lt sd

A Scientific Humanist
Studiesin Memory of AbrahamSachs

edited by
Erle Leichty
Maria dej. Ellis
and
Pamela Gerardi

OccasionalPublicationsof the SamuelNoah KramerFund,9

Philadelphia,1988
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it The Ankara fragment Bo 69/948 (publishedas KBo n.n$)' and the Berlin fragment Bo Sf29
a (publishedasKUB 48.I09)arerespectivelytheleft andright sidesof columnsii andiii of thesame
,f
tablet.The join isindirect,but isconfirmedby the physicalevidenceof conformityof thesizeof
e the fragments,identicalscript,andthedispositionof thetextoverthelines.Althoughwe haveno
informationasto the find spotof Bo3329,Bo69/946wasrecoveredfrom the"Fallschutt"eastof
magazines 7-9of theBig Templein theLower City (K/19 on thegrid of Hattu5a).tThe fragments
are written in a small,eleganthand of the New Hittite period.
The join identification,which I madein 1984in the courseof preparingthe articleon theword
mirmina-(cf .mirmhtu{ iniii 7) for the ChicagoHinite Dictiorwry (seevol.3, p. 295),allowsusto
understandwhatis beingdescribedin thecontextandto havesomeideaof whatkind of textthis
might be.2Given the extremelylimited contextwe cannotunfortunatelydetermineif we are
dealingwith a Hittite translationof someforeignliterarywork.3For thisreasonwe cannotclaim
that the ideasand conceptsexpressed are truly Hittite.

Transliteration
col. ii
2' x[ ]u.an$ulL-Iu-ul5la
3' te-e-na-uf-usa-a{
fiar-zi nu-ui 0-U'lLka-nA-el-e{-zil
4' a-ra-ada-rla-an O-ut ka-n4-e-le[-zi
S, an-rrr.n6_ke-rstf-eFO-ULka-nd-e_leF_Ja_an_zl

l. H. OttenandClr. Rilster,KeilschrifttexteausBoghez- 3. Unless this fragment belongs, es I very tentatively

k6i 22.x. suggest below, to the same composition es KUB,$.d).
2. I shouldlike to acknowledgeheremy indebtedness to 4. The trace in KUB 48 looks even more like -u[a]. If it
hof. Guterbock,with whom I hadtheprivilegeof discussing is, line3'would have to be read: te-e-tu-ul-un-an . . . ].
this fragment from the moment that I had identified the 8ut then I would have no suggestion as to restoring the
join. clause.
l9l
 r90 WILLIAM W. HALLO

the unrelentingpressureof ChaldeansandespeciallyArameans.rsAccordingto a thesisfirst put

forward by Anspacherin l9l2,rr Tiglatpilesermayhavebeenrespondingto a call for help from
Nabonassar, much ashe did for Ahaz of fudah in the Syro-Epbramitews,rr but this parallel,
though acceptedby Brinkmanrsand myselfrs hasneverbeendemonstrated.In any caseit is
clear that Babyloniapaid dearly for the Assyrianhelp, whether solicitedor not, for Assyriawas
now permanentlyand intimately involved in the affairs of its southernneighborand, within five
yearsof Nabonassar's death,Tiglatpileserascendedthe throneof Babylonin his own person.The
Assyrian king assumeda special Babylonian throne-name,perhaps out of deference for the
ancient prerogativesof Babylon which Assyriankings had alwaysrespectedsincethe ill-fated
precedent of Tukulti-Ninurta I. And he refrained from imposing the Assyriansystem of
eponymousyear-datesin Babylonia,to iudgeby the regnal-yearsystememployed in Babylonian
tabletsfrom his reign.t3oBut at the sametime he could hardly havelooked with favor on the
perpetuationof a systemof dating by an era that beganwith Nabonasser, evenif that practice
had beenfollowed by Nabonassar's immediatesuccessor-afact which, absentany dated tablets
from that reign,l3lor of textsbearing a date higher than Nabonasserl4,l3l we can only surmise.
Note howeverthat Nabonassar wasat leastsucceeded by hisson(albeitfor only two years)-the
only "recordedinstanceof accession by inheritancebetweenElSand800n.c.n."in Babylonia,as
noted by Brinkman.t$
Thus the NabonassarEra is conspicuouslylackingin the onefactor which would haveturned it
into a true era in the modern sense:the abandonmentof the regnalyear systemin favor of a
continuousdatingsystemextendingbeyondtheboundaries,first of individualreignsand thenof
individual dynasties.It wasleft for the Seleucid(andArsacid)Erasto introducethe first of these
datingreformsto the AsiaticNearEast,and for thereligiouseras-Christian,fewish, Moslem-
to breachpoliticaland dynasticboundariesand producethe second.

