Static procedures are appropriate when higher mode effects are not significant.

This is generally true for short,

regular buildings.

Therefore, for tall buildings, buildings with torsional irregularities, or non-orthogonal systems, a dynamic
procedure is required.

In the linear dynamic procedure, the building is modelled as a multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) system with a
linear elastic stiffness matrix and an equivalent viscous damping matrix.

The seismic input is modelled using either modal spectral analysis or time history analysis but in both cases, the
corresponding internal forces and displacements are determined using linear elastic analysis.

The advantage of these linear dynamic procedures with respect to linear static procedures is that higher modes
can be considered. However, they are based on linear elastic response and hence the applicability decreases with
increasing nonlinear behaviour, which is approximated by global force reduction factors.

In linear dynamic analysis, the response of the structure to ground motion is calculated in the time domain, and
all phase information is therefore maintained. Only linear properties are assumed.

In general, linear procedures are applicable when the structure is expected to remain nearly elastic for the level
of ground motion or when the design results in nearly uniform distribution of nonlinear response throughout the
structure.

As the performance objective of the structure implies greater inelastic demands, the uncertainty with linear
procedures increases to a point that requires a high level of conservatism in demand assumptions and
acceptability criteria to avoid unintended performance. Therefore, procedures incorporating inelastic analysis
can reduce the uncertainty and conservatism.

This approach is also known as "pushover" analysis. A pattern of forces is applied to a structural model that
includes non-linear properties (such as steel yield), and the total force is plotted against a reference
displacement to define a capacity curve. This can then be combined with a demand curve (typically in the form
of an acceleration-displacement response spectrum (ADRS)). This essentially reduces the problem to a single
degree of freedom (SDOF) system.

Nonlinear static procedures use equivalent SDOF structural models and represent seismic ground motion with
response spectra. Story drifts and component actions are related subsequently to the global demand parameter
by the pushover or capacity curves that are the basis of the non-linear static procedures.
Nonlinear dynamic analysis utilizes the combination of ground motion records with a detailed structural model,
therefore is capable of producing results with relatively low uncertainty. In nonlinear dynamic analyses, the
detailed structural model subjected to a ground-motion record produces estimates of component deformations
for each degree of freedom in the model and the modal responses are combined using schemes such as the
square-root-sum-of-squares.

In non-linear dynamic analysis, the non-linear properties of the structure are considered as part of a time
domain analysis. This approach is the most rigorous, and is required by some building codes for buildings of
unusual configuration or of special importance. However, the calculated response can be very sensitive to the
characteristics of the individual ground motion used as seismic input; therefore, several analyses are required
using different ground motion records to achieve a reliable estimation of the probabilistic distribution of
structural response. Since the properties of the seismic response depend on the intensity, or severity, of the
seismic shaking, a comprehensive assessment calls for numerous nonlinear dynamic analyses at various levels
of intensity to represent different possible earthquake scenarios.

LINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS

When loads are applied to a body the body deforms and the effects of loads are transmitted throughout the body
The external forces induce internal forces and reactions to render the body into a state of equilibrium What are
the assumptions for Linear Static Analysis? All loads are applied gradually and slowly until they reach their
full magnitude After reaching full magnitude the loads remain constant Inertial and damping forces to small
velocities and accelerations are neglected

The Difference Between Linear and Nonlinear Structural Analysis | FEA [Images]
Question: What is the difference between linear and nonlinear analysis?

Answer: There are 3 characteristics that differentiate a linear problem from a nonlinear one.

Linear Nonlinear

Geometric
Nonlinearity
 Small deformations, displacements, Large deformations, displacements,
and strains and strains

Material
Nonlinearity

This is a linear elastic material, the This is an elasto plastic material, the
behavior is linear since the force linearly behavior is nonlinear since the force
proportional to displacement, the applied is no longer linearly proportional
behavior is elastic because the solid to displacement, the behavior is plastic
returns to original shape after loading since the solid is now permanently
deformed

Boundary
Condition
(Contact)
Some FEA packages include linear
contact, but usually, you would need
to include geometric nonlinear and
material nonlinear effects, which
require a full nonlinear analysis
 A rigid contact body makes directs
contact with another body (rigid to
deformable contact), alternatively, you
can have 2 solid meshed bodies touch
each other (deformable to deformable
contact)

Linear Nonlinear

Geometric Small Strains(Infinitesimal Strain

Nonlinearity Theory)

Large displacement, large strain

(Finite Strain Theory)
Large displacement, small strain
(Large-Displacement Theory)
Follower forces that contribute to
stiffening

Material Nonlinearity Linear Elastic Elasto-Plastic, Viscoplastic, Viscoelastic,

Hyperelastic, etc.

