RT Film Classification - C1 To C6

www.foma.
eu
elongated/worm shrinkage
hole porosity mark CD4
FOMA NDT SYSTEM

X-Ray films for industrial radiography INDUX and FOMADUX
Processing chemicals
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FILMS FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY

Tradition and present
In 1986, FOMA BOHEMIA spol. s r.o. (Ltd.) began manufacturing of new generation films for non-
destructive material testing (NDT) - INDUX and FOMADUX. The manufacturing of film in two speed
classes, R4 and R7, began by implementing changes in the production formula of the original NDT film,
which had been manufactured since the sixties.
In 1995, a radical modification of the technological process took place. The utilization of controlled
precipitation resulted in uniform cubic crystals (grains) of silver halides with a narrow distribution of sizes.
The composition of emulsion microcrystals and their narrow size-distribution curve has become
prerequisite for high speed and contrast of the film, its high resolving power and low graininess.
Simultaneously the processing of the industrial X-ray films has been speeded up. The controlled
precipitation has become the basic precondition for the stable quality of INDUX line films.
Originally manufactured films R4 and R7 speed class were completed by R2, R3, R5 and R8 speed
classes to become an integral line.
1mm
frequency
1mm size
b
a) silver halide microcrystals b) silver halide microcrystals c) comparison of size-distribution

in the previous emulsion in the new-type emulsion of microcrystals frequency size
Programme of industrial radiography (FOMA NDT SYSTEM)

The FOMA NDT SYSTEM includes complete speed series of X-ray films INDUX and FOMADUX.
Processing chemicals FOMADUX for manual and automatic processing and additional accessories. The
wide range of speed classes enables the user to find a film suitable for practically any type of radiographic
work, using X-ray appliances and radionuclides.
Specification and use of INDUX and FOMADUX
INDUX R2 Extremely fine-grain, high-contrast, low-speed film with Application: Thin-walled steel parts/products, light
excellent sharpness. Designed for the detection of critical metal parts, plastics and composite materials in
small-sized defects. machine, electrical and aircraft industries, etc.
Extremely fine-grain, high-contrast, a low-speed film with Components, ceramical particles, castings, nuclear
INDUX R3 excellent sharpness suitable for radiography with or without components, in cosmic research, aircraft and
lead screens. shipping industry.
INDUX R4 A very fine-grain, high-contrast, medium-speed film Light metal and steel castings, aircraft industry,
designed for the detection of small critical defects. nuclear energetics.
INDUX R5 A fine-grain, high-contrast, standard-speed film. A standard Inspection of welds and castings, general
film for most applications. engineering, shipbuilding industry.
A fine-grain, high-contrast, high-speed film for most Inspection of welds and castings, general
INDUX R7 engineering, building industry.
standard applications.
A medium-grain, high-contrast, very high-speed film, Inspection of thick-walled castings, building industry,
INDUX R8 designed for general use. inspection of concrete and heavy structures.
An extremely high X-ray sensitivity and medium contrast Useful for radiographing thick-walled products,
INDUX RX8 with a high sensitivity in the blue spectral region, primarily building structures or in situations requiring a very
intended for use in combination with intensifying screens. short exposure
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
Image quality and classification of film system

NDT films suitable for a specific type of application/work are subdivided by the EN ISO 11699-1 Standard
according to minimally guaranteed parameters into six groups, denominated C1 to C6. To include a film
into a group, four parameters specifying ability of the film to differenciate details in the radiograph are
relevant:
local gradient at optical density Dmin +2
local gradient at optical density Dmin +4
film granularity at optical density Dmin +2
system parameter G/s, which is defined as the ratio of gradient and granularity at optical density Dmin +2,
and represents the useful-to-disturbing ratio.
Requirements of the EN 11699-1 Standard on a radiographic film system
Guaranteed parameters of INDUX line films according to EN11699-1 and other corresponding
Standards
Film type
INDUX R2 INDUX R3 INDUX R4 INDUX R5 INDUX R7 INDUX R8
Characteristic
EN ISO 11699-1 class C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
ASTM E1815 class special I. I. I. II. III.
JIS K 7627 T1 T1 T2 T2 T3 T4
Characteristics curves of INDUX line films

Exposure parameters 3.5
X-rays 200 kV INDUX R2

Cu 8 mm INDUXR3
3.0
INDUX R4
Pb screens 0,025 mm INDUX R5
Processing parameters INDUX R7 2.5
INDUX R8
FOMADUX LP-D developer
developer immersion time 2 minutes at 28C 2.0
VSF 350 Processors
1.5
1.0
Optical density
0.5
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Log relative exposure
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
Film composition
INDUX and FOMADUX films are manufactured by coating of a
light-sensitive silver bromo-iodide emulsion on both sides of a
bluish polyester base, that is 0,175 mm thick. The emulsion layers
are protected against mechanical impacts by effective protective protective layer
gelatine layers featuring anti-static properties. The sensitivity of emulsion layer
film to visible light is reduced by means of a desensitization dye polyester base
being added to the emulsion layers.
Relation between the speed of INDUX

Optimum image quality and FOMADUX films and the radiograph
quality achieved
As it is applicable to photographic materials, the same applies to R2
Speed
films for industrial radiography, the lower the film speed, the lower higher
R3
lower granularity, and the higher the resolving power. Therefore,
R4
the correct choice of film is important in view of exposure time,
higher
Images quality
size of the inspected part , and required resolution of presented R5
defects.
R7
lower
R8
RX8
Packaging forms of INDUX and FOMADUX industrial X-ray films

Daylight packaging (FOMAPAK) one-sheet vacuum-sealed packaging with lead screens of 0,025 or 0,1
mm thickness; sizes: 6x10, 6x12, 6x16, 6x20, 6x24, 6x30, 6x40, 6x48, 10x10, 10x12, 10x16, 10x20,
10x24, 10x30, 10x40, 10x48, 18x24 and 30x40 cm. The vacuum-sealed packaging FOMAPAK ensures
optimum contact of film surface with lead screens, simple handling, and is light-tight, air-tight and
waterproof.
Darkroom packaging (KB) sizes: 6x24, 6x40, 6x48, 10x12, 10x20, 10x24, 10x40, 10x48, 10x72, 18x24,
24x30, 30x40 and 35x43 cm interleaved (IF, FW) or not interleaved (NIF).
FOMADUX ROLLFILM a daylight roll film packaging sized 60, 70 or 100 mm x 90 m with lead screens
0,025 mm thick or without lead screens (DW) and bare rollfilm (BLR) of length of 150 m, wound on a paper
core and packed in a cardboard dispenser box.
Packaging forms with lead screens are suitable for use with voltages above 100 kV.
Packaging forms without lead screens are suitable for use with voltages below 100 kV.
Sensitivity to safelight illumination
General sensitivity to visible light has been reduced in INDUX and FOMADUX films by adding a filter dye
into the emulsion layers. The reduction of sensitivity to visible light does not influence the sensitivity to
ionizing radiation. Therefore INDUX and FOMADUX films may be processed under brighter safelight
illumination in darkroom. The danger of unwanted film fog is lower and the operators fatigue is limited.
FOMA industrial X-ray films can be processed under indirect safelighting with a wavelength higher than
590 nm, as rendered by a dark-red or olive-green safelight filter. A diode illumination with a wavelength
over 590 nm is a convenient alternative. It is advisable to test real working conditions in advance.
Processing chemicals
INDUX and FOMADUX films are designed for manual and automatic processing with using FOMA
chemicals. The liquid concentrates Fomadux LP-T developer and Fomadux Fix fixer or the powder baths
Foma DP-I developer and Fomafix P-I fixer are intended for manual processing. The chemicals intended
for automatic processing are supplied as liquid concentrates Fomadux LP-D developer and the fixer
Fomadux Fix set including Fomafix H Hardener. The pre-exposed test film Fomatest SC 981 enables to
monitor the stability of processing procedure as rendered by EN 11699. This test discovers any deviation in
the quality of processing in comparison with the standard conditions and helps to determine the
replacement time for the baths and make the processing procedure more cost-effective.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
Stability of the processed radiographs