125. Borgerand Tadmor,"Zwei Beitrlge zur alttesta- (Toronto,l9B2),p. 56 n.7.

mentlichenWissenscbaft aufgrundder InschriftenTiglat- 130. TCL 12l-3; note,howeverthat hisAssyriannameis
pifesersIII," ZATW U (1982)%4-251,esp.fu47. usedin tbe datesof thesetablets.Cf. now alsoE. Leichty,
126. A.S.Anspacher,Tigloth PlleserIII, Contributions "A LegafText from theReignofTiglath-Pilesetlll,"Erlco
to Orientd Historyand Philology5, p. 19. RetnerAV (AOSm [1987]),pp.2:n-W.
127. M. Coganend Tadmor,"AhazendTiglath-Pileser l3l. Brinkman,AnOr 4il, pp.2941.;Brinkmanand D.A.
in tbe Book of Kings: historiographicconsiderations," Kennedy,"DocumentaryEvidence. . . ,"rCS 35 (1983)
Erctz-Ismel 14 (ly/8) 5161, Englishsummeryp. l?l' . 05.
128. Brinkman,AnOr 4il, pp. 229n. 1443. 132. Brinkmen, AnOr 43, pp. 233; Brinkman and
129. Hallo and Simpson,The Ancleil Neat East, pp. Kennedy,.lCS35 (lS3) elf.
l44f .; cl. Hello, "NebukadnezarComesto ferusalem" in 133. Brinkmen,trlesopotamia7, p. l?3 and n. An.
J.V. Plaut, ed., Through the Sound ol Moay Volces

I
 192 HARRYA. HOFFNER tR.

8', pa-ap-pa(Jl SE[S.MESt 0-ut ka-nJA-e-eS-da-an-zi

7', an-rw-ad-zn ou u u-a[n-.fi-in 0 -u t kla- nd-e-ei- zi
E' IDUMu-c.l-za r; ur-c [n-Ji-in O-uL kla- n0-e-e{-zi
9', [ ]xt (t-ut ka-ln0-e-ed-zl
l0' I JLO?I 0-ur1 ka-nd-e-e{l-zil
col. iii
I [{a-nt-ilz-zl-b-a[z-k6ln sTBANS uR-az
2 P -ulL a-d.a-an-zi l5a-nlt-iz-zi-b-az-kdn fia-ap-{la-al-li-azl
3 l0 -ulL a-da-an-zi l{a-nli-iz-zi-b-az-kdn cr.L-az
4 l-ut a-ku-ua-an-zl la-ad-{)u a-da-tar O-ut a-da-an-zlil
D a-ad-{u a-ku-usa-tar-mi[-tt (t -ulL a-ku-wa-an-zi
0 ! al-d-i- nu-ui az- lzi- kdnl-zl
7 ml-b- ml-b-nt-u.l [alc-lcu-u.f- kldn- zi

8 d-e-et-ri-{(-) lx
9 {e-er-{a-mal-a{? l* *[
l0 nu ad-dfa-a| l
ll ba-az[- 1
(Column breaksoff here)
col. io
l' lx
z', 1
3', -iJa-tar?
e-ku
4', I le-e
(Tablet breaksoff here)

Translation
'(ii2)
[ . . . T h e e v ] i l ( 3 ) t e n a u t a[ h- o l d s ( ? ) h i m ( ?( o) r : [ h e . . . s t h e e v i ] l ( a c c u s . )
tenawa-),sothat] he doesnot recognize[them]. (4) One doesn'trecognizethe other.
(5) Sistersby the samemother do [not re]cognizeeachother."(6) Brothersby the
samefatherdo [not re]cognizeeachother."(7) A mother does[not] recognize[her]
own child. (8) [A child] does[not] recognize[its own] mother.(9) t. . . I does[not]
r e c o g n i z e t . . . l . ( 1 0[ ). . . ] d o e s [ n o t ] r e c o g n i z e [ . . . ] . ( i i i t ) F r o m a f i [ n e ] t a b l e
(2) they do [no]t eat.From a [fi]ne stool (3) they do [n]ot eat.From a [f]ine cup (4)
they do not drink.They do not eat[goo]d food. (5)They do not drink my gooddrink.
(6) They eatbits of mud. (7) They [dri]nk muddy waters(?). (New paragraph.)(8)
Emaciation(?) t. . . I (9)Uponthe[m. . .] (10)Andthefat[her.. .] (ll)dri[edup
( ? ) . . . ] ( b l a n k l i n e ) .. . ( 2 ' 1 .. . ( 3 ' ) . . . D r i n k [ . . . ] w a t e r l ( a ' ) [ D o ] n o t .[ .. ] 1 "

3. an-tu-ne-kbu[Jis impossible,becauseboth nega-end 6. or SIES-e4.

I on tcnega-atea-stemnounsrequiringenacc'pl .antwrlekul Or futJa?-o-totor [ ]x A-for.
(seelews l9l and l9{).
l

I
 v
i
I

A SCENEIN THEREALMOFTHEDEAD I93

Since a portion of the middle of the tablet is missing, we must find a basis to determine the
original width of the column. The proposed restorations in column iii are fairly certain. Using
them asa basis.we can determine the distancebetween the inscribed surfacesof column ii on the
q other side. That distance allows for the restorationswhich I have proposed. Since columns ii and
'; iii are consecutive, the textual material at the end of ii continues immediately with the beginning
i.d of iii. This gives us a larger context than would have been the casehad the text of the two sides
# been discontinuous (that is, belonging to columns i and iv).

