Curved-Bar Nodes

A detailing tool for strut-and-tie models

By Gary J. Klein

S ince reinforcing bars were first used in concrete, they

have been designed with bends for anchorage and
transfer of forces in connection regions. Examples include
node. In the general case, a curved-bar node is the bend
region of a continuous reinforcing bar (or bars) where
two tension ties are in equilibrium with a compression strut
beam-column and wall-slab junctions, where bent bars at in an STM. Specific recommendations for design and
the outside of a frame corner resist closing moments. detailing using STMs with curved-bar nodes in frame
The forces in these corners can be modeled using the corners and dapped-end beams are offered.
strut-and-tie model (STM) shown in Fig. 1. In this example,
the curved region of the bar is modeled as a series of Strut-and-tie model
segments with tension forces opposed by a series of The tie forces at a curved-bar node must be equilibrated
fan-shaped compression struts. In this article, Ill explain by one or more struts. In most cases, the intersection of
how this curved region can be modeled as a curved-bar two ties and a strut at the curved-bar node form a
compression-tension-tension (C-T-T) node. Several
additional examples of curved-bar nodes in concrete
a A ts fy
connection regions, or so-called D-regions, are shown in
Fig. 2. To simplify analyses of C-T-T nodes such as shown
in Fig. 1, 2(a), or 2(b), the curved region can be modeled
as a single node at the intersection of the centerlines of
Closing the straight ties (Point a in Fig. 1).
C 2 = 2C 1 moment As shown by the example C-T-T node in Fig. 3, nodal
zones are generally too small to allow development of tie
4 5 forces through bond alone. If conservative design guide-
C1 lines for the use of curved-bar nodes in D-regions are
developed, curved-bar nodes can provide a cost-effective,
simpler alternative to separate mechanical anchorages.
Although Appendix A of ACI 318-081 does not yet
recognize curved-bar nodes, its provisions can be used
to develop design recommendations.

Compressive Stress at
A ts fy
Closing
C1 Curved-Bar Nodes
moment In a typical case, a strut bisects the angle formed
by the ties extending from the curved-bar node. For
Fig. 1: Strut-and-tie model of forces due to closing moment at a 90-degree corners with equal tie forces, the strut angle is
frame corner
45 degrees, and, using a pressure vessel analogy, the
compressive stress acting in the curved region of the bar
Worked example designs for strut-and-tie models using depends only on the radius of the bend and the tensile
curved-bar nodes are available with the online version force in the bar. It follows that no bond stresses are
of this article at www.concreteinternational.com required within the curved region itselfonly a uniform,

42 september 2008 / Concrete international

 radial compression stress is required
to maintain equilibrium within the
region. By placing conservative limits
on the compressive stresses acting
on the bar, an equilibrium (lower
bound) model for the node can be
established.
Compressive stress fcu at a
curved-bar node is limited by the
Prestressing strand yield strength of the tie reinforce-
(not shown in elevation) ment. Thus, the maximum value is
given by
(a) (b)
y (1)
rb b

where Ats is the area of nonprestressed

20 tie reinforcement, fy is the specified
yield strength of the tie reinforcement,
rb is the inside radius of the reinforcing
bar bend, and b is the width of the
strut transverse to the plane of the
STM.
The minimum bend radius in
terms of allowable nodal stress, fce,
WWR throughout
can be derived by reorganizing Eq. (1)
(c) (d) as follows

Fig. 2: Strut-and-tie models with curved-bar nodes: (a) column corbel; (b) dapped- rb (2)
end beam; (c) hammer-head bridge pier with rounded end; and (d) pocket in a bfce
spandrel beam

Node Strength
ACI 318 requirements for C-T-T nodes
ACI 318 limits the compressive stress at nodes to
0.85n f c. The n values reflect the degree of disruption of
the nodal zone due to the incompatibility of tension
strains in the ties and compression strains in the struts.
For C-T-T nodes, where there is tension strain in two
directions, n is 0.6, which is less than the 0.8 value for
compression-compression-tension (C-C-T) nodes. Thus,
the allowable compressive stress for a typical curved-bar
node (a C-T-T node) is 0.85 0.6 = 51% of the specified
compressive strength, f c.