The stability of processed radiographs depends on perfect fixing and washing of film. On following
prescribed processing conditions, a minimum archiving time of 10 years is quaranteed. To ensure even a
longer archiving time, it is recommended to check the processing using the FOMATEST THIO test kit.
Correctly processed films have a theoretical life expectancy of up to 500 years.
Storage
Unexposed INDUX and FOMADUX films should be stored in original intact light-tight packagings, in a dry
environment, out of reach of aggressive vapours and gases, at the lowest temperature possible. An ideal
storage temperature should be between 10 to 21C and relative humidity from 40 to 60%. Long time
storage at higher temperatures accelerates unwanted physical and chemical changes in the emulsion
layers. Films should be stored out of reach of ionizing radiation with an intensity exceeding 100 nGy per
hour.
Films stored in a refrigerator and a freezer should be acclimatized to room temperature for approx. 2 and
approx. 6 hours respectively.
Exposed films should be processed as soon as possible.
Services, consultancy, additional assortment
FOMA BOHEMIA spol. s r.o. (Ltd.) provides its partners with a wide range of technical assistance
regarding applying and correct processing of INDUX and FOMADUX NDT films.The manufacturer also
offers additional accessories for the NDT sphere, such as gauges, film viewers, darkroom safelightning,
densitometers, and others.
Quality assurance programme
INDUX and FOMADUX industrial X-ray films have been subject to continuous improvements. The
objective quality checking is quaranteed by an automatic laser checking and grouping inspection
equipment. Film speed parameters are tested by a special X-ray equipment and evaluated by an
automatic apparatus.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
INDUX R2
INDUSTRIAL X-RAY FILM
General information Exposure charts for steel
INDUX R2 is an industrial radiographic film intended for non-destructive For optical density D=2, front and back lead
material testing using X- or gamma radiation. screens 0,025 mm thick, FOMADUX LP-T
INDUX R2 is a low-speed, high-contrast, extremely fine-grain film with Developer 5 minutes at 20 C).
excellent sharpness suitable for radiography with or without lead X-rays (FDD = 100 cm)
screens. kV
100
100 140 180 220 260 300
INDUX R2 corresponds with the class C1 classification according to EN
mA.min
ISO 11699-1 standard and according to ASTME 1815 standard with
class special.
Applications
INDUX R2 is suitable for applications where extraordinary demands on 10
the quality of radiographs are made, e.g. for the detection of critical
small-sized defects in thin-walled steel parts/products, for the
radiography of light metal parts/products of usual thickness, plastics and
composite materials in machine, electrical and aircraft industries, etc.
For the radiography of thick-walled parts/products, exposures should be 1
prolonged accordingly. 10 20 30 40
mm Fe
50
Packaging forms Gamma rays (Iridium 192)

daylight packaging (FOMAPAK) one-sheet vacuum-sealed 1000
GBq.h
m
packaging with lead screens of 0,025 or 0,1 mm thickness SD
12
F= cm
0c
Ci.h
0
10 10000
Sizes: 6x10, 6x12, 6x16, 6x20, 6x24, 6x30, 6x40, 6x48, 10x10, 10x12, 80
cm
cm
10x16, 10x20, 10x24, 10x30, 10x40, 10x48, 18x24, 30x40 cm in boxes 100
60 4000
and other sizes according to an agreement with manufacturer. 40

cm 2000
The vacuum-sealed packaging FOMAPAK ensures optimum contact of 1000

film surface with lead screens, simple handling, and is light-tight, air- 20
cm
400
tight and waterproof. 10
darkroom packaging (KB) 200
Sizes: 6x24, 6x40, 6x48, 10x12, 10x20, 10x24, 10x40, 10x48, 10x72, 100
18x24, 30x40 cm interleaved (IF, FW) in boxes and other sizes 1

according to an agreement with manufacturer. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
mm Fe
90
Film base Gamma rays (Cobalt 60)

INDUX R2 is manufactured on a dimensionally stable bluish polyester 1000
GBq.h
base of 0,175 mm thickness. 120

cm
cm
100
Ci.h
Screens 80
cm 10000
Screens-packed kinds (FOMAPAK) content lead screens 0,025 or 0,1 100

60
cm
4000
mm thick, backed by a paper of 70 - 90 g/sq. m of basis weight, on both 40

cm
2000
film sides. 1000
Darkroom illumination 20
cm
400
10
The film is processed at yellow safety illumination with wavelength of
200
590 nm and higher. Length of exposure and a distance of the processed
100
material from the illumination source should be tested.
1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
mm Fe
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
Processing
INDUX R2 is intended both for the manual and automatic
processing.
Recommended chemicals for the manual processing:
FOMADUX LP-T Developer and Developer-Replenisher
(5 minutes of developing time at 20 C, 1 + 3)
FOMAFIX Rapid Fixer
Recommended chemicals for the automatic processing:
FOMADUX LP-D Developer-Replenisher
(120 seconds of developer immersion time at 28 C)
FOMA LP-DS Developer Starter
FOMADUX FIX-Set Hardening Fixer part A (fixer) + part B
(hardener)
INDUX R2 can also be processed in corresponding processing
chemicals of other manufacturers, for example developer Agfa
G135 for automatic processing 100 seconds of developer
immersion time at 28 C or for manual processing 5 minutes of
developing time at 20 C.
Sensitometric characteristic
220 kV/10 mA/8 mm Cu, automatic processing, FOMADUX LP-D Developer, 8 minutes of
processing time at 28 C (corresponds with 120 seconds developer immersion time)
optical density
1 2 3
log. rel. exposure
Archiving of processed films

The manufacturer guarantees the archival permanence of
minimum 50 years when complying with conditions following:
films must be perfectly fixed and washed
films must be stored at a relative humidity of 30 to 60% out of reach
of harmful gases.
Storage of unexposed films
Unexposed films should be stored in the vertical position in the
original packaging in a dry and cool place at a temperature
of 10 to 21 C and at a relative humidity of 40 to 60 %, out of reach of
harmful gases and any ionizing radiation.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
INDUX R3

