Questions asked in Assignment:-

Q1. What is Computer ? Give the Evolution of

computer.
Q2. Differentiate between MS-DOS, Windows
XP and Linux Operating .......System .
Q3. Give the Internal and External Commands of
MS-DOS with example.
Q4.What are the features of Windows XP ?
Explain them in detail.
Q5. What is Control Panel ? What is its use ?
Q6. What is MS-Word ? Explain in detail. What
are features of MS- ........Powerpoint ? Explain.

Q1. What is Computer? Give the Evolution of

computer.

an electronic device which is capable of receiving information (data) in a particular form and of performing
a sequence of operations in accordance with a predetermined but variable set of procedural instructions
(program) to produce a result in the form of information or signals.
 o a person who makes calculations, especially with a calculating machine.

Evolution of the Computer

1. First Generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube

2. Second Generation Computers (1954-1959) - transistor

3. Third Generation Computers (1959-1971) - IC

4. Fourth Generation (1971-Present) - microprocessor

5. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)

1. First Generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube

1937 - John V. Atanasoff designed the first digital electronic computer

1939 - Atanasoff and Clifford Berry demonstrate in Nov. the ABC prototype

1941 - Konrad Zuse in Germany developed in secret the Z3

1943 - In Britain, the Colossus was designed in secret at Bletchley Park to decode
German messages

1944 - Howard Aiken developed the Harvard Mark I mechanical computer for the Navy

1945 - John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert built ENIAC at U of PA for the U.S. Army

1946 - Mauchly and Eckert start Electronic Control Co., received grant from National
Bureau of Standards to build a ENIAC-type computer with magnetic tape input/output,
renamed UNIVAC in 1947 but run out of money, formed in Dec. 1947 the new company
Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC).

1948 - Howard Aiken developed the Harvard Mark III electronic computer with 5000
tubes

1948 - U of Manchester in Britain developed the SSEM Baby electronic computer with
CRT memory
 1949 - Mauchly and Eckert in March successfully tested the BINAC stored-program
computer for Northrop Aircraft, with mercury delay line memory and a primitive
magentic tape drive; Remington Rand bought EMCC Feb. 1950 and provided funds to
finish UNIVAC

1950- Commander William C. Norris led Engineering Research Associates to develop

the Atlas, based on the secret code-breaking computers used by the Navy in WWII; the
Atlas was 38 feet long, 20 feet wide, and used 2700 vacuum tubes

1951 - S. A. Lebedev developed the MESM computer in Russia

1951 - Remington Rand successfully tested UNIVAC March 30, 1951, and announced to
the public its sale to the Census Bureau June 14, 1951, the first commercial computer to
feature a magnetic tape storage system, the eight UNISERVO tape drives that stood
separate from the CPU and control console on the other side of a garage-size room.
Each tape drive was six feet high and three feet wide, used 1/2-inch metal tape of nickel-
plated bronze 1200 feet long, recorded data on eight channels at 100 inches per second
with a transfer rate of 7,200 characters per second. The complete UNIVAC system
weighed 29,000 pounds, included 5200 vacuum tubes, and an offline typewriter-printer
UNIPRINTER with an attached metal tape drive. Later, a punched card-to-tape machine
was added to read IBM 80-column and Remington Rand 90-column cards.

1952 - Remington Rand bought the ERA in Dec. 1951 and combined the UNIVAC
product line in 1952: the ERA 1101 computer became the UNIVAC 1101. The UNIVAC I
was used in November to calculate the presidential election returns and successfully
predict the winner, although it was not trusted by the TV networks who refused to use the
prediction.

1954 - The SAGE aircraft-warning system was the largest vacuum tube computer system
ever built. It began in 1954 at MIT's Lincoln Lab with funding from the Air Force. The
first of 23 Direction Centers went online in Nov. 1956, and the last in 1962. Each Center
had two 55,000-tube computers built by IBM, MIT, AND Bell Labs. The 275-ton
computers known as "Clyde" were based on Jay Forrester's Whirlwind I and had
magnetic core memory, magentic drum and magnetic tape storage. The Centers were
connected by an early network, and pioneered development of the modem and graphics
display.
 Atanasoff-Berry Computer magnetic drum memory of
1939, from IEEE the Atanasoff-Berry Whirlwind core memory first computer bug 1945,
Computer 1939, from 1951, from IEEE from IEEE
Smithsonian NMAH

UNIVAC ad 1955/01/17 UNIVAC ad 1955/02/28

from Time from Time

UNIVAC I ca. 1955, from

Smithsonian
UNIVAC 1951, from
Smithsonian NMAH
UNIVAC I of 1951 was the first business computer made in the U.S. "Many people saw a computer for the first time
on television when UNIVAC I predicted the outcome of the 1952 presidential elections."

Bendix G-15 of 1956, inexpensive at $60,000, for science and industry but could also be used by a single user;
several hundred were built - used magnetic tape drive and key punch terminal

IBM 650 that "became the most popular medium-sized computer in America in the 1950's" - rental cost was $5000
per month - 1500 were installed - able to read punched cards or magnetic tape - used rotating magnetic drum main
memory unit that could store 4000 words, from Smithsonian NMAH

2.Second Generation Computers (1954 -1959) - transistor

 <=""
1950 - National Bureau of Standards (NBS) introduced its Standards
Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC) with 10,000 newly developed
span="">
germanium diodes in its logic circuits, and the first magnetic disk Tom Watson, Jr.
drive designed by Jacob Rabinow

1953 - Tom Watson, Jr., led IBM to introduce the model 604 computer, its first with
transistors, that became the basis of the model 608 of 1957, the first solid-state computer
for the commercial market. Transistors were expensive at first, cost $8 vs. $.75 for a
vacuum tube. But Watson was impressed with the new transistor radios and gave them to
his engineers to study. IBM also developed the 650 Magnetic Drum Calculator, the first
by IBM to use magnetic drum memory rather punched cards, and began shipment of the
701 scientific "Defense Calculator" that was the first of the Model 700 line that
dominated main frame computers for the next decade

1955 - IBM introduced the 702 business computer; Watson on the cover of Time
magazine March 28