Frame corners tests

To confirm that the ACI 318 limits are appropriate, the
performance of frame-corner connections with curved-
bar nodes was reviewed. Several researchers2-6 have
studied the flexural strength of reinforced concrete
corners. In most cases, conventional corner reinforcement
(Fig. 1) is sufficient to develop the full flexural strength of
Fig. 3: Development of the tie reinforcement in nodal zones the adjacent members. One study6 of the flexural strength
cannot rely on bond alone (from Reference 1) of corners reinforced with two No. 6 (No. 19) bars spaced

Concrete international / september 2008 43

3 in. (75 mm) apart in 6 in. (150 mm) CL
square members, however, reported 1 L 5 x 2 14 x
3
8
x3 6
that all of the specimens (except for 2
2 No. 3
one specimen with a welded diagonal PL 5 x 4 5 x 1 7
8 8 8
No. 4 x 4 in. No. 4 x 4 in. 7
stiffener) failed at a moment below 2 No. 3 2 No. 3
PL 3 x 3 x 4 7
the nominal flexural strength. The 18 8 8
in. strand
report noted that, It is likely that the 1 Bars A
(typ)
failures were caused by bearing Bars A
9
failure of the concrete in the diagonal 3db
60
compression zone between the L
bends in the tensile and compressive Specimen No. Bars A L
reinforcement.6 In these tests, the a)
1A 2 No. 4 13 Dimensions in in.
calculated compressive stress at 1B and 1C No. 4 + 1 No. 3 22 Deformed Bars per ASTM A706
ultimate load given by Eq. (1) varied
CL
from 1.08 to 1.60 times the measured X 6 No. 5 x 17 in. (2A only)
concrete compressive strength. 1
2
Thus, the limiting strength given in
ACI 318 of 0.51f c appears safe, if not No. 5 (2A only) PL 3 x 6 x 6
7 8
2 No. 3 2 No. 3
overly conservative. Using the ACI 318 PL 3 x 6 x 4 7
8 8
strength limit for C-T-T nodes (n = 0.6), 18
in. strand
the minimum radius becomes 1 Bar A
(typ) 9
Bar A C 3db
rb 2 (3a) 60
bfc' L
Specimen No. Bar A L C X
Dapped-end beam tests b) 2A 1 No. 5 16 1 1/8
Tests7 have also been performed 2B and 2C 1 No. 5 28 1 1/8
on a series of dapped-end tee beams 2D 1 No. 5 28 1 1
to investigate several reinforcement Fig. 4: Reinforcement for double-tee specimens with dapped ends (based on Reference 7)
(note: 1 in. = 25.4 mm)
schemes for the end region. A typical
reinforcement scheme (Specimen 1B)
is shown in Fig. 4(a). Specimen 1B satisfactory. Therefore, although the 2 in. (50 mm) in this case. Based on
failed at a load of 27 kips (120 kN) diagonal crack extended through the strain measurements, the stress in
when a diagonal tension crack curved-bar node, specimens exhibiting the No. 5 (No. 16) bar was about 30 ksi
developed and extended through the this behavior should be considered (200 MPa) just before failure. The
lower corner of the full section. to have failed in shear. corresponding compressive stress
Although the end region was not An alternate scheme (Specimen 2B), over the reduced effective web width
designed using an STM, the cracking in which a single inclined hanger was 2700 psi (1806 MPa), or about
pattern clearly indicated a diagonal bar was used, is shown in Fig. 4(b). 48% of the measured concrete
strut extending upward from the This specimen did not exhibit the compressive strength. Thus, the
lower corner of the full section. The typical failure behavior exhibited by limiting strength given in ACI 318 of
lower end of strut was equilibrated by Specimen 1B. At a load of only 20 0.51f c may be unconservative for
the inclined and horizontal extensions kips (89 kN), the web split at the bars with shallow cover.
of the continuous reinforcing bars lower corner of the full section. This Two other tests8 on dapped-end
[1 No. 4 and 1 No. 3 (1 No. 13 and failure at the curved-bar node is beams with curved-bar nodes
1 No. 10)] at the lower corner of the attributable to the difference in the contained a reinforcement scheme
full section. Thus, the bend region is a reinforcement details, as the single similar to that shown in Fig. 2(b).
curved-bar node. Shear reinforcement No. 5 (No. 16) hanger bar had only Before reaching ultimate load, a
was not used inside the end region, 5/8 in. (16 mm) clear side cover. The diagonal crack extended downward
so there were no ties at the upper eccentricity can be accounted for by to the lower corner of the beam. The
end of the strut. The expected shear considering an effective width for the calculated ultimate compressive
resistance of the full section, curved-bar node equal to twice the stress at the curved-bar node was
however, was developed, and the distance from the center of the bar to 1.50 and 1.89 times the measured
overall performance was considered the nearest concrete surfaceabout concrete compressive strength.

