University of Western Australia Harvard Reference Style Examples

Contents
Books
eBooks
Journal Articles
Harvard Business School Case Study
Websites or Online
Cases and Legislation
Company Information
Conference Papers and Proceedings
Newspapers
Audiovisual and Music
Standards and Patents
Course Materials Online (CMO)
Lecture Notes
Theses
Tables and Figures
Personal Communication
Citing information someone else has cited

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In-text citations
Two or more works cited at one point in the text

If two or more works by different authors or authoring bodies are cited at one point in the text, use a semi-colon to separate them:

(Larson 2000; Malinowski 1999)

The authors should be listed in alphabetical order.

Two or three authors of authoring bodies

When citing a work by two or three authors or authoring bodies, cite the names in the order in which they appear on the title page:

(Malinowski, Miller & Gupta 1995)

Block quotations
If you are quoting a long piece of text (more than 30 words), the actual quote should be in slightly smaller font and indented from the left hand
margin to distinguish it from the surrounding text. For example

It was stated that:

If any similar qualitative research is to be undertaken in the future, then stringent controls should be put in place to ensure such statistical
anomalies do not occur through lack of methodological rigor, particularly through corruption of data inadequately stored and processes (Mullane
2006, p. 66).

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In-text and reference list examples

Books

The standard reference format for a book is:

Author(s) family name, Initial(s) Year of publication, Title, Publisher, Place of publication.

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Examples

Book: single author (Holt 1997) or Holt (1997) wrote that Holt, DH 1997, Management principles and practices, Prentice-Hall,
Sydney.
Book: 2 or 3 authors (McCarthy, William & Pascale 1997) McCarthey, EJ, William, DP & Pascale, GQ 1997, Basic marketing,
Irwin, Sydney.
Book: more than 3 authors (Bond et al. 1996) Bond, WR, Smith, JT, Brown, KL & George, M 1996, Management of
small firms, McGraw-Hill, Sydney.
Book: no author (A history of Greece 1994) A history of Greece 1994, Irwin, Sydney.
Book: editor (ed. Jones 1998) Jones, MD (ed.) 1998, Management in Australia, Academic Press,
London.
Book: 2 or more editors (eds Bullinger & Warnecke 1985) Bullinger, HJ & Warnecke HJ (eds) 1985, Toward the factory of the
future, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Book: translated work (Colorado 2006) Colorado, JA 2006, Economic theory in the Mexican context: recent
developments on the ground, trans. K Smith, Oxford University
Press, Oxford.
Book: organisation as (Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics 2001,
author Resource Economics 2001) Aquaculture developments in Australia: a review of key economic
issues, ABARE, Canberra.
Book: chapter or article in A number of disturbing facts intrude Milkman, R 1998 The new American workplace: high road or low
edited book (Milkman 1998, p. 25) road? in Workplaces of the future, eds P Thompson & C Warhust,
Macmillan Press, London, pp. 22-34.

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Book: edition other than (Drafke 2009) Drafke, M 2009, The human side of organizations, 10th edn,
first Pearson/Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Book: different works by (Bond 1991a) (Bond 1991b) Bond, G 1991a, Business ethics, McGraw-Hill, Sydney.
same author in same year Bond, G 1991b, Corporate governance, Irwin, London.
Dictionary or Encyclopedia The Macquarie dictionary (2010) defines it Do not include in reference list.
as

eBook
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
eBook (Drucker 2012) Drucker, P 2012, Managing the non-profit organization, Routledge,
London. Available from: Ebook Library. [29 September 2015].
eBook: chapter or article in Historical thinking is actually a Western White, H 2002, The westernization of world history in Western
an edited eBook perspective (White 2002, p. 112) historical thinking: an intercultural debate, ed J R sen, Berghahn
Books, New York, pp. 111 119. Available from: ACLS Humanities E-
Book. [29 September 2015].
eBook: chapter available (Birch 2013) Birch, T 2013, The trouble with history in Australian history now,
on CMO eds A Clark & P Ashton, NewSouth Publishing, Sydney, pp. 232-250.
Available from: The University of Western Australia Library Course
Materials Online. [29 September 2015].
eBook: freely available (de Grosbois 2015) de Grosbois, T 2015, Mass influence: the habits of the highly
online (with no place of influential, Wildfire Workshops. Available from:
publication) http://www.massinfluencethebook.com/. [27 January 2016].

If an eBook is born digital (it has only ever been published online)
and no place of publication can be located, only list the publisher.

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Journal articles

When citing journal articles with multiple authors, follow the same format for the author field as for books with multiple authors.

Take care when citing that you indicate which is the title of the "article" and which is the title of the Journal.

Citations for online journals must have the access date and details of the database in which the journal appears online. [Note:
Databases are 'bundles' of journals and a journal article found online will often be in a journal that is part of a bigger database.]

