Collaborative

Computing…...
• Collaborative Computing (also called cooperative
processing) is a type of distributed computing
where networked computers actually share
processing abilities.
• Instead of simply communicating data between
computers, collaborative computing uses two or
more computers to accomplish the same processing
tasks
 ……..Collaborative
Computing
• Client / Server architecture is an example of
co-operative processing (Client submits a
request to the Server, which processes the
request and returns the result to the client)
Types of Network
 Types of Network

On the basis of the area covered, networks

are classified into:
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
 What is a LAN?
• LAN interconnects a number of independent
stationary devices to communicate directly
(obviously mobile radios and wireless equipment
would be ruled out from the domain of a LAN)
• Covers a moderate geographical area (devices
located in one building, or a group of buildings
located close to each other) less than ten km.
• Uses a single physical communication channel(Uses
cables as its connecting media)
• Supports a moderate to high data rate (1-500Mbps)
• Usually owned and managed by one organisation
 Types of Network
LAN (Local Area Network)
3rd Floor

2nd Floor Next Bldg. Ground Floor

 What is a MAN?
• MAN is a network that is larger than a LAN
• Covers the area of a city (that’s how called a
Metropolitan) - a few tens to about one hundred
kms.
• Different hardware and transmission media are often
used
Why?
These must efficiently cover these distances or
because they do not require complete access to
locations between the networked sites
 Types of Network
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
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 What is a WAN?
• WAN includes all networks larger than a MAN
• WANs interconnect LANs which may be at opposite sides of
a country or located around the world
• Special designation has also been given to two specific WAN
categories:
- Enterprise : all LANs of a single organisation
are connected
- Global : Global network is one that spans the
earth. They cross multiple national boundaries
and may include networks of several
organisations
• Establishes communication via:
 Telephone lines
 Satellites
 Microwaves
 Types of Network
Mumbai
WAN (Wide Area Network - within
one nation’s boundary)

Delhi Madras Bangalore

 Advantages of
LAN over WAN
• LAN designers can set up their own network
that is technically reliable
• Whereas WAN designers are forced to use
existing public telephone network that
is technically unreliable
• LAN cables are more reliable since the error
rates are lesser than in WAN
• Error detection and correction are done at
lower levels in LANs as compared to WANs
 Roles of Computer in a
Network

Server Client Peer

Servers Clients are Peers may
are only only allowed to do both
allowed to request concurrently
provide services from
services others
 Roles of Computers in a
Network (contd.)
On the basis of the roles, networks are
divided into three categories:
• Peer-to-Peer networks
• Server-based networks
 Peer to Peer networks
• Does not have a central control over the
network
• Computers are clients as well as servers
• Does not have any dedicated server
• Is organized into workgroups that have
limited security control
 Peer to Peer Networks
(Contd.)
Offers the following advantages:
• No extra investment on server hardware
and software
• Easy setup
• No network administrator required
• Users can controls sharing of resources
• Less cost
 Peer-to-Peer Networks
(Contd.)
Have the following disadvantages:
• Weak and intrusive security
• Need to administer the computers
• Lack of centralized management
• Additional burden on the computers because of
resource sharing
• Non-handling of multiple network connections
Typical peer-to-peer network

Peer-to-peer
 Servers
• Are dedicated to perform specific tasks
• May perform all the tasks
• or have separate servers for each task
Are classified into:
• File servers that allow users to share files
• Print servers that allow users to print on a common
network printer
• Application servers that allow clients to access
expensive software applications
• Message servers that provide message services
 Server-based Networks
Offer the following advantages:
• Strong central security
• Centralized file storage that:
• Provides easy backup of critical data
• Allows users to work with the same set of data
• Reduced overall costs
• Easy management of multiple users
• Users are freed from managing resources
 Server-based Networks
(Contd.)
Have the following disadvantages:
• Expensive dedicated server
• Expensive network operating system software
and
• Need for a dedicated network administrator
Server-based network
Printer

Clients

Server-based

Server
 Network Topology
• The arrangement of computers, cables and other
components on a network is called Network
Topology.
• Greatly affects the functionality of a network with
respect to:
– Types of equipment
– Functionality of equipment
– Expansion of network
– Management of network
– Determines the:
– Kind of cabling required
– Manner in which computers communicate
 Network Topology (contd.)

