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The 8051 Microcontroller and

Embedded Systems

CHAPTER 4
I/O PORT
PROGRAMMING

OBJECTIVES

List the 4 ports of the 8051

Describe the dual role of port 0 in providing both
data and addresses
Code Assembly language to use the ports for input
or output
E l i th
Explain the d
duall role
l off portt 0 and
d portt 2
Code 8051 instructions for I/O handling
Code I/O bit-manipulation programs for the 8051

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SECTION 4.1: 8051 I/O PROGRAMMING

I/O port pins and their functions

Figure 41 8051 Pin Diagram

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SECTION 4.1: 8051 I/O PROGRAMMING

All the ports upon RESET are configured

as inputs, ready to be used as input ports.
When the first 0 is written to a port, it
becomes an output.
To reconfigure it as an input, a 1 must be
sentt tto th
the port.
t
To use any of these ports as an input
port, it must be programmed.

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SECTION 4.1: 8051 I/O PROGRAMMING

Port 0

Figure 42
Port 0 with Pull-Up Resistors
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Port 0

It can be used for input or output.

To use the pins of port 0 as both input
and output each pin must be connected
externally to a 10 Kohm pull-up resistor.
This is due to the fact that P0 is an open
drain, unlike P 1, P2, and P3

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Port 0 as input

With resistors connected to port 0, in

order to make it an input, the port must be
programmed by writing 1 to all the bits.

Dual role of port 0

Port 0 is also designated as AD0 - AD7,

allowing it to be used for both address
and data.
When connecting an 8051/31 to an
external memory, port 0 provides both
address and data.
data
The 8051 multiplexes address and data
through port 0 to save pins. We will
discuss that later.
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SECTION 4.1: 8051 I/O PROGRAMMING

Port 1
It can be used as input or output.
This port does not need any pull-up
resistors since it already has pull-up
resistors internally
internally.
Upon reset, port I is configured as an
input port.

Port 1 as input

If port 1 has been configured as an output

port, to make it an input port again, it
must programmed as such by writing 1 to
all its bits.

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Port 1 as input

In the following code, port 1 is configured first as an input

port by writing 1 s to it, then data is received from that port
and saved in R7, R6, and R5.

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SECTION 4.1: 8051 I/O PROGRAMMING

Port 2
Port 2 occupies a total of 8 pins (pins 21 through
28).
It can be used as input or output.
Port 2 does not need any pull-up resistors since
it already
l d has
h pull-up
ll resistors
i t internally.
i t ll
Upon reset, port 2 is configured as an input port.

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Port 2 as input

To make port 2 an input, it must programmed as such by

writing 1 to all its bits.
In the following code, port 2 is configured first as an input
port by writing is to it.

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Dual role of port 2

In 8031-based systems, port 2 must be used along with P0 to

provide the 16-bit address for external memory.
Port 2 is also designated as A8 - A15, indicating its dual
function.
Since an 8051/31 is capable of accessing 64K bytes of external
memory, it needs a path for the 16 bits of the address.
P0 provides the lower 8 bits via A0 - A7
P2 provides bits A8 - A 15 of the address.
When the 8051 /31 is connected to external memory, P2 is
used for the upper 8 bits of the 16-bit address, and it cannot be
used for I/O.

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Port 3

Port 3 can be used as input or output.

P3 does not need any pull-up resistors.
Port 3 is configured as an input port upon
reset.
Port 3 has the additional function of pproviding
g
some extremely important signals such as
interrupts, serial I/O, timer/counter and
read/write control for external memory.

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SECTION 4.1: 8051 I/O PROGRAMMING

Port 3

Table 41
Port 3 Alternate Functions
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SECTION 4.1: 8051 I/O PROGRAMMING

Different ways of accessing the entire 8

bits

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Different ways of accessing the entire 8

bits

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SECTION 4.1: 8051 I/O PROGRAMMING

Ports status upon reset

Table 42 Reset Value of Some 8051 Ports

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SECTION 4.2: I/O BIT MANIPULATION

PROGRAMMING

A powerful feature of 80511/0 ports is their capability

to access individual bits of the port without altering
the rest of the bits in that port.
Of the four 8051 ports, we can access either the
entire 8 bits or any single bit without altering the rest.
"SETB
SETB X.X YY" where X is the port number 0 0, 1
1, 2
2, or 3
3,
and Y is the desired bit number from 0 to 7 for data
bits DO to D7.
"SETB P1.5" sets high bit 5 of port 1.

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SECTION 4.2: I/O BIT MANIPULATION

PROGRAMMING

The following code toggles bit P1.2

continuously.

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SECTION 4.2: I/O BIT MANIPULATION

PROGRAMMING

I/O ports and bit-addressability

Table 43
Single-Bit Addressability
of Ports

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SECTION 4.2: I/O BIT MANIPULATION

PROGRAMMING

I/O ports and bit-addressability

Table 44 Single-Bit Instructions

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SECTION 4.2: I/O BIT MANIPULATION

PROGRAMMING

Checking an input bit

Table 45 Instructions For Reading an Input Port

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Reading a single bit into the carry flag

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Reading input pins vs. port latch

Some instructions read the status of port

pins while others read the status of an
internal port latch.
When reading ports there are two
possibilities:
p
1. Read the status of the input pin.
2. Read the internal latch of the output port.

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Instructions for reading input

ports

To make any bit of any 8051 port an input

port, we must write 1 (logic high) to that
bit.
After we configure the port bits as input,
we can use only y certain instructions in
order to get the external data present at
the pins into the CPU.

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Reading latch for output port

28 Table 46 Instructions Reading a Latch (Read-Modify-Write)

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Read-modify-write feature

The ports in the 8051 can be accessed by

the read-modify-write technique.
(1) reading the port
(2) modifying its value
((3)) writing
g to the port

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