44 september 2008 / Concrete international

 a b
b Atsfytanc
C ircu m feren tial bo n d fo rce per un it len g th = Atsfy(1-tanc )/ b
c
Variab le rad ial co m p ressive stress. Maximum at point c = Atsfy /brb
rb rb
c
R esu ltan t = C3
Ats Atsfytanc

Atsfy
c

Free Body Diagram of Curved Bar C3 = Atsfy /cosc

Fig. 5: Frame corner with two layers of
reinforcement
C2 = Atsfytanc

Atsfy C1 = Atsfy

C-C-T curved bar nodes Fig. 6: Unequal tie forces in a frame corner result in bond stress along the circumference
of the bend. The radius of the bend must produce a bend length lc adequate to develop
A C-C-T node is formed by a the required bond force
curved-bar node with a 180-degree
bend. The upper right nodes shown
in Fig. 2(b) and (c) are examples of
such C-C-T nodes. Unlike the general Bond Stress at Curved- length ld should be at least (1 tanc);
case, where ties exiting the curved Bar Nodes that is
bar node create disruptive tensile In some cases, for example a
strains in two directions, parallel ties junction between a wall and a slab lb ld (1 tanc) (4a)
provide confinement. As such, Eq. (3a) with different effective depths (Fig. 6),
is too conservative for curved-bar the tie forces are not equal. The In terms of rb, Eq. (4a) becomes
nodes with 180-degree bends. Using compressive stress on the inside
the ACI 318 strength limit for C-C-T radius of the bar must therefore vary, rb 2ld (1 tanc) db (4b)
nodes (n = 0.8) the minimum radius and circumferential bond stress  2

from Eq. (2) becomes develops along the bar.9
The maximum nodal compressive Effective Width of
rb 1.5 (3b) stress occurs at the point of Curved-Bar Nodes
bfc' tangency for the tie carrying the The effective width of a node is
greater force. Assuming this tie usually taken as the width of the
where Ats is the area of nonprestressed yields, the compressive stress is member transverse to the plane of
tie reinforcement at one end of the given by Eq. (1). At 90-degree corners, the STM. This assumption is usually
180-degree bend. the resultant force in the strut is valid for curved-bar nodes, but
Ats fy /cosc, where c is the smaller of there are three potential concerns:
Multi-layer curved-bar nodes the two angles between the strut (or 1) excessive compressive stress
Where more than one layer of the resultant of two or more struts) under the bend region of the bar;
reinforcement is used in the plane and ties extending from a curved-bar 2) transverse eccentricity of the
of the STM, nodal zone stresses node. The bond force that must be bars relative to the member; and
are increased in proportion to developed along bend length lb is 3) side splitting of bars with shallow
the number of layers. Figure 5 Ats fy (1 tanc). In view of the high side cover.
illustrates the use of two layers of contact stress on the inside of the The minimum bend radii provided
reinforcement at a frame corner. In bend, it would seem that the in ACI 318 are sufficient to avoid
these cases, Eq. (3a) or (3b) may be development length ld for straight crushing under the bend region of the
used provided Ats is taken as the area bars can be conservatively applied to bar. Assuming the minimum bend
of tie reinforcement in all layers, and the bend region at a curved-bar node. radius provisions are met, this condition
rb is taken as the bend radius at the Accordingly, at 90-degree corners, the need not be checked, even when
inside layer. ratio of curve length to development large, widely-spaced bars are used.

