Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands

(RIS)
Categories approved by Recommendation 4.7 (1990), as amended by Resolution VIII.13 of the 8th Conference of the
Contracting Parties (2002) and Resolutions IX.1 Annex B, IX.6, IX.21 and IX. 22 of the 9th Conference of the
Contracting Parties (2005).

This Ramsar Information Sheet has been converted to meet the 2009 2012 format, but the RIS
content has not been updated in this conversion. The new format seeks some additional information
which could not yet be included. This information will be added when future updates of this Ramsar
Information Sheet are completed. Until then, notes on any changes in the ecological character of the
Ramsar site may be obtained from the Ecological Character Description (if completed) and other
relevant sources.

1. Name and address of the compiler of this form: FOR OFFICE USE ONLY.
Mr Mark Lintermans DD MM YY
Wildlife Research and Monitoring
Environment ACT
PO Box 144
LYNEHAM ACT 2602 Designation date Site Reference Number

Ph: (02) 6207 2117

Fax: (02) 6207 2122

2. Date this sheet was completed/updated:

June 1999

3. Country:
Australia

4. Name of the Ramsar site:

The precise name of the designated site in one of the three official languages (English, French or Spanish) of the Convention.
Alternative names, including in local language(s), should be given in parentheses after the precise name.

Ginini Flats Wetland Complex

5. Designation of new Ramsar site or update of existing site:

Ginini Flats Wetland Complex was designated on 11 March 1996.
The previous RIS was dated 1995.

This RIS is for (tick one box only):

a) Designation of a new Ramsar site ; or
b) Updated information on an existing Ramsar site

6. For RIS updates only, changes to the site since its designation or earlier update:

a) Site boundary and area

The Ramsar site boundary and site area are unchanged:

or
If the site boundary has changed:
i) the boundary has been delineated more accurately ; or
 Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS), page 2

ii) the boundary has been extended ; or

iii) the boundary has been restricted**

and/or

If the site area has changed:

i) the area has been measured more accurately ; or
ii) the area has been extended ; or
iii) the area has been reduced**

** Important note: If the boundary and/or area of the designated site is being restricted/reduced, the
Contracting Party should have followed the procedures established by the Conference of the Parties in the
Annex to COP9 Resolution IX.6 and provided a report in line with paragraph 28 of that Annex, prior to
the submission of an updated RIS.

b) Describe briefly any major changes to the ecological character of the Ramsar site, including in
the application of the Criteria, since the previous RIS for the site:

7. Map of site:
Refer to Annex III of the Explanatory Note and Guidelines, for detailed guidance on provision of suitable maps, including digital
maps.

a) A map of the site, with clearly delineated boundaries, is included as:

i) a hard copy (required for inclusion of site in the Ramsar List): ;

ii) an electronic format (e.g. a JPEG or ArcView image) ;

iii) a GIS file providing geo-referenced site boundary vectors and attribute tables .

b) Describe briefly the type of boundary delineation applied:

e.g. the boundary is the same as an existing protected area (nature reserve, national park, etc.), or follows a catchment boundary,
or follows a geopolitical boundary such as a local government jurisdiction, follows physical boundaries such as roads, follows the
shoreline of a waterbody, etc.

8. Geographical coordinates (latitude/longitude, in degrees and minutes):

Provide the coordinates of the approximate centre of the site and/or the limits of the site. If the site is composed of more than
one separate area, provide coordinates for each of these areas.

Latitude: 35 31 S; Longitude: 148 46 E

9. General location:
Include in which part of the country and which large administrative region(s) the site lies and the location of the nearest large
town.

Near Mt. Ginini, Namadgi National Park, Australian Capital Territory; nearest urban area is the city
of Canberra.