1956 - Bendix G-15A small business computer sold for only $45,000, designed by Harry
Huskey of NBS

1959 - General Electric Corporation delivered its Electronic Recording Machine

Accounting (ERMA) computing system to the Bank of America in California; based on a
design by SRI, the ERMA system employed Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
as the means to capture data from the checks and introduced automation in banking that
continued with ATM machines in 1974

"First transistor (model),

transistor, from Smithsonian December 1947.
NMAH Regency transistor radio
Constructed by John
1954 (TL), Zenith transistor
Bardeen, Walter Brattain
hearing aid 1952, from
and William Shockley at
Smithsonian NMAH
Bell Laboratories," from
Smithsonian NMAH

Regency transistor radio

1954, from Smithsonian
NMAH
 Philco and Emerson transistor
radios, from Smithsonian transistor radios, from
NMAH Smithsonian NMAH

Maico hearing aid before Morton, Shockley, White

who developed transistor, RCA transistor ad, from
and after transistors, from Fortune 1953/03
Fortune 1953/03 from Fortune 1953/03

3. Third Generation Computers (1959 -1971) - IC

1959 - Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments patented the first integrated circuit in Feb. 1959;
Kilby had made his first germanium IC in Oct. 1958; Robert Noyce at Fairchild used
planar process to make connections of components within a silicon IC in early 1959; the
first commercial product using IC was the hearing aid in Dec. 1963; General Instrument
made LSI chip (100+ components) for Hammond organs 1968

1964 - IBM produced SABRE, the first airline reservation tracking system for American
Airlines; IBM announced the System/360 all-purpose computer, using 8-bit character
word length (a "byte") that was pioneered in the 7030 of April 1961 that grew out of the
AF contract of Oct. 1958 following Sputnik to develop transistor computers for BMEWS

1968 - DEC introduced the first "mini-computer", the PDP-8, named after the mini-
skirt; DEC was founded in 1957 by Kenneth H. Olsen who came for the SAGE project at
MIT and began sales of the PDP-1 in 1960

1969 - Development began on ARPAnet, funded by the DOD

1971 - Intel produced large scale integrated (LSI) circuits that were used in the digital
delay line, the first digital audio device
 IC, from Smithsonian Polaroid IC 1961, from
NMAH Smithsonian NMAH

DEC PDP-1 of 1960, from CHM

IC, from Smithsonian

NMAH
early transistor calculators -
Casio "Mini" used chips early transistor calculators -
from TI (left); TI SR-10 Casio "Mini" used chips IC, from Smithsonian
calculator showing circuit in from TI (left); TI SR-10 NMAH
transparent case, used a calculator showing circuit in
single chip 1972, from transparent case, used a
Smithsonian NMAH single chip 1972, from
Smithsonian NMAH

4. Fourth Generation (1971-Present) - microprocessor

1971 - Gilbert Hyatt at Micro Computer Co. patented the microprocessor; Ted Hoff at
Intel in February introduced the 4-bit 4004,

a VSLI of 2300 components, for the Japanese company Busicom to create a single chip
for a calculator; IBM introduced the first 8-inch "memory disk", as it was called then, or
the "floppy disk" later;

Hoffmann-La Roche patented the passive LCD display for calculators and watches; in
November Intel announced the first microcomputer, the MCS-4; Nolan Bushnell
designed the first commercial arcade video game "Computer Space"

1972 - Intel made the 8-bit 8008 and 8080 microprocessors; Gary Kildall wrote his
Control Program/Microprocessor (CP/M) disk operating system to provide instructions
for floppy disk drives to work with the 8080 processor.

He offered it to Intel, but was turned down, so he sold it on his own, and soon CP/M
was the standard operating system for 8-bit microcomputers; Bushnell created Atari and
introduced the successful "Pong" game
 1973 - IBM developed the first true sealed hard disk drive, called the "Winchester" after
the rifle company, using two 30 Mb platters; Robert Metcalfe at Xerox PARC created
Ethernet as the basis for a local area network, and later founded 3COM

1974 - Xerox developed the Alto workstation at PARC, with a monitor, a graphical user
interface, a mouse, and an ethernet card for networking

1975 - the Altair personal computer is sold in kit form, and influenced Steve Jobs and
Steve Wozniak

1976 - Jobs and Wozniak developed the Apple personal computer; Alan Shugart
introduced the 5.25-inch floppy disk

1977 - Nintendo in Japan began to make computer games that stored the data on chips
inside a game cartridge that sold for around $40 but only cost a few dollars to
manufacture. It introduced its most popular game "Donkey Kong" in 1981, Super Mario
Bros in 1985

1978 - Visicalc spreadsheet software was written by Daniel Bricklin and Bob Frankston

1979 - Micropro released Wordstar that set the standard for word processing software

1980 - IBM signed a contract with the Microsoft Co. of Bill Gates and Paul Allen and
Steve Ballmer to supply an operating system for IBM's new PC model. Microsoft paid
$25,000 to Seattle Computer for the rights to QDOS that became Microsoft DOS, and
Microsoft began its climb to become the dominant computer company in the world.

1984 - Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh personal computer January 24.

1987 - Bill Atkinson of Apple Computers created a software program called HyperCard
that was bundled free with all Macintosh computers. This program for the first time
made hypertext popular and useable to a wide number of people. Ted Nelson coined the
terms "hypertext" and "hypermedia" in 1965 based on the pre-computer ideas of
Vannevar Bush published in his "As We May Think" article in the July 1945 issue of The
Atlantic Monthly.
 Apple I of 1976 , from Wozniak and Jobs
Smithsonian NMAH introduced Apple II in
1977, from History of
Apple

Intel 4004 microprocessor

in 1971, from Intel
Museum

5. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)

1991 - World-Wide Web (WWW) was developed by Tim Berners-Lee and released by CERN.