When citing born-digital journal articles from an online journal (one that has never been produce in print form):
1. Do not include an issue or volume number (unless they are present)
2. For direct quotations, include a paragraph number in the place of page numbers in in-text references, using the abbreviation para.
Count paragraphs if numbers are not visible, and for long articles use section headings to break up the paragraph numbering.
Enclose the section headings in single quotation marks within the in-text reference (e.g. Introduction, para. 3).

When citing online journals that have a volume and/or issue number, follow the format for a Journal Article from an Electronic
Database, substituting the database name for the URL of the article.

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example

Journal article: available (Jennings 1997) Jennings, P 1997, The performance and competitive advantage of
on CMO small firms: a management perspective, International Small
Business Journal, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 63-75. Available from: The
University of Western Australia Library Course Materials Online. [1
September 2004].
Journal article: print (Conley & Galeson 1998) Conley, TG & Galeson, DW 1998, Nativity and wealth in mid-
nineteenth century cities, Journal of Economic History, vol. 58, no.
2, pp. 468-493.

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Journal article: electronic (Liveris 2011) Liveris, A 2011, Ethics as a strategy, Leadership Excellence, vol. 28,
database no. 2, pp. 17-18. Available from: ProQuest. [13 October 2015].
Journal article: online only Over a dozen writers applied before the Bustamante, C 2014, Libraries welcome writers in residence,
journal (no volume & issue August 31 deadline (Bustamante 2014, Library Journal. Available from:
numbers) Public library of Cincinnati, para. 4). http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2014/09/industry-news/libraries-
welcome-writers-in-residence/. [29 September 2014].
Journal article: online only (Segon & Booth 2011) Segon, M & Booth, C 2011, Bribery: what do Australian managers
journal (volume & issue know and what do they do?, Journal of Business Systems,
number available) Governance and Ethics, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 15-29. Available from:
http://jbsge.vu.edu.au/article/view/206. [20 October 2014].

Harvard Business School Case Study

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
Harvard Business School (Rivkin, Thomke & Beyersdorfer 2013) Rivkin, JW, Thomke, SH & Beyersdorfer, D 2013, LEGO (A): the crisis,
Case Study: retrieved from HBS No. 9-713-478, Harvard Business School Publications, Boston.
LMS Available from: The University of Western Australia Learning
Management System. [29 September 2015].

Websites or Online
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
Website (University Library 2015) University Library 2015, The University of Western Australia. Available
from: http://www.library.uwa.edu.au/. [27 January 2016].

When referencing a website, include the following:

Author the person or organisation responsible for the site
Site date the year the site was created or last revised
Name of the sponsor of the source
URL
Date of viewing the source

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Webpage (Weida & Stolley 2013) Weida, S & Stolley, K 2013, Developing strong thesis statements.
Available from: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/588/1/.
[13 October 2015].

When referencing a webpage within a website, including the following:

Author - the person or organisation responsible for the site
Site date - the year the site was created or last revised
Title of the webpage
Name of the sponsor of the source (if applicable)
URL
Date of viewing the source
Webpage: no date (Apprentice Support Australia n.d.) Apprentice Support Australia n.d., What is an apprenticeship.
Available from:
http://www.apprenticeshipsupport.com.au/Employers/What-is-an-
apprenticeship. [20 October 2015].

Document from a (Department of the Premier and Cabinet Department of the Premier and Cabinet 2009, Pandemic planning in
webpage 2009) the workforce, Queensland Government. Available from:
https://www.health.qld.gov.au/flu/documents/Fact-sheet-3_Qkit-
infrastructure.pdf. [13 October 2015].

To avoid very long URLs, it is acceptable to give the home page for a website
rather than the exact URL of the page you are referencing as long as the
website has a search facility.
Blog (Mercoulia 2015) Mercoulia, P 2015, A glimpse into coals future, Greenpeace Australia
Pacific Blog, blog post, 15 June. Available from:
http://www.greenpeace.org.au/blog/a-glimpse-into-coals-future/. [13
October 2015].
Computer software (Thomson Reuters 2014) Thomson Reuters 2014, EndNote X7.2.1, software program, Thomson
Reuters, New York.

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Image with no known (Nefertari with Isis n.d.) Nefertari with Isis n.d., image. Available from:
creator http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ankh_isis_nefertari.jpg. [13 October
2015].
Image with known (Colli 2009) Colli, MG 2009, Bilbao_6 Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, image.
creator Available from:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/52355315@N08/5757476385/. [13
October 2015].
Podcast (Crawford 2009) Crawford, M 2009, Shop class as soulcraft, audio podcast, Future
Tense Radio National, ABC Radio, Sydney, 5 November. Available
from:
http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/futuretense/shop-
class-as-soulcraft/3098308. [30 October 2015].
Wiki (Internet entrepreneur 2012) Internet entrepreneur 2012, Wikiversity, wiki. Available from:
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Internet_entrepreneur. [2 February
2016].