# The preserved text describestypical members of human society. They are depicted in a sad
state in which even members of the same nuclear family (parents and children, the closest of
siblings) do not recognize one another and no one eats or drinks well. In some respects this
situation reminds one of the descriptions of the land in vanishing god myths after the deity has
departed.t But even closerlinks can be drawn to Mesopotamian textsdescribing the condition of
the dead. According to thesesources,0the dead eat clay (tidda\ and drink muddied water (m0
dalbati\.
As stated above, we cannot tell if KBo 22.178+KUB 48.109is a translation of a foreign work. If
we could prove it to be a Hittite composition, we could draw some interesting conclusionsabout
Hittite conceptions of death and the afterlife, about which we already know a great deal from
other native Hittite sources.r0The funeral ritual for Hittite royalty, edited by Otten in l958,rl
shows that the Hittite king might look forward in the afterlife to plowing on his own land.rr
Nothing in Hittite sourcessuggeststhat the existenceof the deceasedafter death was a sad or
deprived one. The king's death itself was a tragedy (it is called {alli! waltai.{"a/the great sin"),r3
"l not becausethe king was going on to an unhappy existence,but becausethe death of the monarch
.i
created a disturbance of the divinely willed order.r'Obviously, survivors mourned the departed
r*l
is because of their own lonelinessand senseof loss. But whether they also mourned because the
existence of their loved ones after death was a miserable one cannot be determined from the

ffii information we have.

The interestingwordtenaurc-15occurs elsewherein published textsonly in KUB 43.80i 32-37(a
mythological text): a-ru-f1rw-){la-an pa-i-mi (33\ [d]a?-a-{a-na-da!-an(on ltldkll-!a-na-Sal-an,
cf . i 7) pa-i-mi to-pla mul-u-ufi-fii lu-Iil-ial (34) mu-ub-bi te-na-ua-la-an pa-i-mli o) r pa-il-mi)
(35)te-e-na-usa-adi-da-a-lu-udxx[...)Q0lrn-el-lu-ulalif-...](37)!i-i-ni-b[-...]"Iwillgo
to the sea (?);tuI will go to the plain (?); I will fall into the river; I will fall into the pond; I will go to
thetenaua-;Iwillgotothe[...].Thetenaua-(is?)evilTt...ltothemeadow[...]."Here

8. Cf. H.H. l,arocbe, Textes mythologiques hittites en Wachsmuth in Det klelne Paulg 5 (194-75), 105$56,
transcription (Paris, 1965, 1988),pp. 30,39,52f.,60, etc. whicb offers very speculative ideas about the Hittite
9. Cf. Schmdk el, Kultur gesch., pp. 455, 493, and "De- conception of the efterlife (often based on oothing but
scent of Ishtar to the Nether World" lines 7-ll (English doubtful etymologies), is of little value.
trgnslation in f .8. Pritchard, ed., Anclent Neat Eattent ll. Otten. Totenlltualc.
Texts Rehtlag to ,he OId Testament [3rd ed., Princeton, 12. Otten, Totendtule, pp. 12-17,,18,78ff.
'to
19691, p. lf/a): the house wherein the entrents ere 13. Otten, Totendtuale,p. ll&f.
bereft of light, where dust (SA$AR.UI.A)is their fare, end 14. So Otten, Totendttnle, p. ll9.
clay (fid[drrl) tbeir food, where they see no light, residing 15. Probably unrelated to the verb tlnno- "to pardyze,"
in derkness, . ," and lines 32-iXl (ANET, p. lflb): to the epithet aU thnUa (KBo 22.116 obv. 4), or to
"Should I drink wster witb the Anunnaki? Should I eet clay alwontatat tln? -nl-Sa-ankult $olzlganl . . . I ( KUB %. 13 ii
|iclda) Iot bread, drink muddied water (m0 dolbafi\ tot 4), which Haes end Thiel render "paralysis" in AOAT 31,
beer?" Compare also AnSt 5 (1955) 98:2i-l(Cuthean legend) pp. 104f.,359.
and CAD S sub gatd I a l' (seen in proofs, courtesy of E. 16. Or, in pairing with to&.fa(n)na ("to the plain,") could
Reiner). this word be derived ftom aru- "bigh, steep" (used of
10. See the judicious treatment of the subject by H. mountains), ("to the bigh/steep place"?).
Otten in Hethltlsche Totendtuob,VlO 37 (Berlin, lg5E), 17. Or: "the eviltenaux-"; or: "the evil [. . . ] of the
hereafter ciled rs T otenrihnle. The article "Unterwelt' bv D. teru@o-,"
 194 H A R R Y AH. O F F N E R J R .

