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Introduction To Array Formulas
Array formulas are a powerful tool in Excel. An array formula is a formula that works with an array, or series, of
data values rather than a single data value. There are two flavors of array formulas: first, there are those
formulas that work with an array or series of data and aggregate it, typically using SUM, AVERAGE, or COUNT, to
return a single value to a single cell. In this type of array formula, the result, while calculated from arrays, is a
single value. We will examine this type of array formula first. The second flavor of array formulas is a formula that
returns a result in to two or more cells. These types of array formulas return an array of values as their result.

Single Value Result Array Formulas

For example, in its simple form, the formula =ROW(A1:A10) returns the number 1, which is the row number of
the first cell in the range A1:A10. However, if this is entered as an array formula, it will return an array or series
of numbers, each of which is the row number of a cell in the range A1:A10. That is, instead of returning the
single value 1, it returns the array of numbers {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}. (In standard notation,
arrays are written enclosed in curly braces { }.) When using array formulas, you typically use a container
function such as SUM or COUNT to aggregate the array to a single number result. Expanding on the example
above, the formula =SUM(ROW(A1:A10)) entered normally will return a value of 1. This because in its normal
mode, ROW(A1:A10) returns a single number, 1, and then SUM just sums that single number. However, if the
formula is entered as an array formula, ROW(A1:A10) returns the array of row numbers and then SUM adds up
the elements of the array, giving a result of 55 ( = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 10).

ENTERING AN ARRAY FORMULA: To enter a formula as an array formula, type the formula in the cell and
press the CTRL SHIFT and ENTER keys at the same time rather then just ENTER. You must do this the first
time you enter the formula and whenever you edit the formula later. If you do this properly, Excel will display the
formula enclosed in curly braces { }. You do not type in the braces -- Excel will display them automatically. If you
neglect to enter the formula with CTRL SHIFT ENTER, the formula may return a #VALUE error or return an
incorrect result.

All formulas on this page are array formulas and thus must be entered with CTRL SHIFT ENTER. You can
download a workbook with the data and formulas on this page here.

Creating Array Formulas Using Arrays Of Data

The IF function can be used in an array formula to test the result of multiple cell tests at one time. For example,
you may want to compute the average of the values in A1:A5 but exclude numbers that are less than or equal to
zero. For this, you would use an array formula with an IF function to test the cell values and an AVERAGE
function to aggregate the result. The following formula does exactly this:

=AVERAGE(IF(A1:A5>0,A1:A5,FALSE))

This formula works by testing each cell in A1:A5 to > 0. This returns an array of Boolean values such as {TRUE,
TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE}.

A BOOLEAN VALUE is a data type that contains either the value TRUE or the value FALSE. When converted to
numbers in an arithmetic operation, TRUE is equivalent to 1 and FALSE is equivalent to 0. Most arithmetic
functions like SUM and AVERAGE ignore Boolean values, so those values must be converted to numeric values
before passing them to SUM or AVERAGE.

The IF function tests each of these results individually, and returns the corresponding value from A1:A5 if True
or the value FALSE if false. Fully expanded, the formula would look like the following:

=AVERAGE(IF({TRUE,TRUE,FALSE,FALSE,TRUE},{A1,A2,A3,A4,A5},
{FALSE,FALSE,FALSE,FALSE,FALSE})

Note that the single FALSE value at the end of the original formula is expanded to an array of the appropriate
size to match the array from the A1:A5 range in the formula. In array formulas, all arrays must be the same size.
Excel will expand single elements to arrays as necessary, but will not resize arrays with more than one element
to another size. If the arrays are not of the same size, you will get a #VALUE or in some cases a #N/A error.

When the IF function evaluates, the following intermediate array is formed: {A1, A2, FALSE, FALSE, A5}.

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This is a substitution of the TRUE elements with the values from A1:A5 and the FALSE elements by FALSE.
Since the AVERAGE function is designed within Excel to ignore Boolean values (TRUE or FALSE values), it will
average only elements A1, A2, and A5 ignoring the TRUE and FALSE values. Note that the FALSE value is not
converted to a zero. It is ignored completely by the AVERAGE function.