1993 - The first Web browser called Mosaic was created by student Marc Andreesen and programmer
Eric Bina at NCSA in the first 3 months of 1993. The beta version 0.5 of X Mosaic for UNIX was
released Jan. 23 1993 and was instant success. The PC and Mac versions of Mosaic followed quickly in
1993. Mosaic was the first software to interpret a new IMG tag, and to display graphics along with text.
Berners-Lee objected to the IMG tag, considered it frivolous, but image display became one of the most
used features of the Web. The Web grew fast because the infrastructure was already in place: the
Internet, desktop PC, home modems connected to online services such as AOL and Compuserve

1994 - Netscape Navigator 1.0 was released Dec. 1994, and was given away free, soon gaining 75% of
world browser market.

1996 - Microsoft failed to recognized the importance of the Web, but finally released the much
imporoved browser Explorer 3.0 in the summer.

Nokia 9210 Communicator

is part of the latest wave of
web cell phones

world's first production

microchips made of silicon-
on-insulator (SOI)
transistors and copper
The raveMP player sells for wiring by IBM (AP 5/22/00)
$269 and can store more body scans to buy clothes
than an hour of MP3 music
 digital insertion ad digital insertion ad

Michael Crichton displays a

Microsoft Reader handheld computer with his
latest bestselling novel
"Timeline" in Microsoft
Reader form on the screen
(AP 5/23/00)

Apple G4
Linux

wearable computers

Jeff Bezos of amazon.com

 Q2. Differentiate between MS-DOS, Windows
XP and Linux Operationg System?
Linux vs. Windows vs. MS-DOS

BASIS LINUX WINDOWS MS-DOS

Linux is a Unix-like
and POSIX-
Microsoft Windows is a
compliant
series of graphical interface
Introductio computer MS-DOS is an
operating systems
n operating system operating system
developed, marketed, and
assembled under for x86-based
sold by Microsoft. Microsoft
(from the model of free personal
introduced this operating
Wikipedia) and open source computers.
system as a shell for MS-
software
DOS.
development and
distribution.
Linus Torvalds and
Company /
the Linux Microsoft Microsoft
developer
community.
GNU General
License Proprietary Proprietary
Public License
Available
language(s Multilingual Multilanguage Multilanguage
)
Source
Free Software Closed / Shared source Closed source
model
Default Command-line
user Gnome or KDE Graphical (Windows Aero) interface, text user
interface interface
PowerPC: versions 1.0 - NT
4.0;
DEC Alpha: versions 1.0 -
NT 4.0;
Supported MIPS R4000: versions 1.0 -
All x86
`platforms NT 4.0;
IA-32: versions 1.0 - 8;
IA-64: version XP;
x86-64:versions XP - 8;
ARM: version RT
OS family GNU DOS DOS
Programm
C, Assembly, C, C++ Assembly language
ed in
 Q3. Give the Internal and Extrnal Commands of MS-
DOS with example.

Internal Commands

These commands are automatic loaded into the memory when operating system is loaded into
the memory. Thus these are also called memory-resident commands. The command available
are all combined together and are stored in Command.com file, which is a executable
command file. These internal command are further grouped according to their properties.
These are as follows.

File related Directory related

Genral purpose
commands commands
1. CLS
7. COPY CON
2. DIR
8. TYPE 12. MD
3. VER
9. COPY 13. CD
4. VOL
10. REN 14. RD
5. DATE
11. DEL
6. TIME

General purpose commands

1. CLS:- (Clear the screen) This command is used to clear the screen or wipe out
every thing written on the screen.

Syntax:- C:\> CLS and press Enter

2. DIR:- (Directory) Dir command is used for listing files and directories present
in the current disk.

Syntax:- C:\> DIR [/switches]

Example:- C:\> DIR /P

Switches:-

/P Page wise
/W Widths wise
/S List all files and directory of subdirectories
/AH Display directory with hidden files
/AS Display directory with system files
/AD Display only directories present in current drive

3. VER:-(Version) Version numbers indicates that which edition of DOS we are working on.

Syntax:- C:\> VER press enter

Output:-
C:\>VER

Windows 98 [Version 4.10.2222]

4. VOL:-(Volume) Displays the disk volume label and serial number, if it exist.

Syntax:- C:\> VOL press enter

Output:-C:\>VOL
Volume in drive C is JAI
Volume Serial Number is 3E42-1907
5. DATE:- Display the current Date

Syntax:- C:\> DATE

C:\>DATE
Current date is Fri 02-15-2002
Enter new date (mm-dd-yy):

Type DATE without parameters to display the current date setting and
a prompt for a new one. Press ENTER to keep the same date.
Note:- We enter new date in the format of MM-DD-YY.

6. TIME:- Display current time

Syntax:- C:\> TIME

C:\>TIME
Current time is 8:38:47.70a
Enter new time:

Type TIME with no parameters to display the current time setting and a prompt for a new one.
Press ENTER to keep the same time.

Note:- We enter the time in the format of 24 hour clock.

File related commands

7. COPY CON:- This command gives the facility to create a new text file.

Syntax:- C:\> COPY CON <Filename>

C:\>COPY CON Rose.txt
A clock in a office can never get stolen
Too many employees watch it all the time
^Z
1 file(s) copied

After copy con we must specify a suitable file name. Press enter. Start typing the informations
of the file. After gathering the information we press ^Z (CTRL+Z) button or F6 button to save
the file. After pressing enter key computer will show a message like 1 file(s) copied. This means
that file is stored in the disk. Suppose we don't want to save the file or we just want to abort
from file creation job, then we simply press ^C (CTRL+C) button to abort without saving the
file, intend of pressing ^Z button.

Notes:- 1. Never forget to give a suitable filename

2. You can use extension as .TXT for denoting the file as Text file.

8. TYPE:- This command is used to display the contents or text of any file to the display
device.
Syntax:- C:\> TYPE <Filename>
A:\>TYPE GULAB.TXT
A clock in a office can never get stolen
Too many employees watch it all the time

9. COPY :- Copy command is used for copy any file to another location or to copy the files to
another directory. This command may also be used for copying any file to another disk with
different file name.

