Report For Project
Report For Project
Report For Project
Li Wang
McMaster University
1. Introduction
Bond investors loose all of their investment in the event of a default. In
practice, however, investors frequently receive some recovery payment
upon default. With the (in homogeneous) Poisson process we now have a
first mathematical model to model the arrival time of a default event.
Assuming constant interest rates r > 0, for a defaultable zero bond
maturing at T with zero recovery we get
d 0T E Q [e rT 1{ T }] e rT P[ T ] e ( r )
That is, in the intensity based framework we can value a defaultable bond
as if it were default free by simply adjusting the discounting rate. Instead
of discounting with the risk-free interest rate r, we know discount with the
default-adjusted rate r+ where is the risk-neutral intensity. For
modeling recovery purpose, we hope to get the similar form by adjusting
the discounting rate. In this paper, we try to figure out this intuition by
valuation in discrete-time recovery. We consider two conventions:
fractional recovery of face value and fractional recovery of market value.
d (0, T ) E Q [e rT 1{ T } e r (1 s )dT 1{ T } ] e ( r s )T
r=7.5% 95.20
87.34
70.57
r=9%
r=5%
79.10 95.20
r=6% 88.81
r=7.2% 95.20
If the default-free interest rate moves upwards to 11.25%, the value of the
bond at year 2, assuming that it has no defaulted, will be the risk-neutral
probability of surviving another year without default, multiplied by the
payoff given survival, plus the risk-neutral default probability multiplied
by the payoff given default. Then, at the second year nodes, assuming no
default before then, the bond prices are therefore
100 (1 L) 100
V (1 *) *
(1 r ) (1 r )
100 (1 0.6) 100
0.92 0.08 85.57
1.1125 1.1125
100 (1 0.6) 100
0.92 0.08 88.81
1.072 1.072
100 (1 0.6) 100
0.92 0.08 87.34
1.09 1.09
In the same way, we can get the bond prices at the first year nodes:
85.57 (1 0.06) 85.57
0.92 0.08 75.78
1.075 1.075
87.34 (1 0.06) 87.34
0.92 0.08 77.35
1.075 1.075
75.78 77.35
76.57
2
Since there are two prices at the second nodes each with 50% probability,
so we have to take the average of the two bond prices.
All bond prices at each node are shown in Figure 1.
From the event-tree setting, we can get a hint that the impact of default can
be captured by an effective discount rate at any node of
100 85.57
16.86%
85.57
In general, the effective discount rate at any node in the tree is R, where
1 1
[ * (1 L) (1 *)]
1 R 1 r
r *L
R
1 * L
R r L *
We show the all default-adjusted short rates as following tree sitting.
P=100
16.86%
R= (r+*)/(1- *L)
12.92% 85.57
P=100
76.57
10.29% 14.5%
70.57 87.34
11.34% P=100
79.10 12.6%
88.81 P=100
If we use the formula of R, we can get the same rate as the discount rate
r * L 0.1125 0.08 0.6
R
1 * L
1 0.08 0.6
16.86%
In the same way, we can get the default-adjusted short rate at the
beginning:
79.10 70.57
12.09%
70.57
76.57 70.57
8.5%
70.57
12.09% 8.5%
10.29%
2
0.05 0.08 0.6
also, 10.29%
1 0.08 0.6