10. Elevation: (in metres: average and/or maximum & minimum)

Ginini Flats Wetland Complex:
Ginnni Flats 1600 - 1520 m above sea level
Cheyenne Flats 1500 - 1540 m above sea level

11. Area: (in hectares)

Wetland complex: 50 ha
Open Flats: 75 ha
 Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS), page 3

Total Catchment: 410 ha

12. General overview of the site:

Provide a short paragraph giving a summary description of the principal ecological characteristics and importance of the wetland.

The Ginini Flats wetland consists of a complex of subalpine Sphagnum bogs and associated wet heath
and wet grassland occupying a series of interconnected flats known as Ginini Flats and Cheyenne
Flats (Figure 1). The wetlands occur in low-lying, open areas with impeded drainage which has
resulted in the formation of a bog complex on deep peaty soils (Hope and Southern 1983). The area is
relatively undisturbed, and is part of the Cotter River catchment, the primary water supply for the city
of Canberra. The Ginini Flats complex includes particularly good examples of a Sphagnum bog at its
northern-most limit in the Australian Alps. The area includes some of the largest, deepest and best
preserved bogs found in mainland south-eastern Australia (Costin 1972).

13. Ramsar Criteria:

Tick the box under each Criterion applied to the designation of the Ramsar site. See Annex II of the Explanatory Notes and
Guidelines for the Criteria and guidelines for their application (adopted by Resolution VII.11). All Criteria which apply should be
ticked.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

14. Justification for the application of each Criterion listed in 13 above:

Provide justification for each Criterion in turn, clearly identifying to which Criterion the justification applies (see Annex II for
guidance on acceptable forms of justification).

Criterion 1: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it contains a

representative, rare, or unique example of a natural or near-natural wetland type found within the
appropriate biogeographic region.
[Justification against former Criterion 1(a) under the Pre-1999 Criteria]
The Ginini Flats wetland is one of the largest, deepest and least disturbed subalpine Sphagnum bogs
in mainland south-eastern Australia. Such wetlands have a very limited distribution in the Australian
Alps.

Criterion 2: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it supports vulnerable,

endangered, or critically endangered species or threatened ecological communities.
[Justification against former Criterion 2(a) under the Pre-1999 Criteria]
The wetland complex has a diverse assemblage of subalpine flora and fauna that is restricted to this
wetland type.

Criterion 3: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it supports populations of

plant and/or animal species important for maintaining the biological diversity of a particular
biogeographic region.
[Justification against former Criterion 2(b) under the Pre-1999 Criteria]
The Ginini Flats wetland complex is at the northern biophysical limit of this habitat type, and is of
importance in maintaining the genetic and ecological diversity of a number of endemic and restricted
species found in subalpine wet heaths and bogs.

Criterion 4: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it supports plant and/or

animal species at a critical stage in their life cycles, or provides refuge during adverse conditions.
[Justification against former Criterion 2(c) under the Pre-1999 Criteria]
The Ginini Flats complex provides important breeding habitat for the vulnerable Corroboree Frog
(Pseudophryne corroboree), a rare species confined to the Southern Highlands of New South Wales
 Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS), page 4

and the Australian Capital Territory. The area also supports the largest population of this species in
the Brindabella Range.

15. Biogeography (required when Criteria 1 and/or 3 and /or certain applications of Criterion 2 are
applied to the designation):
Name the relevant biogeographic region that includes the Ramsar site, and identify the biogeographic regionalisation system that
has been applied.

a) biogeographic region:

b) biogeographic regionalisation scheme (include reference citation):

16. Physical features of the site:

Describe, as appropriate, the geology, geomorphology; origins - natural or artificial; hydrology; soil type; water quality; water
depth, water permanence; fluctuations in water level; tidal variations; downstream area; general climate, etc.

The topography consists of a series of gently undulating broad, open flats lying between the higher
slopes and ridges of the Bimberi Range. The highest part of the catchment includes the summit of Mt.
Ginini (1762 m asl).