Syntax:- C:\> COPY <Source filename> <Target file name>

C:\>COPY ROSE.TXT ROSE.MSG
1 file(s) copied

TO copy a file from hard disk to floppy disk

C:\>COPY Rose.txt A:
1 file(s) copied

To copy a file from Floppy Disk to Hard disk

A:\>COPY LOTUS.TXT C:\
1 file(s) copied

10. REN:- (Rename) This command is used to change the name of any file or directory.

Syntax:- C:\> REN <Source filename> <Target filename>

C:\>REN ROSE.TXT GULBAL.TXT
If we get successfully C:\ that means filename or directory name is get changed. Either it will
show the error message.

To changing the filename present in floppy disk

C:\>REN A:\ROSE.TXT GULAB.TXT
Note that you cannot specify a new drive or path for your destination.

11. DEL:- This command is used for erasing any file from the disk.

Syntax:- C:\> DEL <Filename>

C:\>DEL LOTUS.TXT
If it successfully erase the file from dosk then C:\> prompt will be appear, either computer will
show an error message.

Note:- /P option is used for permission before deleting the file.

Directory related commands

12. MD:- (Make Directory)- This command allows to create a new directory.
Syntax:- C:\> MD <Dirname>
C:\> MD REPORT
C:\>

Now this directory can be used for keeping various sort of reports. Under this directory we can
create another directory which is known as subdirectory.

13. CD:- (Change Directory):- We can enter or exit from any directory using this command.

Syntax:- To access any directory

C:\> CD <Directory name>
C:\> CD REPORT
C:\REPORT>

Prompt will change with the directory name. If we keep two dots after CD command than we
will exit from the directory.

Syntax:-C:\> CD..
C:\REPORT> CD..
C:\>

14. RD:-(Remove directory):- This command is used when we want to remove any unusable
directory form our disk.

Syntax:- C:\> RD <Directory name>

C:\> RD REPORT

15. PATH:- This command is used for display or sets directories for executable files.

Synatx:- C:\> PATH

This command display current path settings.
C:\> PATH=C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND;C:\WINDOWS\;C:\TC
this command will sets the directories windows, the command subfolder of windows and TC
folder for executable files. Operating system will look for executable files in these directories.

NOTE:- If we need any help for above DOS commands the we put a '/?' symbol after writting
the command at DOS prompt .

Example:- C:\> DIR/? or C:\> COPY/?

External commands
External commands are known as Disk residence commands. Because they can be store with
DOS directory or any disk which is used for getting these commands. Theses commands help to
perform some specific task. These are stored in a secondary storage device. Some important
external commands are given below-

MORE MOVE FIND DOSKEY

MEM FC DISKCOPY FORMAT
SYS CHKDSK ATTRIB
XCOPY SORT LABEL

1. MORE:-Using TYPE command we can see the content of any file. But if length of file is
greater than 25 lines then remaining lines will scroll up. To overcome through this problem we
uses MORE command. Using this command we can pause the display after each 25 lines.

Syntax:- C:\> TYPE <File name> | MORE

C:\> TYPE ROSE.TXT | MORE
or
C:\> DIR | MORE

2. MEM:-This command displays free and used amount of memory in the computer.

Syntax:- C:\> MEM

the computer will display the amount of memory.

3. SYS:- This command is used for copy system files to any disk. The disk having system files
are known as Bootable Disk, which are used for booting the computer.

Syntax:- C:\> SYS [Drive name]

C:\> SYS A:
System files transferred
This command will transfer the three main system files COMMAND.COM, IO.SYS,
MSDOS.SYS to the floppy disk.

4. XCOPY:- When we need to copy a directory instant of a file from one location to another the
we uses xcopy command. This command is much faster than copy command.

Syntax:- C:\> XCOPY < Source dirname > <Target dirname>

C:\> XCOPY TC TURBOC

5. MOVE:- Move command is used for moving one file or multiple files from one location to
another location or from one disk to another disk.
Syntax:- C:\> MOVE <file name> <path name>
C:\SONGS> MOVE *.MP3 C:\ SONGS\OLD SONGS\

C:\>

6. FC:-(File Compare) This command is capable for comparing two set of files and display
difference between two files.

Syntax:- C:\> FC <First set of file> <Second set of file>

C:\> FC ROSE.TXT GULAB.TXT

7.CHKDSK:-(Check disk) - This command is used to check the status of a disk and show the
report of result status.

Syntax:- C:\> CHKDSK

C:\>CHKDSK

CHKDSK has NOT checked this drive for errors.

You must use SCANDISK to detect and fix errors on this drive.

Volume JAI created 10-19-2001 7:14p

Volume Serial Number is 3E42-1907

4,203,073,536 bytes total disk space

381,988,864 bytes available on disk

4,096 bytes in each allocation unit

1,026,141 total allocation units on disk
93,259 available allocation units on disk

651,264 total bytes memory

610,784 bytes free

Instead of using CHKDSK, try using SCANDISK. SCANDISK can reliably detect
and fix a much wider range of disk problems.

8. SORT:- This command is useful when we want to sort a file. When we run this command the
result can be get to display device or file.

Syntax:- C:\> SORT /R < Input file name> <output file name>
Suppose we have a file Player.txt which having the list of a cricket player team and we want to
sort the list of players, then we uses this command
C:\> SORT Player.txt

If we not specify the output file name then result will show to the screen.

/R- switch is used for sorting the file in descending order like from Z to A or from 9 to 0.

9. FIND:- The FIND command is used to search a file for a text string.

Syntax:- C:\> FIND "String to search" <File name>

C:\TEST>find "office" gulab.txt

---------- gulab.txt
A clock in a office can never get stolen
10. DISKCOPY:- DISKCOPY copies the contents of a floppy disk to another.

Syntax:- C:\> DISKCOPY <Drive1> <Drive2>

C:\> DISKCOPY A: B:

This command will be copy all contents of A drive to B drive.

