McGraw-Hill Ryerson Mathematics | 0 ‘Authors Bruce McAskill,BSe., BEd., M.Ed, Ph. ‘Mathematies Consultant, Victorie, British Columbia Wayne Watt, .Sc., 8.8, MBE Mathematics Consultant, Winnipeg, ‘Manitoba Erie Balzarini, 8 Sc. Bild, MEd ‘School istrict 35 (Langloy) British Columbia Scott Carlson, B.Ed, B.Sc Goldon Hills School Division No. 75, “Albecta Blaise Johnson, BSe.,B Bd ‘School Distsict 45 (West Vancouver), British Columbia Ron Kennedy, Rd, Mathematics Consultant, Kdmonton, Alberta Terry Melnyk, B.Ed Edmonton Public Schools, Aberta Harold Wardrop, BSc. Brentwood College School, Mill Bay (Independent), British Columbia Contributing Author Vieki Park, BF, B.PE Calgary Board of Zducation, Alberta ‘Senior Program Consultants Bruce McAskill,B.Se., BEd. M.Ed, Ph. Mathematios Consultant, Victri British Columbia Wayne Watt, .Sc., B.Ed, MEd Mathematios Consultant, Winnipeg, Manitoba ‘Assessment Consultant Chris Zarski, B.Ed, MEd ‘Wetaskiwin Regional Division No. 11, ‘Albecta Pedagogical Consultant Sandra Harazny, 1.0, Regina Roman Catholic Soper Division No, 61, Saskatchewan, Aboriginal Consultant Shirley Oker-Mykituk. B 2d Edmonton Cathalic Separate School District INo.?, Alberta Assessment Features Consultant Stephanie Mackay Edmonton Catholic Soparato School District No. ?, Alberta Differentiated Instruction Consultant eather Granger Prarie South School Division No, 210, Seskatchewan Gifted Consultant Rick Wunderlich Schoo! District 83 (North Okanagan! ‘Shuswep), British Columbia Math Processes Consultant Reg Fogarty School Distict 83 (North Okanagan! ‘Shuswap), British Columbia Numeracy and Literacy Consultant Esther Moreno School District No. 99 (Vancouver Columbia British Technology Consultants Ron Kennedy Mathematics Consultant, Edmonton, Albesta Ron Coleborn School District 47 (Burnaby), British Columbia McGraw-Hill Ryerson Advisors holic Separate School District No. 7, Alberta arb Gajdos Calgary Roman Catholic Seperate School District No. 1, Alberta Fred Harwood ool District 38 (Richmond, British Columbia Gerald Krabbe Calgary Board of Education, Alborta Sem Mura chool District 35 (Langley), British Columbia Francophone Advisor Mario Chaput Pembina Trails Schoo! Division Manitobe [Lue Lerminiaux. Rogina Schoo! Division No, 4, Saskatchewan Inuit advisor Christine Purse ‘Mathematies Consultant, British Columbia Métis Advisor Greg [Northern Lights School Division No. 68, Abort Technical Advisor Darren Kuropatwa ‘Winnipeg School Division #1, Manitoba Toronto Montréal Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York San Francisco St.Louis Bangkok Bogoté Caracas KualaLumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney TaipeiCOPIES OF THIS BOOK MAY BE OBTAINED BY CONTACTING: ‘McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. WEB SITE: Lhttp:/wwamegrawhill.ca EMAIL: orders@megrawhillca ‘TOLL-FREE FAX’ 1-800-463-5005, ‘TOLL-FREE CALI: 1-800-565-5758, (OR BY MAILING YOUR ‘ORDER TO: ‘MeGraw-Hill Ryerson. (Order Department 300 Water Stroot Whithy, ON LIN 936 Please quote the ISBN and Lille when placing your order. 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Microsoft® Excel is either a registered trademark or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States andor other countries. ‘T184™ and TLNepice™ are registered trademarks of Texas Instrus The Geometer’s Sketchpad®, Key Curriculum Press, 1160 65th Street, Emeryville, CA ‘94608, 1-800-095-MATH. Exncuive Posuister, Mastisinies: Linda Allison Coyrane Manas: Joan Ford Prowcr Manacea: Helen Mason Devmuorsneral Barras: fodi Rauch, Susan Til, Rita Vanden Heuval, Paul McNulty “Manoa, Envvowal, Sexvices: Crystal Shortt Sureasie Boro: Jeanette McCurdy Gory Eotrox: John Green Provo Reseasci & Pewassions: Linds Tanska Boson Assistavr: Erin Hartley Enrmosia: Coownovartov: Jennifer Keay, ante Reeson, Alexandra Savage-Ferr “Manacia, Paoouction Snavices: Yolanda Pigden. Proaticron Caosoisaros: Sheryl MacAdam Innexee: Wendy Scavuzz0 Itiziog Desten: Pronk & Associates Cove Dison: Michelle Losier ‘Az Daascrins: Tom Dart, First Folio Resource Group, Inc Buscraowc Pace Maxs-or: Tom Dart, Kim Hutchinson, Brad Black, First Folio Resource Group lac Covss Iuace: Courtesy of Getty Images; Don Bishop, PhotographerAcknowledgements There are many students, teachers, and administrators who the publisher, authors, and consultants of Mathematics 10 wish to thank for their thoughtful comments and creative suggestions about what would work best in their classrooms. Their input and assistance have been invaluable in making sure that the Student Resource and its related Teacher's Resource meet the needs of students and teachers who work within the Western and Northern Canadian Protocol Common Curriculum Framework. We would like to thank the Grade 10 students of Kainai High School, Principal Ms. A. Bruised Head B.Sc., B.Ed. and teacher Ms. R. Tailfeathers B.A., B. Ed., as well as, the Grade 10 students of Raymond High School, Principal Mr. Beazer, M.Ed, for their help in coordinating the photography sessions. We would like to thank the following individuals for their contributions: Eric Damkjar, Cultural Land Use Analyst, Alberta Culture and Community Spi assisted with the Unit 3 project. Jack W. Brink, Imagining Head-Smashed-In: Aboriginal Buffalo Hunting on the Northern Plains (Edmonton, AB: AU Press, Athabasca University, 2008), was the inspiration for an example and a question in Chapter 7. Stella Ablett ‘Mulgrave School, West Vancouver independent) Lstish Columbia James Ackroyd ‘Westwind School Division No.7 Albrta John M. Agnew School District 63 (Saanich) British Columbia Jill Booth Fort MeMurray Public School District No. 2833 Alberta Dr. Katharine I. Borgen School District 39 (Vancouver) Baitish Columbia Gordon Bramfield Grasslands Regional Division No. 6 Alberta Jennifer Bevinsma ‘Sturgean Schoo! Division No. 24 Alberta Van Chau School ‘Sean Chorney ‘School District 39 (Vancouver) British Columbia Julie Cordova St Jemos-Assiniboia School Division Manitobe David T, De Grave ‘Scheel Division Marjit 8. Deol Schoo! District 36 (Surrey) British Columbia Lauren Dyck {Cord Selkirk Schoo! Division Manitoba Doe Fider Edmonton Public Schools Alberta Paula Fvoy Edmonton Public Schools Alberta llzabeth Ree Schoal District 44 (North Vancouver) British Golumbie ‘Tony Furtado School District 36 (Surrey) British Golumbis Juriy Gaborak Edmonton Catholic Separate School District No. 7 Alberta Gallo ills Regional Division No. 7 Ken Gordon ‘The Winnipeg School Division Manitoba Gord Grams Foothills School Division No. 38 Alberta Rebecca Gustafson Elkisland Public Schools Alberta Denise Henrie ‘The Winnipeg School Division Manitoba Renee Jackson University of Alberta Alberta Laura Jamieson School District 45 (West Vancouver) British Columbia Monique Jegues Pembins Tralls School Division Manitoba Emily Kalwarowsky Edmonton Catholic Separate School District No. 7 AlbertaDan Kamin ‘School District 39 (Vancouver) British Columbia “Thomas Kelly ‘School District of Mystery Lake No. 2958 Manitoba Heather Lait ‘School istrict 62 (Sooke) British Columbia Mike Langile ‘School District 44 (North Vancouver) British Columbia Erie Leavitt Calgary Board of Education ‘Alberta Paul MacFadyen Rocky View School Division No. 41 Albocta Deborah MacFadyen Calgary Board of Education Albecta Cheryl Makokis Kiteskinave Bdvcation Authority ‘Allorta Jennifer Massoud Vancouver School Board British Columbia ‘Tony May ‘West Point Grey Academy (Independent) British Columbia James MeConvitle School District 43 (Coquitlam) British Columbia David Milley ‘The Frontier School Division Manitoba Justin Moore School District 33 (Chilliwack) British Columbia ‘Kim Murcheson, ‘School District 71 (Comox Valley) British Columbia Carolina Natio ‘The Winnipeg School Division Manitoba Jennifer Nicholson ‘The Winnipeg School Division Manitoba chun Ong ‘Manitoba First Nations Education Brian Outerbridge ‘School District 37 (Dela) British Columbia Rob Pehura Portage La Prairie School Division Manitoba Leslee Francis Pelton University of Victoria British Columbia “April Popple ‘The Southwest Horizon School Division Manitobe Gail Poshtar Calgary Roman Catholic Separate School District No.1 alberta ‘Maggie Prayborowska Schoal District 39 (Vancouver) British Columbia Curtis Rey Hanover Schoo! Division Manitoba Sandra Riotehel Scioal District 42 (Coquitlrn) British Columbia Shannon Robertson Calgary Roman Catholic Separate Schoal District No.1 Alberta John Rocea School District 42 (Maple Ridge/Pitt, Meadows) British Columbia Randy Roth Batlle River Regionel Division No. 31 Alberta Rebecea Rowley Shoal Distriet 45 (West Vancouver) British Columbis Deborah Schamuhn Kink "Edmonton Public Schools Alberts ‘Cheryl Schaub-Ruelt Calgary Board of Education Alberta ‘Charles A. Schilling School District 71 (Comox Valley) British Columbia James Schmidt Pombina Teils School Division Manitoba Sonya Semai School District 39 (Vancouver) British Columbia Robert Siykbi Regine School District 4 Seskatchewan, Darryl Smith Alberta Bryan Sosnowski Edmonton Public Schools Albesta clint Surry School District 63 (Saanich) British Columbia Rishma Swali Schoal District 38 (Richmond) Lritish Columbia Roger Teshima Calgery Board of Education Alberta Ellen Thompson St James-Assinibota School Division Manitoba Jeremy Toth (Calgary Reman Catholic Soparate School District No.2 Alberta Rick Turner School District 44 (North Vancouver) British Columbia David Underwood Edmonton Public Schools Alberta John Verhagen Livingstone Range School Division No, 68 Alberta Romona Vigneron Athol Murray Collegeof Notre Dame UUndependent) Seskotchewan Katherine Viadicks Fort MeMurray School District No. 2635 Alberta ‘Anthony F. Walsh Edmonton Public Schools Albesta Kyla Warnecke Regina Roman Catholic Separate School Division No. 81 Saskatchewan Jim Wycoft River Fast Transcona School Division ManitobaA Tour of Your Textbook... Unit 1 Measurement... Unit 1 Project.. Chapter 1 Measurement Systems 1.1 SI Measurement 1.2 Imperial Measurement. 1.3 Converting Between SI and Imperial ‘Systems. Chapter 1 Review... Chapter 1 Practice Test.. Chapter 2 Surface Area and Volume.. 2.1 Units of Area and Volume.. 2.2 Surface Area ... 2.3 Volume Chapter 2 Review... Chapter 2 Practice Test.. Chapter 3 Right Triangle Trigonometry... 3.1 The Tangent Ratic 3.2 The Sine and Cosine Ratio: 3.3 Solving Right Triangles... Chapter 3 Review. Chapter 3 Practice Test.. Unit 1 Connections. Unit 1 Test. Unit 2 Algebra and Number. Unit 2 Project... Chapter 4 Exponents and Radicals 4.1 Square Roots and Cube Roots... 42 Integral Exponents.. 