we seethe rnawa- asa location, perhaps a natural one like a plain, a river, a pond, or a meadow.
In KUB 43.60i 35 the tenausa{is described as"evil" (idalu-),t6iust asin KBo 22.178+ KUB 48.109ii
2' -3'. In KUB 4i1.60i 32-U the verb pai- "to go" takes its destination in the a-case (allative)
together with -.fan. The verb mau({)- (mubbi) "to fall" takes its destination in the a-case with no
local particle. The context preceding and following KUB 4i}.60i 32-37is difficult to understand.
The "traveler" and his "road" are mentioned in i 30. And, whether the "road" is understood
literally or metaphorically, lines 32ff. may describe the locations to be visited or hazards
anticipated on the journey.r0 If the "great road" of the "human soul" mentioned in KUB 43.60 i
28-29 is the road it travels after death, the eviltenausc- as a location on that road would recall the
river of death (Styx). In KBo 22.178+ KUB 48.f09 ii 2'f. the mention of the "eviltetuusai'
immediately before the section describing the inability of close relatives to recognize one another
might suggest it was either a phenomenon which restricted vision (such as a dense thicket or
undergrowth, or mist, fog, or cloud) or that it was a magical "river of forgetfulness" like the river
Lethe of the Orphic conception.zo
The verb kanedd-,which lacks -za in most of the repetitions (ii 4'-8', impossible to tell in ii
8'-I0'), has it only with the mother recognizing her own child (ii 7'). I have also restored it in the
following line, where the child recognizes his own mother.
In lines ii 5-6 it is not clear to me if the sentencesrequire a direct object. If an obiect is required,
restore perhaps: anrwnekefI:an UL kanje{Janzi pappa(-l)Sn15.un3=an UL kanledsanzi "(His/
Her) sistersby the samemother do not recognize him/her; (his/her) brothers by the same father
do not recognize him/her." But since in the other sentencesno "him" (anonymous object, the
deceased)seemsto be expressed,I prefer to leave ii 5-6 without a restored object and to translate
"Sistersby the same mother do not recognize (each other); brothers by the same father do not
recognize (each other)."
Lines ii 5-0 give us a new departure in our interpretation of Hittite sibling terminology. In Ig49
Goetze proposed with some hesitationthat the wordannanelcn,f(pl. acc.) in laws lgl and Ig4 was
a composite of anna- "mother" and nega- "sister."2r His colleagues were sceptical. Friedrich
considered the idea very improbable, and continued to translate anrurneku{as "prostitutes" and
toregard,nega-asa word of unknown meaning.2tln her lg64 edition of the Hittitelaws Imparatia
presented Goetze'sand Friedrich's views and did not attempt to decide between them. She
noted, as did I two yearslater,2athat in any casethe phrase "and their mother" shows that the two
women were in fact sisters,whether or not the word antunega- meant what Goetze thought. I
preferred to interpret antwnega- as "sister" and to consider nega- as unrelated. Also in lg66
Kronasserbreiected Friedrich's translation"Dirne" and consideredantuanega-as"eine weibliche
Verwandte ('Halbschwester'oder Ahnliches?)." Armed with a cruciat new occurrence of n ega- in
the newly discovered KBo22.2(Zalpatext) and another occurrence of annanega- in KBo 21.35i
Il, Otten returned to the subject in l97l and 1973.4His conclusion was thatnega- was a general
term for a young female blood relative (girl, sister,daughter, etc.) and thatannanega-was a more

lE. Or rs havingan evil essociatedwith it. 1952-l9tl), pp. 21, 150.Friedrich, Db hethttkcheaGe-
19. Tlre sentencestrensletedebove as strtementsmay wtze llniden,1050), p. ll4 witb n. 5.
of coursealsobe construedesquestions("Will I go? Will I 23. F. Impanti ,I* Iegglittifc (Rome,lS{), p. 310.
fall?"). %. H. A. Hoffoer,OINS &5 (1966)391f.
20. Cf. fane Harrison, Prolegometw to thc Stuil7 ol 25. H. Krooasset, Etymologle der hethltbchen Sptache
Cteek Religbn (3rd ed., New York, f955), pp. 574-811. ll (Wiesbeden,l$d), p. 126.
21. Coetze,ArOr L7.l/2 (19{9) 289ff. 26. H. Otten,ZA 6l (l9/l) %0, andStBoT17,pp.6f.,36.
22. f . Friedrich,H ethitirchcs W6d erbuch (Heidelberg,
Y

A SCENEIN THE REALM OF THE DEAD 195

precisedesignationof this relationship.In 1974Eichner2T correctly identified the components