Concrete international / september 2008 45

 No.11 @ 6 in. (3 layers) the support. Design using an STM with a curved-bar
node has two distinct advantages over this traditional
approach. First, by assuring nodal stresses are within
ACI 318 limits, the possibility of a diagonal flexural
failure at less than the flexural strength of the connected
members is avoided. Second, the design is not limited
by the available development length to the face of
the support.

7 ft 6 in.
In most cases, standard bend radii will exceed the
Lap splice

minimum required by Eq. (3a). There are, however,

exceptions such as very deep members with multiple
layers of reinforcement. For example, the wall-to-roof
junction for a tunnel shown in Fig. 7 has flexural
reinforcement consisting of three layers of No. 11
(No. 36) bars spaced 6 in. (150 mm) on center. In this
case, all three layers contribute to the force in the
diagonal strut. According to Eq. (3a), the bend radius
should be at least 23 in. (580 mm), based on an f c of
4000 psi (28 MPa). The standard bend radius is only 6 in.
(150 mm). Thus, the nodal stress would greatly exceed
7 ft 6 in.
the ACI 318 limit. The ACI 318 limit on C-T-T nodal
stress, however, is very conservative relative to actual
Fig. 7: Primary flexural reinforcement adapted from the design
of a wall/roof slab junction of a tunnel (note: 1 in. = 25.4 mm; performance of frame corners in tests, and the as-built
1 ft = 304.8 mm) detail would be expected to perform satisfactorily
under normal loading. Nonetheless, the ability of the
as-built corner to develop the nominal moment capacity
The second concern, transverse eccentricity, can be is questionable. Note that the 23 in. (580 mm) radius
addressed by limiting the effective width of the node to required by Eq. (3a) could have easily been accommodated
twice the distance from the centroid of the tie to the within the dimensions of the corner, enhancing the
nearest face of the member. In this way, the struts and structural integrity of the wall-to-slab connection.
ties are coplanar. If standard hooks at the corners had been used to
Side splitting is the most difficult concern. In the develop the bars, construction would have been
dapped-end beam tests7 previously discussed, the web significantly simplified. The effectiveness of the hooks in
split at a No. 5 (No. 16) bar with 5/8 in. (16 mm) cover. developing the nominal moment capacity, however, is
Others5 have observed side-splitting failures at frame highly questionable. In addition to the concerns noted
corners with 0.87 in. (22 mm) diameter bars and 1.3 in. with respect to Fig. 7, the straight extensions on the end
(33 mm) clear side cover. The commentary to the of the standard hooks would likely not be long enough to
development length equations in Section 12.2.2 of ACI 318 develop the needed tensile force if a crack parallel to the
states that when the cover to the center of the bar is diagonal strut extends to the outside corner.
greater than 2.5 bar diameters, pullout failures are
expected rather than a splitting failure. Although more Design of Dapped-end Beams
research is required to definitively assess the minimum Designs using curved-bar nodes can simplify the
side cover requirements for curved-bar nodes, a clear detailing of dapped-end connections. Designs that do not
side cover of at least 2 bar diameters appears conserva- employ curved-bar nodes require separately anchored
tive. Where this side cover cannot be provided, the bend ties at the lower corner of the full section. A continuous
radius required by Eq. (3a) or (3b) should be increased bar or series of parallel bars through the lower corner
by multiplying the calculated bend radius by a factor of region is a much simpler and more economical alternative.
2 bar diameters divided by the specified clear cover. For members with narrow webs, such as precast double
tees, there may not be enough room to provide separately
Design of Frame Corners anchored ties. In such locations, a continuous bent bar
Traditionally, frame corners subject to closing moments may be a better choice.
are designed based on the flexural strength at the face of As shown in Fig. 2(b), a continuous bent bar (or pair
the support. As required by Section 12.12 of ACI 318, the of bars) can be used for the C-C-T node above the
hooked-bar development length is checked at the face of reaction point, as well as the C-T-T node at the lower

