0.478 2.451 -0.388
10 1.728 -0.305 2.700 -0.476 3.099 -0.546 3.038 -0.536 2.463 -0.434
11 1.817 -0.353 2.755 -0.535 3.134 -0.609 3.060 -0.595 2.474 -0.481
12 1.902 -0.404 2.808 -0.597 3.168 -0.673 3.082 -0.655 2.485 -0.528
13 1.985 -0.458 2.860 -0.660 3.202 -0.739 3.104 -0.717 2.496 -0.576
14 2.065 -0.515 2.912 -0.726 3.236 -0.807 3.127 -0.780 2.507 -0.625
15 2.143 -0.574 2.962 -0.794 3.269 -0.876 3.149 -0.844 2.518 -0.675
16 2.218 -0.636 3.011 -0.863 3.301 -0.947 3.170 -0.909 2.530 -0.725
17 2.291 -0.701 3.059 -0.935 3.333 -1.019 3.192 -0.976 2.541 -0.777
18 2.363 -0.768 3.107 -1.009 3.365 -1.093 3.214 -1.044 2.552 -0.829
19 2.432 -0.837 3.153 -1.086 3.396 -1.169 3.236 -1.114 2.563 -0.883
20 2.500 -0.910 3.199 -1.164 3.427 -1.247 3.258 -1.186 2.574 -0.937
21 2.566 -0.985 3.244 -1.245 3.458 -1.327 3.279 -1.259 2.586 -0.992
22 2.630 -1.063 3.289 -1.329 3.488 -1.409 3.301 -1.334 2.597 -1.049
23 2.692 -1.143 3.332 -1.414 3.518 -1.493 3.323 -1.410 2.608 -1.107
24 2.754 -1.226 3.375 -1.503 3.548 -1.580 3.345 -1.489 2.620 -1.166
25 2.813 -1.312 3.418 -1.594 3.578 -1.668 3.367 -1.570 2.631 -1.227
26 2.872 -1.401 3.460 -1.687 3.608 -1.760 3.389 -1.653 2.643 -1.289
27 2.929 -1.493 3.501 -1.784 3.637 -1.853 3.411 -1.738 2.654 -1.352
28 2.986 -1.587 3.542 -1.883 3.666 -1.949 3.433 -1.825 2.666 -1.418
29 3.041 -1.686 3.583 -1.986 3.695 -2.048 3.455 -1.915 2.678 -1.484
30 3.095 -1.787 3.623 -2.092 3.724 -2.150 3.477 -2.008 2.690 -1.553
^2 + 0.6080621673x
2 + 0.3078512671x
2 - 0.0109367852x

z_max (75) 0.020

0.0000
0.0840
0.3294
0.4607
0.6433
0.7631 x z_max
0.020 (90)
0.0000
###
0.1868
0.6265
1.2602 x
0.0219
0.7732
1.2842 z_max
1.89
1.77
0.23 x 4 5
0.000 0.000 10
-0.34995 0.000 15
-0.70531 0.000
-1.0718
0.9172
1.1683
1.2995
1.4478
1.6189
1.7272
1.7556 1.8900 1.3648
1.6035
1.6360
0.5000 1.47
0.61
1.05
0
1.7613
1.7555
1.6811
1.4296
1.2753
0.8868
0.7040
0.4527
0.1557
###
###
### - 1.77953956910642E-01*x^3
541430501E-02*x^4
4455945836E-02*x^4 - 1.20827495396952E-01*x^3 ++ 8.34397081634961E-02*x^2
7.26586495875381E-03*x^2 - 1.09367819386534E-02*x
+ 3.07851264689816E-01*x
15202684351E-02*x^4
9741519670930E-02*x^4
69714954360E-01*x^4 -- 1.233453456967250*x^3
1.4149195193022E-01*x^3
- 3.034449287806640E-01*x^3+ 1.37863402342191E-02*x^2
+ 8.137753393384630E-02*x^2
+ 5.112572979705870E-01*x^2 ++1.609496010525620*x
6.08062166546006E-01*x
+ 1.00714068002344*x
84*x^4 - 19.1190879476489*x^3 + 6.65051415114431*x^2 + 2.65092721076326*x
75
x_i/L_M z_i/L_M
1.391 0.000
1.395 -0.024
1.399 -0.049
1.403 -0.074
1.407 -0.098
1.411 -0.123
1.415 -0.149
1.419 -0.174
1.423 -0.200
1.427 -0.226
1.430 -0.252
1.434 -0.279
1.438 -0.306
1.442 -0.333
1.446 -0.361
1.451 -0.389
1.455 -0.417
1.459 -0.446
1.463 -0.475
1.467 -0.505
1.471 -0.536
1.476 -0.566
1.480 -0.598
1.484 -0.630
1.489 -0.663
1.493 -0.696
1.498 -0.731
1.503 -0.766
1.508 -0.802
1.512 -0.838
1.517 -0.876
 20 0.000 25
-1.45588 0.000 30
-1.86523 0.000
-2.3094

7819386534E-02*x
851264689816E-01*x
062166546006E-01*x
+ 1.00714068002344*x
496010525620*x
Fig. 4 (b)

