Perl Programming

Author: Tigran Khazhakyan

Introduction
to Perl

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Basic Terms

Computer Program

Source code Executable

Algorithm

Compiler Interpreter

Languages

Scripting Programming

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Compiler vs Interpreter

Interpreter Compiler
Scans the entire program and
Translates program one statement at
translates it as a whole into machine
a time.
code.
It takes large amount of time to
It takes less amount of time to
analyze the source code but the
analyze the source code but the
overall execution time is
overall execution time is slower.
comparatively faster.
No intermediate object code is Generates intermediate object code
generated, hence are memory which further requires linking, hence
efficient. requires more memory.
Continues translating the program It generates the error message only
until the first error is met, in which after scanning the whole program.
case it stops. Hence debugging is Hence debugging is comparatively
easy. hard.
Programming language like Python, Programming language like C, C++ use
Ruby use interpreters. compilers.

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The Very Beginning

Start

printed Hello
World

End

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The Very Beginning
Run
Code
% chmod +x helloworld.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl % perl helloworld.pl
# file name helloworld.pl or

print Hello World\n; % ./helloworld.pl

Output Explanation

#!/usr/bin/perl - look up the path of perl

Hello World interpreter

Perl has single-line comments start with #

print receives a string argument and
outputs to the terminal

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Variables

Variables

That store That store

single value multiple value

Arrays
scalars
Hashes

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Using Scalars

#!/usr/bin/perl

$name = Perl;
Scalars
$age = 25;

print $name is $age years old!, \n;

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Escape Characters: Backslash

#!/usr/bin/perl

$name = students;
$money= 1000;

print $name earn \$money per month\n;

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Operations on Scalars: Arithmetic
#!/usr/bin/perl

# file name arithmetics.pl

$str = String equals to 0;

$operand1 = 11;
$operand2 = 55;

print Value of string = $str\n;

print $operand1 + $operand2, \n;
print $operand1 - $operand2, \n;
print $operand1 * $operand2, \n;
print $operand1 / $operand2, \n;
print $operand1 % $operand2, \n;

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Operations on Scalars: Increments and Decrements

#!/usr/bin/perl

$numericVariable = 11;

print ++$numericVariable, \n;

$numericVariable = 11;
print $numericVariable++, \n;
print $numericVariable;
print --$numericVariable, \n;
$numericVariable = 11;
print $numericVariable--, \n;

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Operations on Scalars: Strings

#!/usr/bin/perl
# file name operations.pl
$a = Hello;
$b = World;
print $a . $b;
print $a x 5;

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Operations on Scalars: Assignments

#!/usr/bin/perl
# file name operations.pl

$a = 5;
$b = 4;

$a = $b; # Assign $b to $a
$a += $b; # Add $b to $a
$a -= $b; # Subtract $b from $a
$a .= $b; # Append $b onto $a

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Using Arrays (Lists)
#!/usr/bin/perl

@fruits = (apple, banana, pear);

$number = @fruits;
$new_array[0] = 5;
$new_array[1] = 6;

print $fruits*0+ is a fruit!\n;

print There are $number fruits\n;
print @new_array, \n;

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Using Arrays (Lists): push/pop

#!/usr/bin/perl

@fruits = (apple, banana, pear);

$last_el = pop @fruits;
print @fruits;

push @fruits, pineapple;

print @fruits;

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Using Hashes

#!/usr/bin/perl

%prices = (Hot Dog => 300, Pizza => 2000);

$prices,Burger- = 1600;

print keys %prices;

print values %prices;
print array: @prices,Pizza, Burger-;

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Perl Conditional Statements: IF/ELSE/ELSIF

#!/usr/bin/perl #!/usr/bin/perl

if(boolean statement) { if(boolean statement1) {

#code #code
} else { } elsif (boolean statement2)
#code {
} #code
} else (boolean statement3)
{
#code
}
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Perl Conditional Statements: unless/else/elsif

#!/usr/bin/perl #!/usr/bin/perl

unless(boolean statement) { unless(boolean statement1) {

#code #code
} else { } elsif (boolean statement2) {
#code #code
} } else {
#code
}

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Perl Conditional Statements: switch

#!/usr/bin/perl

use Switch;

switch (argument) {
case 1 { #code }
case a { #code }
else { #code }
}

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Perl Loops: while/until

#!/usr/bin/perl #!/usr/bin/perl

$a = 10; $a = 10;

while ( $a < 20 ) { until ( $a < 20 ) {

print "Value of a: $a\n"; print "Value of a: $a\n";
$a = $a + 1; $a = $a + 1;
} }

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Perl Loops: for

#!/usr/bin/perl

$a = 10;

for ( $a = 10; $a < 20; $a = $a + 1 ) {

print "value of a: $a\n";
}

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Perl Loops: foreach

#!/usr/bin/perl

@list = (2, 20, 30, 40, 50);

foreach $a (@list) {
print "value of a: $a\n";
}

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Perl Loops: do while

#!/usr/bin/perl

$a = 10;

do {
print "Value of a: $a\n";
$a = $a + 1;
} while ( $a < 20 );

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Perl Subroutines: sub

#!/usr/bin/perl

$a = 10;

sub myFunc {
my $a = $_[0]; # @_
print "Value of a: $a\n";
}

&myFunc(10);
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Problems

1. Find the sum of all the multiples of 3 or 5 below 1000.

2. By considering the terms in the Fibonacci sequence

whose values do not exceed four million, find the sum of
the even-valued terms.

3. What is the largest prime factor of the number 14256

4. Find the sum of all the primes below 16000

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