INDUX R3 is a low-speed, high-contrast, extremely fine-grain film with Developer 5 minutes at 20 C).
excellent sharpness suitable for radiography with or without lead
X-rays (FDD = 100 cm)
screens. kV 100 140 180 220 260
100
Dimensions and speeds of inserted films according to customer's
individual requirements.
mA.min
300
Film INDUX R3 corresponds with the class C2 classification according

to EN ISO 11699-1 standard and according to ASTME 1815 standard
with class I.
10
Applications
INDUX R3 is suitable for applications requiring exact resolution in
details like inspection electronical components, ceramical particles,
castings, nuclear components, in cosmic research, aircraft and shipping
industry.
1
Packaging forms 10 20 30 40
mm Fe
50
daylight packaging (FOMAPAK) one-sheet vacuum-sealed Gamma rays (Iridium 192)

packaging with lead screens of 0,025 or 0,1 mm thickness 1000
GBq.h
Sizes: 6x10, 6x12, 6x16, 6x20, 6x24, 6x30, 6x40, 6x48, 10x10, 10x12,
Ci.h
m
10x16, 10x20, 10x24, 10x30, 10x40, 10x48, 18x24, 30x40 cm in boxes SF
D=
12
0c
0c
m
10000
10
SF
D=
cm 4000
80
The vacuum-sealed packaging FOMAPAK ensures optimum contact of SF
D=
0 cm 2000
=6
film surface with lead screens, simple handling, and is light-tight, air- SF
D
m
0c 1000
=4
tight and waterproof. SF
D
darkroom packaging (KB) 10 20

cm
400
D=
SF
Sizes: 6x24, 6x40, 6x48, 10x12, 10x20, 10x24, 10x40, 10x48, 10x72, 200
18x24, 30x40 cm interleaved (IF, FW) in boxes and other sizes 100
according to an agreement with manufacturer.

1
MultiPack daily package containing 2 films INDUX with various 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
mm Fe
90
speeds. Gamma rays (Cobalt 60)

Dimensions and speeds of inserted films according to customer's 1000
GBq.h
individual requirements.
Film base
Ci.h
10000
cm
INDUX R3 is manufactured on a dimensionally stable bluish polyester SFD
=1
20
cm 4000
00
SF D =1 cm
=8
0
SFD 2000
Screens SFD
=6
0c
m
1000
Screens-packed kinds (FOMAPAK) content lead screens 0,025 or 0,1 SFD
=4
0c
m
mm thick, backed by a paper of 70 90 g/sq. m of basis weight, on both 10

400
film sides. =2
0c
m 200
SFD
Darkroom illumination 100
The film is processed at yellow safety illumination with wavelength of 1

590 nm and higher. Length of exposure and a distance of the processed 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
mm Fe
140

FOMA NDT SYSTEM
Processing
processing.
FOMAFIX Rapid Fixer
(hardener)
4
optical density
1 2 3
log. rel. exposure

of harmful gases.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
INDUX R4

INDUX R4 is a medium-speed, high-contrast, extremely fine-grain film Developer 5 minutes at 20 C).
suitable for radiography with or without lead screens. It is an ideal film for
most standard applications. X-rays (FDD = 100 cm)
kV 100 140 180 220
100
INDUX R4 corresponds with the class C3 classification according to EN 260
mA.min
class I. 300
The quality of INDUX R4 films meets the requirements of BAM

certification.
10
Applications
INDUX R4 should be used at low voltages for the radiography of thin-to-
medium thick-walled light metal parts/ products. At higher voltages the
film is suitable for the testing of thick-walled light metal or thin-walled
steel parts/products. With high-energy gamma rays the film is suitable for
the radiography of thick-walled dense metal parts/products. 1
10 20 30 40 50
mm Fe
Packaging forms
daylight packaging (FOMAPAK) one-sheet vacuum-sealed packaging Gamma rays (Iridium 192)
1000
with lead screens of 0,025 or 0,1 mm thickness
GBq.h
m
0c
Sizes: 6x10, 6x12, 6x16, 6x20, 6x24, 6x30, 6x40, 6x48, 10x10, 10x12, D=
12
Ci.h
SF m 10000
0c
10x16, 10x20, 10x24, 10x30, 10x40, 10x48, 18x24, 30x40 cm in boxes 10
80
cm
4000
60
cm
The vacuum-sealed packaging FOMAPAK ensures optimum contact of 0c

m
2000
4
film surface with lead screens, simple handling, and is light-tight, air-tight 1000
and waterproof. c m 400

10 20
Sizes: 6x24, 6x40, 6x48, 10x12, 10x20, 10x24, 10x40, 10x48, 10x72,
100
18x24, 30x40 cm interleaved (IF, FW) in boxes and other sizes according
to an agreement with manufacturer. 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Rollfilm packaging mm Fe
rollfilm with lead screen Gamma rays (Cobalt 60)

rollfilm without lead screen (DW) 1000
GBq.h
bare rollfilm (BLR)

Ci.h
for more details see the technical data sheet of ROLLFILM cm

10000
120
Other sizes are subject to be agreed with the manufacturer. 100
100
cm
4000
MultiPack daily package containing 2 films INDUX with various 80
cm
cm 2000
60
speeds.
1000
Dimensions and speeds of inserted films according to customer's 40c
m
individual requirements. 10
400
Film base 20
cm 200
INDUX R4 is manufactured on a dimensionally stable bluish polyester 100

Screens 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
mm Fe
140
Screens-packed kinds (FOMAPAK) content lead screens 0,025 or 0,1

mm thick, backed by a paper of 70 - 90 g/sq. m of basis weight, on both
film sides.
Darkroom illumination
nm and higher. Length of exposure and a distance of the processed
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
Processing
processing.
FOMAFIX Rapid Fixer
(hardener)
optical density
1 2 3
log. rel. exposure

of harmful gases.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
INDUX R5

INDUX R5 is a standard-speed, high-contrast, very fine-grain film Developer 5 minutes at 20 C).
suitable for radiography with or without lead screens. It is an ideal film for
most standard applications. X-rays
kV
(FDD
100
= 100
140
cm) 180 220
100
INDUX R5 corresponds with the class C4 classification according to EN
mA.min
260
class I.
The quality of INDUX R5 films meets the requirements of BAM 300
certification.
10
Applications
INDUX R5 is suitable for the radiography of welds and medium-walled
steel or thick-walled light metal parts/ products.
Packaging forms
daylight packaging (FOMAPAK) one-sheet vacuum-sealed packaging
1
with lead screens of 0,025 or 0,1 mm thickness 10 20 30 40
mm Fe
50
Sizes: 6x10, 6x12, 6x16, 6x20, 6x24, 6x30, 6x40, 6x48, 10x10, 10x12,
Gamma rays (Iridium 192)
10x16, 10x20, 10x24, 10x30, 10x40, 10x48, 18x24, 30x40 cm in boxes
1000
and other sizes according to an agreement with manufacturer.
GBq.h
The vacuum-sealed packaging FOMAPAK ensures optimum contact of
Ci.h
10000
m
0c
film surface with lead screens, simple handling, and is light-tight, air-tight SF
12
D= cm
0
10 4000
and waterproof. 100
60
cm
darkroom packaging (KB) 80c

m
2000
1000
Sizes: 6x24, 6x40, 6x48, 10x12, 10x20, 10x24, 10x40, 10x48, 10x72, 40
c m
18x24, 30x40 cm interleaved (IF, FW) in boxes and other sizes according 10
400
to an agreement with manufacturer. 20

cm 200
Rollfilm packaging 100
rollfilm with lead screen 1

rollfilm without lead screen (DW) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
mm Fe
bare rollfilm (BLR)
for more details see the technical data sheet of ROLLFILM Gamma rays (Cobalt 60)
1000
Other sizes are subject to be agreed with the manufacturer.
GBq.h
MultiPack daily package containing 2 films INDUX with various