As wikis usually feature user generated content there is usually no

named author. Cite the title of the Wiki article and date of last
revision.
Facebook (UWA Library 2015) UWA Library 2015, Special collections in the Reid Library, Facebook
post, 14 April. Available from:
https://www.facebook.com/UWALibrary. [22 October 2015].
Twitter (Gillard 2014) Gillard, J [JuliaGillard] 2014, Stella Young was a shining light for care
and action on disabilities. We mourn her passing and rededicate
ourselves to her spirit. JG, Twitter post, 7 December. Available from:
http://twitter.com/JuliaGillard. [22 October 2015].
YouTube (Ted Talks 2013) TED Talks 2013, Ken Robinson: how to escape educations death valley,
YouTube video, 10 May. Available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wX78iKhInsc. [22 October 2015].

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MOOCs video (Austin 2015) Austin, R 2015, Strategic management, Copenhagen Business School
Coursera MOOC, 15 February 21 March. Available from:
https://www.coursera.org/learn/strategic-management. [8 February
2015].

Cases and Legislation

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
Cases (R v Tang (2008) 237 CLR 1) R v Tang (2008) CLR 1.
Acts of Parliament (Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s 3) Corporations Act 2001 (Cth).
Delegated Legislation (Police Regulations 2003 (Vic) reg 6) Police Regulations 2003 (Vic).
Bills (Corporations Amendment Bill (No 1) 2005 Corporations Amendment Bill (No 1) 2005 (Cth).
(Cth)) Note: do not italicise Bill titles because they are unpublished
materials.

Company Information
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
Company report (DatAnalysis Premium 2015) DatAnalysis Premium 2015, National Australia Bank Limited,
company report. Available from: DatAnalysis Premium. [13 October
2015].
Company profile (IBISWorld 2014) IBISWorld 2014, Mrs Macs Pty Ltd, company profile. Available
from: IBISWorld. [13 October 2015].
Market research reports (Passport 2015) Passport 2015, Biscuit and snack bars in Argentina, category
briefing. Available from: Passport. [13 October 2015]
Industry profile (Richardson 2015) Richardson, A 2015, Biscuit manufacturing in Australia (C1173),
industry report. Available from: IBISWorld. [13 October 2015].
Note: if no author is listed, list the database provider as the author.
Financial data (Datastream 2009) Datastream 2009, S&PASX200 daily index data 2000-2009.
Available from: Datastream. [20 May 2009].

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ABS datasets (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012) Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012, Australian demographic
statistics 2012, cat. no. 3101.0, ABS, Canberra. Available from:
http://www.abs.gov.au. [26 October 2012].
Unpublished PowerPoint (Rio Tinto 2015) Rio Tinto 2015, Occupational health and safety overview,
presentation PowerPoint presentation, Rio Tinto, Perth.

Note: as the reader will not be able to locate the PowerPoint online,
you should attach it as an appendix item. Ensure you have
permission to do this first!

Conference Papers & Proceedings

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
Conference proceeding (Bird & Smart 2010) Bird, R & Smart, M 2010, Assigning state taxes in a federal country:
paper: print the case of Australia, Melbourne Institute Australias future tax
and transfer policy conference: proceedings of a conference,
Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research,
Melbourne, pp. 72-94.
Conference proceeding (Fan, Gordon & Pathak 2000) Fan, W, Gordon, MD & Pathak, R 2000, Personalization of search
paper: electronic engine services for effective retrieval and knowledge management,
Proceedings of the twenty-first international conference on
information systems, pp. 20-34. Available from: ACM Portal: ACM
Digital Library. [24 June 2004].
Conference proceeding (Bowden & Fairley 1996) Bowden, FJ & Fairley, CK 1996, Endemic STDs in the Northern
paper: unpublished Territory: estimations of effective rates of partner exchange, paper
presented to the Scientific Meeting of the Royal Australian College
of Physicians, Darwin, 24-25 June.

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Newspapers
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
Newspaper: print (Devlin 2011) Devlin, M 2011, 'Keys found to success by the less privileged', The
Australian, 16 November, p. 32.
Newspaper: electronic (Garvey 2015) Garvey, P 2015, Investors sue after contract problems, The
database Australian, 10 November, p. 20. Available from: Factiva. [10
November 2015].
Newspaper: from website (Reed 2015) Reed, S 2015, Shift to lower-carbon energy is too slow, report
warns, New York Times, 9 November. Available from:
www.nytimes.com. [10 November 2015].
Newspaper: no author (Foreign cyber-spies 2009) Foreign cyber-spies 2009, Sydney Morning Herald, 24 November,
p. 7.