11. ATTRIB:- Sets the various type of attribute to a file. Like Read only, Archive, Hidden and
System attribute.

Syntax:- C:\> ATTRIB [ r] [ a] [ h] [ s] <File name>

here r - for read only, a- for archive, h - for hidden, s - for hidden attribute.
C:\> ATTRIB +r Gulab.txt
This command will change the attribute of file gulab.txt to read only mode. To remove the read
only attribute we will follow this command.
C:\> ATTRIB -r Gulab.txt

12. LABEL:- If you are not happy with the volume label of hard disk, you can change it.

Syntax:- C:\> LABEL

C:\>LABEL
Volume in drive C is JAI
Volume Serial Number is 3E42-1907
Volume label (11 characters, ENTER for none)? INFOWAY

13. DOSKEY:- Once we install doskey , our dos will star to memorize all commands we uses.
We can recall those commands using up or down arrow keys. It also gives the facility to create
macros, which creates a short key for long keyword or command.

Key function for Doskey are given as-

UP,DOWN arrows recall commands

Esc clears current command
F7 displays command history
Alt+F7 clears command history
F9 selects a command by number
Alt+F10 clears macro definitions

Syntax:- C:\> DOSKEY

DOSKey installed

Creating Macros:-
C:\>doskey t=time

C:\>t
C:\>time
Current time is 3:39:05.97p
Enter new time:

To list out all macros defined just type DOSKEY/MACROS at dos prompt and press enter.
C:\>DOSKEY/MACROS
$D=date
T=time

14. FORMAT:- This command creates new Track & Sectors in a disk. Every

Syntax:- C:\> FORMAT [drive name] [/S]

C:\> FORMAT A:
this command will create new track & sectors.
C:\> FORMAT A: /S
This command will transfer system files after formatting the disk.

Q4.What are the featrures of Windows XP?

Explain them in detail.

Windows XP Professional Features

Title Features
1. The New Standard for Efficient and Dependable Computing
2. Puts the Advanced Productivity Tools of the Digital Age at your Fingertips
3. Advanced Management, Deployment, and Support Tools to Make your Job Easier
I. The New Standard for Efficient and Dependable Computing

Feature Description Benefit

Reliable

Windows XP Professional is built on

the proven code base of Windows
Windows XP Professional will
Built on the NT and Windows 2000, which
provide a dependable computing
Windows Engine features a 32-bit computing
experience for all business users.
architecture and a fully protected
memory model.

Enhanced Device Building on the device driver verifier Device drivers that pass these tests
Driver Verifier found with Windows 2000, the will be the most robust drivers
Windows XP Professional version will available, which will ensure
provide even greater stress tests for maximum system stability.
 device drivers.

Eliminates most scenarios that forced

Dramatically end users to reboot in Windows NT 4.0
Users will experience higher levels
Reduced Reboot and Windows 95/98/Me. Also, many
of system uptime.
Scenarios software installations will not require
reboots.

Critical kernel data structures are

read-only, so that drivers and Rogue applications cannot
Improved Code
applications cannot corrupt them. All adversely affect core operating
Protection
device driver code is read-only and system areas.
page protected.

This helps to address the "DLL

hell" problem by allowing an
Provides a mechanism for multiple application written and tested with
Side-by-Side DLL versions of individual Windows one version of a system component
Support components to be installed and run to continue to use that version even
"side by side." if an application that uses a newer
version of the same component is
installed.

By safeguarding system files,

Protects core system files from being
Windows XP Professional
overwritten by application
Windows File mitigates many of the most
installations. If a file is overwritten,
Protection common system failures
Windows File Protection will restore
encountered in earlier versions of
the correct version.
Windows.

A system service that helps users

Will help minimize user downtime
Windows Installer install, configure, track, upgrade, and
and increase system stability.
remove software programs correctly.

Enhanced Provide administrators a policy- Can contribute to improved system

Software driven mechanism to identify software integrity, manageability, and,
Restriction Policies running in their environment and ultimately, lower cost of ownership
control its ability to execute. This of the PC.
facility can be used in virus and trojan
horse prevention and software
 lockdown.

Performance

Designed to allow multiple Run your most demanding

Preemptive
applications to run simultaneously, applications while still
Multitasking
while ensuring great system response experiencing impressive system
Architecture
and stability. response time.

Scalable Memory Supports up to 4 gigabytes (GB) of Users who need the highest level of
and Processor RAM and up to two symmetric performance will be able to work
Support multiprocessors. with the latest hardware.

Secure

Encrypts each file with a randomly

generated key. The encryption and
Encrypting File decryption processes are transparent
The highest level of protection
System (EFS) with to the user. In Windows XP
from hackers and data theft.
Multi-user Support Professional, EFS can allow multiple
users acccess to an encrypted
document.

Helps protect data transmitted across

a network. IPSec is an important part
IT administrators will be able to
of providing security for virtual
IP Security (IPSec) build secure virtual private
private networks (VPNs), which allow
networks quickly and easily.
organizations to transmit data
securely over the Internet.

Provides industry-standard and high-

Windows XP Professional will
strength authentication with fast,
offer single sign-on for end users
single logon to Windows 2000-based
for resources and supported
enterprise resources. Kerberos is an
Kerberos Support applications hosted on both
Internet standard, which makes it
Windows 2000 and our next-
especially effective for networks that
generation server platform,
include different operating systems
Windows Server 2003.
such as UNIX.

Smart Card Smart card capabilities are integrated Smart cards enhance software-only
Support into the operating system, including solutions such as client
 support for smart card login to
terminal server sessions hosted on
authentication, interactive log-on,
Windows Server 2003-based (the next-
code signing, and secure e-mail.
generation server platform) terminal
servers.

Easy to Use

While maintaining the core of

Windows 2000, Windows XP
Professional has a fresh visual design.
Common tasks have been consolidated
Allows the most common tasks to
and simplified, and new visual cues
Fresh Visual be exposed easily, helping users
have been added to help users
Design get the most of out of Windows XP
navigate their computers more easily.
Professional.
Administrators or end users can
choose this updated user interface or
the classic Windows 2000 interface
with the click of a button.

Adapts to the way an individual user

works. With a redesigned Start menu,
the most frequently used applications
A cleaner work environment allows
are shown first. When you open
the user to be more efficient. Users
multiple files in the same application,
can find the crucial data and
(such as multiple e-mail messages in
applications they need quickly and
Adaptive User the Outlook messaging and
easily. All of these settings can be
Environment collaboration client) the open
controlled via policy, so IT
windows will be consolidated under a
administrators can decide what
single task bar button. To remove
features are most appropriate for
some of the clutter from the
their environments.
notification area, items that are not
being used will be hidden. All of these
features can be set via Group Policy.