"mother" and "sister",but insteadof translating"sisterhavingthe samemother" used"sisterof
the mother" to arriveat "aunt." Kammenhuberin 1975Pt adopteda modificationof Otten'sview,
interpreting negc-as"sister"or "daughter"but tentativelygiving somecredenceto Goetze'sview
by translatinganrutnega-es "Schwester(von derselbenMutter?)." Nine yearslater, in 1g84,
PuhvePeacceptedGoetze'sview fully. He applied the translation"sistersof the samemother"
both to the lawsandto KBo 21.35ill, butseemedstrangelyignorantof KBo?2.L78ii4,which he
did not even mention. Puhvel impliedsoincorrectly that Kronasser,Imparati, and Ottensrhad
expressedagreementwith Goetze'sview. Our review of the evidencehere showsthat no one
prior to Puhvel was willing to agree with Goetze completely. Imparati did not exclude
Friedrich'stranslation"Dirne" so long asoneunderstoodthat the two women were alsosisters.
Kronasserand Otten thought the word denoteda young femalerelative,either daughteror sister.
The crucial evidence of KBo 22.2, showing that nega- did denote a young femde relative,
probably sister,only becameavailablein StBoT17(1973),after the studiesby Goetze,Friedrich,
Imparati, Kronasser,and Hoffner. After that date it was easierto seethe correctnessof Goetze's
view on cnnanega-,althougheventhenKammenhuber useda questionmark for "(von derselben
Mutter?)." Otten too was cautiousin thisrespect.
KBo 22.178+KUB 48.100nowfurnishesconclusiveevidenceprovingGoetzeright.anrcneke[{]
andpappa(-l)SE[S.MES]stareclearlyapair,bothnom. pl.antu-"mother"andpappa-"father"
correspondin the two words, as do nega- "sister" and SE[S] "brother." It is impossibleto
interpret nega-(inannanekeJ)as "daughter"33or "femalecousin,"becausein this text the male
counterpart is SES "brother," not DUMU "son" or Loannlniyami"male cousin."Since the
relationshipwould needto be a very closeoneto fit thiscontext,only "sisters"and"brothers"are
appropriate.Collationconfirmsthat thecopyof KBo 22.178is correctin showingword spaceon
the tablet betweenpa-ap-paand SE[S. . . ]. Yet the parallelismofannaneke.f and pappaSE]S
. . . us
] forces to the conclusionthat pappa(-) SES-whether it is graphicallyone word or
two-was a compound noun meaning"paternalbrother." The word pappa-'father" is dso
known from Palaic.3rLike modern "papa" this word is clearly of the Lallwort type, typically
mouthedby babies.
As for the syllabicHittite equivalentof pappa (-) SolS-eJ],we may proposethat this term is
identicalwith a word whicb twice occurssyllabicallyin publishedtexts;pappanekrw-.InKUB
29.1iii 45ff., 49ff. we read:
nu=zanDUMU.SAL.MES
E-TIMedantarl. . nu=zanpa-ap-pa-ni-ik-nd-et
edantari
"The daughtersof the (royal) householdtake their seats. . the brothers by the same
father (that is, sonsof the king) take their seats."
Schwartzin OrNS 16:44suggestedthat pappanlknedcorrespondedto puuu.NITA.MES "sons"
ibid. v 2. But in this context "brothersby the same (royal) father" immediately following
"daughtersof the (royal)household"is a clearenoughindicationof who is meant.Sincetheking

n. Db Sprcchc20 (rY/{) lES. no indicstion thrt the euthorscited thererfter (otber thao
28. f. Friedricb and A. Kemmenhuber, Hahltbches Hoffner) took r view different from Goctze's.
Wdrletbuchl (bd ed.,Heidelberg,lyf5ff .), p.70 (scparate 31. ln StBoT1736.
publicetion of the first fesciclewes in lg75; the finished 32. Qt papp(-l)SE[S-ef]?
vol. I has the dateslYItlSS4). 33. Otten cnd Kammenhuber allow 'daughter" es r
29. f . Puhvel,If lttlte Etymologlcal Dbtlonarg I (Berlin possibletranslatlonof ncga-,althoughneitherhasclaimed
/New York, lS{), pp.58ff. it for the ncga- in antuncga-.
g. HED I, pp. 58f. 'correctly interpreted by Goetze 3{. Carrubr, StBoT l0 ff.
. .- immediatelyfollowedby'cf. Kronasscr. . .'witb
 196 H A R R Y AH. o F F N E R I R .

had children by different women, it was proper to express the relationship of the princes this
way.
A second passagecontaining pappanektu- is VBoT 58 i 3&37:
nu=u)a dS adamilllasSES.MES-Su
[pa-ap-pa-a)n-ni-ik-ni- e{ nu=ura apa!
Uabbima{ ULISB^T
"Hatamili'sbrothers were (Hahhimas') brothers by the same father. (Therefore)
Hahhimas did not seize them."
The above statement offers a precision of SES.MES "brothers (in generd)" by pappannekned.
Here one might consider the possibility that SESin itself implied a full brother, one having the
same mother and father, while the addition of pappa- could either (l) imply a half-brother,
sharing only the same father, or (2) continue to imply full brother, but reinforce the necessity of
having the same father. The same possibilities exist for nega-(= NIN) "sister" and antwnega-
"sister having the same mother." The occurrence of the latter in the laws shows that the fiwkel
"incest" applies only when the women have the same mother, whether or not they also have the
same father. In any event Schwartz'translation "sons" would not fit in this second passage.And
other translationssuch as"minor (?)," "non-adult (?)," although they face no objection here, have
nothing positive to commend them over the translation suggested here.
If the above equation pappa-SES= pappaneknc- is correct, one would expect a word nektu-
"brother" to occur. Now it happens that there is such a word in the ritual fragment KBo 20.3I:s