Audiovisual and Music

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
DVD (Art Nation 2010) Art Nation 2010, DVD, Australian Broadcasting Corporation,
Sydney.
Television programme (Immigration nation 2011) Immigration nation: the secret life of us 2011, television program,
SBS, Sydney, 28 January.
Interview on radio or Tony Abbott defended the governments Woodley, N 2014, The world today, radio program, ABC News,
radio program approach to key budget measures (Woodley Sydney, 8 December.
2014).

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Standards & Patents
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Examples
Patent (Cookson 1985) Cookson, AH 1985, Particle trap for compressed gas insulated
transmission systems, US Patent 4554399.
Standard: retrieved from (Standards Australia 2008) Standards Australia 2008, Personal flotation devices general
database requirements, AS 4758.1-2008. Available from: Australian
Standards. [1 December 2008].
Standard: published (Standards Australia 1994) Standards Australia 1994, Information processing text and office
systems office document architecture (ODA) and interchange
format: part 10: formal specifications, AS/NZS 3951.10:1994,
Standards Australia, NSW.

Course Materials Online (CMO)

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Examples
Journal article (Jennings 1997) Jennings, P 1997, The performance and competitive advantage of
available on CMO small firms: a management perspective, International Small
Business Journal, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 63-75. Available from: The
University of Western Australia Library Course Materials Online. [1
September 2004].
eBook: chapter (Birch 2013) Birch, T 2013, The trouble with history in Australian History Now,
available on CMO eds A Clark & P Ashton, NewSouth Publishing, Sydney, pp. 232-250.
Available from: The University of Western Australia Library Course
Materials Online. [29 September 2015].

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Lecture Notes
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Examples
Lecture notes (Foster 2004) Foster, T 2004, Balance sheets, lecture notes distributed in
Financial Accounting101 at The University of Western Australia.
Course reader (Graber 2007) Graber, D 1997, Elections in the television age in Mass media and
American politics, CQ Press, Washington DC, p. 228, COMM2001
Communication and Mass Media Course Reader, Semester 2, 2012,
University of Western Australia.
PowerPoint (Smith 2015) Smith, M 2015, Management 101, PowerPoint presentation,
presentation MGMT1234: Foundations of Management, The University of
Western Australia. Available from: http://www.lms.uwa.edu.au.
[20 October 2015].

Theses
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
Thesis: unpublished (Hos 2005) Hos, JP 2005, Mechanochemically synthesized nanomaterials for
intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell membranes, Ph.D.
thesis, University of Western Australia.
Thesis: published (May 2007) May, B 2007, A survey of radical velocities in the zodiacal dust
cloud, Bristol UK, Canopus Publishing.
Thesis: retrieved from (Cincura 2012) Cincura, M 2012, Beyond profit-centric: transcendent business
database modelling, Ph.D. thesis, Swinburne University of Technology.
Available from: Trove. [12 August 2013].

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Tables and Figures
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
All or part of a table, Note. From [or The data in column # are Ackerman, D & Stein ED 2008. Evaluating the effectiveness of best
figure, or data used from] management practices using dynamic modelling, Journal of
in text: from a print Evaluating the effectiveness of best Environmental Engineering, vol. 134, no. 8, pp. 629-639.
or journal management practices using dynamic
modelling (Ackerman & Stein 2008, p. Add in-text citation to the text of the illustrations caption.
634)
All or part of a table, Note. From [or The data in column # are Assael, M 1998, Thermophysical properties of fluids, Imperial College
figure or data used from] Thermophysical properties of fluids Press, London.
text: from a book p. 113 (Assael 1998, p. 70)
Add in-text citation to the text of the illustrations caption.
All or part of a table, Note. From [or The data in column # are Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009, International merchandise imports
figure or data used in from] International merchandise imports Australia, January 2009 (No. 5439.0). Available from:
text: from the web Australia, January 2009 (ABS 2009) http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/5439.0?OpenDocument>.
[6 March 2014].

Add in-text citation to the text of the illustrations caption.

Personal communication
Material Type In-Text Example
Telephone call, If the information you are referencing was obtained by a personal communication such as a telephone call, interview or
interview, e-mail, email, this should be documented in the text and not added to the reference list. If desired you can add the
etc. abbreviation pers.comm. to the reference.

When interviewed on 6 June 2008, Mr Ward confirmed

(Mrs S Byrne 2012, pers.comm., 6 June)

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Citing information someone else has cited
Material Type In-Text example Reference List Example
Citing information (OReilly, cited in Byrne 2008) Byrne, A 2008, Web 2.0 strategies in libraries and information services,
that someone else The Australian Library Journal, vol. 57 no. 4, pp. 365-376.
has cited
In the reference list provide the details of the author who has done the
citing.

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