The underlying geology consists of four main types: intensely folded Ordovician Nungar sediments,
late Silurian intrusives, McKeahnie Adamellite, and Ginini Leucoadamellite (Owen and Wyborn
1979), the latter are both intensely deformed. The Nungar beds, which are derived from deep marine
turbidity currents, consist of fine quartz arenite, siltstone, and slate. The McKeahnie Adamellite is a
foliated adamellite, while the Ginini Leucoadamellite is a Leucoadamellite, consisting of adamellite,
and aplite. The Nungar Beds occupy the western third of the nominated area, with most of the
wetland complex being underlain by granitic rocks.

The soil types found within the catchment include alpine humus soils on the surrounding wooded
slopes, and well developed peats up to two metres deep beneath areas of wet heath and bog (Costin
1972).

The waters of Ginini Flats are unpolluted, and are part of the water supply for Canberra. The
ephemeral pools within the bogs typically have a substrate of loose organic debris, are shallow,
slightly acidic, have low conductivities, and very low turbidities (Osborne 1990). The permanent
streams that cross the flats are typically small and often completely overgrown with wet heath
vegetation. The total area of wetland is about 50 ha, with the catchment occupying approximately
410 ha.

The climate is sub-alpine, with winter snow cover generally persisting for at least one month/year. At
Bulls Head (1366 m asl, 15 km north of Ginini Flats), the nearest station with suitable long-term
climate data, the mean annual precipitation is 1100 mm/yr, the mean maximum temperature for the
warmest month (January) is 13.4 C, and the mean minimum temperate for the coolest month is
4.2 C (information provided by the Bureau of Meteorology, Canberra).

17. Physical features of the catchment area:

Describe the surface area, general geology and geomorphological features, general soil types, and climate (including climate type).

18. Hydrological values:

Describe the functions and values of the wetland in groundwater recharge, flood control, sediment trapping, shoreline
stabilization, etc.

The wetlands occupy part of the Cotter River Catchment which provides a major part of the urban
water supply for Canberra. Snow cover on the subalpine ranges in this area provides a significant
winter storage that is released slowly as the snow melts. Snowmelt may be an important factor in
 Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS), page 5

maintaining the hydrological conditions that encourage Sphagnum development within the Ginini
Flats wetlands.

The flats contain some of the largest and best preserved Sphagnum bogs on Australian mainland
(Costin 1954), with the peat being two meters deep in places (Clark 1980). Costin (1972) estimated
the age of the peat to be about 3280 years BP, with wood remains being present from about 3070
years BP. The bogs are spring fed, and are reasonably well protected from fire due to their large
extent and the presence of extensive areas of moist Sphagnum.

19. Wetland Types

a) presence:
Circle or underline the applicable codes for the wetland types of the Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type present in
the Ramsar site. Descriptions of each wetland type code are provided in Annex I of the Explanatory Notes & Guidelines.

Marine/coastal: A B C D E F G H I J K Zk(a)

Inland: L M N O P Q R Sp Ss Tp Ts U Va
Vt W Xf Xp Y Zg Zk(b)

Human-made: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Zk(c)

b) dominance:
List the wetland types identified in a) above in order of their dominance (by area) in the Ramsar site, starting with the wetland
type with the largest area.

U.

20. General ecological features:

Provide further description, as appropriate, of the main habitats, vegetation types, plant and animal communities present in the
Ramsar site, and the ecosystem services of the site and the benefits derived from them.

The Ginini Flats wetland complex occurs on an interconnected series of subalpine flats, where,
because of the underlying granitic geomorphology, extensive Sphagnum bogs and associated wet
heath and wet grassland have formed in areas with impeded drainage (National Capital Development
Commission 1989; Hope and Southern 1983). Ginini Flats and Cheyenne Flats comprises a mosaic of
bog, wet heath, wet herbfield, sedgeland, dry heath, and tall wet heath surrounded by sub-alpine
woodland. The Sphagnum bogs in this area, with their characteristic hummock-hollow development,
are the northern-most examples of this type of wetland in the Australian Alps (Evans and Keenan
1993).

