Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering (ASME 201)

Examination # 1, April 13, 2012

Spring, 2012

All answers should be in ENGLISH !!!!!

Please provide an answer in your exam book in the order of the question number.

1. Please provide a short definition of the following words either in words, equations or
drawings.

1) Braggs law 2) interstitial diffusion 3) grains 4) edge dislocation

5) linear density 6) allotropy 7) complete solid solution 8) unit cell
9) metallic bond 10) dipole

2. Calculate the activation energy for vacancy formation in aluminum, given that the
equilibrium number of vacancies at 500oC (773K) is 7.55 x 1023 m-3. The atomic weight
and density (at 500oC) for aluminum are, respectively, 26.98 g/mol and 2.62 g/cm3.
Boltzmanns constant is 8.62 x 10-5 eV/K or 1.38 x 10-23 J/atom K.

3. Diffusion of carbon into the steel is the most commonly used method to increase the
wear resistance of the steel surface. It is called carburization and is one of the typical
examples of the non-steady state diffusion phenomena.
Calculate the new temperature of carburization to obtain the thickness of twice of that
obtained from 820oC. Time is fixed for one hour for both cases and activation energy
for diffusion is 148,000 J/mol. (Hint : use of error function is not necessary)

4. (1) Sketch the [^1^123], [4^2^23] and [10^10] directions in a hexagonal unit cell. Be
sure that both starting and ending points are inside one unit cell.
(2) Sketch the (1^101), (11^20) and (^12^12) planes in a hexagonal unit cell. Planes
should be confined inside one unit cell.

5. The partial pressures of hydrogen gas across the BCC iron foil of 1.2mm thick are 2
x 1018 atoms/cm3 and 5 x 1016 atoms/cm3, respectively. Calculate the temperature
where we can obtain the diffusion flux of 2 x 1015 atoms/cm2s. Do = 0.0012 cm2/s
and activation energy is 3600 cal/mol. (be aware of the changes in units)

6. When the crystal structure of a metal changes from face-centered cubic to hexagonal
closed packed structure, calculate the % volume change [ = (vol. of hcp vol. of fcc)
/ (vol. of fcc)] that accompanies the change. Assume that atoms are hard-spheres with
a radius of r.

7. When two isolated ions are brought close together from an infinite separation,
A B
potential energy (Er) of the bond can be expressed as Er = ( r ) + (r10 )
Here, A and B are constants and r is the interionic distance.

1) Show that Youngs modulus depends on the curvature of the potential energy at
the equilibrium interionic distance.
2) It is known that NaCl has a larger thermal expansion than Al metal even though
melting points of them are similar. How can you explain these differences using
potential energy diagram.

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 Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering (ASME 201)
Examination # 2, May 14, 2012
Spring, 2012

All answers should be in ENGLISH !!!!!

Please provide an answer in your exam book in the order of appearance.

1 (10) Please provide a short definition of the following words either in words, equations
or drawings.
1) plastic deformation 2) grain growth 3) Gibbs phase rule
4) liquidus line 5) spheroidite 6) Frenkel defect 7) ferrite
8) component 9) ceramics 10) graphene

2 (20) Please construct the CoO-TiO2 phase diagrams based on the following
information within the temperature interval of 1900oC ~1300oC only. Label all fields.

1) CoO melts at 1803oC, TiO2 melts at 1825oC

2) Solubility of TiO2 in CoO : 5mol% at 1520oC, zero at T<1400oC
Solubility of CoO in TiO2 : 10 mol% at 1505oC, zero at T<1400oC
3) Two intermediate compounds melt congruently (no solid solution)
2CoOTiO2 at 1575oC, CoOTiO2 at 1470oC
One intermediate compound melts incongruently (no solid solution)
CoO2TiO2 at 1505oC
4) Invariant points
Eutectic points
L (30TiO2) CoO (ss) + 2CoOTiO2 at 1520oC
L (50TiO2) 2CoOTiO2 + CoOTiO2 at 1410oC
L (60TiO2) CoOTiO2 + CoO2TiO2 at 1430oC
Peritectic point
L (65TiO2) + TiO2 (ss) CoO2TiO2 at 1505oC

3 (8) Non-stoichiometric compound of Fe0.93O has the NaCl structure with a unit cell
parameter of 0.4292 nm. How could you determine whether this non-stoichiometry is
due to the cation vacancies or anion interstitials if the measured density of a fully
sintered (without any pores) specimen is 5.658 g/cm3. Atomic mass of Fe and O are
55.8 and 16, respectively.

4 (12) A square Ni bar with 10 mm x 10mm with a length of 40 mm was subjected to the
tensile load to obtain the following results.