obv.
4 ma-a-an ln-xe uc-c.I-ta-i rc-a[n(-l
5 ku-e-li-ma-an-kdn b-e an-da-ma xf
t ri A-dt-KAne-ek-tu [al-zi-il1-{al-i?
f.
6
:.) 7 ouvu.lrsS LUcAL $IA-ALRU-TIM A-NApA-NrLUcAL I
:
ri 8 ns LUGAL-u!ku-e-da-ni-b ut-ni-aln-ti . . . pa-iz-zi nu a-p6-e-b (?)l
li
9 pa-i$-kdn-ta-ru .

"If youdo servanCT'sins,' [remove (?)] him, but do not kill him. But t . . . ] in. And call36
your brothet'e'nekna.' [Let] the little princes t . . . ] before the king. To what land the
king [goes,] let [them also] go."o

&1. E. Laroche,Cataloguedes tertet iiltitas (2nd ed., en equal-ranking king, tbe "servlnt" bere should be e
Paris,l9ll) 438: A = KUB 12.21,B = KBo20.31.Thescript vassalking. If so, the proposedrestoration"[remove(?)]"
of B, if not Old Script,is clearlyMiddle Scriptand older shouldbc consideredaspossiblybetterthan"Ipunish(?)]",
then that of A. Otten (KBo 20, p. vii) and Laroche(CTH which is more fitting for e Hittite subiect.
a38,p. 76) calledthis fragmentarypiecea ritud, but this is 38. One expects en imperetive form bere, .s every-
almost certeinly misteken.Most of the lines seemto be where in the mein cleusesof tbe context:kueit , . .le (B
eddressedto e king. Nothing in c main clausedescribes obv.5), potlkantotu(B obv.9), iyannr$i?l,Jo,l/r,nut (Ai
wbet could be callede ritual act. lapplVabbiinB obv. ll is 9) end pt (A i l3).
part of e subordlnrte, probebly tempord/conditionel, 30. For the purpose of our lexical iDvestigetionit is
clause.If kingscouldbe "instructed"by othermortds, one irrelevantwhether the "brother" bereb e blood brother or
might cell this an instructionstext. Who is the speaker? an equal-rankingforeign king. But if e contrest'servent"
Perhapsan older king instructinghis co-regentsuccessor? versus'brother" is implied, the letter interpretationgains
Perhepsa god? I confessI heve et presentno idee. plausibility.
36. The king is probably the oneeddressedhere.Cf. the 40. Reminiscentof F. Sommerend A. Falkenstein,Dlc
dupl. KUB 12.21i9l0'Oking, megnifytheStormgod,the Hethilhch-akkadlsche Blltnguc da Uattulllll (ABAW, NF
Sungod,the Grsin Deity, Miyetanzipe,. . . and Pe!!ur, 16) (Munich, 1938),ii 42:"When it is the third year,let him
and you will beomee'swift'k[ing]." (the young Murlili I) go oD e cempaign. (But bring him
37. lf the "brother" of the following contextshouldbe back sefely.)"
 A SCENEIN THE REALM OF THE DEAD 197