The dominant vegetation found within each of the wetland vegetation types is listed in Table 1. The
surrounding slopes are dominated by snow gum woodland (Eucalyptus pauciflora ssp debeuzevillei)
with a grassy ground cover (Poa spp) or shrubby understorey (Bossaea foliosa, Oxylobium ellipticum,
Daviesia ulicifolia, Leptospermum lanigerum in sheltered sites).

21. Noteworthy flora:

Provide additional information on particular species and why they are noteworthy (expanding as necessary on information
provided in 14, Justification for the application of the Criteria) indicating, e.g., which species/communities are unique, rare,
endangered or biogeographically important, etc. Do not include here taxonomic lists of species present these may be supplied as supplementary
information to the RIS.

Subalpine bog and wet heath vegetation has a restricted occurrence in favourable situations in the
Australian Alps. Sites with extensive bog development dominated by Sphagnum are uncommon on
the mainland of Australia. Significant plant species associated with the wetlands include the peat
 Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS), page 6

moss (Sphagnum cristatum), alpine plum pine (Podocarpus lawrencei), alpine ballart (Exocarpus
nanus), dwarf buttercup (Ranunculus millanii), silvery carraway (Oreomyrrhis argentea), and
Craspedia sp. F. (Helman and Gilmour 1985).

Table 1: Main vegetation types found within the Ginini Flats wetland complex (after Helman and
Gilmour 1985 and NCDC 1989)
.
Vegetation Dominant species
community
Bog Sphagnum cristatum, Richea continentis and Restio australis
Wet herbfield Poa costiniana P. clivicola and Athropodium milleflorum
Wet heath Epacris paludosa, Baeckea gunniana and Callistemon sieberi
Sedgeland Carex gaudichaudiana and Ranunculus spp.
Dry heath Bossiaea foliosa, Oxylobium alpestre, and Helipterum anthemoides
Tall wet heath Leptospermum lanigerum and Sphagnum cristatum

22. Noteworthy fauna:

Provide additional information on particular species and why they are noteworthy (expanding as necessary on information
provided in 14. Justification for the application of the Criteria) indicating, e.g., which species/communities are unique, rare,
endangered or biogeographically important, etc., including count data. Do not include here taxonomic lists of species present these may be
supplied as supplementary information to the RIS.

Subalpine wetlands in the Australian Alps support a distinctive fauna that includes many unusual, rare
or endemic invertebrates and vertebrates (Green and Osborne 1994). In the Ginini Flats area many of
these species are at the northern limit of their biophysical range, and are somewhat isolated from
populations further south in Kosciusko National Park.

Noteworthy species present in the Ginini Flats complex include the broad-toothed rat (Mastacomys
fuscus), Latham's snipe (Gallinago hardwickii), corroboree frog (Pseudophryne corroboree), the
alpine water skink (Eulamprus koscuiskoi), the bog skink (Niveoscincus rawlinsoni), and invertebrates
such as the metallic bog cockroach (Polzostera virridisma) (Evans and Keenan 1993). The broad-
toothed rat, and the corroboree frog, are listed as Vulnerable and Rare Species on the Schedule 12 of
the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Act (1992). The corroboree frog is listed as Vulnerable in the
draft Action Plan for Australian Frogs (Tyler in prep.) Mountain Galaxias (Galaxias olidus), a small
native fish confined mainly to streams that do not support introduced populations of trout, also occur
in the streams that bisect the flats.

The Ginini Flats wetland complex is particularly important for the conservation of the spectacular
yellow and black corroboree frog. The corroboree frog is a rare endemic species found only at high
altitudes in the Southern Highlands between Smiggin Holes in Kosciusko National Park (NSW) and
the northern end of the Brindabella Range near Canberra. The population at Ginini Flats is one of the
largest known populations of this uncommon species. The numerous pools scattered throughout the
bogs and wet heaths provide an important variety of potential breeding sites.