Ci.h
10000
speeds.
Dimensions and speeds of inserted films according to customer's 100 cm
4000
120
individual requirements. 100
cm
cm
2000
80
Film base 60
cm
1000
INDUX R5 is manufactured on a dimensionally stable bluish polyester c m 400

10 40
Screens cm 100
20
Screens-packed kinds (FOMAPAK) content lead screens 0,025 or 0,1
mm thick, backed by a paper of 70 - 90 g/sq. m of basis weight, on both 1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
mm Fe
film sides.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
Processing
processing.
FOMAFIX Rapid Fixer
(hardener)
IINDUX R5 can also be processed in corresponding processing
optical density
1 2 3
log. rel. exposure

of harmful gases.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
INDUX R7
General informationI Exposure charts for steel

INDUX R7 is a high-speed, high-contrast, fine-grain film suitable for Developer 5 minutes at 20 oC).
radiography with or without lead screens.
INDUX R7 corresponds with the class C5 classification according to EN X-rays (FDD = 100 cm)
kV 100 140 180 220
ISO 11699-1 standard and according to ASTM E1815 standard with class II. 100
The quality of INDUX R7 films meets the requirements of BAM certification.
mA.min
Applications 260
INDUX R7 should be used at low voltages for the radiography of medium-

walled light metal or thin-walled steel parts/products. At higher voltages the 300
10
film is suitable for the testing of thick-walled light metal or medium-walled
steel parts/products. With high-energy gamma rays the film is suitable for
the radiography of thicker-to-thickest dense metal parts/products.
Packaging forms
daylight packaging (FOMAPAK) one-sheet vacuum-sealed packaging 1
mm Fe
50
Sizes: 6x10, 6x12, 6x16, 6x20, 6x24, 6x30, 6x40, 6x48, 10x10, 10x12, Gamma rays (Iridium 192)
10x16, 10x20, 10x24, 10x30, 10x40, 10x48, 18x24, 30x40 cm in boxes and 1000
other sizes according to an agreement with manufacturer.
GBq.h
The vacuum-sealed packaging FOMAPAK ensures optimum contact of film
Ci.h
10000
surface with lead screens, simple handling, and is light-tight, air-tight and 120
cm
4000
100 D=
SF
waterproof. 10
0c
cm
m
2000
80
cm
1000
Sizes: 6x24, 6x40, 6x48, 10x12, 10x20, 10x24, 10x40, 10x48, 10x72, cm
40
18x24, 30x40 cm interleaved (IF, FW) in boxes and other sizes according to 10
400
an agreement with manufacturer. cm

200
20

rollfilm without lead screen (DW) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
mm Fe
90
bare rollfilm (BLR)

for more details see the technical data sheet of ROLLFILM Gamma rays (Cobalt 60)
1000
GBq.h
MultiPack daily package containing 2 films INDUX with various

Ci.h
10000
speeds.
4000
Dimensions and speeds of inserted films according to customer's individual 100
cm
requirements. 120
100
cm
2000
1000
Film base 80
cm
cm
INDUX R7 is manufactured on a dimensionally stable bluish polyester base 10
60 400
of 0,175 mm thickness. 40
cm
200
Screens cm
100
20
Screens-packed kinds (FOMAPAK) content lead screens 0,025 or 0,1 mm 1
thick, backed by a paper of 70 - 90 g/sq. m of basis weight, on both film 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
mm Fe
140
sides.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
Processing
processing.
FOMAFIX Rapid Fixer
(hardener)
Sensitometric characterist
optical density
1 2 3
log. rel. exposure

of harmful gases.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
INDUX R8
General informationI Exposure charts for steel

INDUX R8 is a very high-speed, high-contrast, medium-grain film suitable Developer 5 minutes at 20 oC).
for radiography with or without lead screens.
INDUX R8 corresponds with the class C6 classification according to EN X-rays (FDD = 100 cm)
kV 100 140 180 220
ISO 11699-1 standard and according to ASTM E1815 standard with class 100
III.
mA.min
Applications 260
INDUX R8 should be used for applications where the high film speed is an
advantage, e.g. in the radiography of thick-walled parts/products and 300
10
materials, engineering structures, etc. or when exposure times should be
minimized. The usage of film in combination with fluorometalic screens
results in further shortening of exposure times.
Packaging forms
daylight packaging (FOMAPAK) one-sheet vacuum-sealed packaging 1
mm Fe
50
Sizes: 6x10, 6x12, 6x16, 6x20, 6x24, 6x30, 6x40, 6x48, 10x10, 10x12, Gamma rays (Iridium 192)
10x16, 10x20, 10x24, 10x30, 10x40, 10x48, 18x24, 30x40 cm in boxes and 1000
other sizes according to an agreement with manufacturer.
GBq.h
The vacuum-sealed packaging FOMAPAK ensures optimum contact of film
Ci.h
10000
surface with lead screens, simple handling, and is light-tight, air-tight and 120
cm
4000
100 D=
SF
waterproof. 10
0c
cm
m
2000
80
cm
1000
Sizes: 6x24, 6x40, 6x48, 10x12, 10x20, 10x24, 10x40, 10x48, 10x72, cm
40
18x24, 30x40 cm interleaved (IF, FW) in boxes and other sizes according to 10
400
an agreement with manufacturer. cm

200
20

rollfilm without lead screen (DW) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
mm Fe
90
bare rollfilm (BLR)

for more details see the technical data sheet of ROLLFILM. Gamma rays (Cobalt 60)
1000
GBq.h
Film base
Ci.h
10000
INDUX R8 is manufactured on a dimensionally stable bluish polyester base

4000
of 0,175 mm thickness. 100
cm
120 2000
Screens 100
cm
cm
1000
Screens-packed kinds (FOMAPAK) content lead screens 0,025 or 0,1 mm 80
cm
thick, backed by a paper of 70 - 90 g/sq. m of basis weight, on both film 10
60 400
sides. 40
cm
200
Darkroom illumination cm
100
20
The film is processed at yellow safety illumination with wavelength of 590 1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
nm and higher. Length of exposure and a distance of the processed mm Fe