Array formulas are ideal for counting or summing cells based on multiple criteria.
Consider the table of data shown to the right. It lists
the number of products (column C) in different
categories (column A) sold by various salesman
(column B). To calculate the number of Fax
machines sold by Brown, we can use the following
array formula:

=SUM((A2:A10="Fax")*(B2:B10="Brown")*
(C2:C10))

This function builds three arrays. The first array is a

series of TRUE or FALSE values which are the
results of comparing A2:A10 to the word "Fax".
(Remember, Excel will expand the single "Fax"
element to an array of items all of which are "Fax".)
The second array is also a series of TRUE or FALSE values, the result of comparing B2:B10 to "Brown". (The
single "Brown" element in the formula is expanded to an array of the appropriate size.) The third array is
comprised of the number of units sold from the range C2:C10. These three arrays are multiplied together. When
you multiply two arrays, the result is itself an array, each element of which is the product of the corresponding
elements of the two arrays being multiplied. For example, {1, 2, 3} times {4, 5, 6} is {1*4, 2*5, 3*6}
= {4, 10, 18}. When TRUE and FALSE values are used in any arithmetic operation, they are given the values
1 and 0, respectively. Thus in the formula above, Excel expands the formula into the three arrays:

(A2:A10="Fax") {TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE}
(B2:B10="Brown") {TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE}
(C2:C10) {1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80}

When these array are multiplied, treating TRUE equal to 1 and FALSE equal to 0, we get the array
{1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 60, 0, 0}
which are the quantities of Brown's two Fax sales. The SUM function simply adds up the elements of the array
and return a result of 61, the number of Fax machines sold by Brown.

You may have noticed that the logic of the formula tests Product equals "Fax" AND Salesman equals "Brown",
but nowhere do we use the AND function. Here, we use multiplication to act as a logical AND function.
Multiplication follows the same rules as the AND operator. It will return TRUE (or 1) only when both of the
parameters are TRUE (or <> 0). If either or both parameters are FALSE (or 0), the result is FALSE (or 0).

Logical Operations With Array Formulas

In addition to the logical AND operation using multiplication shown above, other logical operations can be
performed arithmetically.

A logical OR operation can be accomplished with addition. For example,

=SUM(IF(((A2:A10="Fax")+(B2:B10="Jones"))>0,1,0))

will count the number of sales (not the number of units sold) in which the product was a Fax OR the salesman
was Jones (or both). Addition acts as an OR because the result it TRUE (or <> 0) if either one or both of the
elements are TRUE (<> 0). It is FALSE ( = 0) only when both elements are FALSE (or 0). This formula adds two
arrays: the results of the comparisons A2:A10 to "Fax", and the results of the comparisons B2:B10 to "Jones".
Each of these arrays is an array of TRUE and FALSE values, each element being the result of comparing one
cell to "Fax" or "Jones". It then adds these two arrays. When you add two arrays, the result is itself an array,
each element of which is the sum of the corresponding element of the original arrays. For example, {1, 2, 3}
+ {4, 5, 6} = {1+4, 2+5, 3+6} = {5, 7, 9}. For each element in the sum array (A2:A10="Fax")+
(B2:B10="Jones"), if that element is greater than 0, IF returns 1, otherwise it returns 0. Finally, SUM just
adds up the array.

An "exclusive or" or XOR operation is a comparison that returns TRUE when exactly one of the two elements is
TRUE. XOR is FALSE if both elements are TRUE or if both elements are FALSE. Arithmetically, we can use the
MOD operator to simulate an XOR operation. For example, to count the number of sales in which the product
was a Fax XOR the salesman was Jones (excluding Faxes sold by Jones), we can use the following formula:

=SUM(IF(MOD((A2:A10="Fax")+(B2:B10="Jones"),2),1,0))

A "negative and" or NAND operation is a comparison that returns TRUE when neither or exactly one of the
elements is TRUE, but returns FALSE if both elements are TRUE. For example, we can count the number of
sales except those in which Jones sold a Fax with the formula:

=SUM(IF((A2:A10="Fax")+(B2:B10="Jones")<>2,1,0))

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Creating Sequences And Loops For Array Formulas

When you are constructing some types of array formulas, you need to create a sequence of numbers for a
function to process as an array. As an example, consider an array formula that will compute the average of the
Nth largest elements in a range. To do this, we will use the LARGE function to get the largest numbers, and then
pass those numbers as an array to AVERAGE to compute the average. Normally, the LARGE function takes as
parameters a range to process and a number indicating which largest value to return (1 = largest, 2 = second
largest, etc.,). But LARGE does work with arrays for its second parameter. You might be tempted to type in the
array in the formula yourself: =LARGE(A1:A10,{1,2,3}). While this will indeed work, it is tedious.

Instead, you can use the ROW function to return a sequence of numbers. When used in an array formula, the
function ROW(m:n) will return an array of integers from m to n. Therefore, we can use ROW to create the array to
pass to LARGE. This changes our array formula to =LARGE(A1:A10,ROW(1:3)). This brings us closer to a
good formula, but two things remain.