Work with Rich Windows Media Player makes it Windows Media Player is the
Media easy for you to: first player to combine all of your
common digital media activities
View rich media information, into a single, easy-to-use place.
for example, virtual company
meetings or "just-in-time"
 learning

Receive the best possible audio

and video quality, because the
player adapts to network
conditions

Tune in to nearly 3,000 Internet

radio stations

Create custom CDs up to 700

percent faster than other
solutions

View DVD movies

When a file is selected in Windows

Common tasks that were hard to
Explorer, a dynamic menu appears.
Context-Sensitive find in previous versions of
This menu lists tasks that are
Task Menus Windows are exposed for easy
appropriate for the type of file
access.
selected.

Archiving data onto CD is now as

Support for burning CDs on CD-R
Integrated CD easy as saving to a floppy disk, and
and CD-RW drives is integrated into
Burning does not require an expensive
Windows Explorer.
third-party solution.

Easily Publish Files and folders can be easily Users will be able to publish
Information to the published to any Web service that uses important information to Web
Web the WebDAV protocol. servers on the company's intranet.

A single computer desktop can be

displayed on two monitors driven off
of a single display adapter. With a Users will be able to maximize
laptop computer, a user could run the their productivity by working on
DualView
internal LCD display as well as an multiple screens, while removing
external monitor. A variety of high-end the need for multiple CPUs.
display adapters will support this
functionality for desktops.

Troubleshooters Help users and administrators Enable users to be more self-

 configure, optimize, and troubleshoot sufficient, resulting in greater
numerous Windows XP Professional productivity, fewer help desk calls,
functions. and better customer service.

II. Puts the Advanced Productivity Tools of the Digital Age at your
Fingertips

Feature Description Benefit

Revolutionizes the
Way Remote Users
Work

Allows users to access all of their

Allows users to create a virtual data and applications housed on
session onto their desktop computers their desktop computers from
Remote Desktop
using Microsoft's Remote Desktop another computer running Windows
Protocol (RDP). 95 or later that is connected to
their machine via a network.

A secured store for password Users who are not connected to a

information. It allows users to input domain, or who need to access
Credential usernames and passwords once, and resources in multiple domains
Manager then have the system automatically without trust relationships, will be
supply that information for able to easily access network
subsequent visits. resources.

A user can specify which network-

based files and folders she needs Users can work with documents
Offline Files and when she disconnects from the while disconnected from the
Folders network. Offline folders can now be network in the same manner they
encrypted to provide the highest level do when they're connected.
of security.

A new text display technology that ClearType display technology

triples the horizontal resolution offers a clearer display of text on a
ClearType
available for rendering text through Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
software. screen.

Offline Viewing Makes entire Web pages with Customers can view critical Web
graphics available for viewing pages while disconnected from the
 offline. Internet.

After working with files and folders

Lets users compare and update their offline, the changes will be
Synchronization
offline files and folders with those on automatically replicated back to the
Manager
the network. network, ensuring the latest version
is always available.

By intelligently monitoring CPU

state, Windows XP Professional can
reduce the amount of power it is
using. The operating system will
provide more accurate data on the
amount of power left; this will
Users will be able to work longer
prevent the system from shutting
Improved Power on battery power and more
down prematurely. Also, by allowing
Management accurately forecast how long their
for the system to wake up as the
batteries will last.
battery nears a drained state, the
computer can be put into
hibernation, and save work in
progress. Power management can
now be set for each computer, or
each user on a computer.

After a set period of time, or on

demand, Windows XP Professional Users can maximize battery life,
will save memory to disk, and shut and still be able to quickly resume
Hibernate
the power down. When power is working where they left off,
restored, all the applications are reducing downtime.
reopened exactly as they were left.

Laptop users can move easily

Lets you dock or undock your
between docked and undocked
Hot Docking notebook computer without changing
configurations without rebooting
hardware configuration or rebooting.
the system.

Advanced Provides key features for mobile

Provides the latest in power
Configuration and professionals including Plug and
management and Plug and Play
Power Interface Play, hot docking, and full power
support.
(ACPI) management support.
 Makes it much easier for users who
Wireless Provides secured access, as well as need to move between wireless
Networking performance improvements, for networks, while supporting high
Support wireless networks. levels of encryption to enhance
security.

Applications and network services

can be written to react intelligently
Provides an underlying service that
when a network location change is
allows the operating system and
Network Location detected. For example, an
applications to determine when a
Awareness application could connect an end
machine has changed network
user to a closer server if that user
locations.
moved from one building to
another.

Easier Remote
Guide users through the steps for
Access Make it easier to connect to a
setting up remote access to a network
Configuration corporate network or the Internet.
or virtual private network (VPN).
Wizards

Help & Support

The Help and Support Center

combines features users are familiar
with from previous versions of
Windows (such as Search, Index, and
Favorites) with content from the
World Wide Web to give users more
chances to get the help they need Users can quickly and easily find
Improved Help and when they need it. If the content in the answers they need, reducing
Support Services the Help and Support Center doesn't help desk calls and increasing user
answer their question, it can be used satisfaction.
to contact a friend, a support
community, or a professional to get
assistance. Tools such as My
Computer Information and System
Restore are also available to
diagnose and fix common problems.

Remote Assistance Remote Assistance enables a user to Will reduce the amount of time
share control of his or her computer system administrators spend at
 with someone on a network or the
Internet. An administrator or friend
can view the user's screen, and
control the pointer and keyboard to
users' desks. Many administrative
help solve a technical problem. IT
and troubleshooting tasks can now
departments can build custom
be done from the administrators'
solutions, on top of published APIs
own desks.
using HTML, to tailor Remote
Assistance to their needs, and the
feature can be centrally enabled or
disabled.

If users experience system failure

or another significant problem,
The System Restore feature enables they can use System Restore from
users and administrators to restore a Safe Mode or Normal Mode to go
computer to a previous state without back to a previous system state,
losing data. System Restore restoring optimal system
System Restore
automatically creates easily functionality. System Restore will
identifiable restore points, which not revert user data or document
allow you to restore the system to a files, so restoring will not cause
previous time. users to lose their work, mail, or
even browsing history and
favorites.

