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CONTENTS
Page No
OBJECTIVES
2
INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSORS
4
HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE
9
CLOCK, POWER SUPPLY AND
INSTRUCTION CYCLE
18
BUS CONCEPT
23
RAM & ROM, ADDRESSING MODES
25
INTERRUPTS
31
I / O CONCEPTS
39

MODULE ON
MICROPROCESSOR
This topic consists of 8 hours of theory lectures and 6 hours of practical sessions,
one criterion test of one hour duration and two hours of practical test.
OBJECTIVES
Be able to
Lesson 1 Describe the parts of a computer.
• .Understand the Intel 8086 Microprocessor.
Lesson 2
• Describe the architecture of MPU 8086.
• Describe the stack and the stack pointer,PC and Flag register
Lesson
Describe the Clock and powersupplies
• Describe the 8086 pin diagram Describe the timing, power supply and
Instruction cycle of 8086.
Lesson 4Describe the meaning of Bus in Microprocessor.
• Describe the types of Bus arrangements.
Lesson 5Understand ROMs and RAMs.
• Describe the addressing modes in 8086 Microprocessor.
Lesson 6
• Describe the Hardware and Software Interrupts in 8086 Microprocessor.
• Describe the Interrupt response of 8086 Microprocessor.
Lesson 7
• . Describe the concept of memory mapped I/O.
• Describe the types of Data Transfer.
Criterion Test
The test will be held for ½ hour duration. The trainee is expected to secure 60
 percent marks without the aid of the material
***********
chapter 1
2

INTRODUCTION TO 8086 MICROPROCESSOR

Computers
Fig.1 shows a block diagram of a simple computer. The major parts are thecentral
processing unit or CPU, memory and the input and output circuitry or I/O and three sets
of parallel lines calledBuses connecting these parts together. The three buses are called
address bus, data busand control bus
Memory
The memory section usually consists of RAM and ROM. It may also havemagnetic
floppy disks, magnetic hard disks or laser option disks. Memory has twopurposes. The first
purpose is to store the binary codes for the sequence of instructionsyou want the computer to
carryout. The second purpose of the memory is to store thebinary-coded data with which the
computer is going to be working.
Input/Output
 The input/output or I/O section allows the computer to take in data from the
outside world or send data to the outside world. Peripherals such as keyboards, video
display terminals, printers and modems are connected to the I/O section. These allow the
user and the computer to communicate with each other. The actual physical devices used
to interface the computer buses to external systems are often calledports.
Central Processing Unit
The Central Processing unit or CPU controls the operation of the computer. It
fetches the binary-coded instructions from memory, decodes the instructions into a series
3
Fig. 1 Block Diagram of a simple Computer
or a Microcomputer.
Input
device
Data Bus
Output
device
Memory
(RAM &
ROM)
Central
Processing
Unit
Address Bus
Control
Bus
Control
Bus
I/O
Ports
of simple actions and carries out these instructions. The CPU contains an arithmetic and
logic unit or ALU which can perform arithmetical and logical calculations like add,
subtract, AND, OR, etc., The CPU also contains an address counter which is used to hold
the address of the next instruction to be fetched from the memory, general purpose
registers which are used for temporary storage of binary data, and circuitry which
generates and the control bus signals.
Address Bus
The address bus consists of 16, 20, 24 or more parallel signal lines. On these linesthe
CPU sends out the address of the memory location that is to be written to or readfrom. The
number of memory locations that the CPU can address is determined by thenumber of address
lines. If the CPU has Naddress lines then it can directly address 2Nmemory locations. For
example, a CPU with 16 address lines can address 216 or 65, 536memory locations.
 Data Bus
The data bus consists of 8, 16, 32 or more parallel signal lines. The data bus lines
arebi- direct ional.
Control Bus
The control bus consists of 4 - 10 parallel signal lines. The CPU sends out signalson
the control bus to enable the outputs of addressed memory devices or port devices.Typical
control bus signals arememory/read, memory write , I/O read, and I/O write. Toread a byte of
data from a memory location, for example, the CPU sends out the addressof the desired byte on
the address bus and then sends out a memory read signal on thecontrol bus. The memory read
signal enables the addressed memory device to output thebyte of data on the data bus where it
is read by the CPU.
Hardware, Software, and Firmware
When working around computers you hear the terms hardware, software
andfirmware.H ardware is the name given to the physical devices and circuitry of
thecomputer.S of tware refers to the programs written for the computer.Fir mware is the
termgiven to the programs stored in ROMs or in other devices which keep their
storedinformation when the power is turned off.
What is a Microprocessor ?
4

The entire CPU with timing and control functions on a single chip is known
asMicroprocessor. Therefore a Microprocessor or MPU is an integrated circuit that
containsmany processing capabilities of a large computer.
Microprocessor Evolution
A common way of categorizing is by the number of bits that their ALU can workwith
at a time. A Microprocessor with a 4 - bit ALU will be referred to as a 4-bitMicroprocessor,
regardless of the number of address lines or the number of data bus linesthat it has. The first
microprocessor was the Intel 4004 produced in 1971. This 4004 was a4 - bit device intended to
be used with some other devices in making a calculator .Somelogic designers, however, saw
that this device could be used to replace PC boards full ofcombinationaland sequential logic
devices. Also, the ability to change the function of asystem by just changing the programming,
rather than redesigning the hardware, is veryappealing. It was these factors that pushed the
evolution of microprocessors.
 In 1972Intel come out with the 8008 which was capable of working with 8-bitwords.
In 1974 Intel announced the 8080 which had a much larger instruction set than8008. The 8080
is referred to as a second-generation microprocessor.
Soon after Intel produced 8080, Motorola came out with MC 6800, another 8-
bitgeneral purpose CPU. Some of the other competitors were the MOS technology 6502
andthe Zilog Z80. The 16-bit microprocessors entered the marketplace in the late 1970s
andearly 1980s. Then came the 32-bit processors.
Most Widely, Microprocessors are divided into two groups based on their origin.These
groups may be tabled as the 6’s group and that of the 8’s . A familytre e of the 6’sgroup and
that of the 8’s group is shown in figure 2.
5