Boundary Condition Not applicable Deformable to deformable contact or rigid to

(Contact) deformable contact

Difference Between Natural Frequency and Frequency

Posted on December 23, 2011 by admin

Natural Frequency vs Frequency

Frequency of an oscillation indicates how frequent an event occurs. Frequency and natural frequency are two
very important concepts discussed in physics. It is vital to have a proper understanding in frequency and natural
frequency in order to excel in fields such as waves and vibrations, quantum mechanics, construction
engineering, mechanical engineering and various other fields. In this article, we are going to discuss what
frequency and natural frequency are, their definitions, similarities, applications and finally the difference
between frequency and natural frequency.

Frequency

Frequency is a concept discussed in periodic motions of objects. To understand the concept of frequency, a
proper understanding of periodic motions is required. A periodic motion can be considered as any motion that
repeats itself in a fixed time. A planet revolving around the sun is a periodic motion. A satellite orbiting around
the earth is a periodic motion, and even the motion of a balance ball set is a periodic motion. Most of the
periodic motions we encounter are circular, linear or semi-circular. A periodic motion has a frequency. The
frequency means how frequent the event occurs. For simplicity, we take frequency as the occurrences per
second. Periodic motions can be either uniform or non-uniform. A uniform can have a uniform angular velocity.
Functions such as amplitude modulation can have double periods. They are periodic functions encapsulated in
other periodic functions. The inverse of the frequency of the periodic motion gives the time for a period. Simple
harmonic motions and damped harmonic motions are also periodic motions. Thereby the frequency of a
periodic motion can also be obtained using the time difference between two similar occurrences. The frequency
of a simple pendulum only depends on the length of the pendulum and the gravitational acceleration for small
oscillations.

Natural Frequency

Every system has a property called the natural frequency. The system will follow this frequency, when the
system is provided with a small oscillation. The natural frequency of a system is very important. Events such as
earthquakes and winds can do destruction on objects with the same natural frequency as the event itself. It is
very important to understand and measure the natural frequency of a system in order to protect it from such
natural disasters. Natural frequency is directly related with resonance. When a system (e.g. a pendulum) is given
a small oscillation, it will start to swing. The frequency with which it swings is the natural frequency of the
system. Now imagine a periodical external force applied to the system. The frequency of this external force
does not necessarily be similar to the natural frequency of the system. This force will try to oscillate the system
to the frequency of the force. This creates an uneven pattern. Some energy from the external force is absorbed
by the system. Now let us consider the case where the frequencies are the same. In this case, the pendulum will
freely swing with maximum energy absorbed from the external force. This is called resonance. Systems such as
buildings, electronic and electrical circuits, optical systems, sound systems and even biological systems have
natural frequencies. They can be in the form of impedance, oscillation,or superposition depending on the
system.

What is the difference between Frequency and Natural Frequency?

Frequency is a term commonly used to describe how frequent an event occurs, whereas
the natural frequency refers to a special frequency for a given dynamical system.

The frequency of a system can take any value, but the natural frequency of a given
system is a specific value.

Difference Between Fundamental Frequency and Natural Frequency

Posted on November 1, 2011 by admin Last updated on: November 1, 2011

3
Fundamental Frequency vs Natural Frequency

Natural frequency and fundamental frequency are two wave related phenomena that are very important. These
phenomena are of great significance in fields such as music, construction technologies, disaster prevention,
acoustics and most of the natural system analysis. It is vital to have a clear understanding in these concepts in
order to excel in such fields. In this article, we are going to discuss what fundamental frequency and natural
frequency are, their definitions, applications, the phenomena connected to natural frequency and fundamental
frequency, their similarities and finally the differences between natural frequency and fundamental frequency.
What is Natural Frequency?