Load (N) Length (mm) Load (N) Length (mm)

0 40.00 43100 40.10
86200 40.20 102000 40.40
104800 40.80 109600 41.60
113300 42.46 121300 44.00
126900 46.00 127600 48.00
113800 (fracture) 50.20

1) Calculate the ultimate strength

2) Calculate the yield strength
3) Calculate the modulus of elasticity (Youngs modulus)

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5 (15) Using the binary phase diagram of Pb-Sn system below, please draw
schematically the changes in the tensile strength of the alloy with the addition of Sn
at the temperature of 100oC. Suggest the most important strengthening mechanism
at each compositional interval. (There can be approximately 4 compositional intervals.)
Assume that strengths of pure Sn and Pb are same.

6 It is well known that total free energy changes (G) associated with the homogeneous
nucleation is related to the changes in the volume free energy (Gv) and surface free
energy () of the nucleus.
1) (5) Derive the equations for the critical size of the nucleus (r*) and critical free
energy (G*).
(10) Calculate the number of Cu atoms necessary to form the critical-sized
nucleus at 835oC during the homogeneous nucleation. Melting point of Cu is
1085oC, heat of fusion is 1628 x 107 erg/cm3, = 117 erg/cm2 and lattice constant
of fcc Cu is 3.165 x 10-8 cm.

7 (20) Suppose that hypoeutectoid steel was heat treated continuously following the
schedule described below. Show the phases and microstructures of the phases
schematically after each heat treatment stage.
1) Anneal at 900oC for 10 hours
2) Then, cool instantaneously to 610oC and hold for 2 seconds
3) Then, cool instantaneously to 450oC and hold for 1 second
4) Then, heat instantaneously to 590oC and hold for 1 second
5) Then, cool instantaneously to 290oC and hold for 24 hours.

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 Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering (ASME 201)
Examination # 3, June 18, 2012
Spring, 2012

All answers should be in ENGLISH !!!!!

Please provide an answer in your exam book in the order of appearance.

1 (10) Please provide a short definition of the following words either in words, equations
or drawings.
2) Octahedral position 2) Glass-Ceramics 3) Block Co-polymer
4) MOSFET 5) Mean free path 6) Reverse bias 7) LED
8) Full name of LASER 9) Stereoisomerism 10) Hydroplastic forming

2 1) (10) The fraction of nonreflected radiation that is transmitted through a 10-mm

thickness of a transparent material is 0.90. If the thickness is increased to 20 mm,
what fraction of light will be transmitted?
3) (10) The transmission T of a transparent material 20 mm thick to normally incident
light is 0.85. If the index of refraction of this material is 1.6, compute the thickness
of material that will yield a transmission of 0.75. All reflection loss should be
considered.

3 Some important ceramic materials show different crystal structures from the simple
cubic structures found from most of metals. One of the important ceramic materials is
BaTiO3 with so-called perovskite structure.

1) (5) Please draw and explain cubic BaTiO3 structure.

2) (10) This material can develop permanent electric dipole moment at temperature
below 120oC. Using the schematic drawing of the crystal structure, explain how the
permanent dipole moment can appear in this material.

4 (20) Calculate the temperature at which the conductivity of the intrinsic Si can become
same as that of Si containing 10 ppb of P in weight. Bandgap of Si is 1.1 eV. Charge
of electron is 0.16 x 10-18 A.s and Boltzmanns constant is 86.1 x 10-6eV.
Density(g/cm3) Atomic Mobility Mobility Intrinsic
mass (g) (cm2/V.s) at (cm2/V.s) at conductivity
20oC for 20oC for (ohm-1cm-1)
electron hole
Si 2.33 28.09 1900 425 5 x 10-6
P 1.8 30.97

5 A parallel-plate capacitor with plates separated by 0.5cm and with a surface

area of 100cm2 is subjected to a potential difference of 1000V across the plates.
[permittivity of vacuum is 8.85 x 10-12C2/(Jm), relative dielectric constant of
BaTiO3 is 3000]

A. (5) Calculate its capacitance when BaTiO3 is inserted.

B. (5) A glass plate with a relative dielectric constant of 5.6, which just fills the
space between the plates, is inserted between them. Calculate the surface
charge density on the glass plate.
C. (5) What voltage is required to store a charge of 5x10 -10C on a capacitor
with plates 20mmx20mm and separated by 0.01 mm of (i) vacuum and (ii)
BaTiO3?
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 D. (5) A material is placed in an electric field of 2000V/m that causes a
polarization of 5x10-8C/m2. What is the dielectric constant of this material?

