UNIX

Below are few useful UNIX command which can be used in your daily task. Unix commands
are case
sensitive and be careful while running any of these command.
Listing of files:
ls -lt | more : list of files, sort by date
ls -lR | more : list of files including sub directories (recursive mode).
ls -l | sort +4nr | more : List of files sort by size.
Space administration:
bdf . : Current file system usage.
bdf : List of the moutpoint with utilization and free space.
df -k : same as above but with more details.
df -k . : Current filesystem usage.
du -k : List of file with current utilization including sub directories.
du -k . : List of files with size in the current directory.
Create / Copy / Move / ftp files:
vi <file_name> : Edit / change the file content. And also the same command is used for
creating the new file.
mv <source_file> <target_path and target_file> : move a file from one location to
other
or same location. Ex. (mv abc.txt pqr.txt) (mv /home/abc.txt /home/Q47/abc.txt. Be careful
while
running this command.
cp <source_file> <target_path and target_file> : Make a copy of a file from one
location
to other or same location. Ex. (cp abc.txt pqr.txt) (cp /home/abc.txt /home/Q47/abc.txt. Be
careful while running this command.
ftp <host_name> : Copy local files from windows machine to Unix server. Ex. below:
o ftp sapux003
o Will prompted user name and password and then it will connect to the UNIX server.
2
o bin : Enable the binary mode.
o hash : Enable the (#) mode.
o put <file_name>
3
General Commands:
last : List of the users who logged into the system, ordered by current date.
top : List of process which are using high CPU, memory etc..
date : today's date.
tail -f <file_name> : Will show the last few lines of the file, and also will update if the file
is
being modified.
tail -<last_line_numbers> <file_name> : same as above but will display the lines
which
you have mentioned in the option. Ex. tail -100 <file_name>.
pwd : show current directory.
uptime : System Uptime, from when the system is up.
ps -eaf | grep <process> : Process are running with the <text> Ex. ps -eaf | grep ora
w : currently logged on users.
whoami : Show which user you are logged in.
env : Show environment variables.
echo $<variable_name> : Show the variable output. Ex. echo $ORACLE_HOME.
Useful commands while working with SAP under UNIX:
 dpmon : Work process list at OS level as SM50.
disp+work -V | more : Current version of the disp+work file.
R3trans -d <SID> : Check whether the R/3 is able to connect to the DB, the log will be
generated at OS level in same directory as "trans.log".
R3trans -x <SID> : Check whether the R/3 is able to connect to the DB, the detailed log
will be
generated at OS level in same directory as "trans.log".
tp connect <SID> : Check whether the tp is able to connect to the DB or not.
SAPCAR -xvf <car/sar_file> : Uncar the SAR/CAR files.
Use the <SID>adm for SAP related activity.
Use the ora<SID> for oracle related activity.
4
General purpose utilities:
1.what is the command to get the calendar?
Cal
2.what is the command to get the date?
Date
3. Displaying the message which we had given?
Echo
4. what is the command for the calculator?
Bc
5. To record the session?
Script
6. To change the password?
Passwd
7. To get the users?
Who
8. To get the terminal characteristics?
Tty
9. displaying and setting the terminal characteristics?
Sty
File oriented commands:
1. what is the command to list out the contents?
Ls -l
2. what is the command to get the hidden files(.,..)?
Ls a
3. what is the command to get the files in category wise(flagged)?
Ls f
4. what is the command to get the directory attributes?
Ls ld <directory name>
Eg: $ ls ld rajesh
5 in ls -l what is the first character indicates?
drwxr-xr-x 2 mgurumur staff 1024 May 10 15:07 temp
Type of the file
- file
d-directory
c-char file
6. what is the command to create a file?
Cat > file name
5
7. How to append the content to an existing file?
Cat >> file name
8. what is the end of file indicator?
Ctrl d
9. how to concatenate two files
Cat file1,file2>file 3.
10 . how to remove a file?
Rm <file name>
11. while removing how to get the prompt for the removal{interactive remove}
Rm I <file1,file2,file3>
12. what is the command for recursive file delete?
Rm r.