Provides a command-line console for In the event of errors that prevent

administrators to start and stop Windows XP Professional from
services, format drives, read and starting, administrators can boot
Recovery Console
write data on a local drive, and the system to a command console
perform many other administrative and potentially repair the operating
tasks. system.

When certain classes of new device

If a new device driver is causing
drivers are installed, Windows XP
Device Driver Roll Windows XP Professional to
Professional will maintain a copy of
Back malfunction, an administrator can
the previously installed driver,which
easily reinstall the previous driver.
can be reinstalled if problems occur.

Communications &
Networking
 The easy way to communicate with
your customers, partners, friends,
and family in real time. Will keep you
updated with your contacts' online
Provides users with great platform
Windows status. Choose text, voice, or video
for online conferencing and
Messenger and experience the best online voice
collaboration.
and video quality. Collaborate with
contacts, transfer files, and share
applications and whiteboard
drawings.

Small business owners will be able

Internet A firewall client that can protect
to securely connect their Windows
Connection small businesses from common
XP Professional computers to the
Firewall Internet attacks.
Internet.

Makes it easy for a small business

owner to set up and manage a
Small businesses can get a
network. The wizard walks through
Network Setup productive and secure network up
key steps, such as sharing files and
Wizard and running without relying on
printers, sharing the Internet
network experts.
connection, and configuring the
Internet Connection Firewall.

Simplifies the setup and

Small businesses have more
configuration of small networks that
flexibility when choosing network
use mixed network connections (such
NetworkBridge media and do not need to purchase
as Cat-5 Ethernet and wireless) by
extra equipment, such as bridges
linking the different types of
and routers.
networks together.

Connects a small office network to

the Internet, using a dial-up or
Small business owners can connect
broadband connection. Windows XP
Internet their computer systems to the
Professional can provide network
Connection Internet with a single Internet
address translation, addressing, and
Sharing (ICS) connection, resulting in potential
name resolution services for all
savings in ISP and hardware costs.
computers on a small business
network to share a single connection.

Peer-to-Peer Enables Windows XP Professional to Small business owners can easily

 interoperate with earlier versions of
Windows on a peer-to-peer level,
Networking integrate Windows XP Professional
allowing the sharing of all resources,
Support into existing peer-to-peer networks.
such as folders, printers, and
peripherals.

III. Advanced Management, Deployment, and Support Tools to Make your

Job Easier

Feature Description Benefit

Management &
Deployment

We've provided fixes to hundreds of

applications that didn't run on Windows
Users will experience
2000 Professional to run on Windows XP
increased application
Professional. As new application fixes are
compatibility when compared
published, we will make them available via
with Windows 2000
the Windows Update service.
Professional, and as more
In addition to the application fixes,
application fixes are roled out,
Windows XP Professional has a mechanism
Application they'll be automatically
that allows the user or IT administrator to
Compatibility available.
specify if an application needs to run in
Application compatibility
either Windows NT 4.0 or Windows 95/98
modes will potentially allow
or Windows Me compatibility mode. In this
thousands of applications to
mode, Windows XP Professional system
run that don't have
DLLs provide appropriate responses to the
applications fixes on Windows
running application, allowing it to execute
XP Professional.
appropriately without a noticeable loss of
performance.

IT administrators can reduce

Helps administrators to migrate a user's the number of help desk calls
data and application/operating system after a migration, and end
UserState
settings from an old computer to a new users will have less downtime
Migration Tool
Windows XP Professional desktop because they will retain their
computer. familiar operating
environment.
 With the user's permission, Windows XP
Professional automatically downloads
critical and security updates in the
background when the user is connected to
the Internet. These downloads are designed Users will automatically
to minimize the impact on Internet receive critical updates
Automatic Updates
browsing, and the update automatically without impacting their ability
resumes upon reconnection if the computer to use network connections.
is disconnected before the download is
complete. Once the update has been
downloaded, the user can choose to install
it.

As application compatibility updates, new

device drivers, and other updates are
released for Windows XP Professional, they
become available on the Windows Update
The operating system updates
Web site. (Users can also find critical and
will always be available to
Windows Update security updates here, if they choose not to
ensure the most reliable and
Improvements use automatic updating.) Administrators
full-featured computing
can disable user access to Windows
experience.
Update. The Windows Update Catalog is
provided for administrators to download
updates and deploy them as appropriate in
their organizations.

Windows XP Professional supports the

latest hardware standards. It supports UDF
2.01, the latest standard for reading DVD
discs. It also supports the formatting of
Will support the latest
Support for Latest DVD-RAM drives with the FAT32 file
hardware standards, and be
Hardware system. DirectX 8 API support will be
optimized for the latest
Standards included, and Windows XP Professional
applications.
fully supports standards for Infrared Data
Association (IrDA), Universal Serial Bus
(USB), and the high-speed bus known as
IEEE 1394.

Setup with The Setup routine ensures that the Will ensure that you install the
Dynamic Update operating system files are up to date. most recent updates to the
Before any files are installed, Windows XP operating system for the best
 Professional checks the Web for critical
system updates and downloads them for installation experience.
installation.

Allows administrators a
Provides the ability to specify a greater
greater degree of flexibility in
number of options than previous versions
Unattended scripting unattended setup
of Windows, and allows for a greater
Installation routines, ensuring the most
degree of security by encrypting passwords
flexible installation options
in the answer files.
available today.

Internet Explorer 6 is more customizable

via the Internet Explorer Administration
Internet Explorer Kit (IEAK 6), so it's easier to deploy and Administrators have a greater
6 Administration maintain the browser. Version 6 of the degree of flexibility in
Kit IEAK adds control over new features such deploying Internet Explorer 6.
as the Media bar, Auto Image Resize, and
the Personal bar.

SysPrep will allow

SysPrep helps administrators clone
administrators to reduce the
computer configurations, systems, and
System number of operating system
applications. A single image, which
Preparation Tool images they maintain, while
includes the operating system and business
(SysPrep) reducing the time it takes to
applications, can be restored to multiple
deploy a typical desktop
different machine configurations.
system.