4.3 Rational Exponents. 4.4 Irrational Number: Chapter 4 Review. Chapter 4 Practice Test Chapter 5 Polynomial 5.1 Multiplying Polynomials. 5.2 Common Factors. 5.3 Factoring Trinomials 5.4 Factoring Special Trinomial Chapter 5 Review. Chapter 5 Practice Test Unit 2 Connections... Unit 2 Tes! Contents + MHR-v.Unit 3 Relations and Funct 262 Unit 3 Project... sn 264 Chapter 6 Linear Relations and Functions .. 266 6.1 Graphs of Relations 268 6.2 Linear Relations... snnsnne 279 6.3 Domain and Range 292 6.4 Functions. 305 65 Slope sn ; snssnne 315 Chapter 6 Review. 330 Chapter 6 Practice Test... snr 335 Chapter 7 Linear Equations and Graphs....338 7.1 Slope-Intercept Form, 340 7.2 General Form. 357 7.3 Slope-Point FOr. nun ssnne 370 7.4 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines 383 Chapter 7 Review. 396 Chapter 7 Practice Test 399 Unit 3 Connections. “ 402 Unit 3 Test... ronan 408 vi MHR + Contents Unit 4 Systems of Equations..........410 Unit 4 Project....... ss 2 Chapter 8 Solving Systems of Linear Equations Graphically 8.1 Systems of Linear Equations and Graphs. 416 8.2 Modelling and Solving Linear Systems .....432 8.3 Number of Solutions for Systems of Linear Equations 446 Chapter 8 Review. 460 Chapter 8 Practice Test 463 Chapter 9 Solving Systems of Linear Equations Algebraically.. 9.1 Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Substitution 468 92 Solving Systems of Linear Equations Dy EliMINatION nansnnnn 480 9.3 Solving Problems Using Systems of Linear Equations 492 Chapter 9 REVIEW wn 502 Chapter 9 Practice Test 504 Unit 4 Connections......... “ 506 Unit 4 Test.. “ “ 510 Answers 512 Glossary 570 Index, 577 Credits. 582our of Your Textbook Unit Opener Each unit begins with a four-page spread. The first two pages of the Unit Opener introduce you to what you will learn in the unit. Each Unit Opener includes a graphic organizer which helps you organi: your learning. ae Ces Unit Project The Unit Project is introduced on the second spread of each Unit Opener. Each Unit Project helps you connect math to real life using experiences that may interest you. Questions throughout the chapters help you gather information for your project. There are several Unit Project questions in most chapters. These questions are identified by the Unit Project) logo. They provide opportunities for you to build concepts and understanding. Unit Connections Unit Connections are at the end of e ‘st part of the Unit Connections helps you finalize your Unit Project. This gives you an opportunity spts learned throughout the unit unit, The to demonstrate your understanding of the con ‘The Unit Connections [a section also includes a Unit Review and a Unit ‘Test. The Unit Test includes Multiple Choice, Numerical Response, and Written Response questions. ATour of YourTextbook + MHR viiChapter Opener Each chapter begins with a two-page spread which introduces you to what you will learn in the chapter. ‘The opener includes information about a career that uses the skills handled in the chapter. A Web Link in most chapters allows you to learn more about this career and how it involves the mathematics you are learning. Visuals on the chapter opener show other ways the skills and concepts from the chapter are used in daily life. Organizer Each chapter includes the next part of the organizer from the Unit, Opener. The topics in the organizer that are handled during the chapter are highlighted in yellow. [Zour E sy Foldables™ Se Each chapter starts with a Foldable to help you organize what you are learning and keep track of what you need to work on, Instructions on where and how to include information on the Foldable will help you use it as a study tool. Numbered Sections ‘The numbered sections in each chapter start with a visual to connect the topic to a real setting. The purpose of this introduction is to help you make connections between the math in the section and the real world, or to make connections to ‘what you already know or may be studying in other classes. viii MHR + ATour of Your TextbookThree-Part Lesson Each section provides a three-part lesson that includes the following parts. Investigate * The Investigate is designed to help you build your own understanding of the new concept. This activity is often related to the opening visual and opening text in the section. * The Reflect and Respond questions at the ond of the Investigate help you to analyze and verbalize what you are learning, Link the Ideas * The explanations at the beginning of this section help you connect, what you did in the investigate to the Examples that follow. + Examples and Solutions demonstrate how to use the concept you learned about in the Investigate, * The Your Turn allows you to experiment to see if you can use ‘what you are learning + Key Ideas summarize the main new concepts. ATour of YourTextbook * MHR ixCheck Your Understanding « Practise: These questions check your knowledge and understanding of what you are learning, + Apply: These questions ask _* Extend: These questions _* Create Connections: These you to apply what you are —_-may be more challenging. questions let you talk or learning to solve problems. Many connect to other write about the concepts concepts or lessons. and assess whether you understand what you are learning. * Most chapters have a couple of Mini Labs. These provide hands-on activities that encourage you to further explore the concept you are learning, XMHR + ATour of Your TextbookHow Does Mathematics 10 Help You Learn? ‘adieal consis of a r0t syst anindex, Understanding Vocabulary pean and a radicand | Key Terms are listed on the Chapter Opener. Perhaps you cir watt already know the meaning of some of them. Great! If not, ‘finder watch for these terms the first time they are used in the Pes i ‘i . ‘ lateral area sxdland chapter. The meaning is given close by in the margin. Many [a scan kerteratvi or definitions include visuals that help clarify the term. sant helgt iationalve sphere " ead = he quay une the ‘Avelyn thepenen || Thenahik ia ‘aealsen cnt gourd ato yosof mutcanue Searmacinberwto || wasvashioalyeetis | Some Did You Know? boxes provide Sorel weet" | additional information about the meaning 2c wea ahaess Salmsraimasus of words that are not Key Terms. Taatachestoarope. | | aerate by pling es ‘hebalet onto tntepatexnane: ew mihstaceisn tbe | | They maybe cesta se ies se ane rary fos tomever Understanding Concepts ‘The Investigate activities are designed to help you construct your own understanding of new concepts. Short steps, with illustrations, lead you to draw some conclusions in the Reflect. and Respond question(s). ‘The Examples and their worked Solutions include several tools to help you understand the work * Words in blue font help you think through the steps. * Sometimes different methods of solving the same problem are shown, One way may make more sense to you than the other. Or, you may develop another way that means more to you. + Sometimes hints for using Mental Math and Estimation are provided. + Examples are followed by a Your Turn. ‘These questions help you check that you understand the skill covered in the Example ATour of YourTextbook * MHR- xiThe first few questions in the Practise can often be done by checking the Link the Ideas notes or following one of the worked Examples. Ficanannmane ‘The Create Connections questions focus your thinking on the Key Ideas you developed in Link the Ideas. They often connect the math to everyday contexts. Working on these questions will help you see whether you understand the main points of the lesson, Problem Solving Problem solving opportunities are provided throughout the resource. Worked examples often use a variety of solution strategies. Apply and Extend questions allow you to choose your own methods of solution for a variety of problem types. Unit Project questions encourage you to make decisions as part of the solution process. Mental Math and Estimation Ry ‘Tho Mental Math and Estimation logo identifies two things. 1, It signals where it would be useful to use mental math and estimation. Using these skills can often help you determine whether an answer is reasonable. ile tha vn ME by fis opednaey (20x30) 300 2, It provides useful tips for using mental math and estimation. Using Technology Opportunities to use a variety of technology tools are provided. The use of technology allows you to explore patterns and relationships, test predictions, and solve problems. A technology approach is usually provided as only one of a variety of approaches and tools to be used to help you develop your understanding. adi MHR + ATour of Your TextbookOther Features Did You Know? Some Did You Know? boxes contain interesting facts related to the math you are learning. Web Links You can find extra information related to some topics on the Internet. Log on to www.mhrmath10.ca and you will be able to link to recommended Web sites. Chapter Review and Practice Test There is a Chapter Review and a Practice Test at the end of each chapter. The chapter review is organized by section number so you can look back if you need help with a question. The test includes multiple choice, short answer, and extended response questions. Answers Answers are provided for the Practise, Apply, Extend, Create Connections, Review, and Practice Test questions, as well as the Unit Review and Unit Test questions. Sample answers are provided for questions that have a variety of possible answers or that involve communication. If you need help with a question like this, read the sample and then try to give an alternative response. Glossary Refer to the illustrated glossary at the back of the student resource if you need to check the exact meaning of mathematical terms. Index If you want to find a particular math topic in Mathematics 10, look it up in the index, which is at the back of the student resource. The index provides page references that may help you review that topic. ATour of YourTextbook + MHR xiiiYour Measurement OrganizerLooking Ahead In this unit, you will solve problems involving ... * linear measurement © conversions within or between SI and imperial systems of measurement « surface area and volume of three-dimensional (3-0) objects « right triangles and trigonometry Unit 1 Measurement « MHR- 3Unit 1 Project Changes in Music DistributionUnit 1 Project » MHR 5CER ae ea ae Key Terms st referent imperial system 6 MUR - Chapter1Web Link woveuminrmath 10.ca Make the following Foldable™ to take notes on what you will learn in Study Tool ieee © Create a booklet by staggering three sheets of alin, by 11 in. paper to create tabs that are approximately 2m wide. © Fold the top of the booklet toward you and align these tabs with the existing ones. All of the tabs should appear the same height. © Staple the top to hold the pages in place. Write the title of each section on the tabs.Focus on ... ‘justifying the units used for a measurement. «= solving problems that involve linear measurement, ‘+ explaining the process used to estimate a linear measurement «= selecting appropriate referents three items that are non-standard measuring Units (eg, coin, paperclip) Si measuring tape erid paper 8 MAR + Chapter1 Rob Cardinal, who is of the Siksika First Nation is a researcher at the University of Calgary's Rothney Astrophysical Observatory. On October 1, 2008, he took some images that he thought we an asteroid, It turned out to be an undiscovered f named Comet Cardinal. Whether you are exploring the universe, hiking in the Rockies, or travelling in the Prairies you will be using linear measurem International d’Unités. What SI units can you name? What type of measurement is associated with each unit? nt with SI units, SI stands for Systéme What effect does the unit of measurement have on the length-to- width ratio of a rectangle? 