Corroboree frogs are listed as being a Vulnerable species by the IUCN (1994 Red List of Threatened
Animals). In Australia the species is considered to be threatened in both New South Wales (National
Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 - Vulnerable and Rare species) and the Australian Capital Territory
(Nature Conservation Act 1980 - Special Protection Status Species). Continuing declines in the
population numbers of this species (Osborne 1989, 1991) are of concern, adding to the importance of
the protection of large areas such as the Ginini Flats complex.

23. Social and cultural values:

 Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS), page 7

a) Describe if the site has any general social and/or cultural values e.g., fisheries production, forestry,
religious importance, archaeological sites, social relations with the wetland, etc. Distinguish between
historical/archaeological/religious significance and current socio-economic values:
Within the wetland system there is little evidence that the flats were used by Aboriginals. However,
there is considerable evidence of aboriginal use of the nearby Mt Gingera area (Flood 1980). Thus, it
is likely that the open flats would have been used as a route by people during their annual visits to the
high peaks to harvest bogong moths (Agrotis infusa) (Clark 1980).

There is little evidence of early European settlement within the catchment. Existing cultural sites
within the area include an arboretum, and former cleared ski run.

b) Is the site considered of international importance for holding, in addition to relevant ecological values,
examples of significant cultural values, whether material or non-material, linked to its origin, conservation
and/or ecological functioning?

If Yes, tick the box and describe this importance under one or more of the following categories:

i) sites which provide a model of wetland wise use, demonstrating the application of traditional
knowledge and methods of management and use that maintain the ecological character of the
wetland:

ii) sites which have exceptional cultural traditions or records of former civilizations that have
influenced the ecological character of the wetland:

iii) sites where the ecological character of the wetland depends on the interaction with local
communities or indigenous peoples:

iv) sites where relevant non-material values such as sacred sites are present and their existence is
strongly linked with the maintenance of the ecological character of the wetland:

24. Land tenure/ownership:

a) within the Ramsar site:
The entire catchment is contained within Namadgi National Park in the Australian Capital Territory.
The western edge of the catchment extends to the state boundary between the Australian Capital
Territory and New South Wales. Bimberi Nature Reserve is located on the New South Wales side of
the border, offering similar protection to that of a national park.

b) in the surrounding area:

25. Current land (including water) use:

a) within the Ramsar site:
The current land use of the area is nature conservation, and catchment management. Human activities
that take place in the catchment are minimal and principally recreational. Bushwalking and cross-
country skiing are popular activities in the general area. As the wetlands are part of the Bendora sub-
catchment management area, camping is restricted, limiting human activity to day use.

Access to the Ginini Flats area is via a maintained gravel road ending in a small car park, allowing car
access to within 300 metres of the wetland complex. The public road is closed during high fire risk
times, and during times of high snow cover. Beyond the car park, the road is closed to the public by
locked gates. There is a four wheel drive vehicle management trail that crosses parts of Cheyenne
Flats (Figure 1).

b) in the surroundings/catchment:
 Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS), page 8

Within the catchment there is a small Civil Aviation Authority air navigation facility on the summit of
Mt. Ginini. A gravel road is also maintained to this facility.

26. Factors (past, present or potential) adversely affecting the sites ecological character,
including changes in land (including water) use and development projects:
a) within the Ramsar site:
The Ginini Flats wetlands remain relatively undisturbed and free of weed invasion. Past disturbances
to the flats have included livestock grazing, and extraction of peat and Sphagnum (Clark 1980).
Livestock grazing apparently has been minimal with the last official grazing in the area occurring in
1909, and possibly during a period of drought in 1920 (Clark 1980). In 1938 a two metre deep trench
some 50 m in length was dug through a large area of peat at Ginini Flats by researchers from the
Department of Forestry at the Australian National University, and this may have altered the hydrology
of a small area of the wetlands nearby. During the 1940's, Sphagnum was extracted from part of the
bog, the effects showing on aerial photography taken during 1944 (Clark 1980). On the eastern side
of Mt. Ginini, upslope of the wetlands, trees have been removed to form a ski run, which is now
disused.