Here the question is obviously: Who is calling to whom? The fact that the verbal ending is broken
away leaves ambiguity. I have argued in note 38 for an imperative. My preferred restoration is 2
sg. "calll" which seems to accord with the context in which the addressee(2 sg.) is sometimes
commanded (cf .tyanni"setoutl",.falhnnf "magnify/ exeltl,"pai"grvel"),evenif themeaningof
these actions remains somewhat obscure. Possible too would be 3 sg. balzilf{a[u] "let (your
brother) call (you'nelcnc')." But this would leave the object "you" unexpressedin Hittite. If either
"you" call "your brother," or vice versa, the interpretation of the vocative nektu es"brother" is
impeccable. The Hittite word for "brother" is an a-stem (SES-cJ).
We may summarize. The translation of pappa(n)neknedas "brothers having the same father" is
quite plausible for the two OH passagesexamined, as is the translation "brother" for the
apparently vocative nekna (compare the vocative of the a-stem noun i.$it-rnd "my lordl"; a
different i-vocalization is reflected in [Se]S-nl-mi "O my brother" KUB 8.48 i 3) in CTH 438. In
view of the new evidence showing the wordpappa-Se 1S-eJ]"brothers having the same father" it
would seem unobjectionable to claim the following new translations: nektw- "brother" (= SnS),
pappanekru-"paternd brother" (= pappa-SnS). The Luwian word for "brother," rwni- is
probably related.ar C. Watkinsar is of the opinion that negna- could be a derivative of nega-
"sister," pointing out that in both KBo 22.178+ KUB 48.1095'-6' and KUB 2.9.1ii 45ff . the female
term precedes the male.
Although the idea to connect pappa-SESwith pappaneknc- was mine from the beginning, I
wisb to acknowledge that Watkins independently came to the same conclusion after he had heard
my paper in which the ioin of KBo n.fi8 to KUB 48.109 was announced and the passage
interpreted. In that short paper I did not publicly propose the equation with pappanekned.
Watkins'advocacy of the equation by letter encouraged me to propose it more forcefully here.
ln column iii the synonyms lanizzi-"fine, pleasant, agreeable"{3describesthe table, stool and
cup, while c,IJu-"good"ta describesthe kind of food and drink the personsin view do not enjoy.
The oppositeof ad{uadatar"good food" (iii4) is,faltoinuJ"clods of mud" (iii6; cf. Akk. tiddu),
while the opposite of c{duakuwatar=mit"my good drink" (iii 5) is miratirz.f "muddy waters(?)"
(iii 7; cf. Akk. rnd dalbAti). Unlike Jalwini- (an oracle bird) which often occurs in the plural,
dahtsina- "mud, slime," is nowhere outside of this passageunambiguously plural.{s.fatr.r:inal(gen.)
and dalusinit(instr.) could be plurals,'6but there is no reason to suspect from their contexts that
they are not singular. Given the meaning of {alusirw- ("mud"), one would not normally expect it
to occur in the plural. Here the plurals dalu:rinu{andmbmitruJ express"portions" of muddy food
and drink. It is hard to distinguishbetween pzrut"soil," uilan- "clay" andJalwiru-. Constructions
likeJalrpinc.fprnrt"soil of {aluina:' (KUB9.39i2),androdlnc.I{alwinit "with,falurina-of clay"tt
(KBo 17.3 iv 14-15)show the difficulty.

'Iay
41. Celvert Watkins wrote me (fuly, I, 198?): o-a!-Ia e-ez-rt-at-ten ml-l-e-ef-dz KBo 12.39i 8 (Otten,
'negna-
lasanoff noted also that e Common Anstolian MDOC 0{:10f.) one crnnot exclude the possibility thet
could very well comeout rs ndnl-in Luvian;nanaJri-would aJJnis en adverb. Likewise [. . .] &uit o-[al-llu nu apd
be e further derivetive." okkutklzt, if the lacunr contained e dative of person,
42. ln the ssmelctter of July I, 19ff/. would mean '(s)be &inks whet is preferred lby so-snd-
43. Ehelolf, OLZ (1933)4f., Lohmann,IF 5l (l9lB) sol" KBo 23.49iv 10.
325f., Friedrich, HW l8lf., Beckman, StBoT 29 79 45. Most of tbe inflected forms were elready listed in
('delicacies"). Frie&ich, HW lEO.
44. ln the long erticle on aftu- in HWr I 492ff. I cennot ,18.Cf. Otten,StBoT8:122('Sg./Pl.Instr.").
find under sectionsIL2 and 3, and lIL3 any usagelisted 47. So translatedby Gitterbock, Odens l0 (f957) 358.
where a.fJs-describesfood. Similarly in HED I fS&t0A I Or the roilnoJcould go with the precedingJinan,asOtten
find nothingcloseto the presentuse.In the passage [. . .] (StBoT8:37)prefers.
 198 HARRIA. HoFFNERIR.

The occurrence of =mit "my" in akuuatar=mit (iii 5) is jarring. There has been no other
indication in the fragment that the speaker/narrator refers to himself. One is reminded of n:apa
iyatar=mit udandu in KUB 43.60i ll-12, which is equally unprepared for. And since KUB 4i|.60
and our fragment already share the term tenooaf, one might entertain the possibility that they
belong to the same composition. In that caseKBo 22.178+ KUB 48.109might preserve part of the
mostly broken away second and third columns of KUB 43.60,in which the journey of the human
soul on the "great road" (KUB 43.60i 28-29)reachesits end and the traveler seesthe nether world.
The beginnings of lines preserved in KUB {t.60 ii are difficult to interpret.is More is preserved of
KUB 43.80 iii.

l' e,[
2' a-i.d[
3' fu-up-p{x[
4' x- zf -anxf
5' fra-r-pt-{e-ni[
8' a-r-x-r-anaf-
7' al-ol-rtf-it-t[a(-). . .
8' fmJat-rl-tt-ti gaf-
9' KI .MINKtt.ct-alKI [.M1pre
l0' AN.NAkiit!-bu-utI
ll' ki-id-fiu-utusa-x[
L2' x-a[ ti-it-ti-x[
13, ttba-a$-{a-al-li[
14' Ia-ga-a-an ga-anf-

15' ku-e-da-ni-bx[
l6' ku-e-da-ni-ia-at[-
L7' ba-ra-a|^","bi-rk[-
l8' lD-i nu-al-hal-
19' $an $an lci[-
?n' ar-ki-ir r[
2I' trou-sJ-zckd-i-rI
22' {i-ia-at-ta[
2.3' arki-b x[
?/l' ud-da-a-arrl
?5' me-mi-i.{-taxf
2l)' e-ed-dux[
27' a-ti-L$l[a-
A!' nu-u[-da-afn
29' [o -]r-a.{[