46 september 2008 / Concrete international

corner of the full section. The curved-bar C-C-T node 8. Nanni, A., and Huang, P.C., Validation of an Alternative
avoids congestion and is more economical than welded Reinforcing Detail for the Dapped Ends of Prestressed Double Tees,
embedments, such as those shown in Fig. 4. PCI Journal, V. 47, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2002, pp. 38-49.
9. Blandn, J.J., and Rodrguez, M., Behavior of Connections and
closing remarks Floor Diaphragms in Seismic-Resisting Precast Concrete Buildings,
The new tool presented in this article for designing PCI Journal, V. 50, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 2005, pp. 56-75.
connections in reinforced concrete structures provides
design guidelines where none currently exist in U.S. Received and reviewed under Institute publication policies.
practice. The design guidelines and equations for curved-
bar nodes are not intended as accurate predictors of
capacity; rather, they provide conservative designs
consistent with current limits for nodal stress in STMs.
Available test data, although very limited, indicate that
Gary J. Klein, FACI, is Executive Vice
the design recommendations are conservative, but
President and Senior Principal at Wiss,
further research and testing that examine specific
Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., North-
performance parameters such as bend radius and clear
brook, IL. A licensed structural engineer, he
cover would allow even more diverse and reliable use of
is a member of ACI Committees 318,
STMs with curved-bar nodes. Nonetheless, if used in
Structural Concrete Building Code; 342,
accordance with the conservative design guidelines
Evaluation of Concrete Bridges and Bridge
provided herein, curved-bar nodes are a powerful and
Elements; and Joint ACI-ASCE Committee
economical tool for detailing connection regions in
445, Shear and Torsion.
reinforced concrete.

Design Examples
To provide additional practical guidance to designers,
design guidelines and five example designs using
curved bar nodes are provided in an appendix to
this article. The appendix can be viewed at the end
of the electronic version of this article available at
www.concreteinternational.com.

References
1. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary, American Concrete
Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2008, 465 pp.
2. Mayfield, B.; Kong, F.-K.; Bennison, A.; and Twiston Davies,
J.C.D., Corner Joint Details in Structural Lightweight Concrete, ACI
Journal, Proceedings V. 68, No. 5, May 1971, pp. 366-372.
3. Nilsson, I.H.E., and Losberg, A., Reinforced Concrete Corners
and Joints Subjected to Bending Moment, Journal of the Structural
Division, ASCE, V. 102, No. ST6, June 1976, pp. 1229-1255.
4. Nilsson, I.H.E., Reinforced Concrete Corners and Joints
Subjected to Bending Moment, National Swedish Institute for Building
Research, Document D7:1973, Stockholm, Sweden, 1973, 250 pp.
5. stlund, L., The Influence of Bending Radius and Concrete
Cover for Deformed Bars on the Risk of Splitting Failure in Reinforced
Concrete Structures, The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm,
Sweden, 1963, 92 pp. (in Swedish)
6. Swann, R.A., Flexural Strength of Corners of Reinforced
Concrete Portal Frames, Technical Report TRA/434, Cement and
Concrete Association, London, UK, Nov. 1969, 14 pp.
7. Mattock, A.H., and Theryo, T.S., Strength of Precast Prestressed
Concrete Members with Dapped Ends, PCI Journal, V. 31, No. 5,
Sept.-Oct. 1986, pp. 58-75. CIRCLE READER CARD #15