Fire presents a moderate threat to the wetland complex. In subalpine areas wildfires can severely
damage peat and bog areas (Good 1973). For example in January 1983 a wildfire burnt moss and
underlying peat in Rotten Swamp at 1460 m altitude in Namadgi National Park (Helman and Gilmour
1985).

The main current threats to the wetland system are from recreational use and damage caused by feral
animals. Feral pigs are a threat as they disturb large areas of herbfield in their search for food such as
insect larvae and tubers (Alexiou 1983). Pigs also wallow in bog pools and can disturb the breeding
pools used by the corroboree frogs which breed in this area.

As the flats are one of the most accessible high altitude bog/ wet heath areas in ACT, there is the risk
of trails forming from the compression of vegetation from walkers (Clark 1980 and NCDC 1989).
There is also a minor threat to the wetlands from the establishment of exotic conifer trees from seeds
dispersed from an arboretum on the north eastern slopes of Mt Ginini. A number of such trees have
already established in the area between Ginini and Cheyenne Flats.

b) in the surrounding area:

27. Conservation measures taken:

a) List national and/or international category and legal status of protected areas, including boundary
relationships with the Ramsar site:
In particular, if the site is partly or wholly a World Heritage Site and/or a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, please give the names of
the site under these designations.
The Ginini Flats wetland complex occurs entirely within the Namadgi National Park in the Australian
Capital Territory. The western edge of the catchment extends to the state boundary between the
Australian Capital Territory and New South Wales. Bimberi Nature Reserve is located on the New
South Wales side of the border, offering similar protection to that of a national park.

b) If appropriate, list the IUCN (1994) protected areas category/ies which apply to the site (tick the box
or boxes as appropriate):

Ia ; Ib ; II ; III ; IV ; V ; VI

c) Does an officially approved management plan exist; and is it being implemented?:

d) Describe any other current management practices:

 Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS), page 9

In the ACT it is illegal to hunt or trap or remove habitat of wildlife within national parks and reserves.
Wildlife is defined as including both flora and fauna. The area is also wholly contained within the
Bendora Reservoir sub-catchment within the Cotter River catchment, and as such there are restrictions
on camping and fishing. Vehicular access to the wetlands by public is restricted by closure of a
management trail. In the past the activities of feral pigs have damaged the bogs, however following a
successful program by ACT Parks and Conservation Service to reduce pig populations, the amount of
ongoing damage has been minimised.

28. Conservation measures proposed but not yet implemented:

e.g. management plan in preparation; official proposal as a legally protected area, etc.

The Ginini Flats area is being nominated for designation as a Ramsar site. The area also has been
nominated as part of the National Estate of Australia.

29. Current scientific research and facilities:

e.g., details of current research projects, including biodiversity monitoring; existence of a field research station, etc.

There are currently no research facilities within the catchment of the wetlands. However
because of its proximity to Canberra the area has attracted considerable use for research.
Studies undertaken at Ginini Flats include research on Sphagnum development (Clark
1980), carbon-14 dating of the age of bogs (Costin 1972) and the ecology of
corroboree frogs (Osborne 1990). From time to time the Australian National University,
and the University of Canberra use the site for teaching purposes.

30. Current communications, education, participation and awareness (CEPA) activities related to
or benefiting the site:
e.g. visitors centre, observation hides and nature trails, information booklets, facilities for school visits, etc.

During holiday periods and other times of demand, there are guided walks lead by rangers of the ACT
Parks and Conservation Service. These occur mainly during summer, but also during winter when the
snow cover acts as an added attraction. Some private eco tourism groups also visit the Ginini Flats
area.

31. Current recreation and tourism:

State if the wetland is used for recreation/tourism; indicate type(s) and their frequency/intensity.