A graphical wizard that guides It's now easier to create

Setup Manager administrators in designing installation answer files for unattended
scripts. installations.

Saves time and reduces

Windows XP Professional can be installed
deployment costs by allowing
across the network (including SysPrep
Remote OS administrators to standardize
images).
Installation desktop environments to
Note This feature requires the Active
match organizational
Directory service.
requirements.

Multilingual Allows users to easily create, read, and edit IT administrators will no
Support documents in many languages with the longer need to deploy multiple
English version of Windows XP localized versions of the
 operating system. This will
Professional. The Multilanguage User speed deployments, reduce
Interface version lets you change the user operating system images, and
interface language for each user. lower the total cost of
ownership.

Windows Allows system administrators

Provides a standard infrastructure for
Management to monitor and control the
monitoring and managing system
Instrumentation system via scripting and third-
resources.
(WMI) party applications.

Allows Windows XP Professional to boot Provides a means to boot the

Safe Mode Startup the system at the most basic level, using system into the GUI so that IT
Options default settings and minimum device professionals can repair the
drivers. operating system.

Group Policy settings simplify the

administration of users and objects by
letting administrators organize them into
logical units, such as departments or As users move from location
locations and then assign the same settings, to location, they still have
Group Policy including security, appearance, and access to critical data, and
management options, to all employees in they maintain their own
that group. There are hundreds of new customized work environment.
policies available for Windows XP
Professional, in addition to those provided
for Windows 2000 Professional.

Allows administrators to see the effect of

Group Policy on a targeted user or Administrators can more
Resultant Set of computer. With RSoP, administrators have easily implement and manage
Policy (RSoP) a powerful and flexible base-level tool to Group Policy using the new
plan, monitor, and troubleshoot Group RSoP tool.
Policy.

Microsoft IT administrators will be able

Provides a centralized and consistent
Management to create customized
environment for management tools.
Console (MMC) application consoles.
 Q5. What is Control Panel? What is its use?

The Control Panel is used to make changes to nearly every aspect of Windows
including keyboard and mouse function, passwords and users, network settings,
power management, desktop backgrounds, sounds, hardware, program installation
and removal, speech recognition, parental control, etc.

Think of Control Panel as the place to go in Windows if you want to change

something about how it looks or works.

1. The control panel is normally part of the systems graphical user

interface (GUI), which provides easy management and access to
panel components.

2. The control panel is made up of a group of individual control

panel applets. Therefore, using the control panel actually implies
the use of one or more applets to modify the way in which some
parts of Windows works.
 Q6. What is MS-Word? Explain in detail. What are
features of MS- Powerpoint? Explain.

Microsoft Word

Microsoft Word or MS-WORD (often called Word) is a graphical word processing

program that users can type with. It is made by the computer company Microsoft.
The purpose of the MS Word is to allow the users to type and save documents.

Similar to other word processors, it has helpful tools to make documents.

Spelling & grammar checker, word count (this also counts letters and
lines)

Speech recognition

Inserts pictures in documents

Web pages, graphs, etc.

Tables

Displays synonyms of words and can read out the text

Prints in different ways

It can be bought at shops and normally comes with Microsoft Office, but can be
bought separately
Microsoft Word

Microsoft Word
 Microsoft Office Word 2013 on Windows 8

Developer(s) Microsoft

Initial October 25, 1983; 32 years ago

release (as Multi-Tool Word)

2016 (16.0.4266.1003) /
Stable release 22 September 2015; 11 months
ago

OS X

OS X Yosemite

Windows 10

Operating Windows 8
system
Windows RT

Windows Server 2012

Windows Server 2008 R2

Windows 7[1]

Platform IA-32, x64, ARM

Type Word processor

Trialware
License Proprietary software plus
services
 Website products.office.com/word

Microsoft Word for Mac

Microsoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October
25, 1983[3] under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems.[4][5][6] Subsequent versions were
later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), Apple
Macintosh running Mac OS (1985), AT&T Unix PC (1985), Atari ST (1988), OS/2 (1989),
Microsoft Windows (1989) and SCO Unix (1994). Commercial versions of Word are licensed as
a standalone product or as a component of Microsoft Office, Windows RT or the discontinued
Microsoft Works suite. Microsoft Word Viewer and Office Online are freeware editions of Word
with limited features.

Basic Features Of Ms Powerpoint

I. Design
The design features of PowerPoint allow you to customize the appearance and
format of the slides. PowerPoint typically comes with a set of preloaded themes for
you to choose from. These can range from simple color changes to complete format
layouts with accompanying font text. Themes can be applied through the whole
presentation or a single slide. Using the page setup allows you to optimize the
presentation for the display size; for instance, you should use a larger screen ratio
when displaying on a projector compared to a computer screen.

II. Animation
PowerPoint animation is divided between slide transitions and element
animation. Using slide transition adds an effect when switching slides during a slide
show. You can edit the transition effect and timing, as well as opt for an on-click or
automatic transition between slides. Element animation adds movement and sounds
to the objects within the slide. For example, if you're constructing a photo gallery as a
slide show, you can choose which pictures enter the slide first, how they enter and
add a sound as they enter.

 III. Presentation
The presentation function of PowerPoint is largely designed to accommodate
public speaking. PowerPoint comes with a built-in notes function; when printing out
presentation slides, you can add presenter notes beside each slide as accompanying
content. This is useful to clarify points in the slide without sacrificing the slide's
readability. As of the 2007 version of PowerPoint, you can pre-record narration for a
presentation. PowerPoint also has a rehearsal function as well, allowing you or your
team to practice your timing and monitor the length of your presentation.

IV. Integration
PowerPoint is compatible with all other software in the Microsoft Office suite;
you can export slides into Word documents or use Excel charts within your
presentation. In addition to image and audio support, PowerPoint 2007 also has
video-integration functionality; you can embed videos within a presentation for easy
playback without exiting the program. You can also export presentation files to an
online interface for multi-user remote editing and presentation practice.