Concrete international / september 2008 47

DESIGN GUIDELINES
Strut-and-tie models with curved-bar nodes are effective tools for designing D-regions that
include frame corners, corbels, dapped-end beams, pier cap ends, and spandrel pockets. The
following paragraphs summarize design guidelines for the use of curved-bar nodes. Design
examples are provided following the design guidelines.

Bend radius and node stress

Bend radii should be within the limits of Eq. (3a) and (3b) (repeated here for convenience):
for C-T-T nodes: Eq. (3a)
.
for C-C-T nodes: Eq. (3b)

Equations (3a) and (3b) ensure that node stresses are within the limits prescribed in Appendix A
of ACI 318-08. Equation (3a) applies to a C-T-T node formed by a bar bent over an included
angle of less than 180 degrees, and Eq. (3b) applies to what is effectively a C-C-T node formed
by a bar with a 180-degree bend. As a general rule, a larger bend radius will result in lower nodal
stress. For optimum performance, the bend radius should be as large as possible, but the center of
curvature must fall within the limits of the member or joint as defined by the geometry of the
truss. Figure A.1 illustrates the region in which the center of curvature must fall for a typical
frame corner.

Fig. A.1: Permissible zone for the center of curvature of a curved-bar node at a frame corner

Multi-layer curved-bar nodes

Where more than one layer of reinforcement is used in the plane of the STM, nodal zone stresses
are increased in proportion to the number of layers. Equations (3a) and (3b) may be used
provided Ats is taken as the area of tie reinforcement in all layers, and rb is taken as the bend
radius at the inside layer.

A.1
Bond stress in curved-bar nodes
In cases where the compression strut (or the resultant of multiple struts) does not bisect the angle
formed by the ties extending from the curved-bar node, the length of the bend should be
proportioned to develop the difference in tie force. For 90-degree bends, the minimum radius
required for sufficient development length through the curve may be checked using Eq. (4b)
(repeated here for convenience):
Eq. 4b

Effective width of curved-bar nodes

The effective width of nodes transverse to the plane of the STM truss is usually taken as the
width of the member. The minimum bend radii provided by ACI 318-08 are sufficient to avoid
crushing under the bend region of the bar itself. Where the centroid of the tie is not located in the
middle of the member, the effective width of the node should be taken as twice the distance from
the centroid of the tie to the nearest face of the member. To avoid side splitting, clear side cover
of at least 2 db is suggested. Where this side cover cannot be provided, the bend radius should be
increased in inverse proportion to the decrease in clear cover.

Frame corners
Design using an STM with a curved-bar node has two distinct advantages over traditional
approaches. First, by assuring node stresses with ACI limits, the possibility of a diagonal flexural
failure at less than the full potential flexural strength of the connected members is avoided.
Second, the design is not limited by the available development length to the face of the support.

Dapped-end beams
Designs using curved-bar nodes can simplify the detailing of dapped-end beams. A continuous
bent bar (or series of parallel bars) can be used for two nodes: the C-C-T node above the reaction
point and the C-T-T at the lower corner of the full section. Designs that do not employ curved-
bar nodes require separately anchored ties at these locations. The details of the curved bar nodes
are, however, very important for a successful design. Eccentricity and side cover must be
considered.

Crack control
In addition to the primary tie reinforcement, confinement or skin reinforcement may be needed
to control cracking in the connection region, especially for connection of large members (see
Design Example 4).

A.2
 DESIGN EXAMPLES

Example 1: Wall/Slab Junction

Mu = 200 in.-kip/ft

fy = 60 ksi; fc = 4000 psi; d = 5 in.

Ats = No. 6 @ 6 in. = 0.88 in.2/ft

Design Method
Design a wall/slab junction using an STM with a curved-bar node.