6 (15) Following figure shows the method to calculate the critical angle for the
light ray to be totally reflected at the point A. Using Snells law of refraction,
derive the relationship between sin and two refractive indices of n1 and n2 that
can lead to the total internal refraction at point A. Consider n 0 as 1. Relative
magnitude of three refractive indices is n1>n2>n0.

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 Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering (AMSE 201)
Examination # 1, April 12, 2013
Spring, 2013
All answers should be in ENGLISH !!!!!
Please provide an answer in your exam book in the order of the question number.

1(10) Please provide a short definition of the following words either in words, equations
or drawings.
1) Braggs law 2) Polymorphism 3) Atomic packing factor 4) Unit cell
5) Lattice constant 6) Amorphous 7) Complete solid solution 8) Carburizing
9) Metallic bond 10) Edge dislocation
2(20)When two isolated ions are brought close together from an infinite separation,
A B
potential energy (Er) of the bond can be expressed as Er = ( r ) + (r10 )
Here, A and B are constants and r is the interionic distance.
(1) Draw Er vs. r schematically and explain the physical meanings of two right-hand
side terms
(2) Derive the equilibrium interatomic distance.
(3) Derive the relationship between elastic constant and interatomic distance
(4) Using the graph in (1), please explain the origin of thermal expansion.
3(10) Please answer the following on the Hexagonal Close Packed structure
(1) Please sketch the following directions and planes INSIDE one unit cell.
[210], [221], (0111), (1212)
(2) Show that c/a = 1.63
4(20) An increase in the volume of a material is due to the combination of vacancy
formation and thermal expansion. Pure Cu metal has one vacancy out of 1010 atoms at
20oC. At the melting point of 1083oC, Cu has 1 vacancy out of 103 atoms.
Calculate the relative contribution due to the vacancy formation on the total increase
in volume when Cu was heated from 20oC to 800oC. Volume expansion coefficient of
Cu is 49.5 x 10-6/oC. Please make sure to calculate up to five decimal points.
5(10) On the surface of face-centered cubic Fe, there is one Ni atom for each unit cell
while 1 mm underneath from the surface, there are one Ni atom at every 30 unit cells of
fcc Fe. Calculate the number of Ni atoms that pass through one unit cell of Fe during one
minute at temperature of 1000oC. Diffusion coefficient of Ni in fcc Fe at 1000oC is 2 x 10-
16 2
m /sec and the lattice constant of fcc Fe is 0.356 nm.
6(20) Aluminum atoms are to be diffused into a silicon wafer using both pre-deposition
and drive-in heat treatments. The background concentration of Al in this silicon material
is known to be 3 x 1019 atoms/cm3. The drive-in diffusion treatment is to be carried out at
1050oC for a period of 4.0 h, which gives a junction depth xj of 3.0m. Compute the pre-
deposition diffusion time at 950oC if the surface concentration is maintained at a constant
level of 2 x 1025 atoms/m3. For the diffusion of Al in Si, values of Qd and Do are 3.41
eV/atom and 1.38 x 10-4 m2/s, respectively. Boltzmanns constant is 8.62 x 10-5 eV/atom
K.
7(10)
Two figures are photomicrographs
taken from the optical microscope
(1) Explain the procedures how
you can obtain figure (a)
(2) What make the difference
among the grains in figure (b)?

(a) (b)

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 Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering (AMSE 201)
Examination # 2, May 15, 2013
Spring, 2013
All answers should be in ENGLISH !!!!!
Please provide an answer in your exam book in the order of the question number.

8. (10) Please provide a short definition of the following words either in words, equations
or drawings.
1) Glass-Ceramics 2) Alloy Steel 3) Recovery 4) Structure of BaTiO3
5) Solvus Line 6) Sintering 7) Gibbs Phase Rule (in general)
8) Tetrahedral Position 9) Toughness 10) Hydroplasticity

2. 1) (5) The lower yield point for an iron that has an average grain diameter of 0,06 mm
is 135 MPa. At a grain diameter of 0.008 mm, the yield point increases to 260 MPa.
At what grain diameter will the lower yield point be 205 MPa?
2) (5) Explain why the addition of small amount of solutes will result in the increase of
yield strength (Solid solution hardening). Are there any differences in relative sizes
of solute and solvent atom?
3) (5) Calculate the percent cold work experienced by the metal in the following figure
when the stress of 400 MPa is applied.

3. One of the MX-type ceramic materials crystallizes into zinc-blende structure.

1) (10) Draw schematic structure of the zinc blende unit cell assuming the
composition of ZnS.
2) (10) If ionic radii of Zn2+ and S2- are 0.074nm and 0.184nm, respectively, calculate
the unit cell dimension of ZnS structure.