FOMA NDT SYSTEM
Processing
processing.
FOMAFIX Rapid Fixer
(hardener
)INDUX R8 can also be processed in corresponding processing
Sensitometric characterist
optical density
1 2 3
log. rel. exposure

of harmful gases.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMADUX RX-8
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL X-RAY FILM
General information Processing
FOMADUX RX-8 is an industrial radiographic film designed for FOMADUX RX-8 is well suited to both manual and automatic
non-destructive X-rays or gamma rays testing. processing.
FOMADUX RX-8 possesses an extremely high X-ray Recommended baths for manual processing:
sensitivity and medium contrast. In addition, FOMADUX RX-8 FOMADUX LP-T developer and developer-replenisher
has a high sensitivity in the blue spectral region, and as such it (developing time 5 min/20C, dilution 1 + 3)
is primarily intended for use in combination with intensifying FOMAFIX rapid fixer
screens. FOTONAL wetting agent
Application FOMADUX RX-8 can also be processed in baths designed for
FOMADUX RX-8 is particularly useful in circumstances where processing industrial radiographic films from other
its high sensitivity is beneficial, e.g. when radiographing thick- manufacturers.
walled products and materials, building structures, and the like, Adhere to the developing time of 100 seconds and temperature
or in situations where a very short exposure is a critical of 28C when using Agfa baths for automatic processing (Agfa
requirement. Its assets include the possibility of using it in G135 developer), and the developing time of 5 minutes and
combination with blue emitting tungsten intensifying screens temperature of 20C when using Agfa baths for manual
and, in particular, with fluorometallic screens. Its use with lead processing (Agfa G128 developer).
screens is feasible as well. Sensitometric characteristic
Intensifying screens 220 kV/10 mA/8 mm Cu, automatic processing, FOMADUX LP-D developer, cycle
The following fluorometallic screens are recommended for use 8 min/28C, developing time 120 sec
with FOMADUX RX-8:
optical density
4
Rennex UPW 1,UPW 2
Agfa Structurix RCF
Kyokko SMP 308
Kodak Lanex Fast Screens
3
The use of fluorescent intensifying screens (CaWO4) emitting
in a region with a peak at approx. 420 nm is also possible.
Exposure with intensifying screens
The inverse relation (mA/time or time/distance), which is
2
applicable to exposure to direct X-rays or behind lead screens,
does not apply here. Therefore no universal intensifying factor
valid in all exposure conditions can be identified.
Packaging forms
Darkroom packaging (KB) 1
Size: 30x40 cm interleaved (IF, FW) in boxes of 50 sheets .

Rollfilm packaging
rollfilm with Pb, 60, 70 mm or 100 mm wide, 90 m long
rollfilm BLR (Bulk Road Roll) 1 2 3
Other specific sizes or rolls can be obtained subject to log. rel. expozice
agreement with the manufacturer.
Film base Archiving of processed films
FOMADUX RX-8 is coated on a dimensionally stable bluish The manufacturer guarantees stability of the processed films for
polyester backing 0.175 mm thick. The two film surfaces are 50 years or longer provided that the following conditions are met:
provided with protective layers against mechanical damage - The films have been properly fixed and washed
and electrostatic discharge - The films are stored at 10C to 25C, RH 30% to 50%, out of the
Darkroom illumination reach of harmful gases.
FOMADUX RX-8 should be handled and processed under Storage of unexposed films
indirect safe yellow light (wavelengths 590 nm and higher). In Unexposed films should be stored in the vertical position in the
view of the high film sensitivity it is recommended that the original packaging in a dry and cold place at 10C to 21C and
exposure time and the film-light source distance be tested in relative humidity 40% to 60%, out of the reach of any ionising
advance. radiation.
Exposed films should be developed as soon as possible.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMADUX NDT ROLLFILM

INDUSRIAL X-RAY FILM
Characteristics of the product contact of the film with baths. It is also possible to split the film
FOMADUX NDT ROLLFILM is a special confectioning form of and to process it in parts in ordinary frames used for cell
technical radiographic film with designed for non-destructive processing.
material testing with use of X- or gamma radiation. The special Recommended chemicals for the manual processing:
form of the packaging ensures the films resistance to light, FOMADUX LP-T Developer and Developer-Replenisher
humidity and greasy impurities. (5 minutes of developing time at 20 C, 1 + 3)
The film is placed between two lead screens (thickness 0,025 FOMAFIX Rapid Fixer.
mm) of the same dimensions; the screens are in perfect contact Recommended chemicals for the automatic processing:
with the film; the film is packed in a light- and moisture-proof FOMADUX LP-D Developer-Replenisher
package using the edge to edge system. (2 minutes of developer immersion time at 28 C)
Usage FOMA LP-DS Developer Starter
This kind of film is ideal solution for testing of long welds, e.g. FOMADUX FIX-Set Hardening Fixer part A (fixer) + part B
welds of pipelines, pressure vessels or large parts in the (hardener)
aerospace industry, as the length can be chosen so that all the FOMADUX NDT ROLLFILM can also be processed in
radiogram can be exposed to a single piece of film. corresponding processing chemicals of other manufacturers, for
Packed film is wound onto a cardboard core and inserted in a example developer Agfa G135 for automatic processing
transport box from which required length can be simply wound 2 minutes of developer immersion time at 28 C or for manual
out. There is a print in the package axis on the side with folded processing 5 minutes of developing time at 20 C.
edges; the print helps determine the film center and the film Archiving of processed films
length. Contact of the film with a wet or impure object has no effect The manufacturer guarantees the archival permanence of mi-
on the quality of the final radiograph. nimum 50 years when complying with conditions following:
How to remove the film from the package before processing: In a films must be perfectly fixed and washed
dark room hold the non-printed part of the package together with films must be stored at a relative humidity of 30 to 60% out of
lead screen and the film with one hand and strip off the printed part reach of harmful gases.
of the package and the second lead screen with the other hand. Storage of unexposed films
Thus the film will be easily and quickly removed from the package. The product has been produced and marketed in conformity with
Advantages of the rollfilm a quality system according to the international standard EN ISO
The full length of the weld can be radiographed onto a single piece 9001:2000.Unexposed films should be stored in the original
of film, i.e. we avoid using several film sheets for one weld. packaging in a cool, dry place (temperature ranging from 10 to
Required film length is determined according to the weld length. 21 C, relative humidity from 40 to 60 %), out of reach of harmful
Further advantages: vapours, gases and ionizing radiations.
Using without cassettes Exposed films should be processed as soon as possible.
Lightproof package is resistant to humidity and greasy Packaging
impurities Rollfilm with Pb
By single usage films we avoid faults caused by their repeated lightproof, humidity and greasy resistant
usage sandwiched between two lead screens(thickness 0,025 mm)
Perfect contact between the film, lead screens and checked width 60, 70 or 100 mm in length up to 90 m.
object ensures optimal quality of the image Rollfilm DW
The edge to edge packing system allows optimal use of the film greasy resistant
surface where there is not sufficient space for placing the film without lead screens lightproof, humidity and
Processing especially intended for works using low to very low radiation
FOMADUX is intended both for the manual and automatic (<100 kV)
processing. width 60, 70 mm or 100 mm in length up to 90 m.
Processing technology Rollfilm BLR
Long films must be processed carefully. Generally it is possible to bare rollfilm
split the film after marking it and then to process it in the ordinary intended for using in cassettes
way or to fully exploit the advantages of the ROLLFILM package width 60, 70 mm or 100 mm in length up to 150 m.
and to process it in full length. By using and processing of the product Indux R arise wastes, which is
a) When machine processing it is necessary to ensure precise necessary to environmentally liquidate according to valid legislation.
leading (by a suitable jig) of the film into the axis of the Wastes:
developing machine. packaging foil : PET / AL / PE or PAPER / PE / PAPER
b) In manual processing of ROLLFILM, prior to processing it is Pb foil
necessary to wind the film into a special wire coil that facilitates waste developers
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMATEST SC 981
Features 2. Control and diagnostics of processing .