First, flexural strengths at Sections a and b are checked using traditional

approaches. The locations of the compression struts are based on the depth of
the compression block, a. Next, the minimum bend radius is checked using Eq.
(3a) for C-T-T nodes. Then, the radius required to assure development of the
difference in tie forces is check using Eq. (4b). Finally, it is shown that the
traditional approach of checking hooked bar development would not work for this
example.

Flexural Design

Flexure at Section a:

Ats fy 0.88 x 60
a= = = 1.52 in.
0.85 1 fc b 0.85 x 0.85 x 4 x 12

1.52
c = a/1 = = 1.79 in.
0.85

c(d-c) 0.003 (5.0 - 1.79)

s = = = 0.0054 > 0.005 => = 0.9
c 1.79
Mn = Asfy(d - a/2) = 0.90 x 0.88 x 60 (5.0 - 1.52/2) = 201 in.-kip/ft

A.3
The stresses at Section b will be different than at Section a. For simplicity,
however, the centroid of the compression strut is also assumed to be at a/2 = 0.76
in. from the inside face of the wall at Section b.

C-T-T Node Stress

Check bend radius per Eq. (3a):

2 Ats fy 2 x 0.88 x 60
rb > = = 2.20 in. OK (STD rb = 3 db = 2.25 in.)
b fc 12 x 4

Development of Difference in Tie Force

c = Arctan(4.24/5.24) = 39.0 degrees

fy t e 60,000 x 1.0 x 1.0

ld = x db = x 0.75 = 28.5 in.
25 fc 25 x 1.04000

Check minimum radius required for development using Eq. (4b):

2ld(1 - tanc) db 2 x 28.5 (1 - tan39.0) 0.75

rb > - = - = 3.1 in.; use rb = 4 in.
2 2

Note that required rb is greater than the standard radius.

Also note that rb< d; therefore, the center of curvature is inside the C-C-C node,
as it must be.

Development Using Traditional Approach

Traditional approach is to check development length of hook, ldh, at face of

support.

ldh = (0.02 efy/ fc )db = (0.02 x 1.0 x 60,000 / 1.0 x 4000) x 0.75 = 14.2 in.

Note that the required development length far exceeds that available.

A.4
Example 2: Column Corbel
Use an STM with a curved-bar node to design a corbel. The example is based on
example 17.2 from the Notes on ACI 318-05 by the Portland Cement Association
(PCA), but the column reinforcement above the corbel is not continuous.

fy = 60 ksi; fc = 5000 psi

16 x 16 in. column

Check Ties

Tie bd: Fu = 75.8 kip

4 No. 6 bars; Ats = 1.76 in.2

Fn = Atsfy = 0.75 x 1.76 x 60 = 79.2 kip

C-T-T Node Stress

Check bend radius per Eq. (3a):

2Atsfy 2 x 1.76 x 60
rb > = = 2.64 in.
bfc 16x5

Standard bend = 3db = 2.25 in. N.G.

A.5
Development of Difference in Tie Forces
c = Arctan(11/18) = 31.4 degrees

Check basic bar development for No. 6 bars, which should be considered top
bars.

fy t e 60,000 x 1.3 x 1.0

ld = = x 0.75 = 33.1 in.
25 fc 25 x 1.0 5000

Check minimum radius required for development using Eq. (4b):

2ld(1 - tanc) db 2 x 33.1 (1 - tan31.4) 0.75

rb > - = - = 7.8 in.; use rb = 8 in.
2 2

Note that required rb is much greater than the standard radius.

Development Using Traditional Approach

Traditional approach is to check development length of hooked, ldh, at face of
support.

ldh = (0.02 efy/fc )db = (0.02 x 1.0 x 60,000 / 1.0 x 5000) x 0.75 = 12.7 in.

In this case, a standard hook could have been developed in the available length.
See example 17.2 in Notes on ACI 318-05 by PCA for additional design
considerations.