4. (15) Calculate the density of one of the typical non-stoichiometric compounds Fe1-xO
when Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio is 0.10. Atomic mass units of Fe and O are 55.85 and 16.0 amu,
respectively. Structure of Fe1-xO is same as the structure of NaCl with rFe + rO =
0.215nm.

5. (20) Please construct the binary phase diagrams based on the following information
within the temperature interval of 800oC ~100oC only. Label all fields.
1) Melting points of A and B are 660 oC and 220 oC, respectively. B has no solubility
of A. Maximum solubility of B in A in phase is 5 at. % at 596 oC and 2% at 100
o
C. Solubility shows a linear decrease between two temperatures. (This linear
dependency holds for all cases)
2) There are three intermediate compounds. has A50B50 and melts congruently at
750 oC. Maximum solubility of A in is 53% at 520 oC and minimum is 44% at 596

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 o
C. Two other intermediate compounds are with A40B60 and with A30B70
compositions with no additional solubility.
3) Eutectic points at 596 oC L(25B) (5B) + (44B)
at 177 oC L(95B) + B
4) Eutectoid point at 275 oC (50B) (~3B) +
5) Peritectic points at 520 oC (53B) + L(77B)
at 330 oC + L(88B)

6. (20) Using the TTT curve shown below for a hypereutectoid steel, draw the
schematic microstructure and provide names of phases at each stage for a
specimen that has been subjected to the following treatment successively (in
sequence, )
1) Annealing at 900oC for 10 hours
2) Afterwards, quench instantaneously to 670oC and hold for 1 second
3) Then, quench instantaneously to 470oC and hold for 4 seconds
4) Then, quench instantaneously to 100oC and hold for 55 seconds
5) Then, reheat instantaneously to 400oC and hold for 1 hour
6) Then, reheat instantaneously to 600oC and hold for 48 hours

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 Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering (AMSE 201)
Examination # 3, June 19, 2013
Spring, 2013
All answers should be in ENGLISH !!!!!
Please provide an answer in your exam book in the order of the question number.

1. (10) Please provide a short definition of the followings either in words, equations or
drawings.
1)Hysteresis Loop 2) Thermoplastic Polymer 3) Diode
4) Fluorescence 5) Fermi Energy 6) Diamagnetism
7) Block Copolymer 8) Phonon 9) Ferroelectricity 10) Dielectric Constant

2. A polyethylene with no evidence of crystallinity has a density of 0.90 g/cm 3 while that
of a fully crystallized one is 1.01 g/cm3. Commercial grade of low density polyethylene
(LDPE) has 0.92 g/cm3 whereas high density polyethylene (HDPE) has a density of
0.96 g/cm3.
1) (5) Estimate the volume fraction of crystallinity in both LDPE and HDPE.
2) (10) Calculate the amount of free space in both materials.

3. 1) (5) Explain why Mg (atomic number 12) shows metallic conducting behavior even
though its outermost electron shell is completely filled.
2) (10) Explain why Si (atomic number 14) shows semi-conducting behavior even
though its outermost electron shell is not completely filled.

4. (20) Calculate the temperature where intrinsic conductivity of Si becomes same as the
maximum extrinsic conductivity of Si doped with 10 ppb (in weight) of P. For Si, density
is 2.33 x 106 g/m3, atomic mass=28.09, hole mobility=0.0425 m2/V.s, electron mobility
= 0.19 m2/V.s, intrinsic conductivity at 20oC=5 x 10-4 ohm-1m-1, bandgap = 1.1 eV. For
P, density = 1.8 x 106g/m3, atomic mass = 30.97. q = 0.16 x 10-18A.s and k = 86.1 x 10-
6
eV/K.

5. It is known that there is an electron hopping between Fe2+ and Fe3+ in ferrite of
[Fe2+Fe23+O4]8 composition. (One unit cell is made of 8 formula units). Normally, Fe2+
and one of two Fe3+ ions are located in octahedral sites while the other Fe3+ ion is in a
tetrahedral site. Atomic number of Fe is 26.
1) (10) Calculate the total magnetization in one unit cell made of 8 formula units.
2) (10) If one electron moved from Fe2+ to Fe3+ located in the tetrahedral site,
calculate the total magnetization of one unit cell.

6. 1) (10) The fraction of nonreflected radiation that is transmitted through a 10 mm

thickness of a transparent material is 0.90. If the thickness is increased to 20 mm,
what fraction of light will be transmitted?
2) (10) Suppose that the intensity of light absorbed while passing through a 16 km
length of optical fiber glass is equivalent to the light intensity absorbed through for a
25 mm thickness window glass. Calculate the absorption coefficient of the optical fiber
if the value of the absorption coefficient for a window glass is 5 x 10-4 mm-1.