13. what is the difference between cat <filename> and cat > file name
First command displays the content of the file
Second command creates the file
14. what is the use of more command
to get the contents page wise
15. what is that command to copy a file and link a file.
cp sample1 sample2 - for copying sample1 to sample2
ln sample1 sample2 - for linking sample1 and sample2
16. what is the difference between linking and copying files.
linking - links two or more files. Does not create another copy of the file. changes in
one file, gets reflected in all the linked files
copy - creates separate files , changes in one is not reflected in
others.
17. How to find the total number of characters in a file
wc -c <file>
18..what is command substitution.
echo todays date is `date`
19.. How to convert case (upper case, lower case) of a file
cat <file> | tr [a-z] [A-Z]
20. How to search for core files from root and delete them
find / -name "core" -exec rm {} \;
21. whats the command to rename a file?
Mv
6
22. to get the type of the file?
File
Eg: file chap01
23. comparing two files?
Cmp
Eg: $cmp file1 file2-----------prints the first mismatch(character and the line)
File1 file2 differ: char 9, line 1
24.to get the common content in two files
comm.
Eg: comm file1 file2 prints the common content in both the files
25. to get the difference in two files and converting one file to other
diff
eg: diff file1 file2
26. to compress and uncompress the files?
Gzip and gunzip
27. to make an archive?
Tar
28. compressing and archiving together?
Zip and unzip
29.how to change the permissions of a file
chmod
30.how to give the executable permission to the group?
Chmod g+x <file name>
31.what is the meaning of the command chmod 777 {4-read,2 write, 1-execute}
rwx for user
rwx for group
rwx for others
32.commands to transfer the files remotely
ftp,rcp,scp
33.what is the difference between rcp and scp?
Rcp-remote copy-no profound authentication
Scp-secured copy-copied in a encrypted format, rate of transit is high
34.what is the syntax for Scp?
scp [options] [[user@]host1:]filename1 ... [[user@]host2:]filename2
eg: scp file1.txt [email protected]:somedir
35.head Output beginning of f
3 6 t a il Output end of f
37.chmode 777 file name
38.ls top
39.
7
Directory oriented commands:
1. what is the command to create a directory?
Mkdir <dir name>
2. what is the command to change the directory?
Cd <dir name>
3. how to move to the parent directory?
cd..
4. how to get the current directory?
Pwd, echo $home
5. how to remove the directory?
Rmdir, rm r
6. what is the difference between rmdir and rm r?
inorder to use the rmdir command the directory should be empty.
The rm r itself deletes the subdirectories.
7. how to copy the entire directory structure?
Cp -R <dir1><new dir>
Process oriented and filters:
1. what are the basic filters available?
Grep, sed.
Grep pattern <file name>
2. how to count for pattern in a file
grep -c "pattern" <file>
2. what is sed?
Sed is used as a multipurpose filter.
3.how to increment value of a variable
a=`expr $a + 1`
4. how to check for various processes that are running on a system
ps -ef
5. How will you execute a program so that it runs in the background
8
progranname &
6. How to bring background process to foreground
fg
Vi editor commands:
STARTING vi
vi filename edit a file named "filename"
vi newfile create a new file named "newfile"
ENTERING TEXT
i insert text left of cursor
a append text right of cursor
MOVING THE CURSOR
h left one space
j down one line
k up one line
l right one space
BASIC EDITING
x delete character
nx delete n characters
X delete character before cursor
dw delete word
ndw delete n words
dd delete line
ndd delete n lines
D delete characters from cursor to end of line
r replace character under cursor
cw replace a word
ncw replace n words
C change text from cursor to end of line
o insert blank line below cursor
(ready for insertion)
O insert blank line above cursor
(ready for insertion)
J join succeeding line to current cursor line
nJ join n succeeding lines to current cursor line
u undo last change
U restore current line
9
MOVING AROUND IN A FILE
w forward word by word
b backward word by word
$ to end of line
0 (zero) to beginning of line
H to top line of screen
M to middle line of screen
L to last line of screen
G to last line of file
1G to first line of file
<Control>f scroll forward one screen
<Control>b scroll backward one screen
<Control>d scroll down one-half screen
<Control>u scroll up one-half screen
n repeat last search in same direction
N repeat last search in opposite direction
CLOSING AND SAVING A FILE
ZZ save file and then quit
:w save file
:q! discard changes and quit file
9
UNIX
Below are few useful UNIX command which can be used in your daily task. Unix commands
are case
sensitive and be careful while running any of these command.