A.6
Example 3: Dapped-End Beam

Design a dapped T-beam support using an STM with curved-bar nodes.

The reinforcement layout is shown below. The truss model used to calculate strut
and tie forces is also shown. A group of stirrups is modeled as a single vertical
tie at the left side of the model. To simulate the 180-degree bend at Node a, a rigid
beam element is used to connect the tie extending from each end of the 180-
degree bend. The beam element is hinged at Node a to assure the forces on each
side of Node a are equal. The resulting model is determinate.

fy = 60 ksi; fc = 6000 psi

Check Ties

Tie be: Fu = 27.5 kip

2 No. 5 bars; Ats = 0.62 in.2

Fn = Atsfy = 0.75 x 0.62 x 60 = 27.9 kip

Tie cd: Fu = 27.5 kip

1 No. 7 bar; Ats = 0.60 in.2

Fn = 0.75 x 0 .60 x 60 = 27.0 kip; say OK

A.7
Node Stresses
Check bend radius at C-C-T Node a per Eq. (3b):

1.5Atsfy 1.5 x 0.62 x 60

rb > = = 1.55 in.
b fc 6.0 x 6

Standard bend = 3db = 1.88 in. OK; use rb = 2.5 in. to match reinforcement layout
geometry.

Check bend radius at C-T-T Node b per Eq. (3a):

2Atsfy 2 x 0.62 x 60
rb > = = 2.8 in.
b fc 4.5 x 6

Increase minimum radius in inverse proportion to the decrease in side cover.

Actual side cover at Node b is 0.75 in.; 2db = 2 x 0.625 = 1.25 in.

Therefore, rb > 2.8 x 1.25/0.75 = 4.7 in. Use rb = 6 in. Note that rb = 6 in. is
significantly greater than the standard 3db bend of 1.88 in.

Development of Difference in Tie Force

c = Arctan (10/12.5) = 38.7 degrees

fy t e 60,000 x 1.0 x 1.0

ld = x db = x 0.625 = 19.4 in.
25 fc 25 x 1.06000

2ld(1 - tanc) db 2 x 19.4 (1 - tan38.7) 0.625

rb > - = - = 2.2 in.; OK, rb = 6 in.
2 2

A.8
Example 4: Pier Cap Cantilever

fy = 60 ksi; fc = 4000 psi

Design a pier cap cantilever with rounded ends using an STM with curved-bar
nodes. Node a is a C-C-T node.

Check Ties

Top Ties Fu = 213 kip

Ats = 2.4 in.2; 2Ats = 4.8 in.2

Fn = Atsfy = 0.75 x 4.8 x 60 = 216 kips OK

A.9
Node Stresses
Check bend radius at C-C-T Node a per Eq. (3b). This is a multi-layer node. Ats is
taken as the area of reinforcement in both layers, and rb is bend radius at the
inside layer.

b 3+2+2 = 8 in.

1.5 Atsfy 1.5 x 2.4 x 60

rb > = = 6.8 in.
b fc 8x4

OK, rb = 12.5 in.

In addition to the primary ties, nominal stirrups and longitudinal skin

reinforcement should be provided for crack control.

A.10
Example 5: Spandrel Pocket
Design hanger reinforcement for a pocket spandrel using a curved-bar node. The
bend angle is less than 180, so the node will be considered a C-T-T node.

fy = 60 ksi; fc = 6000 psi

Check Ties

Fu = 25.0/(2cos20) = 13.3 kip

No. 5 bar, Ats = 0.31 in.2

Fn = Atsfy = 0.75 x 0.31 x 60 = 14.0 kip OK

Node Stresses
Check bend radius at C-T-T node per Eq. (3a):

b 1+ 1 = 3 in.

2 Atsfy 2 x 0.31 x 60
rb > = = 2.1 in.
b fc 3x6

Use rb = 4.0 in. to clear pocket.

A.11