MM102 Notes
MM102 Notes
MM102 Notes
2. Imperfections in Solids
Imperfections improve materials in terms of use. Classification of crystalline imperfections
is frequently made according to the geometry or dimensionality of the defect. There are
Point defects (those associated with one or two atomic positions); linear (or one-
dimensional) defects; and interfacial defects, or boundaries, which are two-dimensional. In
Solids, impurity atoms may exist as point defects.
If an atom is missing from a lattice structure, there is a vacancy there. In self-interstitial
imperfection, the atom of the lattice itself becomes smaller and can move to a new
position. In substitutional impurity, atoms of the current lattice get replaced by atoms of a
different element. In interstitial impurity, a new smaller atom of a different element comes
and occupies free interstitial locations.
Q
Nv v
=e kT Nv
N where is the number of free vacancies, N is the total number of
l=
Lt
=
of length of all lines
intercept length
PM Number of intercepts with grain boundaries Magnification .
Now use G=6.6457 log l3.298 ( mm ) to find the number G which is the grain size
number. Now use formula n=2G1 to get the average number of grains per square
inch.
o If we have the grain size number, we can find average number of grains per square
G1
inch using n=2 .
3. Diffusion in Solids
Copper and Nickel (alloy) are diffusing into each other.
J Mass L4
D= = 2 = L2 T 1 .
Constant. The units of D are calculated as follows dC L . T Mass
dx
Ficks 2nd law for non-steady state diffusion.
After sometime concentration profile may
become independent of time. Same graph of t3
will repeat again and again.
l il o
=
l0
Force
given by = =E
Area . So, where E is the modulus
of elasticity/Young Modulus.