Listing of files:
ls -lt | more : list of files, sort by date
ls -lR | more : list of files including sub directories (recursive mode).
ls -l | sort +4nr | more : List of files sort by size.
Space administration:
bdf . : Current file system usage.
bdf : List of the moutpoint with utilization and free space.
df -k : same as above but with more details.
df -k . : Current filesystem usage.
du -k : List of file with current utilization including sub directories.
du -k . : List of files with size in the current directory.
Create / Copy / Move / ftp files:
vi <file_name> : Edit / change the file content. And also the same command is used for
creating the new file.
mv <source_file> <target_path and target_file> : move a file from one location to
other
or same location. Ex. (mv abc.txt pqr.txt) (mv /home/abc.txt /home/Q47/abc.txt. Be careful
while
running this command.
cp <source_file> <target_path and target_file> : Make a copy of a file from one
location
to other or same location. Ex. (cp abc.txt pqr.txt) (cp /home/abc.txt /home/Q47/abc.txt. Be
careful while running this command.
ftp <host_name> : Copy local files from windows machine to Unix server. Ex. below:
o ftp sapux003
o Will prompted user name and password and then it will connect to the UNIX server.
2
o bin : Enable the binary mode.
o hash : Enable the (#) mode.
o put <file_name>
3
General Commands:
last : List of the users who logged into the system, ordered by current date.
top : List of process which are using high CPU, memory etc..
date : today's date.
tail -f <file_name> : Will show the last few lines of the file, and also will update if the file
is
being modified.
tail -<last_line_numbers> <file_name> : same as above but will display the lines
which
you have mentioned in the option. Ex. tail -100 <file_name>.
pwd : show current directory.
uptime : System Uptime, from when the system is up.
ps -eaf | grep <process> : Process are running with the <text> Ex. ps -eaf | grep ora
w : currently logged on users.
whoami : Show which user you are logged in.
env : Show environment variables.
echo $<variable_name> : Show the variable output. Ex. echo $ORACLE_HOME.
Useful commands while working with SAP under UNIX:
dpmon : Work process list at OS level as SM50.
disp+work -V | more : Current version of the disp+work file.
R3trans -d <SID> : Check whether the R/3 is able to connect to the DB, the log will be
generated at OS level in same directory as "trans.log".
R3trans -x <SID> : Check whether the R/3 is able to connect to the DB, the detailed log
will be
generated at OS level in same directory as "trans.log".
tp connect <SID> : Check whether the tp is able to connect to the DB or not.
SAPCAR -xvf <car/sar_file> : Uncar the SAR/CAR files.
Use the <SID>adm for SAP related activity.
Use the ora<SID> for oracle related activity.
4
General purpose utilities:
1.what is the command to get the calendar?
Cal
2.what is the command to get the date?
Date
3. Displaying the message which we had given?
Echo
4. what is the command for the calculator?
Bc
5. To record the session?
Script
6. To change the password?
Passwd
7. To get the users?
Who
8. To get the terminal characteristics?
Tty
9. displaying and setting the terminal characteristics?
Sty
File oriented commands:
1. what is the command to list out the contents?
Ls -l
2. what is the command to get the hidden files(.,..)?
Ls a
3. what is the command to get the files in category wise(flagged)?
Ls f
4. what is the command to get the directory attributes?
Ls ld <directory name>
Eg: $ ls ld rajesh
5 in ls -l what is the first character indicates?
drwxr-xr-x 2 mgurumur staff 1024 May 10 15:07 temp
Type of the file
- file
d-directory
c-char file
6. what is the command to create a file?
Cat > file name
5
7. How to append the content to an existing file?
Cat >> file name
8. what is the end of file indicator?
Ctrl d
9. how to concatenate two files
Cat file1,file2>file 3.
10 . how to remove a file?
Rm <file name>
11. while removing how to get the prompt for the removal{interactive remove}
Rm I <file1,file2,file3>
12. what is the command for recursive file delete?
Rm r.