Every system has a property called the natural frequency. The system will follow this frequency, if the system is
to be provided with a small oscillation. The natural frequency of a system is very important. Events such as
earthquakes and winds can do destruction on objects with the same natural frequency as the event itself. It is
very important to understand and measure the natural frequency of a system in order to protect it from such
natural disasters. Natural frequency is directly related with resonance. When a system (e.g. a pendulum) is given
a small oscillation, it will start to swing. The frequency with which it swings is the natural frequency of the
system. Now imagine a periodical external force applied to the system. The frequency of this external force
does not necessarily be similar to the natural frequency of the system. This force will try to oscillate the system
to the frequency of the force. This creates an uneven pattern. Some energy from the external force is absorbed
by the system. Now let us consider the case where the frequencies are the same. In this case, the pendulum will
freely swing with maximum energy absorbed from the external force. This is called resonance. Systems such as
buildings, electronic and electrical circuits, optical systems, sound systems and even biological systems have
natural frequencies. They can be in the form of impedance, oscillation, or superposition, depending on the
system.

What is Fundamental Frequency?

Fundamental frequency is a concept discussed in standing waves. Imagine two identical waves, which are
travelling in opposite directions. When these two waves meet, the result is called a standing wave. The equation
of a wave travelling in +x direction is y = A sin (t kx), and the equation for a similar wave traveling in the -x
direction is y = A sin (t + kx). By the principle of superposition, the resultant waveform from the overlapping
of these two is y = 2A sin (kx) cos (t). This is the equation of a standing wave. x being the distance from the
origin; for a given x value, the 2A sin (kx) becomes a constant. Sin (kx) varies between -1 and +1. Therefore,
the maximum amplitude of the system is 2A. The fundamental frequency is a property of the system. At the
fundamental frequency, the two ends of the systems are not oscillating, and they are known as nodes. The center
of the system is oscillating with the maximum amplitude, and it is known as the antinode.

What is the difference between natural frequency and fundamental frequency?

Natural frequency is a property that concerns oscillations, but fundamental frequency is

 a property that concerns waves.

Every system has a natural frequency, but the fundamental frequency occurs in only
some of the systems.

For the fundamental frequency, the superposition of oppositely travelling two identical
waves is required, but for natural frequency, only a single oscillation is required.

The natural frequency tells us how many wave cycles are there in a second, for example, a 3 Hz frequency
means that there are 3 complete wave cycles in one second time.

w (omega) is the angular frequency. a single cycle of wave covers a distance of 2 pi radians. thus w denotes
how many radians are there in a wave in one second, for example, a wave having an angular frequency of 50
rad/s means that a wave covers 50 radians in one second.

i hope the above statement clarified the difference.

Edit: and also, x = 2 pi * natural frequency, just like the guy above said.

In physics, angular frequency (also referred to by the terms angular speed, radial frequency, circular
frequency, orbital frequency, radian frequency, and pulsatance) is a scalar measure of rotation rate. It refers
to the angular displacement per unit time (e.g., in rotation) or the rate of change of the phase of a sinusoidal
waveform (e.g., in oscillations and waves), or as the rate of change of the argument of the sine function.

Angular frequency (or angular speed) is the magnitude of the vector quantity angular velocity. The
term angular frequency vector is sometimes used as a synonym for the vector quantity angular velocity.[1]

One revolution is equal to 2 radians, hence[1][2]

where:

is the angular frequency or angular speed (measured in radians per second),

T is the period (measured in seconds),
f is the ordinary frequency (measured in hertz) (sometimes symbolised with ).
Circular motion[edit]

Main article: Circular motion

In a rotating or orbiting object, there is a relation between distance from the axis, tangential speed, and the
angular frequency of the rotation:

An object attached to a spring can oscillate. If the spring is assumed to be ideal and massless with no damping,
then the motion is simple and harmonic with an angular frequency given by[4]

where

k is the spring constant,

m is the mass of the object.

is referred to as the natural frequency (which can sometimes be denoted as 0).

As the object oscillates, its acceleration can be calculated by

where x is displacement from an equilibrium position.

Using "ordinary" revolutions-per-second frequency, this equation would be