FOMATEST SC 981 is a pre-exposed test film strip designed for FOMATEST SC 981 test strips are processed in
monitoring the quality of processing of INDUX radiogra-phic regular intervals in a given processing system.
films, in accordance with the requirements for Values of minimum density, speed index and
classified film systems to EN 11699-2 standard. It helps to gradient index are evaluated from the test strip by
monitor and optimize the processing system, to indicate the means of a densitometer. As reference data, the test
proper time for baths exchange or processor adjustment. results are used that were measured and recorded at
Packaging the beginning of the whole series, usually in fresh
Boxes of 25 sheets of daylight packaging: test strips are processing solutions. During regular monitoring of
exposed on INDUX R4 or INDUX R5 or INDUX R7 film, size the process, the measured test strip speed and
6 x 24cm, and supplied as one-sheet, vacuum sealed, lead contrast index should not exceed the tolerable
screen containing FOMAPAK packages. deviations from the reference data. In a chart,
monitored values are plotted against time. If all
Test film exposure parameters are within the tolerated limits, the
To make a FOMATEST SC 981 test strips, a control pattern process is considered satisfactory. More detailed
is X-ray exposed at INDUX R4 or INDUX R5 or INDUX R7 film. instructions for use are attached.
The test pattern consists of 10 fields with stepwise increasing
exposure, completed by an area for minimum density reading Darkroom illumination
and a space for sample identification data. SC 981 test strips are handled and processed in the
same way as other films of INDUX series, i.e. under
Dx Dx+4 indirect safelighting with a wavelength over 520 nm.
Agfa R1safelight filter (dark red) or Agfa G7 (olive
FOMA
EN 11699-2 green) should be used with 25W bulb or LED
sources (590 or 660 nm), at a minimum distance of
4 fields 75 cm.
field No X+4
Processing
field for reading minimal field with density
density of about D=2 (field No X)
Test strips are designed for monitoring and control of
any process used by a customer. Processing
Application parameters are those commonly used by a
1. Proof of standard processing according to EN 11699-2 customer, usually as recommended by the
Classification of a film system into C1C6 classes according processing baths manufacturer. Processing based
to EN 11699-1 anticipates a standard processing quality. If a on other than FOMADUX baths may be also
proof should be presented to a customer that a given film monitored by SC 981 test strips.
series has been classified correctly according to EN 11699-1 Storage
by an NDT workstation, it is necessary to check the Unprocessed tests should be stored in the original
processing quality by Fomatest SC 981 before and after the packaging at the temperature not exceeding 20 C,
series. This test allows for measuring and evaluation of out of reach of harmful fumes and ionizing radiation.
minimum density Dmin, speed index Sx and contrast index
Life time of unprocessed tests is 6 months.
Cx. If these sensitometric characteristics before and after
processing of the series keep within the tolerated limits, the
whole series is considered as satisfactory.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMATEST THIO
THE KIT FOR CHECKING STABILITY OF PROCESSED INDUSTRIAL X-RAY FILMS
Rating of the product
FOMATEST THIO is a kit for a simple check of stability of processed X-ray films INDUX in terms of their ability to be archived. By
means of the test kit inadequate fixing and washing processing of the film, whick makes the stability of the exposed image and the
service life of the film shorter may be determined immediately.
The FOMATEST THIO kit is supplied in a box containing a small bottle with 30 ml of FOMATEST THIO, a dropper, an etalon strip,
application instructions, and a package of paper filters.
Testing
Selection of the test area
The test is done on a completely processed and dry radiogram, where an absolutely clear and unexposed spot of about 1 square
cm is selected (which is not part of the image, because the chemicals leave yellowish coloration). If there is no such spot on the
film, the test may be performed on an unexposed film that was processed under identical conditions as the tested radiogram.
The basic test
The dropper is held about 1 to 2 cm above the tested zone of the film and one drop of FOMATEST THIO is released without the
dropper touching the surface. The chemical reacts within 2 minutes plus minus 15 sec. Using a small piece of the filter paper the
drop is absorbed carefully, again without touching the tested area of the film at all. The remaining fluid is removed by pressing
finger lightly on the filter paper. The emulsion must not be damaged by the filter paper. The tested zone is dried by airflow. The
described procedure is repeated on the reverse side of the film on the same place.
Test evaluation
The film must be protected against the effects of direct sunlight or other intense light sources. The film must be evaluated as soon
as possible, not later than 30 minutes after the test. Delay in evaluation may result in incorrect evaluation, because the yellow spot
on the tested area darkens gradually. The tested area is placed over a standard white background and compared visually with the
enclosed etalon strip positioned next to the test spot. The etalon colour that is closest to the colour of the spot identifies the
expected life of the radiograph.
Colour grades of the etalon correspond to values in the following table:
Color grade Content of thio-sulphate (S2O3)2total Archivability in years

on both sides of the film (g/m2) Life expectancy (LE)1/
1. darkest more than 0.35 not capable of being archived, find and correct
error,requires additional processing2/
2. dark max. 0.20 up to 10 years, average archivability LE = 10
3. light max. 0.10 up to 100 years, long-term archivability, LE = 100
4. lightest max. 0.04 permanent, archivability film, LE = 500
1/ LE according to ISO 10602, for permanent archives LE is 500 years

2/ If the color of the test spot is more saturated than the darkest grade of the etalon, the quality of the fixer (pH and silver content) and the rinse water (amount of through-flow)
must be checked and corrected for the application. Thereafter, the film must be fixed again in the fresh solution and rinsed again in running water. Older processed films may
be fixed and rinsed again. For automatic processing the films may be placed in the fixing cell and drawn through the fixer and rinse, and dried. In manual processing the films
are fixed for 2 minutes in a fresh fixer and rinsed for 10 to 15 minutes in running water. Finally, the FOMATEST THIO test is repeated.
Storage
The solution must be stored in a dry and cool, preferably dark place. The bottle must be closed tight after use. The color chips
should be protected against contact with chemical solutions (alcohol, acetone, ethers, etc.).
Safety precautions
Avoid contact of FOMATEST THIO solution with the skin, clothing, and photographic materials. Should the skin or eyes come into
contact with FOMATEST THIO, the affected spot should be rinsed with clear water immediately. The solution stains and the spots
are difficult to remove.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMASTEP E-09
ETALON OF OPTICAL DENSITIES WITH THE PROTOCOL OF CALIBRATION
Characteristics of the product

FOMASTEP E-09 is etalon of optical densities for calibration of
densitometers, intended for evaluating of processed NDT x-ray films.
There are 9 fields of 10x15mm size with graduated optical densities on
the etalon, which fully cover the range of optical densities D = 0 ~ 4,0.
Calibration and protocol of calibration
The parts of the etalon are practically measured data of optical density,
which have been measured with the calibrated densitometer of proved
connection to state etalon MI. These data are mentioned in the
attached protocol of calibration, which confirms the connection of calibrating
measuring instrument, the practically measured data and measurement uncertainty.
Application
FOMASTEP E-09 is being used for checking and calibration of working measuring instruments operating densitometers.
Packaging form
FOMASTEP E-09 is made out from polyester base and exposed using the light method. Etalon is in covering envelope from
polyester and together with relevant protocol of calibration is inserted in labelled envelope (name of the producer, product name,
and date of production).
Storage
Both opened and unopened product must be stored in a dry and air place at the temperature of 5 to 20C and at a relative humidity
of 30 to 50 %.
Warranty
Recommended usable life of etalon is 12 month from the date of measurement.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMADUX LP-D, FOMA LP-DS, FOMADUX FIX Set