Bulk dilutions for variable offshore slope

2.5
f(x) = 2.93122123189071E-012x^6 - 4.02975266678752E-010x^5 + 4.28138978525827E-008x^4 - 5.47863678366684E-006x^3 - 0.0002003766x^2 + 0.0356861

f(x) = - 8.09073721684602E-012x^6 + 2.24448933030339E-009x^5 - 1.95454257022998E-007x^4 + 4.26443937658274E-006x^3 - 0.0002171771x^2 + 0.02969

1.5
Si/Fo

S_i/F_o 0
f(x) = 5.4329867039711E-012x^6 - 1.45882070464329E-009x^5 + 1.48914753512296E-007x^4 - 7.01726452611764E-006x^3
Polynomial
- 0.0001270665x^2 + 0.02957221
(S_i/F_o 0)

f(x) = - 1.52785958685673E-011x^6 + 4.75779358452411E-009x^5 - 0.000000593x^4 + 3.83986480875056E-005x^3

S_i/F_o 10 - 0.0015726647x^2 + 0.0529165999x + 0.0

1 Polynomial
(S_i/F_o
10)
S_i/F_o 20

0.5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Theta 0.4865
2.9514
Si/F0.3071
(0)
0.1014
0.2207 Theta
1.4180
2.7350
Si/Fo 0.7551
(10)
0.6439
0.6851 Theta
0.5490
2.8545
Si/Fo 1.1825
(20)
1.0343
1.1001 Theta
0.6499
3.4479
Si/Fo 1.8072
(30)
1.6178
1.7125
4.9242
8.7093
12.4962
18.0975
22.7130
26.3401
o
0.4388
0.5541
0.6941
0.7848
0.8507 5.3705
8.3354
10.9705
14.1011
18.7157
23.6612 0.8333
0.9074
0.9816
1.0805
1.1752 5.8190
9.4425
14.0553
18.3392
23.1190
27.7355 1.2813
1.3966
1.4996
1.5985
1.6809 6.2458
10.6908
15.4670
19.5861
24.3655
29.6432 1.9471
2.0789
2.1778
2.2808
2.3591
30.4628
35.9057
42.5055
49.6026
56.0408
62.9764 0.9167
0.9951
1.0694
1.1274
1.1688
1.1938 28.7733
34.2171
39.8275
45.6048
51.8796
57.8263 1.2577
1.3279
1.3857
1.4271
1.4521
1.4566 33.3431
39.1187
44.7327
48.8622
52.4979
56.1354 1.7634
1.8213
1.8463
1.8506
1.8385
1.8099 33.6034
37.0703
40.7037
44.3389
49.2989
53.1034 2.4004
2.4212
2.4296
2.4216
2.3849
2.3399
68.5917
73.5476
78.5040
85.1141
89.5767 1.2065
1.2067
1.2029
1.1827
1.1624 63.9404
69.7259
75.6789
81.3028
86.1008
88.9141 1.4405
1.4079
1.3548
1.2894
1.2239
1.1788 62.4206
67.0533
73.8405
78.1455
80.6298
84.7706 1.7404
1.6749
1.5479
1.4577
1.4003
1.3019 55.5859
59.5593
63.2031
66.1866
70.4971
74.9747 2.2989
2.2210
2.1349
2.0447
1.9052
1.7493
88.4154
89.7401 1.2076
1.1789 78.9557
82.4393
86.2551
88.5783
89.7397 1.6016
1.4702
1.3225
1.2281
1.1830

Si/Fo (0) = -1.5278595890795E-11*x^6 + 4.75779358979899E-09*x^5 - 5.93044679357057E-07*x^4

Si/Fo (10) = 5.4329867258437E-12*x^6 - 1.45882071146886E-09*x^5 + 1.48914754346514E-07*x^4
Si/Fo (20) = -8.09073720783789E-12*x^6 + 2.24448932774251E-09*x^5 - 1.95454256787158E-07*x^
Si/Fo (30) = 2.93122121847444E-12*x^6 - 4.02975262671317E-10*x^5 + 4.28138973616809E-08*x^4

o = 10.0
Si/Fo (0) = 0.48
Si/Fo (10) = 0.880
Si/Fo (20) = 1.295
Si/Fo (30) = 1.925
^3 - 0.0002003766x^2 + 0.0356861261x + 1.5936179652

6x^3 - 0.0002171771x^2 + 0.0296971294x + 1.017428132

- 0.0001270665x^2 + 0.0295722168x + 0.6027534272

726647x^2 + 0.0529165999x + 0.0771661652

44679357057E-07*x^4 + 3.83986481204819E-05*x^3 - 1.5726647486815E-03*x^2 + 5.29165999419988E-02*x + 7.71

4754346514E-07*x^4 - 0.0000070172645695533*x^3 - 0.000127066526488538*x^2 + 0.0295722168120381*x + 0.60
454256787158E-07*x^4 + 4.26443939539355E-06*x^3 - 2.17177084384487E-04*x^2 + 2.96971296063456E-02*x + 1.
38973616809E-08*x^4 - 5.47863676698675E-06*x^3 - 2.00376622634102E-04*x^2 + 3.56861260665765E-02*x + 1.59
 Fig. 4 (b)

5.29165999419988E-02*x + 7.7166165750381E-02
+ 0.0295722168120381*x + 0.602753425771075
+ 2.96971296063456E-02*x + 1.01742812853606E+00
+ 3.56861260665765E-02*x + 1.59361796727542E+00