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CONTENTS
Page No
OBJECTIVES
2
INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSORS
4
HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE
9
CLOCK, POWER SUPPLY AND
INSTRUCTION CYCLE
18
BUS CONCEPT
23
RAM & ROM, ADDRESSING MODES
25
INTERRUPTS
31
I / O CONCEPTS
39
MODULE ON
MICROPROCESSOR
This topic consists of 8 hours of theory lectures and 6 hours of practical sessions,
one criterion test of one hour duration and two hours of practical test.
OBJECTIVES
Be able to
Lesson 1 Describe the parts of a computer.
• .Understand the Intel 8086 Microprocessor.
Lesson 2
• Describe the architecture of MPU 8086.
• Describe the stack and the stack pointer,PC and Flag register
Lesson
Describe the Clock and powersupplies
• Describe the 8086 pin diagram Describe the timing, power supply and
Instruction cycle of 8086.
Lesson 4Describe the meaning of Bus in Microprocessor.
• Describe the types of Bus arrangements.
Lesson 5Understand ROMs and RAMs.
• Describe the addressing modes in 8086 Microprocessor.
Lesson 6
• Describe the Hardware and Software Interrupts in 8086 Microprocessor.
• Describe the Interrupt response of 8086 Microprocessor.
Lesson 7
• . Describe the concept of memory mapped I/O.
• Describe the types of Data Transfer.
Criterion Test
The test will be held for ½ hour duration. The trainee is expected to secure 60
percent marks without the aid of the material
***********
chapter 1
2
The entire CPU with timing and control functions on a single chip is known
asMicroprocessor. Therefore a Microprocessor or MPU is an integrated circuit that
containsmany processing capabilities of a large computer.
Microprocessor Evolution
A common way of categorizing is by the number of bits that their ALU can workwith
at a time. A Microprocessor with a 4 - bit ALU will be referred to as a 4-bitMicroprocessor,
regardless of the number of address lines or the number of data bus linesthat it has. The first
microprocessor was the Intel 4004 produced in 1971. This 4004 was a4 - bit device intended to
be used with some other devices in making a calculator .Somelogic designers, however, saw
that this device could be used to replace PC boards full ofcombinationaland sequential logic
devices. Also, the ability to change the function of asystem by just changing the programming,
rather than redesigning the hardware, is veryappealing. It was these factors that pushed the
evolution of microprocessors.
In 1972Intel come out with the 8008 which was capable of working with 8-bitwords.
In 1974 Intel announced the 8080 which had a much larger instruction set than8008. The 8080
is referred to as a second-generation microprocessor.
Soon after Intel produced 8080, Motorola came out with MC 6800, another 8-
bitgeneral purpose CPU. Some of the other competitors were the MOS technology 6502
andthe Zilog Z80. The 16-bit microprocessors entered the marketplace in the late 1970s
andearly 1980s. Then came the 32-bit processors.
Most Widely, Microprocessors are divided into two groups based on their origin.These
groups may be tabled as the 6’s group and that of the 8’s . A familytre e of the 6’sgroup and
that of the 8’s group is shown in figure 2.
5