LIQUID CHEMICALS FOR AUTOMATIC PROCESSING OF INDUSTRIAL X-RAY FILMS
General
The liquid concentrate of chemicals are intended for automatic For preparation of 21 liters working solution of FOMADUX
processing of industrial X-ray films in processing machines using FIX Set is part A (5 liters of fixer) diluted with 15 liters of
8 12 minutes cycle. The processing solutions are prepared by water and afterwards is added successively part B (1 liter
diluting concentrated chemicals with water. The liquid chemistry of hardener) to the solution under continuously mixing.
is especially suitable for processing of FOMA X-ray INDUX films Basic and regeneration bath is the same.
as well as for comparable materials of other producers. Processing
The chemicals are labeled as follows: Recommended development conditions:
temperature developing time processing time
FOMA LP-DS Starter
FOMADUX FIX-Set Hardening Fixer 28C 2 min. 8 min.
Features
FOMADUX LP-D Developer-Replenisher provides high image Recommended replenishment doses are 600 to 800 ml/m2.
quality with particularly fine grain and well balanced contrast, Recommended standard fixing conditions:
making full use of the film speed. temperature time
Its formula quarantees the product long-lasting stability, prevents
deposits formation even with hard water. 28C 2 min.
FOMADUX FIX-Set Minimum fixing time = 100 sec.
Part A Rapid Fixer provides high fixing and buffering action, Recommended replenishment doses of ready-made
strong hardening power and long-term stability. fixing bath (i.c. with hardener) are 1000 to 1200 ml/m2.
Part B Hardener increases hardening power of the fixer, Replenishment values being for reference, the exact
resulting in high mechanical resistance of the film and short values are to be determined by trial processing involving
processing time. the processing machine and film used, the daily
Packing processing capacity and processing time.
FOMADUX LP-D In case of any need do not hesitate to ask special
liquid concentrate for the final volume of 20 litres: technical help of FOMA service.
Part A 1 container of 5 litres Storage
Part B 1 bottle of 0.25 litre The chemicals should be stored in the original packing in
Part C 1 bottle of 0.5 litre a dry place at temperatures +5 to +25 C, for a period not
FOMA LP-DS exceeding 24 months.
1 bottle of 0.5 litre A possible crystalline fraction in parts A and C is not a
FOMADUX FIX-Set defect, it will dissolve again after heating to 40 C and
set for 21 l of solution: agitation the solution.
Part A 1 container of 5 litres (fixer)
Part B 1 bottle of 1 liter (hardener)
Preparation of working solutions
The developer solution is made using FOMADUX LP-D
Developer-Replenisher and FOMA LP-DS Starter (25 ml of
starter per 1 litre of developer). As replenisher the solution of
FOMADUX LP-D Developer-Replenisher without starter is used.
The product has been produced and marketed in conformity with
a quality system according to the international standard EN ISO
9001.
For preparation of working solution of replenisher 5 litres of liquid
concentrate FOMADUX LP-D part A is mixed with 10 litres of
water. Continuosly mixing this solution the FOMADUX LP-D
part B and FOMADUX LP-D part C is succesively added. After
that water is filled up to the final volume of 20 litres. The reservoir
with the working solution of replenisher must be safely closed by
a cover. Using one packing 20 litres of replenisher can be made.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMADUX LP-T, FOMAFIX KIT

LIQUID CHEMICALS FOR MANUAL PROCESSING OF INDUSTRIAL X-RAY FILMS
Characteristics Recommended standard developing conditions:

The concentrates for the preparation of baths for manual
processing of technical radiographic films. The baths are
suitable especially for technical radiographic films INDUX, but temperature processing cycle
could be used also for comparable materials from other
For the28C
regeneration, a 5bath
min.prepared from the concentrate
manufacturers.
FOMADUX LP-T is used which is diluted by water in proportion
Designation of developing baths:
1:2(3).
Developer FOMADUX LP-T
FOMAFIX KIT The recommended dosing of the regeneration bath is for the
technical X-ray films 800 ml/m2. Optimum conditions of
Features regeneration are dependant on the method of processing, size
Developer FOMADUX LP-T is a single-component of the developing tank, daily processing capacity etc.
concentrate for the preparation of developer for manual
Concentrate of quick fixer FOMADUX FIX is determined for the
processing of technical radiographic films. The developer
preparation of 20 to 25 litres of fixing bath.
ensures a high quality of picture and is distinguished especially
with a fine grain and a well balanced contras. It uses fully the Recommended standard fixing conditions:
film sensitivity. Composition of the developer assures its long-
term stability, eliminates creation of sediments, if hard water temperature time
is used.
28C 5 min.
Quick fixer FOMADUX FIX The same bath is used for the regeneration.
Is a concentrate of fixing bath on the base of ammonium The recommended regeneration doses of 1000 to 1200 ml/m2
thiosulphate with a high fixing rate and efficiency, a strong should be elaborated by a practical test.
buffer action and long-term stability. The wetting agent Fotonal should be applied in the last water
Wetting agent FOTONAL washing bath, just before drying.
A liquid concentrate of wetting agent containing surface active You may prepare the solution by adding of 20 to 40 ml of
substances and additives which enhance the stability of the concentrate in 1 litre of water.
developed picture. The use of wetting agent ensures an even In case when necessary, ask for a professional advice from the
off-take of water from the surface of the processed film, speeds service engineers of the firm FOMA.
up the process of drying and eliminates the occurrence of Storage
stains. The concentrates should be stored in the original packing on a
Adjusting dry place at temperatures from 5 to 25C.
Concentrated developer FOMADUX LP-T The respective crystallised portion does not affect the function
Container with volume 5 litres and may be dissolved again by warming up to 40 C and
Set FOMAFIX KIT stirring.
2x 5 litres of quick fixer FOMADUX FIX The time of usability is 24 months from the date of
2x 1 litre of wetting agent FOTONAL manufacture. The usability time for one application of
Preparation of baths processing solutions, if regeneration is applied continuously, is
Concentrated developer FOMADUX LP-T should be diluted 4 to 8 weeks.
with water in proportion 1 + 3 (up to 1 + 4), from one packing of
5 l you can get 20 to 25 litres of the processing solution. It is
appropriate to close the tank with the developer by a cover.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMA DP-I, FOMAFIX P-I

LIQUID CHEMICALS FOR MANUAL PROCESSING OF INDUSTRIAL X-RAY FILMS
Features Fixation takes 5 minutes at a temperature of 20C.

Powder processing baths are used for the preparation of baths It is possible to process 1m2 of X-ray films in one litre of the
for the manual processing of FOMA X-ray films. FOMAFIX P-I rapid fixer.
FOMA DP-I is a powder form n-hydroquinone developer for the If you need assistance, please ask our FOMA customer service
manual processing of technical X-ray films at temperatures team.
between 20C and 30C. Storage
FOMAFIX P-I is a powder form rapid fixer suitable for the Store the powder form baths in the original packing in dry and
manual processing of technical X-ray films. well-ventilated rooms at temperatures between +5C and
Pack Volumes +25C and a relative humidity not exceeding 65%. Protect the
Powder form baths for the technical X-ray films are delivered baths from rapid temperature variations and keep them away
with the following pack volumes: from direct sunlight.
FOMA DP-I component parts A + B for the preparation of 20 Information about environmentally-sound disposal as well as
litres of the working-strength developer solution. the safety rules during the transport, storage and handling can
FOMAFIX P-I component parts A + B + C for the preparation be found in the Material Safety Data Sheet of the product.
of 20 litres of the working-strength rapid fixer solution.
Bath Preparation
FOMA DP-I Dissolve the content of 2 bags A in 15L of water
heated up to 40oC. Allow them fully dissolve and then add the
content of 2 bags B. The solution shall be made up to a 20-litre
volume of the working strength.
FOMAFIX P-I Dissolve gradually the content of 4 bags A, 2
bags B and 2 bags C in 15L of water heated up to 40oC. Bags B
and C should be added only after the previous bag content has
been fully dissolved. Once all of the component parts are fully
dissolved, the solution should be made up to a 20-litre volume.
Processing
Recommended standard consitions for the development
process
temperature time (min.)