1. Work with a partner. Draw a rectangle on half of a shect of paper. 2. Choose three non-standard units to measure the dimensions of your rectangle. Estimate how many of each non-standard unit it takes to measure the length and width of your rectangle.3. Measure the dimensions using each non-standard unit. Record all data in a chart or table. You may need to record measurements using fractions or decimals. ‘The length ofthis rectangle is 5} dimes. Estimate the length and width of your rectangle in millimetres and centimetres. Then, confirm your estimate by measuring using each of these standard units. Record your estimates and measurements. 5. For each unit of measurement, plot your measurements as (length, width) coordinate pairs on a grid. Reflect and Respond a) Describe any patterns you sce in the graph. b) Does the ratio of length to width for your rectangle vary when you change the units of measurement? Explain, 7, Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using standard units for measuring distance. ) Link the Ideas Canada’s official measurement system is SI (Systéme International | Si(systéme ’Unités). Some SI units for linear measurement are listed in the International table. ‘d'Unités) + asystem of all units are based on [Kilometre | km | 1000 multiples of ten hectometre hm 100 «the metre is the basic decametie dam 10 unit of length metre m 1 decimetre dn oa centimetre om ‘001 measurement unit for estimating millimetre mm 0.001 « for example, the height ata doorknob above Various measuring instruments allow accurate measurement a suring inst ‘ ae me fl the floor is about 1 m, of distances in standard units. You can also develop persona or the thickness of a referents to use when estimating measurements. dime is about 1 mm 1.1S1Measurement + MHR 9Web Link Towatch a video showing how to read an Sl aiper, go to www.marmatnt Oca and fallow the links. 10 MHR + Chapter Measuring Instruments ‘ST rulers, metre sticks, and measuring tapes give measurements: to the nearest millimetre, or 0.1 cm. A caliper can accurately measure to the nearest tenth of a millimetre, or 0.01 cm, depending on the scales. Follow these steps to read a caliper. 1. Read the value on the fixed scale that is For the caliper shown, the located exactly at or just to the left of reading Is 2.2. the zero on the moving scale. 2. Identify the next line on the moving scale For this caliper, itis the that aligns with a line on the fixed line on the moving scale ‘that represents 0.03. scale. Read the value on the fixed scale. repre 3. The final reading is 2.23 cm, (2.2 + 0.03 = 2.23) Referents A non-standard measuring unit can be used as a personal referent. Referents help individuals estimate in standard units, such as ST unils. For example, suppose you use the width of your fingernail, to approximate 1 cm. Then, when you measure something that appears to be as wide as 4 of your fingernails, you can estimate that it is 4 cm wide. Several referents are possible for each of the main linear SI units, the millimetre, centimetre, metro, and kilometre. Finding a roferent for a kilometre is more difficult, because it is a large unit, You might choose a referent for a kilometro to be 12 or 13 city blocks.y Example 1 Estimate and Measure Using SI Units Estimate each distance using an appropriate referent. Then, measure each distance. a) the thickness of a CD case b) the height of the seat of a chair 9) the width of this page Solution a) Use the width of one fingernail as a referent for 1 cm. ‘The thickness of a CD case is approximately as wide as half of one fingernail. Estimate the thickness of a CD case as 0.5 cm. Measure, using an SI ruler or caliper. The thickness of a CD case is 4.5 mm or 0.45 cm. b) The height of the seat of a chair is approximately half of waist height. Use waist height as a referent for 1 m. Estimate the seat of the chair as 0.5 m high, or 50 cm. Measure, using a measuring tape. The height of the seat of a chair is 46 cm. ) Use the width of one fingernail as a referent for 1 cm. Count the number of fingernails that fit across half of this page and double the number. An estimate of the width of this page is 22 cm. Measure the width using an SI ruler. The width of this page is 21.5 cm, Your Turn Estimate the height of the chalk or marker tray on a blackboard or whiteboard using an appropriate referent. Then, measure [_ this betghe 1.1SI Measurement + MR 11Ina fraction, common factor in the numerator ‘and denominator divide tomake 1. This concept Is used to simplify fractions to lowest terms. example: 1a_ (x2) 45 ~ @ x3) 2 -s In unit analysis, the same concept can be applied to Units of measurement. Example To convert from metres ‘to millimetes, 12. MHR + Chapter 1 p Example 2 Convert Between SI Units for Length ‘A newspaper reported the following measurements in different stories. The distance from Earth to the moon is 38 440 300 000 cm. ‘A worm measures 0.0019 m. a) For each measurement, state a more appropriate SI unit. Justify your ch b) Convert the given measurement to the more appropriate unit. Solution a) The distance from Earth to the moon is very large. It could be measured in kilometres rather than centimotres. The longth of a worm is very small. It could be measured in millimetres rather than metres. b) Convert 38 440 300 000 cm to kilometres. Use unit analysis to calculate the number of centimetres in 1 km. 1km = 1000 m and 1m = 100 cm So, 1 km = (1000)(100) cm 1km = 100 000 cm 1km zoo cot a) = 984408 km ‘The measurement 38 440 300 000 cm can be converted to 384 403 km. Convert 0.0019 m to millimetres. Let x represent the number of millimetres. Use proportional reasoning. 1000 mm = 1m 1000 mm __xmm = How do you decide which 1m ~ 0.0019 m values to use forthe 1000(0.0019) = x ‘numerator and denominator? 19=x ‘The measurement 0.0019 m can be converted to 1.9 mm. Your Turn Convert each measurement to a more appropriate SI unit. Justify your choice of unit. a) A tube of toothpaste is 205 mm long. b) The circumference of a highlighter measures 0.06 m. ©) You travel 590 000 m from Regina to Winnipeg. | 9 The top ofa door is 2110-mm high,Prexample 3 Solve a Problem Involving Linear Measurement Kyla buys an oversized wooden barrel. She cuts it in half to make a planter. She wants to place a metal band around the planter, 4 cm from the top, to hold the planter together. a) If the radius 4 cm from the top of the planter is 0.6 m, what length of band will she need? Express your answer to the nearest centimetre, b) If the bottom band of her planter is 1 m shorter than the top band, what is the radius of the planter at the bottom band? Express your answer to the nearest centimetre. 9 What is the difference between the radius of the planter at the top band and the radius at the bottom band? 4) Show how much the radius of any barrel increases if 1 mis added to the length of a band. State your answer as an exact value. Then, express your answer to the nearest centimetre. Solution a) The length of the band is equal to the circumference of the planter at 4 cm from the top. proce tees ety ‘the mile, The bulge 2nr or bilge as its known, C = 2n(0.6) is designed to make 3.7699... How do you convert 3.77 m to centimetres? iteasier to rolland to change dection while roling a bare! The length of the band 4 cm from the top is 3.77 m or 377 cm. ») The circumference of the planter at the bottom band is equal to the longth of the bottom band. The length of the bottom band is 0.5 m shorter than the top band. 3.7 — 1.0 = 2.77 The length of the bottom band is 2.77 m. Calculate the radius of the planter at the bottom band. ‘The radius of the planter at the bottom band is 0.44 m or 44 cm ©) Calculate the difference between the two radii 0.6 — 0.44 = 0.16 ‘The difference between the radius of the planter at the top band and the radius at the bottom band is 0.16 m or 16 cm. 1.1 SI Measurement » MHR- 13) The formula, C = 2m, represents the circumference, C, for any barrel with radius, r. A barrel whose circumference increases by 1m and radius increases by x metres can be represented by the following formula. C+1=2nlr +x) C41 = 2nr + anx C+1=C+2nx Substitute Cfor 2xr, 1=2nx 1 mer ‘The radius of the barrel increases by the exact value —L, 1 an = 0.1591549431 In ‘The radius of the barrel increases How does this answer relate to by approximately 0.16 m or your answer to part c)? 16 cm for every 1 m increase Why do you think this increase will in circumference. hold true for any size barrel? Your Turn Suppose the inner rim of a Red River cart wheel has a circumference of 7.1 m. Each spoke is 1 m long. What is the diameter of the centre circular hub of the wheel? Red River carts were used by Métis to transport goods and belongings. The carts were pulled by horses or ‘xen, Sometimes several carts were attached in ane to haul 2 greater amount of freight Red River carts were built entirely of wood, sinew, and rope. This allowed the carts to float easily with the wheels removed. Prairie dust prevented the axles {rom being effectively greased, AS 2 result, the carts made a loud squeaking noise. k | Key Ideas + Each unit in the SI measurement system is a multiple of 10. All linear measurements are derived from the metre. The most common units are the kilometre (km), metre (m), centimetre (om), and millimetre (mm) * The kilometre is a large unit (1 km = 1000 m) and is suitable for measuring large distances. 