THINKING SKILL

FCE 3204
NAME : MOHD ZULFIKAR BIN MAT GHANI
MATRIC NO : 183457
PROGRAM : BACHELOR EDUCATION ( AGRICULTURE SCIENCE)
LECTURE : DR. NOR ANIZA AHMAD
Temporal Lobe FUNCTIONS
Hearing ability and Understanding
auditory spoken language
perception. and rhythm.

Memory acquisition Some visual

and learning. perception.

Speech and
Categorization and emotional
ordering of objects. responses.
 Located on the surface of the
temporal lobes.

HEARING If a lesion affected only the

THE AUDITORY PATHWAY left auditory cortex, the right
ear would not become
entirely deaf.

The primary auditory cortex

processes input from the
opposite ear.
Occipital Lobe FUNCTIONS

Visual
perception

Colour
recognition

Depth
perception

Motion
detection
THE VISUAL PATHWAY
Parietal Lobe
FUNCTIONS
Understanding Visual attention
Cognition the concept of and face
time recognition

Information
Speech
processing

Spatial
Pain and touch
orientation and
sensation
body position
 SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM

Signal passes to the somatosensory Allows us to feel the processed

Sensory system.
region in the brain. stimulus at the correct location.
Frontal Lobe
- Higher order function , conscious thought
- Emotional response and empathy.

- Planning and problem solving

- Expressive language and meaning.

- Concentration and attention span.

- Judgement.

- Reasoning, forward and critical thinking.

- Impulse control.

- Memory for habits and motor activities.

 THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
Thalamus : Relays sensory Hippocampus : Indexes, sends
signals to and from spinal cord and retrieves memory from
and the cerebrum. long-term storage.

Amygdala : Involved in
Olfactory : Cortex Involved in
emotional responses, hormonal
the identification of odors.
secretions and memory.

Hypothalamus : Maintains homeostasis

autonomic functions of the peripheral
nervous system, food and water intake
regulation, sleep wake cycle regulation.
 Brain Stem

Breathing Arousal

Swallowing Heart rate

Sweating, blood pressure,

Reflexes to seeing and hearing Sense of balance
digestion, temperature Alertness and sleep
(Startle response) (Vestibular function)
(Autonomic nervous system)
Cerebellum FUNCTIONS

Coordination of fine movement.

Balance and equilibrium.

Some memory for reflex motor acts.

Muscle tone.
 THE SMELL PATHWAY

The signal generated by two cranial Head trauma can cause smell
nerves and it passes to the brain. deficiencies.
 THE TASTE PATHWAY

Three nerves carry taste signals to the brain

stem.

Taste signals combine in the brain stem

areas.
 How
Memory
Work In
Learning
 TEACHING GROWS BRAIN CELLS
Teachers have to build Through neuroplasticity, Conditions associated
childrens brains based interneuron connections with the most successful
on : continue to be strengthening of neutral
i. Learning disabilities. constructed in response networks :
to learning and - Guided instruction.
ii. The predictions of test experiences throughout
scores. our lives. - Practice with frequent
iii. Achievement. corrective feedback.
BRAIN PROCESSING TO THE
HIGH STRESS RESTRICTS
Students do not have the adult brains developed
circuits of reflection, judgment, and gratification delay
SURVIVAL STATE to overcome the lower brains strong influence.

New information cannot pass through the amygdala if

the amygdala is in the state of high metabolism or
over activity provoked by anxiety.

It is important for teachers to know that when stress

cuts off flow to end from the PFC, behaviour is
involuntary.
MEMORY IS CONSTRUCTED AND STORED BY PATTERNING

The most successful construction of working (short-term) memory

takes place when there has been activation of the brains related prior
knowledge before new information is taught.

When teachers work to clearly demonstrate the patterns, connections,

and relationships that exist between new and old learning the
probability of encoding increase.