First, if you insert a row between rows 1 through 3, Excel will change the row reference 1:3, and therefore the
formula will average the wrong numbers. Second, the formula is locked into the three largest values. We can
make it more flexible by making the number of elements to average a cell reference that can be easily changed.
For example, we can specify that cell C1 contains the size of the array to pass to LARGE. This is accomplished
with the INDIRECT function. (Click here for more information about INDIRECT.) The INDIRECT function
converts a string representing a cell reference into an actual cell reference. The sub-formula
ROW(INDIRECT("1:"&C1)) will return an array of numbers between 1 and the value in cell C1. Now, coming
together the formula to average the N largest values in A1:A10 becomes:

=AVERAGE(LARGE(A1:A10,ROW(INDIRECT("1:"&C1))))

Formulas That Return Arrays

The other type of array formula is one that returns an array of numbers as its result. These sort of array formulas
are entered into multiple cells that are then treated as a group. For example, consider the formula
=ROW(A1:A10). If this is entered into one cell, either as a normal formula or as an array formula, the result will
be 1 in that single cell. If, however, you array enter it into a range of cells each cell will contain one element of the
array. To do this, you first must select the range of cells in to which the array should be written, say C1:C10, type
the formula =ROW(A1:A10), and then press CTRL SHIFT ENTER. The elements of the array {1, 2,
...., 10} will be written to the range of cells, with one element of the array in each cell. When you array enter
a formula into an array of cells, Excel prevents you from modifying a single cell with that array range. You may
select the entire range, edit the formula, and array-enter it again with CTRL SHIFT ENTER, but you cannot
change a single element of the array.

Some of the built-in Excel functions return an array of values. These formulas must be entered into an array of
cells. For example, the MINVERSE function returns the inverse of a matrix with an equal number of rows and
columns. Since the inverse of a matrix is itself a matrix, the MINVERSE function must be entered into a range of
cells with the same number of rows and columns as the matrix to be inverted. Therefore, if your matrix is in cells
A1:B2 (two rows and two columns), you must select a range the same size, type the formula
=MINVERSE(A1:B2) and press CTRL SHIFT ENTER rather than just ENTER. This enters the formula as an
array formula into all the selected cells. If you were to use the MINVERSE function in a single cell, only the upper
left corner value of the inverted matrix would be returned.

For information about writing your own VBA functions that return arrays, see Writing Your Own Functions In VBA.

Other Useful Array Functions

Array formulas can do a wide variety of tasks. A few miscellaneous array formulas are shown below:

Sum Ignoring Errors

Normally, if there is an error in a cell, the SUM function will return that error. The following formula will ignore the
error values.
=SUM(IF(ISERROR(A1:A10),0,A1:A10))

Average Ignoring Errors

This formula will ignore errors when averaging range.
=AVERAGE(IF(ISERROR(A1:A10),FALSE,IF(A1:A10="",FALSE,A1:A10)))

Average Ignoring Zeros

This formula will ignore zero values in an AVERAGE function.
=AVERAGE(IF(A1:A10<>0,A1:A10,FALSE))

Sum Of Absolute Values

You can sum a range of number treating them all as positive using the ABS function.
=SUM(ABS(A1:A10))

Sum Of Integer Portion Only

This formula will sum only the integer portion of the numbers in A1:A10. The fractional portion is discarded.
=SUM(TRUNC(A1:A5))

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Longest Text In Cells

This formula will return the contents of the cell with the longest amount of text in it.
=OFFSET(A1,MATCH(MAX(LEN(A1:A10)),LEN(A1:A10),0)-1,0,1,1)

Array Formulas Versus The Data Functions

There is considerable overlap between what you can accomplish with array formulas and what you can do with
the so called D-Functions (DSUM, DCOUNT, and so on). Broadly speaking, the D-Functions are faster than their
array formula counterparts. If you have a large and complex workbook with many array formulas, you may see a
significant improvement in calculation time if you convert your array formulas to D-Functions. The primary
differences between the D-Functions and array formulas are as follows:

D-Functions are typically faster than array formulas, all else being equal
The selection criteria in a D-Function must reside in cells. Array formulas can include the selection criteria directly in the formula
D-Functions can return only a single value to a single cell, while array formulas can return arrays to many cells

Summary
Array formulas are a very powerful tool in Excel, allowing you to do things that are not possible with regular
formulas. Although they may seem complicated at first, you'll find that with a little practice they are quite logical.

You can download a workbook with the data and formulas described on this page here.

This page last updated: 7-October-2007

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