14 MHR + Chapter 1+ The millimetre is @ small unit (1 mm m) and is suitable 1000, for measuring small distances. * A referent is a personal measurement unit that you can use to estimate measurements in standard units, such as SI units. Estimate the length of an eyeglass case. Use # personal referent, such as “the width of your palm is 7.5 cm,” The length of an eyeglass case measures 2 times as wide as your palm. 7.5(2) = 15 Estimate the length of the eyeglass case to be 15 cm. Check Your Understanding Practise 1. a) Estimate the perimeter of each figur SI unit. » an appropriate iy b) Measure the perimeter of each figure, If all the angles in each figure are right angles, is it necessary to measure all sides of the figures? Explain. 1.1 SI Measurement » MHR- 152. a) On a plain piece of paper, draw a letter S whose curve length you estimate to be each distance. i) 25 mm ii) 20 cm b) Explain how you could measur letter you drew. ©) Measure each S and compare your measurements with the required distances. If you are out by more than § mm for part i) or 2 om for part ii), try drawing the letter again. e the distance of each curved 3. What reading is shown on each measuring instrument? Give each reading in both millimetres and centimetres. a) SI ruler ' 1 7 ? ‘ ; . 1 ' 1 ry b) SI caliper em SI TUL ypu SIcaliper la eo T I TL lu I wl mm . The photograph shows a wind-tunnel test of the airflow over a model of NASA's heavy launch vehicle, called Ares V. The Ares Vis the cargo jaunch component for Project Constellation NASA plans manned space travel inthis vehicle, n 2018, The Ares V can carry 1188 000 kg into low Earth orbit and 71 000 kg to the moon, 3 a) Assume the photo and model show a reduction of approximately 1:1000. What is the actual length of Ares V? b) What is the diameter of one of the actual solid-rocket boosters? 16 MHR + Chapter 15. Consider cach measurement. State whether it is reported in the most appropriate unit. If it is not, explain why and convert to a more appropriate uni a) The highest mountain in Canada, Mount Logan, has a height of 595 900 cm. b) The diameter of a water bottle is 0.064 m. 9) The world’s tallest bear was 4200 mm, 4) A whooping crane’s wingspan is 0.001 95 km. Apply 6. A circular model railway track is made by connecting 12 pieces like the one shown, a) When the 12 track pieces are assembled, what distance does a toy train travel along the inside of the track? b) Calculate the radius of the inside edge of the track, to the nearest millimetre. ©) Estimate the radius of the out: je edge of the track. 7. Give some examples of measuring instruments thal are used lo measure distance in the home, community, or workplace. Show or explain how one of these instruments works. 8. Jacques wants to build a trundle wheel. He ‘wants the wheel to go around once for every metre the trundle wheel is pushed. What will be the radius of his trundle wheel? 9. A magazine editor needs to assess whether the photograph can be reduced proportionately to fill the rectangle below. Can it be? Explain, using measurements and ratios. 1.1 SI Measurement » MHR- 1710. The photograph shows an inukshuk overlooking Rankin Inlet ‘The inukshuk is 4 in Nunavut. Suppose the aad a ae nee height of the inukshuk is 4.1 m. vested | pat sth eight of te toheb hnt Gxbotl r person standing in the photo, asa landmark,Iukshuks to the nearest tenth of a metro? ‘are made by piling rocks (ontop of each other They may be created in many forms: however, ‘ew have the form of a person 11, a) Measure the diameter of a Canadian dime and quarter. b) Calculate the ratio of the diameter of a dime to the diameter of a quarter. ©) If this ratio applies for a quarter and a loonie, what would the diameter of the loonie be? Does the ratio apply? Justify your reasoning. 12. Use the map of part of the Northwest Territories the following questions. to help answer Moose Ponds Fort Simpson South Nahanni Virginia Falls” Wational Park htacternie W Lindberg Nahanni Bute ey /* Lindberg a) Express the scale of the map as a ratio in lowest terms b) Estimate the distance from Fort Simpson to Moose Ponds. Measure and compare the distance with your estimate. ©) Compare the distances from Virginia Falls and Rabbitkettle Lake to Fort Simpson, How much greater is the distance from Rabbitkettle Lake? 18 MHR + Chapter 113, A geostationary satellite is in orbit 35 800 km above Earth's equator. The average radius of Earth at the equator is 6380 km. a) Draw and label a diagram of Earth and the path of the satellite. A geostationary satelite [sa satelite that appears b) What distance does an observer on the equator travel in one ina fixed psiton to day due to Earth’s rotation? Express your answer to the nearest an observer on Earth, tenth of a kilometre The satellite revowves | . | around Earth atthe 9) How far must the geostationary satellite travel in one day Same distance above to appear stationary above Earth? Express your answer to the equator. These the nearest tenth of a kilometre. satlites are used for ‘communications such as d) How much faster is the satellite travelling than the observer een on Earth? Hint: Use the following formula. distance (in kilometres) time (in hours) Velocity (in kilometres per hour) 14, CUnit Project) The music industry involves the production, distribution, and sale of music in a variety of forms. Since the 1960s, music distribution has evolved from vinyl records to cassette tapes, to CDs, and to MP3s. Each change emphasized that smaller is better. a) For the actual-size cassette shown, use a suitable referent to estimate the dimensions of the cassette case. Explain why you used that referent, Web Link To learn more about ‘the history of music distribution, go to wwwmbrmati Oca ‘and follow the links. > record b) Measure and calculate the perimeter of each different face of the cassette case, in millimetres. How many perimeters do you need to calculate? 9 Vinyl records are available in three sizes—45 rpm (evolutions per minute), 78 rpm, and 33 rpm or LP size. A 45 record has an actual diameter of 17.5 cm. Estimate the diameter of the LP in the photograph. Then, by measuring and determining a scale, calculate the actual diameter ——_ of the LP, in millimetres. 1.1 SI Measurement + MHR- 1920 MHR + Chapter 1 Extend 15, The scale of an aerial photograph can be approximated as the ratio of the camera’s focal length to the airplane's altitude. For this aerial photograph taken near Fort McMurray, AB, the airplane’s altitude is 305 m, The camera's focal length is 45 mm. What is the greatest distance across the crater shown in the photo? 16. Your lawn has the dimensions shown, A 165m You cut the grass using a mower that cuts with a width of 52 cm. a) To mow the entire lawn, what is 135m the minimum distance you must walk? You start at A and return to ‘A when finished. b) Does your route, for example, along the perimeter versus in rows, affect the distance you walk? Explain, Create Connections 17, Imagine a band or ring placed tightly around Earth at the equator. You cut the band and lengthen it by 1 m, If you could block the now band so it is equally spaced above the equator, what distance would it be away from Earth? Assume Earth is circular at the equator and the radius of Earth is about 6400 km. 18. Work with a partner. Sometimes a sprained ankle needs to be wrapped with a compression bandage. a) Estimate the length of elastic bandage needed to wrap your ankle then foot repeatedly for four cycles. b) Wrap your ankle and foot using the figure eight wrapping technique with a strip of cloth. Measure the length required. Compare your estimate with the actual measurement, ) Darwin estimates the length of bandage by determining the approximate circumferences of his ankle and foot and multiplying the sum by four. He notices that his estimate is not close to his actual measurement of the bandage. Explain why.19. Sandra lives in Salmon Arm, BC. She wants blue orchard mason bees to live in her backyard. She purchases a bee nesting box and intends to place it in one of her flower beds. The front of the box measures 15 cm by 15 cm on the inside. The outer diameter of each nesting tube is 8 mm. a) Estimate the number of tubes that can fit inside the box. ») Draw and label a diagram showing the dimensions of the nesting box. Calculate the maximum number of ‘tubes that can fit inside the box. Then, describe one way to check your work. 20. A factory makes frying pans. The inside surface of each pan is coated with a non-stick coating, You are hired to verify the formula that the factory uses to calculate the area of the inside surface. ‘The company formula is $ nd(4 A a), whore S represents the inside surface area, in square centimetres; d represents the diameter of the pan across the top, in centimetres; and h represents the height up the side of the pan, in centimetres. a) Measure a frying pan. Calculate the inside surface area using a technique of your choice. Give your answer in terms of m. Then, calculate the surface area using the company formula, Compare the values. Is the factory formula correct? Justify your response. b) Li says that most frying pans will have an inside surface area slightly greater than the one calculated using the formula. Do you agree with Li? Explain why. Use an example and a diagram to support your explanation. 21. MINT CAB Work in a small group to establish a personal referent for a kilometre, Mark off a square that has sides of length 25 m. For each group member, measure the time it takes to walk around the square once. Step 1 Estimate how long it might take to walk 1 km. Step 2 Measure actual times by having cach group member walk at a normal pace 10 times around the square. Why might your estimate not be close to the actual time? Step 3. Walk along a stroot or road for your length of time from step 2. Measure the distance using an outdoor measuring device. Step 4 List some places that are about 1 km from your school or home. Blue orchard mason bees tend tobe quite gentle ‘around people and pets ‘They are native to North ‘America, and recognized as effective polinators. Each female builds a nest by herself She forages. nectar and pollen and lays eggs. Materials «= Si measuring tape = watch = outdoor measuring device, such as an odometer, pedometer, ‘trundle wheel, or measuring tape 1.1SI Measurement + MHR- 21Focus on... providing referents for linear measurements describing a strategy for taking a linear measurement solving problems that involve linear measurement using. instruments: + estimating linear measurements imperial system = a system of measurement based on British units imperial linear measuring instrument 22. MHR + Chapter 1 Most of the world uses the SI measurement system. The United States uses the imperial system for linear measurement. This system is based on the older English units of measurement derived from nature and everyday activities. Canada began a transition from the imperial system to SI in 1970, but imperial measurement is still used. Why do you think this is true? Where have you seen imperial units used to measure distance? What other imperial units can you identify? The Royal Observatery n Greenwich United Kingdom displays metal representations for the sales imperial it ‘medsurements, These Include the inch, fot 290 are One of the smallest imperial units for measuring distance is the inch, ‘The next unit larger than the inch is the foot. The next unit larger than the foot is the yard. Work with a partner, Share your answers with your classmates. 