13. what is the difference between cat <filename> and cat > file name
First command displays the content of the file
Second command creates the file
14. what is the use of more command
to get the contents page wise
15. what is that command to copy a file and link a file.
cp sample1 sample2 - for copying sample1 to sample2
ln sample1 sample2 - for linking sample1 and sample2
16. what is the difference between linking and copying files.
linking - links two or more files. Does not create another copy of the file. changes in
one file, gets reflected in all the linked files
copy - creates separate files , changes in one is not reflected in
others.
17. How to find the total number of characters in a file
wc -c <file>
18..what is command substitution.
echo todays date is `date`
19.. How to convert case (upper case, lower case) of a file
cat <file> | tr [a-z] [A-Z]
20. How to search for core files from root and delete them
find / -name "core" -exec rm {} \;
21. whats the command to rename a file?
Mv
6
22. to get the type of the file?
File
Eg: file chap01
23. comparing two files?
Cmp
Eg: $cmp file1 file2-----------prints the first mismatch(character and the line)
File1 file2 differ: char 9, line 1
24.to get the common content in two files
comm.
Eg: comm file1 file2 prints the common content in both the files
25. to get the difference in two files and converting one file to other
diff
eg: diff file1 file2
26. to compress and uncompress the files?
Gzip and gunzip
27. to make an archive?
Tar
28. compressing and archiving together?
Zip and unzip
29.how to change the permissions of a file
chmod
30.how to give the executable permission to the group?
Chmod g+x <file name>
31.what is the meaning of the command chmod 777 {4-read,2 write, 1-execute}
rwx for user
rwx for group
rwx for others
32.commands to transfer the files remotely
ftp,rcp,scp
33.what is the difference between rcp and scp?
Rcp-remote copy-no profound authentication
Scp-secured copy-copied in a encrypted format, rate of transit is high
34.what is the syntax for Scp?
scp [options] [[user@]host1:]filename1 ... [[user@]host2:]filename2
eg: scp file1.txt [email protected]:somedir
35.head Output beginning of f
3 6 t a il Output end of f
37.chmode 777 file name
38.ls top
39.
7
Directory oriented commands:
1. what is the command to create a directory?
Mkdir <dir name>
2. what is the command to change the directory?
Cd <dir name>
3. how to move to the parent directory?
cd..
4. how to get the current directory?
Pwd, echo $home
5. how to remove the directory?
Rmdir, rm r
6. what is the difference between rmdir and rm r?
inorder to use the rmdir command the directory should be empty.
The rm r itself deletes the subdirectories.
7. how to copy the entire directory structure?
Cp -R <dir1><new dir>
Process oriented and filters:
1. what are the basic filters available?
Grep, sed.
Grep pattern <file name>
2. how to count for pattern in a file
grep -c "pattern" <file>
2. what is sed?
Sed is used as a multipurpose filter.
3.how to increment value of a variable
a=`expr $a + 1`
4. how to check for various processes that are running on a system
ps -ef
5. How will you execute a program so that it runs in the background
8
progranname &
6. How to bring background process to foreground
fg
Vi editor commands:
STARTING vi
vi filename edit a file named "filename"
vi newfile create a new file named "newfile"
ENTERING TEXT
i insert text left of cursor
a append text right of cursor
MOVING THE CURSOR
h left one space
j down one line
k up one line
l right one space
BASIC EDITING
x delete character
nx delete n characters
X delete character before cursor
dw delete word
ndw delete n words
dd delete line
ndd delete n lines
D delete characters from cursor to end of line
r replace character under cursor
cw replace a word
ncw replace n words
C change text from cursor to end of line
o insert blank line below cursor
(ready for insertion)
O insert blank line above cursor
(ready for insertion)
J join succeeding line to current cursor line
nJ join n succeeding lines to current cursor line
u undo last change
U restore current line
9
MOVING AROUND IN A FILE
w forward word by word
b backward word by word
$ to end of line
0 (zero) to beginning of line
H to top line of screen
M to middle line of screen
L to last line of screen
G to last line of file
1G to first line of file
<Control>f scroll forward one screen
<Control>b scroll backward one screen
<Control>d scroll down one-half screen
<Control>u scroll up one-half screen
n repeat last search in same direction
N repeat last search in opposite direction
CLOSING AND SAVING A FILE
ZZ save file and then quit
:w save file
:q! discard changes and quit file
9