The open flats and bog areas provide an appealing destination for summer day visitors, who use the
area for nature study and hiking. During the winter the road is often closed to private vehicles due to
snow on the road. At these times, the snow-covered roads and flats provide a popular cross-country
ski route.

32. Jurisdiction:
Include territorial, e.g. state/region, and functional/sectoral, e.g. Dept of Agriculture/Dept. of Environment, etc.

ACT Government, Department of Urban Services

33. Management authority:

Provide the name and address of the local office(s) of the agency(ies) or organisation(s) directly responsible for managing the
wetland. Wherever possible provide also the title and/or name of the person or persons in this office with responsibility for the
wetland.

ACT Parks and Conservation Service

PO Box 1119
Tuggeranong, ACT 2901 Australia
 Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS), page 10

Telephone: (02) 6207 2900

34. Bibliographical references:

Scientific/technical references only. If biogeographic regionalisation scheme applied (see 15 above), list full reference citation for
the scheme.

Alexiou, P. N. (1983). Effects of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) on subalpine vegetation at Smokers Gap,
A.C.T. Proceedings Ecological Society of Australia 12, 135-142.

Clark, R. (1980). Sphagnum growth on Ginini Flats, ACT. Unpublished Report, Australian National
University, Canberra.

Costin, A.B. (1954). 'A Study of the Ecosystems of the Monaro Region of New South Wales.'
Government Printer, Sydney

Costin, A. B. (1972). Carbon-14 dates from the Snowy Mountains area, South eastern Australia, and
their interpretation. Quaternary Research. 2:579-590.

Evans, L. and Keenan, C. (1993). Summary of important wetlands in the Australian Capital Territory.
Pp 3-3 to 3-14 In: Usback, S. and James, R. (comp.). 'A Directory of important wetlands in
Australia.' Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra.

Flood, J. M. (1980). The Moth Hunters. Aboriginal Prehistory of the Australian Alps. Australian
Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra.

Good, R. B. (1973). A preliminary assessment of erosion following wildfires in Kosciusko National

Park, N.S.W. in 1973. Soil Conservation Journal of New South Wales 29, 191-199.

Green, K. and Osborne, W.S. (1994). Wildlife of the Australian Snow Country. Reed, Sydney.

Helman, C. E. and Gilmour, P. M. (1985). Treeless vegetation above 1000 metres altitude in the
ACT. Report to the Conservation Council of the South East Region and Canberra, Canberra.

Hope, G. S. and Southern, W. (1983). Organic deposits of the Southern Tablelands region, New
South Wales. National Parks and Wildlife Service of New South Wales, Sydney.

NCDC (1989). Sites of Significance in the ACT. Volume 8. Cotter River Catchment. Technical
Paper 56, National Capital Planning and Development Commission, Canberra.

Osborne W.S. (1989). Distribution, relative abundance and conservation status of Corroboree Frogs
Pseudophryne corroboree Moore (Anura: Myobatrachidae). Aust. Wildl. Res. 16, 537-547.

Osborne W.S. (1990). The biology and management of the Corroboree frog (Pseudophryne
corroboree) in NSW. Species Management Report No. 8, NSW National Parks and Wildlife
Service, Sydney.

Osborne W.S. (1990). The conservation biology of Pseudophryne corroboree Moore (Anura:
Myobatrachidae): A study of insular populations. Ph.D. thesis, Australian National
University, Canberra.

Owen, M. and Wyborn, D. (1979). Geology and Geochemistry of the Tantangara and Brindabella
1:100000 sheet areas, New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory. Bulletin 204, Bureau
 Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS), page 11

of Mineral Resources, Geology and geophysics. Australian Government Publishing Service,

Canberra.

Please return to: Ramsar Convention Secretariat, Rue Mauverney 28, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland
Telephone: +41 22 999 0170 Fax: +41 22 999 0169 e-mail: [email protected]