1. Identify the measuring instrument ength of one inch, one foot, and one yard on your a) How many inches are in one foot? b) How many feet are in one yard? 9) How many inches are in one yard?2. List objects at school or at home that you could use as a referent for one inch, one foot, and one yard. 3. What could you use as a referent for one mile? 4. Reflect and Respond a) Choose an object in your classroom. Describe how to use a referent to measure the dimensions of the object. ») Explain why you chose your referent. f Link the Ideas ‘The following units are the basic imperial units used for measuring distances. They are in order from smallest to largest. The abbreviations and symbol are in brackets inch (in. or”) foot (ft or”) 1 f= 12in yard (yd) 1yd=3ftor3 mile (mi) 1 mi = 1760 yd or 5280 ft How many inches are in 3} yd? 1 yd = 36 in 1 14 (36in. atyd=salya 29d 3p¥ (ha) 1 31 yd = 128 16) = 420) 03140), WE yd = 126 in. So, an estimate is 120, ‘There are 126 in. in at yd. Approximately how many miles are in 12 640 ft? 5280 ft 5280 ft 12 112 640) _ 3280 2.3939... = x ‘There are approximately 2 mi in 12 640 ft Measuring Instruments Difforont measuring devices are used depending on the precision roquired. An imperial ruler or measuring tape can measure Web Link “To watch a video showing how to read an Imperial caliper goto wow mbrmath 10a and follow the links, ces to the nearest + in, A caliper can measure to the distances to the nearest 2 in. A caliper can measure to th 1, nearest <1; in. 1.2 imperial Measurement » MHR_ 23Follow these steps to read an imperial caliper. ~ fixed scale + moving scale 1. Read the whole number and tenth values on the fixed scale. This reading is 1.9 in. 2. Determine where zero on the moving scale lies relative to, in this case, the 9 on the fixed scale. It is 2 small divisions beyond the 9. zo 1 $ of iy = gp 0F 0.05, This reading is 0.05 in. 3, Identify the noxt line on the moving scale that aligns with a line on the fixed scale. In this example, it is 10, This reading is 0.010 in. 4, Add the measurement readings from steps 1 to 3. ‘The final reading is 1.960 in. (1.9 + 0.05 + 0.010 = 960) Example 1 Determine Imperial Distances ‘The photograph shows a polar bear near Churchill, MB. The scale of the photograph is 1:24. a) Calculate the height of the bear's back, to the nearest inch. b) What is the length of the bear? State your answer in feet and whole inches. 24 MHR « Chapter 1Solution a) Use an instrument to measure the distance from the highest point on the bear's back to the ground. height of bear in photo = 2 in. Let x represent the height of the actual bear. (Be n_ photograph actual distance on ground What measurement unit will the actual height be in? How do you know? The height of the bear is 48 in. ») Measure the distance from the bear's nose to the rear leg, length of bear in photo = fin. Let z represent the actual length of the bear. The length of the bear is 81 in. Convert 81 in, to feet and inches. To do this calculate the number 6. 5 ¢¢ 2 in-to find the of whole feet and then find the umber ot whole feet number of inches remaining, ee eee acne Stin. <6 9 in (12 in} = 72 in Remainge ‘The length of the bear is 6 ft 9 in. Your Turn The photograph of a muskox uses a scale of 1:30, Calculate the height of the muskox and the distance between the tips of its horns, State each answer in fect and inches. 1.2 Imperial Measurement » MHR- 2526 MHR + Chapter 1 p Example 2 Apply Linear Measurement ‘The Carsons want to buy a 32” television. The size of a television is measured across the screen diagonally. They are choosing between a standard 4:3 television set and a widescreen 16:9 HDTV. To help them decide, calculate the screen dimensions and the viewing area for each television. Which television has the greater viewing area? Solution Standard 4:3 Television Screen Using the ratio of width to height (4:3), draw a scale diagram to visualize the television screen. Measure the diagonal, the width, and the height of the te screen in the diagram. diagonal = 2.5 in. width = 2 in. height = 1.5 in. ‘To calculate the width, w, and height, h, of the actual TV screen, calculate the scale factor using the measurement of the diagonal. Let s represent the scale factor. 32s = 2.5 5 = 0.078 125 Scale factor(width of actual TV) = 0.078 125w = 2 ‘idth of screen in diagram 2 "= 9.076 125 w= 25.6 Scale factor(height of actual TV) = height of screen in diagram 0,078 125h = —15 _ 0.078 125 width x height A = 25.6(19.2) A= 491,52 ‘The viewing area of the standard television is 491.52 in2,Widescreen 16:9 HOTV The ratio of width to height in the diagram is 16:9, The actual TV is an enlargement of the diagram. To determine the dimensions of the actual TV screen, you could use an enlargement factor of x. Then, the actual width, w, is represented by 16x and the actual height, h, is represented by 9x. The actual diagonal is 32 in. ‘You can use the Pythagorean relationship to determine the enlargement factor. (16x)? + (9x)? = 32* 256x" + 81x* = 1024 337x¢ = 1024 2 _ 1024 6 = 337° xt = 3.0385, x= 1.7431. Calculate the actual width, w= 16x w = 16(1.7431... w = 27.8904. Calculate the actual height. x (1.7431...) 5.6883. Area of screen = A A idth x height (27.8904...)(15.6883...) 437.5548... ‘The viewing area of the standard TV is about 491 in.* and the viewing area of the HDTV is about 438 in, The standard TV has the greater viewing area. Scents have developed an ultra-thin flexible screen that folds tofitina pocket. These Your Turn scteens could be used for What is the difference in the viewing area for a 46” standard computers, telephones, television (4:3) and a 46” widescreen television (16:9)? and advertising, k 1.2 Imperial Measurement » MHR_ 27Example 3 Solve a Problem Using Imperial Measurements Alashun wants to make a drum, or qilaut, that resembles the one used by a drum dancer in Iqaluit, NU. He has a circular frame, over which to stretch caribou skin. Then, he will lash it into place along the frame with sinew. Alashun uses 34 in. of sinew for each inch of the frame. a) Estimate the diameter of the drum frame in imperial units. The scale of the photo is 1:15, b) Approximately what length of sinew doos Alashun need to make the drum? State your answer in yards and inches. Inu rum dancers perforing atte inaugural event in alt, Nunawst Nonavs become Conadals newest terry on Solution ‘001,198. ‘The diameter of the drum in the 2) The d f the d the How would you photo appears to be just over 1 oaate tne 4"(15) = 15” ameter of the drum So, the diameter of the drum is in the photo? approximately 15”. b) Estimate the circumference of the drum frame. Cand C= n(15) C= 150 ‘The circumference of the drum frame is approximately 151 inches, Alashun uses 34 in, of sinew for each inch of the frame, Let I represent the length of sinew needed. as (93)asm) I= 164.9336. Round this distance to whole inches for converting. Convert 165 in. to yards and inches. What steps do you follow to convert between imperial units? 185 ie = a yd 21 in, WE So, 165 in. = 4 ye, Alashun needs approximately 4 yd 21 in. of sinew. 28 MHR + Chapter 1Your Turn A round Inuit drum needs to have its skin restretched and then lashed into place with sinew. For each inch of the frame, ay in. of sinew are needed. The diameter of the frame is 14 fl, What length of sinew is needed? Express your answer to the nearest quarter of a foot. p Key Ideas * The imperial system of measurement is widely used in the United States for measuring distances. ‘+ Even though $1 is Canada’s official measurement system, some Canadian industries still use imperial units. In the imperial system, common units for linear measurement are the inch (in.), foot (ft), yard (yd), and mile (mi). The imperial units for length are related according to the following conversions imi=1760yd 1yd=3ft 1ft=12in, Check Your Understanding Practise 1. a) What doos the smallest subdivision on this imperial ruler represent? b) Look at the caliper that measures in inches. What is the value of each of the smallest subdivisions on the fixed scale? State your answer as both a fraction and a decimal, 9 What is the value of each of the smallest subdivisions on the moving scale of the caliper in part b)? State your answer in fraction and decimal form, 1.2 imperial Measurement » MHR_ 292. Convert each measurement to the unit indicated. a) The world’s longest earthworm measured 1 [15 in, (nearest half of an inch) b) The world’s shortest man is 2’ 3”. (nearest quarter of a yard) ©) A rocket separates from ils space capsule at 400 000 fl. (nearest mile) 4) The altitude of a balloon is 3 mi. (nearest foot) 3. What reading is shown on each measuring scale? For each measurement, name one item that might have this dimension. a) imperial ruler b) imperial caliper ) imperial caliper 4, Name a measuring device that would be appropriate to measure each distance. Explain your choices. Then, measure each distance, to the nearest sixteenth of an inch. a) the diameter of a pen b) the circumforence of a pen ©) the length of a pen 30 MHR + Chapter 15. Use your referent for an inch to estimate the total length of each figure. Then, measure each distance. Express answers to the nearest quarter of an inch. a Pp Q b) v W 6. Explain how you can use a personal referent to help you estimate. Then estimate and measure each distance. State each measurement in foot and inches. a) the width of your classroom b) the perimeter of your desk or table top 7. Billy Loutit was a Métis mail carrier for the Hudson's Bay Company. He ran 100 mi, from Athabasca, AB, to Edmonton, in 16 h through flooded terrain. tn 1904, wim (ily) Loutt was sent from a) What was Billy’s average speed in miles per hour? aaa aS b) How long did it take Billy to run a mile? Eamanton seeking ‘emergency help against Apply ‘the flood that threatened to destray Athabasca. By 8. An interior designer wants to present a client Gar ante with some options for wood trim to frame the Joumey on foot in 16h, Norman window shown in the diagram. The he became a hero scale of the drawing is 1:32. What is the distance around the outside of the window? Express your answer to the ne Assume the curve est half inch, is a semicircle. 