28C 5
28C 3.5
28C 2
It is recommended for the development process that a stop
bath is used for a period of 30s.
One litre of the FOMA DP-I developer allows to process 1m2 of
the technical X-ray films.
MANUAL PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS In case of dried water drops use.
1 2 3 4 5
FOMADUX LP-T FOMADUX FIX FOTONAL
DEVELOPMENT STOP BATH FIXATION WASHING WETTING
20C 1025C 20C 1025C 1025C
H2O 15 litres H2O H 2O 15 litres H 2O H2O
A A A A A
N AL
X
DU res DUX TO
MA 5lit MA FO
FO -T, FO X
LP FI
0.3 0.6 litres
H2O H2O
LM
LM
30 sec. 15 min. 15 litres

20 litres 20 litres
FI
FI
B B B B B
5 min. 5 min.
LM
LM
LM
FI
FI
FI
20C 20C 30 sec.

C C C
EXAMPLES OF SELECTED WELD DEFECTS
PICTURES OF THE DEFECTS WERE MADE USING THE INDUX OR FOMADUX FILMS.
root porosity slag inclusions root concavity
elongated/worm hole line slag inclusion excessive root
worm hole porosity in the elongated slag incomplete root
(cluster) porosity longitudinal crack surface unevenness
external undercut transversal crack in the weld lack of side wall

in the heat area; in the weld
FOMA NDT SYSTEM programme for industrial radiography

l a range of radiographic films: INDUX, FOMADUX ROLLFILM, FOMATEST THIO and FOMATEST SC 981 and also chemicals for both manual and automatic processing
of these films
l automatic processors, viewers, densitometers, safelamps and other accessories
EXAMPLES OF SELECTED DEFECTS (ASTM E 446, volume II)
REFERENCE RADIOGRAPHS FOR STEEL CASTINGS UP TO 2 in (51 mm) IN THICKNESS 1 MV X-RAY TUBE OR IRIDIUM-192.
SAND AND SLAG INCLUSIONS SAND AND SLAG INCLUSIONS SHRINKAGE SHRINKAGE
mark B3 mark B4 mark CA3 mark CA4
SHRINKAGE SHRINKAGE SHRINKAGE SHRINKAGE

mark CB3 mark CB4 mark CC3 mark CC4
SHRINKAGE SHRINKAGE HOT TEAR INSERT

mark CD3 mark CD4 mark E mark F

l a range of radiographic films: INDUX, FOMADUX ROLLFILM, FOMATEST THIO and FOMATEST SC 981 and also chemicals for both manual and automatic
processing of these films
l automatic processors, viewers, densitometers, safelamps and other accessories
EXAMPLES OF SELECTED PROCESSING ARTEFACTS
A B C D E
Film sheets stucked together Unconsidered mechanical manipulation Film washed insufficiently Developing without film motion in bath. Film manipulation with polluted
in the developer. Electrostatic discharges. dry water drops. fingers.
The examples A, B, C, D, E, F and H are characteristic

F G H of manual processing of industrial X-ray films.
The examples E, G and H are characteristic of automatic
processing.
l a range of radiographic films: INDUX, FOMADUX ROLLFILM,
FOMATEST THIO and FOMATEST SC 981 and also
chemicals for both manual and automatic processing of these
films
l automatic processors, viewers, densitometers, safelamps and
Dry water drops. Pressure roller tension. Unconsidered mechanical manipulation
mechanical pinch. other accessories
Czech Republic
FOMA BOHEMIA spol. s r.o. (Ltd.), Hradec Krlov, Czech Republic

tel.: +420 495 733 288, +420 495 733 111, fax: +420 495 733 376
[email protected], www.foma.eu 2015

RT Film Classification - C1 To C6

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FOMA NDT SYSTEM

FILMS FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY

a) silver halide microcrystals b) silver halide microcrystals c) comparison of size-distribution

Programme of industrial radiography (FOMA NDT SYSTEM)

Specification and use of INDUX and FOMADUX

Image quality and classification of film system

Requirements of the EN 11699-1 Standard on a radiographic film system

Characteristics curves of INDUX line films

X-rays 200 kV INDUX R2

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Relation between the speed of INDUX

Packaging forms of INDUX and FOMADUX industrial X-ray films

Stability of the processed radiographs

INDUX R2 corresponds with the class C1 classification according to EN

Packaging forms Gamma rays (Iridium 192)

and other sizes according to an agreement with manufacturer. 40

The vacuum-sealed packaging FOMAPAK ensures optimum contact of 1000

darkroom packaging (KB) 200

18x24, 30x40 cm interleaved (IF, FW) in boxes and other sizes 1

Film base Gamma rays (Cobalt 60)

base of 0,175 mm thickness. 120

Screens-packed kinds (FOMAPAK) content lead screens 0,025 or 0,1 100

mm thick, backed by a paper of 70 - 90 g/sq. m of basis weight, on both 40

film sides. 1000

Archiving of processed films

General information Exposure charts for steel

Film INDUX R3 corresponds with the class C2 classification according

daylight packaging (FOMAPAK) one-sheet vacuum-sealed Gamma rays (Iridium 192)

darkroom packaging (KB) 10 20

according to an agreement with manufacturer.

speeds. Gamma rays (Cobalt 60)

mm thick, backed by a paper of 70 90 g/sq. m of basis weight, on both 10

The film is processed at yellow safety illumination with wavelength of 1

material from the illumination source should be tested.

Archiving of processed films

General information Exposure charts for steel

ISO 11699-1 standard and according to ASTME 1815 standard with

The quality of INDUX R4 films meets the requirements of BAM

The vacuum-sealed packaging FOMAPAK ensures optimum contact of 0c

and waterproof. c m 400

rollfilm with lead screen Gamma rays (Cobalt 60)

bare rollfilm (BLR)

for more details see the technical data sheet of ROLLFILM cm

INDUX R4 is manufactured on a dimensionally stable bluish polyester 100

base of 0,175 mm thickness. 1

Screens-packed kinds (FOMAPAK) content lead screens 0,025 or 0,1

Archiving of processed films

General information Exposure charts for steel

darkroom packaging (KB) 80c

to an agreement with manufacturer. 20

Rollfilm packaging 100

rollfilm with lead screen 1

MultiPack daily package containing 2 films INDUX with various

INDUX R5 is manufactured on a dimensionally stable bluish polyester c m 400

Archiving of processed films

General informationI Exposure charts for steel

The quality of INDUX R7 films meets the requirements of BAM certification.