48. (ii 3) i-lla-lt. . .l (4\ on-n{o-. . .J (s) li-f[tuc-. . .] e-e[t-. . .] (16)r[. . .] (17and l8 broken; l9) [o[r-. . .J
(6) |ar-ot[-. . .l (7) lrli-ula-. . .] (8) nu-zoA-S[AR. . .] (20)rj-[. . .] (21)bz-u-[.. .] (Trrcesin22-2S,thenbroken
(9) |ar-ga-r[. . .] (10) d-e-el[?-. . .] (ll) fOtr-or 1. . .1 ewey completely.)
(12)KI.MIN r[. . .] (13)e-es[-.. .l (t41,.so-1.. .] (lS) 49. Or ti[-il-[u-ut . . .].
 \\i
A SCENEIN THE REALM OFTHE DEAD T99

' . . . ( 9 ) ' d i t t o ' . B [ e c o m e ] g o(l Id0l )

t . . . l b e c o m e t i n(l 1 1 ) B e c o m e ( 1[0.) . . ] l
. . . ( 1 3 ) s t o o l .[ . . ] ( 1 4 ) i n c l i n e d.t . . I ( I 5 ) O n w h i c h / e v e r y ( ?t ). . . I ( 1 6 ) O n
which,/every (?) [ . . . ] it t . . . 1 (f7) the eagle [ . . . ] (18) at the river the
sacr[ificers(?) . . . ] (19)nineand nine t . . . 1 (20)theydivided.t . . . I (2f) The
s h e e p .. t . . . 1 ( 2 2 ) { i u a t t a [ . . ] ( 2 3 ) t h e y d i v i d e d . t . . l ( % ) w o r d s t . . . l ( 2 5 )
( s ) h e s p o kte. . . . 1 ( 2 I l ) l e t i t b e ( 2 5[ ). . - e d ] (l 2 8 )t . . . l ( 2 f l ) a n a x e t . . . 1 "
The past tenseverb forms arkb and,memilta would seem to exclude the possibility that this
sectionof the text is describinga ritual despitethepresenceof nounsandverbswhich often occur
inritualcontexts(malba[. . .J,atk-,duppiand,ifittobesorestored,fri-ikl-zi]\.Secondperson
sg. imperative forms expresscommandsusually associatedwith incantations,but it is also
possiblethat they form part of a narrativein which personsexpressedthesedesires.In sum,the
preservedportionsof columniii KUB 43.60could,but do not haveto, form a continuationof the
scenein the realm of the dead describedin KBo 22.178+.
Returningto KBo 22.178+,theword wetdt!|. . . ] which occursin iii Eis probably the sameas
the ruritri.$a found in the Old Womanritual KUB 9.4iii 39 (restoredin the parallelKUB 9.34i 23)
and in KBo 17.54i ll-12; mi-i-lu-Ii-ia-a!ln-il-rli-i{-Iala-a'i "may it loosethe urefril of the miluli-."
In these passagesu;etd.dseems to represent an undesirable condition of the maluli(ya\-
/miluli(Va\-(abody tissuC).50 "Emaciation,""wasting"or "consumption"is a probablemeaning.
Sucha meaningwould fit in our passagetoo, following immediatelyupon the statementthat the
denizensof the realm of the deadhaveonly mud to eatand filthy water to drink. ier=demetand
Jer=Jametare attested;der=datnatto my knowledgeis not. Therefore I have preferred the
constructionwith the dat, -loc. =d(a)mad.Line iii ll with its cdd[a.f] "father" may return to
observationsabout family relationsbetweenthe dead.ja-az[-. . . ] in iii ll could belongto the
verb lat- "to dry up".This might describethe skin of the dead, who perhapscannotuseoil to
preventtheir skin from drying out.
Column iv of thistabletis only preservedin a few tracesof endsof lines,oneof which seemsto
say"Drinkt. . lt. .-ilaP-tarl" (3'l.sttn"followinglinecontainedaprohibition:"Don'tt. . .ll"

fi. cHD IIr/3253f. mluotot, onnltatar, liuniyatot, ilplyatot, Suppiyatar,

51. Thereisno obviouscandidateto restorehereamong l u t i g a t o r , J i u o t o r , a ! l i g a t a r , d a l { i y a t a t , t i V o t a t ,
listedin P. Reichert,"GlossaireInversedu Iar diyatar, Jarazzigatat, patkugatar. Perhaps despite the
the possibilities
Hittite," RHA 73 (1975) 67-68: igatot, IaS$igdtor, trace one should read either [. . . wJa?-a-tar e-ku or
nakkigatat, $aligatar, Sapolltyatat, fialtaligatar, ualligatat , [. . .]r A-tor e-&s "drink [. . .] waterl"