1.2 Imperial Measurement + MHR 319. Leslie has a new manual wheelchair. It has 3 in. diameter micro-caster wheels and 24 in, diameter drive wheels. a) Leslie wants to know how many times the caster wheels rotate for each rotation of the drive wheels. Explain the calculations you would perform to obtain the answer. Then, give the answer as a ratio of drive wheel rotations to caster wheel rotations. Write the ratio in lowest terms. b) How many rotations of the drive wheels are needed to travel 250 yd? © Suppose Leslie travels 14 mi. How many rotations will the drive wheels make? . Marcus works in a photography laboratory. He needs to enlarge a photograph of Virginia Falls in Nahanni National Park, NT, and make it fit into the frame shown. ‘The water at Virginia Fall in Nahanni National Park, NT plunges 235 ft In the centre ofthe falls stands Mason's Rack. tis ‘named after Bill Mason, ‘wellknown Canadian ‘adventurer and canoeist. a) What is the scale factor for the enlargement? ) What is the length of the unknown side of the frame? 11, Gail and Bram are calculating the area of their washroom floor to order new tiles. Together, they measure the length and width of the floor to be 75M and 5 f. a) Gail calculates the area to be 37 ft? § in4, Is Gail correct? Explain, b) The tiles they select are 6 in. by 12 in, How many tiles are needed to cover their washroom floor? 32. MHR + Chapter 112. CUnit Project > Today’s music storage devices tend to be Web Link smaller than those of the past, Toles more aout but they can store many more veers ‘Inve ote songs. Find a cassette tape aan a case, a CD, and an MP3 ‘and follow the links player. Use an imperial unit to measure each of the following dimensions. Justify your choice of unit. a) the diameter of the CD b) the dimensions of the cassette case ©) the perimeter of the largest face of the MP3 player 13. A geocaching team captain estimates that a cache is located 500 yd northwest from his position. However, the team must cross the river using the bridge shown, a) Estimate the distance that the team travels from the captain’s position to the cache. Justify your answer. b) Global Positioning System (GPS) readings provide straight line distances. Estimate the total of the GPS distances between the red dots on the map. Give your answer in yards and feet. How does this total distance compare with the actual distance walked? Explain why. 1.2 Imperial Measurement » MHR- 3334 MHR + Chapter 1 Extend 14, Sometimes it is difficult to measure the diameter of an object. It may be easier to measure its circumference. The distance around an above-ground circular pool is 60 ft. a) What is the diameter of the pool? Express your answer to the nearest inch. b) The owner wants to build a circular wall outside the existing one to help insulate the pool. The material she wants to use is only available in 62 ft, 65 ft, and 70 ft lengths. Determine the diameter of the new insulating wall using each of the available lengths. Express your answer to the nearest inch. 9 Which length would you recommend the owner choose? Explain your reasoning. 15, The astronomical unit (AU) is a unit of length based on the average distance from Earth to the sun, The AU is currently accepted as 92 955 887.6 mi. ‘Two comets appeared in rapid succession in 1996 and 1997. * Comet Hyakutake came within 0.1018 AU of Earth. + Comet Hale-Bopp came within 1.315 AU of Earth, a) Within how many miles of Barth did each comet pass? b) What is the difference in the distance from Earth between the paths of Comets Hale-Bopp and Hyakutake? Give your answer to the nearest mile. 16. You can enlarge a shape by using a point, P, and measuring distances from it to the vertices of the shape and to the enlargement. a) What ratios of side lengths should be equal if ADEF is an enlargement of AABC? Use a measuring instrument to measure the lengths of these sides and compare the ratios. b) Explain the mathematics behind this method of enlarging a figure, ) Use this method to enlarge a figure by a factor of three,Create Connections 17, Sam's room measures 11 ft by 135 ft. He wants to buy a new queen-size bed, if it will fit with his existing furniture. Sam has a desk, which measures 4 ft wide by 22 in. deep, and a night stand. a) Find the dimensions of a double bed and a queen-size bed. b) Design a layout for Sam’s room using a scale diagram. Hi You will need to estimate the dimensions of a night stand. 9 Which bed do you suggest Sam buy? Why? 18, Manitoba Hydro announced plans to build a 300-MW wind farm at St. Joseph, MB. Measurements of some of the wind turbines being considered are shown below. a) What is the difference in the length of the blades for the wind turbines shown? b) Suppose each lurbine makes 30 revolutions per minute, ‘The tip speed of the blades can be up to 6 times the wind speed. Determine the tip speed of each blade. What is the maximum wind speed for each turbine? time 19. A pathway leads to a fountain in a small park. The park and the pathway are outlined with a brick border. a) Estimate the perimeter of the border in the diagram using imperial units. Explain how you estimated your answer. b) Measure the perimeter. How close was your estimate to the actual measure? 9) Draw a new diagram for the same park but make the pathway to the fountain helf the width of the one shown in the diagram. What is the perimeter of the border in your diagram? 4) Predict how the perimeter of the border changes as the width of the pathway changes. Check your prediction. Use words, diagrams, and imperial measurements to support your answer. 1.2 Imperial Measurement + MHR- 35Focus on ... = comparing SI and imperial units using referents solving problems that involve conversion of linear measurements between Si and imperial systems «+ using mental mathematics to confirm the reasonableness of a solution to a conversion problem compact disc (CD) 36 MHR + Chapter 1 Some people use music to express their thoughts through song lyrics. Many song lyrics tell a story + Name some lyrics or song titles that include imperial measurements, such as miles, feet, or miles per hour. « What SI measurements are comparable to those measurements? * Describe how the converted measurements could change the song, c > 1. a) Use a referent to estimate the diameter of a CD in SI units. How did you make your estimate? b) Use a referent to estimate the diameter of a CD in imp units. 2, Measure the diame! ‘est millimetre. of a CD, to the ne3. Calculate the diameter of each vinyl record in SI units, aye? r | ' 3213 1pm"? 78pm AS rpm 4, a) Calculate the circumference of a CD and each of the three vinyl records show! b) Compare the sizes of the four recording devices. in SI units. 5. Reflect and Respond a) Discuss with a partner. Which recording device is able to store more music—a vinyl record or a CD? b) Develop a method you could use to compare the amount of music that each device stores to the size of the device. ‘Test your method in both imperial and SI units. ©) Describe how you think laser technology has affected the storage of music. Support your answer with information you have gathered in your research. Link the Ideas : ; ‘To convert from one measurement system to another, you need to understand the relationships between the units of length in each system, Conversions involve proportional reasoning and unit analysis. Web Link Te learn more about laser technology, goto woveumirmath 10.c3 and fallow the links, Conversions between measurement systems may be approximate or exact. The imperial yard has been defined as 0.9144 m. This would be considered an exact conversi on. Since 1 yd = 0.9144 m and 1 yd = 3 ft, 3 ft = 0.9144 m ooisem er Ce) 1 ft = 0.3048 m To convert from metres to yards, 1m is often given as 1.094 yd. Verify whether this conversion is exact or approximate, Let x represent the number of yards in 1m. 0.9144 m=1yd 0.9144m _ 1m tyd xyd xe 0.9144 x = 1.0936. The conversion 1m .094 yd is approximate. 1.3 Converting Between SI and Imperial Systems » MHR_ 3738° MHR + Chapter 1 ‘The following are some common conversions. Exact Conversions Vin, = 2.54cm 1 ft = 30.48 cm yd = 0.9144 m ‘Approximate Conversions 1mm = 0.0394 in, 16m =0.3937in. 1m = 1.094 yd 1m = 3.281 ft 1km = 0.6214 mi 1 mi = 1.609 km Pexample 1 Convert Between SI and Imperial Units for Length Researchers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics made an announcement in January, 2001. They stated that they had “frozen light” by using super-cooled vapour to slow the speed of light waves to zero. The speed of light in a vacuum is defined as 299 792 458 m/s, a) Estimate the speed of light in miles per second. b) Predict whether the actual speed of light is greater than your estimate, Justify your prediction. 9 Calculate the answer, to the nearest mile per second. Solution a) Since there are 1000 m in 1 km, 299 792 458 m/s can be converted to 299 792,458 km/s or approximately 299 792 km/s. 299 792 kn ami 299 792 5 \1.6 km, ‘The speed of light can be estimated as 187 370 mils, 6 km. b) The actual speed of light, in miles per second, is less than the estimate because the SI speed was rounded down before converting, ©) Use unit analysis. 1mi = 1760 ya{2:9144 m ° tyd 1 mi = 1609.344 m mf 1 mi ani Whyis the speed of 299 792 458 (Lm) = 180 282.997 Wehtused rein The speed of light is approximately 186 282 mils. Your Turn Swimmer Brian Johns of Richmond, BC, represented Canada at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing. He finished 7th in a race that one news report referred to as 400 m long and another news report referred toas ; mi. Are the two measurements equivalent? If not, which |_ distance do you think is more accurate? justify your reasoning) Example 2 Solve a Problem Involving Linear Measurements Your class needs to lay mats on the gymnasium floor for a gymnastics meet. The gym measures 84 by 50’. ‘A scale drawing of one mat is shown. The scale is 1:30.5. A classmate thinks that 131 mats are needed. Do you agree? Explain. Solution ‘The mat in the diagram measures 8 cm by 4 em. Use the given scale. length of mat = 8(30.5) width of mat = 4(30.5) I= 244 w= 122 The length of the mat is 244 cm and the width is 122 cm. Length of mat 1” 7 244 om (at cm) = 96 Thereisa 2:1 ratioof lengths SE within the measurements of he Aa width of mat The S-tonperal comers cin . 