Can be implemented by taking into consideration the

following factors:
• Network budget
• Network size
• Security level
• Physical layout of the network
• Type of business
• Amount of network traffic
 Standard Topologies
Are classified into:
• Bus
• Star
• Ring
 Bus Topology
• Is also known as linear bus topology
• Has several computers attached to a common cable
called the trunk line
• Sends data to all the computers on the network
• Enabling the computer with the specified address in
the signal to accept the data
• Allows only one computer at a time to send
messages
• Is a passive topology
• Brings down the network if one computer fails
Data is sent to all computers, but only the destination
computer accepts
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 Star Topology
• Connects computers by cables to a centralized
device called a hub
• Sends signals from the sending computer to the
receiving computer through the hub
• Requires more cable since each computer is
connected to the central point
• May have a disabled network if its central controller
fails
• Can be expanded by attaching another star hub
• A hub is the central point in a star topology
Simple star network
 Hub
• Is a device that centralizes network traffic
through a single connection point
• Is classified into:
Active hub:
• which regenerates and transmits the signal
• is also called as multiport repeater
• requires electrical power to run
Passive hub that:
• acts as a connection point
• does not amplify or regenerate signals
• does not require electrical signals
A hub is the central point in a star topology

Hub

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 Ring Topology
• Connects computers to a single circle of cable
• Does not have any terminal ends
• Causes signals to travel around the loop in one
direction
• Affects the entire network if one computer fails to work
• Is an active topology
• Allows every computer to act as a repeater that Boosts
the signal
• Passes it on to the next computer
• Is used in high performance networks
Simple ring network showing logical ring
 Other Topologies
Are:
• Star Bus
• Star Ring
• Physical Mesh
 Star Bus Topology

• Is a combination of the bus and star topologies

• Has several star topology networks linked with
linear trunks
• Does not adversely affect the network if one
computer fails
• Causes the network to be disabled when the
central hub fails
Star bus network

Hub Hub Hub

 Star Ring Topology

• Is a combination of the ring and

star topologies.
• Has hubs that are connected in a
star pattern to the main hub
Star ring network
Main hub
 Physical Mesh Topology
• Has a link between each device on the network
• Gets unmanageable beyond a very small
number of devices
• Has each of its computers linked to most of the
other computers reducing the redundant links
Elements of Networking
• Something to share
Network Services
Files - Data
Resources - Printer

• Pathway for Communication

Transmission media

• Rules for Communication

Protocols
Network Services
 Network Services
• Network services are the capabilities that networked
computers share
• Various combinations of computer hardware and
software provide these services
• Service provider is not a computer, it is a subset of
the computer’s software and hardware
• There are three types of service providers and
requestors: Servers; Clients & Peers
 Network Services
(Common)
• Following common network services are explained:

- File Services
- Print Services
- Message Services
- Application Services
- Database Services
 File Services……..
• Network File Services facilitate the following:
- Rapid movement of file from place to place
- Efficient use of hardware storage
- Management of multiple copies of the same file
- Back up of critical data
• File services are provided by the following
functions:
- File Transfer, including co-ordination of access
rights
 ……..File Services

• File Storage and Migration

- File update synchronisation
- File archiving or backup
 Print Services
• Print Services are network applications that control
and manage access to printers and fax equipment
• Print Services facilitate the following:
- Reducing the number of printers in the
organisation
- Placement of printers in convenient place
- Efficient sharing of specialised printers
- Computerisation of the transmission and
reception of the fax images
 Message Services
• Message services include storing, accessing, and
delivering text, binary, graphic, digitised video and
audio data
• Message services transport data from point to point
and notify the user of awaiting messages
• Message service facilitate the following:
- passing of computer-generated notes and files
between users
- integration of email and voice mail systems
- routing and sharing of forms, notices and
documents among network clients
Scheduling a Meeting With
Microsoft Scheduler
 Application Services
• Application services are network services that run
software for network clients - these are different
from the file services, because they allow
computers to share processing power, and not just
share data
• Application services coordinate hardware and
software to run utilities on the most appropriate
platform
• Application services increase the capabilities of key
hardware without upgrading every computer on the
network
 Database services
• Database Services provide server-based database
storage and retrieval that allow network clients to
control data manipulation and presentation
• These applications divide and optimise the tasks
involved in requesting and providing data
- The Client (requester) is given a portion of the
tasks involved in formulating the request and
processing the request
- The database server typically evaluate
incoming requests and return data
Transmission Media
 Medium

• Is the network component over which the

message is transmitted
• Determines how fast is the network
• Determines the speed at which the network
works
 Network Cabling

• Depending upon the cable most networks

are classified into:
• Coaxial
• Twisted pair
• Fiber-optics
 Coaxial Cables
• Are the most popular network cable
• Are inexpensive, light and flexible
• Have a conducting wire surrounded by
• Insulation
• A braided metal shielding that:
• acts as a shield
• protects the core from crosstalk
• An outer covering that:
• Are resistance to interference and attenuation
 Coaxial cable showing
various layers

Outer shield

Insulation (PVC, Teflon)

Conducting core
Copper wire mesh or
aluminum sleeve
 Twisted-Pair Cables
• Use two stranded wires that are twisted together
• Are grouped together to form a cable
• Are categorized on the bases of quality grading
• Category 1
• Refers to telephone cable
• Can carry voice but not data
• Category 2
• Has four twisted pairs
• Can carry data upto the rate of 4Mbps