Teachers can help students increase working memory efficiency

through a variety of interventions correlated with neuroimaging
responses.
 MEMORY IS SUSTAINED BY USE
Each time students participate
Multisensory instruction,
in any endeavour, a certain Simultaneous activations
practice, and review promote
number of neurons are promote extended connections
memory storage in multiple
activated and the more among memories that are the
regions of the cortex, based on
dendrites grow and larger concept memory
the type of sensory input by
interconnect, resulting in networks most applicable to
which they were learned and
greater memory storage and future use.
practiced.
recall efficiency.
 How The Brain Works And How Students Can Responds
1. RAS : The Gatekeeper What You Can Do
o (RAS) reticular activating system. o Keep yourself physically healthy and well rested and to
o Located at the lower back of your brain. develop awareness of and some control over your
o Sensory message must pass through the RAS to gain emotions.
entry to your higher, thinking brain. o Practice focusing and observing yourself
o You will learn more successfully if you keep the RAS o Build brain networks that help you control your
filter open to the flow of information you want. actions with your thinking brain.
o The important input will make it into your thinking
brain if you build your power to focus your attention
on the sensory input that is must valuable and
important.

2. The Hippocampus What You Can Do

o here, your brain links new sensory input to both o Reviewing and practicing something youve learned
memories of your past and knowledge already stored helps
in your long-term memory to make new relational o Each time you review that knowledge, mental
memories. manipulation increase activity along the connections
o Prefrontal cortex contains highly develop nerve between nerve cells.
communication networks that process new o Studying the times tables many times.
information.
 How The Brain Works And How Students Can Responds
3. The Limbic System Your Emotional Core What You Can Do
o New information that becomes memory is eventually o Slow down and take a moment to reflect instead of react
stored in the sensory cortex. when you take a test at school or face social conflicts
o These data must first pass through the limbic system. with friends.
o Amygdala and hippocampus evaluate whether the o Imagine youre directing yourself in a play.
information useful because it will help you physically o If your teachers set up lessons to include some fun
survive or bring you pleasure. activities so that you feel good during a lesson, you
amygdala will add a neurochemical enhancement, like a
4. The Amygdala
memory chip , that strengthens the staying power of any
o A system for routing information based on your
information presented in the lesson.
emotional state.
o Stress closes off the pathway through the RAS and
amygdala that direct information into your thinking
brain memory centres.
o If you can turn things around to become calm and
focused, your amygdala will decide to send new
information to your prefrontal cortex.
 How The Brain Works And How Students Can Responds
5. Dopamine, Feeling Good Helps Your Learn What You Can Do
o Dopamine is one of the brains most important o Certain activities, such as interacting with friends,
neurotransmitters. laughing, physical activity, listening to someone read
o Chemical neurotransmitters like dopamine carry to you, and acting kindly increase dopamine levels.
electrical messages across the gap from one neuron o Experiencing pride at accomplishing something is also
to another's to process new information. correlated with higher dopamine.
o Your brain releases extra dopamine when an o Think about your personal strengths.
experience is enjoyable.
 The affective filter emotional state of stress in children during which they are not responsive
Affective to processing, learning, and storing new information.
filter

The amygdala was first believed to function as a brain centre for responding only to anxiety
and fear.
When the amygdala is in a state of stress, fear, new information coming through the sensory
Amygdala intake areas of the brain cannot pass though the amygdalas affective to gain access to the
memory circuits.

This is the tiny fibrous extension of the neuron away from the cell body to other target cells
(neurons, muscles, glands).
Axon

Brain mapping measure electrical activity representing brain activation along neural pathway.
Brain
mapping
Central This is the portion of the nervous system comprised of the spinal cord
Nervous and brain.
System

This is a large cauliflower-looking structure on the top of the brainstem.

This structure is very important in motor movement and motor-
Cerebellu
vestibular memory and learning.
m

This is the outer most layer of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain. The cortex mediates all
conscious activity including planning, problem solving, language, and speech. It is also
Cerebral
involved in perception and voluntary motor activity.
Cortex

This refers to the mental process by which we become aware of the world and use that
information to problem solve and make sense out of the world. It is somewhat oversimplified
Cognition but cognition refers to thinking and all of the mental processes related to thinking.
THANK YOU!!