2:1 rat of lngtn to with atm) = 48" nen 2.54 cm, 122m ‘The dimensions of the mat are 8 ft by 4 ft. How do you know the Sketch a layout of the mats in the gym, _‘imensions are 8 by 4 tt” t At ‘Suppose you do not visualize + ‘the mats and you only work 50 ft Bh with areas. Yr area ofgym — 84(50) area of mat ~ 8(4) : ‘Therefore, about 131 mats ———— rh would be needed. 1.3 Converting Between S| and Imperial Systems » MHR 3940 MHR + Chapter 1 The width of each mat is 4 ft. ae A a So, there are 21 columns of mats. The length of each mat is 8 ft 50, 8 So, there are 6 rows of mats and some uncovered space. To cover the gym floor, there are 21 columns and 6 rows of mats. 21(6) = 126 Therefore, 126 mats are needed to cover most af the gym floor 1 8 Your Turn a) How many paving stones measuring 74 in, by 7} in, are needed to cover an aren that is 1 yd by 1 yd? 6) To tile a floor that is 3 m by 4 m, how many tiles measuring 30 cm by 50cm would you buy? Add 10% extra tiles for areas L that require tiles to be cut. Example 3 Determine Stopping Distances The distance requized to stop a moving vehicle is the sum of the distances travelled during the reaction time and the braking time. The Gingram shows the theoretical stopping distance at various speeds 135.60NG distance travelled during braking time s] time to stop vehicle B5dm 707m 977M = distance to stop 2) What factors might affect the reaction time and braking. distances? b) Ifa vehicle is travelling at 100 kui/h, approximately what distance is travelled while the brakes are being applied? ©) Convert 55 mph into kilometres per hour. What is the approximate stopping distance when @ vehicle is travelling al this speed? Express your answer in feet.Solution a) Factors that affect reaction time may include being tired, distraction by passengers, time in the vehicle, loud music, or reduced visibility due to weather or dirty windows. Factors that affect braking distance may include condition of brakes, condition and/or type of tires, speed, type of road surface, outside temperature, or road conditions (dry, icy, wet) b) Find 100 km/h on the diagram, ‘The reaction-time distance at 100 km/h is 20.8 m. ‘The total stopping distance at 100 km/h is 85.4 m. ‘Total stopping distance = reaction-time distance + braking distance 85.4 = 20.8 +b 85.4 — 20.8 = b 64.6 =b Subtract the stances {VE represented by the line If travelling at 100 km/h, a vehicle travels srooerts onthe dagam, approximately 65 m while the brakes are Stopping distance = 85 — 20 or 65 being applied. ©) Convert 55 miles to kilometres. Use proportional reasoning. Recall that 1 mi = 1.609 km. Let x represent the number of kilometres. imi _ 1.609 km 55mi~ x km x = (55)1.609 x = 88.495 Therefore, 55 mph converts to approximately 88 km/h. From the diagram, when a vehicle is travelling at 90 km/h, the stopping distance is 70.7 m, The spood 88 km/h is just under 90 km/h, so convert 70 m to feet. Use the conversion 0.9144 m = 1 yd or 3 ft. 70m (5 at) Star m) = 229658... ft When travelling at speed of approximately 230 feet to stop mph, a vehicle takes Your Turn a) Use the diagram from Example the difference between the reaction-time distances for speeds of 110 km/h and 120 km/h. Express your answer in fee! b) Convert 90 km/h into miles per hour. What is the approximate stopping distance for a vehicle travelling at this speed? Express your answer in yards. on page 40. Determine k 1.3 Converting Between SI and Imperial Systems + MHR- 41| Key Ideas * When solving problems involving measurement, it is crucial to work with the same units. You may need to convert units within one measurement system (for example, inches to feet) or between imperial and SI units. If an exact conversion between systems is required, use 1 yd = 0.9144 m to find a conversion between the required units. 1yd 0.9144 m 0.9144 m Divide both sides by 36. 1 in. = 0.0254 m 1 in. = 2.54 cm ‘This is an exact conversion + Sometimes you use approximate values, such as 1 in, = 2.5 cm or 1.6 km = 1 mi when estimating, between measurement systems, Check Your Understanding Practise 1. Use the diagram of an imperial ruler to help answer the questions below. A 8 © > eg a) What is the length of AG? Give your answer as a fraction. b) Suppose you replace the imperial ruler with an ST ruler. What is the length of AD, in millimetres? 9) What is the difference in the lengths of segments AB and CD? Give your answer in SI and imperial units. 2. Convert each measurement to the unit specified. a) The diameter of a human hair is 0.001 in. (hundredth of a millimetre) b) On an NBA basketball court, the width of the key (painted area beneath the basket) is 4.9 m, (feet) ©) A snowmobile trail in Alberta is 26 mi 385 yd long. (hundredth of a kilometre) 4) An envelope has a height of af in. (nundredth of a centimetre) 42. MHR + Chapter13. People have always used parts of the body for measuring length. For example, you may have heard the measurements of a horse stated by the number of “hands.” Work with a partner. State your answers in both SI and imperial units. a) Estimate and then measure your hand span. b) How many of your hand spans are needed to measure the length of your desk? ©) Estimate and then measure your pace. This is the distance between your heels when you take a step while walking. To be more accurate, you may wish to measure 10 paces and calculate the average. 4) How many of your paces would it take to walk a mile? = a kilomotre? e) Which measurement system do you prefer to use when. estimating? Why? 4) What are the dimensions of the bedroom, in imper 4, The floor plan for a one-bedroom = _Fe=28m—>'4—26m—>_ apartment is shown. | bathroom | f st teom a) If the closet is squaro, estimate lh the length of one of its sides, 3.9m] _ bedroom Ly b) Determine the scale of the floor | plan. culate the length of one side of the closet. Express your tving p44 answer to the nearest tenth ofa 43m] roga { metre, | kitchen |25m_ units? Tamm 5. Read the following paragraph about the Columbia Ics Convert each SI measurement to an equivalent imp. measurement. ‘The Columbia cefield straddles the boundary between Alberta and British Columbia. tis the largest glacier in North America, south of the Arctic Circle, It has a maximum depth of 365 m.Its highest points ‘are Mount Columbia, at 3745 m, ‘and Mount Athabasca, at 3491 m. ‘The average snowfall across the icefield is 100 cm per year. field. ial 1.3 Converting Between S| and Imperial Systems « MHR_ 4344 MHR + Chapter1 6. What is the reading represented on each measuring device? Estimate and then calculate each equivalent measurement in the other system (SI or imperial). a) Slruler slo élo 7lo alo lo b) imperial ruler ©) imperial caliper 4) Sl caliper ih LE | Apply 7. A traditional Inuit dog sled uses teams of Qimmiq or sled dogs on soparate lines. The lines are fastened directly to the komatik or sled. Bach dog has a hamess with an average length of 35 ft. Suppose a dog sled uses a team of 13 dogs. a) Calculate the approximate total length of rope needed to harness the team, b) Calculate the total length of the harness in SI units. Explain why you chose this particular unit.10. iW. | a) Discuss with a Alex is on his way home to Moosomin, SK. He was visiting friends in Mohall, North (canapa) Dakota. As soon as he gets on the highway, ‘As Alex passes the Canada-U.S. border, he soos this sign. What is the driving distance between Mohall and Moosomin, in SI units? Moosomin 130 classmate your preferred method of converting the following units. # metres to kilometres * metres to * yards to miles timetres b) Develop a strategy for converting from a smaller unit of length toa larger unit. Does your strategy apply in both SI and imperial systems of measurement? Explain, ©) How might your strategy change when you are convei a larger unit of length to a smaller one? \g from Margaux and Penny each travel with their families to St. Pierre- Jolys, MB, for the annual Frog Follies. When the girls arrive, they compare how far they travelled from their homes. ‘+ Margaux lives in Arborg, MB, and travelled 164 km. + Penny lives in Grand Forks, North Dakota, and travelled 113 mi. Penny is not familiar with SI distances. Explain how to determine the approximate conversion from kilometres to miles. Who travelled farther? Explain. ‘The deopest lake in the world is Lake Baikal, in Russia. It has a depth of 5369 ft. Canada’s deopest lake is Great Slave Lake, named after the Slavey (Dene Tha) peoples who live there. It is located in the Northwest Territories and has a depth of 2015 ft Quesnel Lake, south of Prince George, BC, is the deepest fjord lake in the world. It has a depth of 506 m. ake imal, Compare the depth of Quesnel Lake with the depths of 1 Baikal and Great Slave Lake. Give each answer as a de to the nearest metre. 1.3 Converting Between Si and Imperial Systems « MHR_ 45 ‘Canada has two Nagara Falls, Most people know about Niagara Falls in Ontario, The other Niagara Falls s on ‘Quesnel Lake in British Columbia. At the mouth of Niagara Creek, water falls over 200 ft into ‘the east arm of Quesnel Lake,‘The pul of gravity is greater closer tothe Cente of Earth, For tis reason, you would weigh about 2.2 Ib more atthe North Pole than on the equator, 46 MHR + Chapter1 12, Earth is not a perfect sphere. It flattens slightly at the poles. A person standing at the North Pole is about 13 mi closer to the centre of Earth than a person standing on the equator. How far would you be from the centre of Earth when standing on the North Pole? Give your answer in miles. Assume the equatorial radius of Earth is 6380 km. 13. a) Calculate the perimeter of the figure shown. Express { your answer to the nearest quarter of an inch. ) Discuss your steps with a 21cm partner. Then, describe what you think is the easiest way to calculate the perimeter of the figuro in inches, ¥en 14, Cunit Project) One type of 80 GB MP3 player has dimensions of 4.14 cm (width) by 9.15 cm (height) by 0.85 cm (thickness). ‘The storage capacity is about 20 000 songs. Each LP vinyl record holds an average of 12 songs and is approximately } in, thick. a) Calculate the number of LPs you would need to store as many songs as the MP3 player, Use mental mathematics to show that your answer is reasonable. b) Suppose you stack the LPs. Calculate the height of the stack. Compare it with the height of the MP3 player. Give your answer as a ratio in lowest terms. Extend 15. A farmer wants to build a wall using concrete blocks. She draws a diagram showing the wall and identifies the corners of the ‘cubes.” Each concrete block is the same size as two cubes. a) How many concrete blocks does the farmer need? b) Each concrete block is 20 cm by 20 cm by 40 cm. What are the outside dimensions of the walled enclosure, in inches? ) The farmer wants to build a new wall to fit tightly around the outside of the first one. How many concrete blocks are needed? Explain how to get the answer from your answer to part a).16. Winnipeg's River Arch spans 23 m along the Trans-Canada Highway. The approximate area under a symmetrical arch can River Arch symbolizes be calculated using the formula A= WUF+ 4h) the past and present ef winnipeg. The In the formula, Ears ones © A represents the area, in square metres iter er Tid + w represents the width of the arch, in metres ploughed feds, River * H represents the height of the centre of the arch, in metres Arch is located where + h represents the height of the arch measured one quarter ‘wo bridges cross the of the distance from each end of the arch, in metres Red River in downtown, Winnipeg. a) Assume the arch is symmetrical. Calculate the approximate area under River Arch, in square metres. b) Would this formula work for imperial units? Explain. Create Connections 17. a) State three distances that are often measured in SI units and three distances that are often measured in imperial units. b) For each distance in part a), indicate whether it is more appropriate to use an exact measurement or an approximate measurement, Justify your reasoning, 18. Using the conversion factor 1 yd = 0.9144 m, show how to convert from a small imperial unit to a larger SI unit 1.3 Converting Between Si and Imperial Systems « MHR- 471.1 SI Measurement, pages 8-21 1. Find an object with a curved surface, such as a can, Estimate the distance around the curved object. Explain how to measure the curved distance. Then, measure it and compare your estimate to the actual measurement. 2. Determine the distance from A to B on this SI ruler. answer to the nearest tenth of a centimetre. A 8 + 1 a my LW my mT 120130140150 160170180 press your 3. What reading is shown on this SI caliper? Name an object that could be this length. coll wy AM 4, What is the circumference of the largest circle you could cut from a sheet of paper measuring 30 cm by 20 cm? What area of paper would you cut away? 5. The elk in the photograph stands 210 cm tall, including the antlers, Calculate the distance between the tips of the antlers, to the nearest tenth of a centimetre, 1.2 Imperial Measurement, pages 22-35 6. a) On a plain piece of paper, draw a letter S. As you draw, try to make the line for the letter 4 in, long b) Explain how you could verify that the curve of your S is the required distance. ©) Measure your S. If your drawing is out by more than 3 in., try drawing another S 48° MHR + Chapter17, State the reading for point D on this imperial ruler as a mixed number in lowest terms. What is the distance from C to D? Show two ways to determine the answer. 1 8, Ata lumber yard, Jeanette buys lengths of wood with different cross-sections. For each piece of wood, explain how she could calculate the perimeter of the cross-section. Then, calculate each perimeter. Do your answers seem reasonable? Explain. a) ») 1 tin 1 L thin tyin ‘You want to enlarge the photograph of Burrard Inlet, in Vancouver, to fill a 4” by 6” frame. a) Estimate the dimensions of the photograph in imperial units. ‘Then, record the actual measurements. b) By what scale factor do you need to enlarge the photograph? Will the enlargement need to be cropped to fit in the frame? Justify your reasoning. Chapter 1 Review + MHR 491.3 Converting Between SI and Imperial Systems, pages 36-47 10. Convert each measurement to the unit specified. a) The distance from Calgary to Jasper is 412 km. (miles) ) Twister is the highest water slide in West Edmonton, Mall, at 25.3 m. (feet) 11, The world’s tallest man according to Guinness World Records 1 was Robert P, Wadlow at 8 ft 11, in, Suppose his height was stated as 2.7 m. Would this be an approximation or an exact measurement? Justify your answer. 12, Thumbelina, the world’s smallest pony, is 17 in. tall. How many times as tall as Thumbelina is the horse in the photograph? Estimate what the height of the horse would be if its head were up. Could you have used different units? Explain. 13.A map of Lesser Slave Lake, AB, is shown. Scale: 1:880 000 Utikuma Lake High Prarie a) How many kilometres are represented by 1 cm? b) How many miles are represented by one inch? ) Estimate the length of Provincial Road 750 from, Grouard to Atikameg. Give your answer in miles. 4) Suppose you leave Slave Lake and travel west on Highway 2 for 57 km before turning off. Where might you be going? 50 MHR + Chapter 1| elated Multiple Choice For #1 to #5, choose the best answer. 1. A student measures his pace to be 23 ft. How many paces will he need to take to walk 1 mi? A 360 B 640 © 1760 D 1920 2. If 1 yd = 0.9144 m, which is the correct conversion giving the number of inches in a metre? A lin. = 254m B 1m = 39.37 in. ¢ 1m=254cem D 1m = 100 in. 3. A killer whale has a length of 9.4 m. How many school door heights would it take to exceed the whale’s length? <—-9.4m saae 7 4, A regulation baseball bat must be 23 in. or less in diameter and shorter than 42 in. long. Which bat would not be allowed? A diameter 6 cm B length 1.0668 m C diameter 7 cm D length 0.9 m Chapter 1 Practice Test + MHR 515, How many of these rods can fit through a hole with a diameter of Bin? Yaw Short Answer Al 82 C3 p¢ 6. a) State two referents that you could use to measure the length of a van. List three appropriate units that you might measure the length of the van in, b) Name two units, one SI and one imperial, that are appropriate for measuring the circumference of a car steering wheel. What is an approximate conversion between these two units? 7. Sketch the approximate size of a Canadian $5 bill. Then, estimate its dimensions in SI units. 8. Janice needs to tighten a nut on her bicycle. She finds two wrenches. + The } in, wrench is too small. «The 2 in. wrench is too large. Janice’s neighbour suggests thal the nul might be an SI size. Assume thal the sizes of SI wrenches are only in whole millimetres. What SI wrench sizes are between the two imperial sizes Janice tried? 52. MHR + Chapter 1Extended Response 9. Two identical archways inside the Manitoba provincial legislature are shown, Suppose the space betwoon the archways is 6 ft. Describe how to calculate the perimeter of ‘one opening, including the bottom. Assume that the top of the archway is a semicircle. Calculate the perimeter of one archway, including the bottom. Give your answer in feet and inches. 10. A gymnasium is 40 m long. An instructor asks two students to create lines every 5 m using green masking tape across the floor. When the instructor returns, he notices that the students made the lines 5 yd apart. a) How many lines did the students make on the floor? ) What is the distance from the last line to the end wall of the gym? Include a diagram. © Members of the football team train by standing at the end ‘wall of the gym, running to the 5 yd line, and returning to the wall. Then, they run to the 10 yd line and return to the wall. They continue this pattern until they reach the opposite ond. What is the minimum distance, to the nearest yard, they will run? Justify your answer. 4) Compare the total distances that the football players would run if the students had placed the lines 5 m apart versus 5 yd apart. Does your answer seem reasonable? Explain. Chapter 1 Practice Test + MHR 53_ Sew Pe) L Key Terms surface area volume cylinder prism lateral area cone slant height sphere pyramid apex ‘Surface Area &Volume 54 MHR + Chapter2Web Link wow mhrmath 1 0.ca Make the following Foldable™ to take notes on what you will learn in Chapter 2. @ Fold an 11 x 17 sheet of paper as shown. On the outside front flaps, add the following labels. @ Fold and label an 85 x 11 sheet of paper as shown. Cut tabs along the lines on the front haf, Attach the tabbed page inside the left flap. @ Fold and label Qonthe another 8.5 x 11 back of the sheet of paper as _Foldable™, shown. Cut tabs write the title along the lineson What | Need the front half. Attach to Work On. the tabbed page inside the right flap. Chapter? « MHR 55| Focus on ... += solving problems that involve area and volume units within SI and imperial systems «+ using mental ‘math to judge the reasonableness of a solution to a problem 56 MHR + Chapter2 Throughout the history of recorded sound, new technologies have been introduced to replace older ones. One example is the progression from sheet music to vinyl records to cassette tapes to CDs to MP3s. As the music industry has advanced, many outdated products have been abandoned. However, there are many music enthusiasts who still prefer the vinyl record over its digital replacements. They believe that vinyl records have sound than CDs or MP3s. Vinyl re album covers with im: rds also feature large graphics, pullout photos, and liner notes. Cc > 1. By the 1880s, wax cylinders were used to record music, Sound was recorded in the grooves on the outside of hollow cylinders of slightly softened wax. Standard cylinders were about 4 in. long with a diameter of 24 in. One cylinder could play about two minutes of music or other sound. a) Calculate the outside surface area of one of these hollow cylinders ») Calculate the rate of the area needed to record the music to the number of minutes of music.2. In the 1930s, RCA produced the LP. These vinyl records were pressed on a 30 cm diameter flexible plastic disc. Each LP could hold about 45 min of music using both sides. a) Calculate the circular area of both sides of an LP. b) Calculate the rate of the area needed to record the music to the number of minutes of music. 3. Records evolved into threo sizes and three forms of sound reproduction, the 45 rpm, the 78 rpm, and the 334 rpm (or LP). Newly pressed records wore inserted in a paper of cellophane envelope or sleeve, and then slipped into a printed record jacket or album cover. 323mm "LP" 78pm AS rpm a) Choose one size of vinyl record. Calculate the area of a record jacket needed for this vinyl record. b) Design an album cover that you would use for the record jacket for your favourite recording artist 4, Reflect and Respond a) List possible advantages and disadvantages of vinyl records compared to wax cylinders for recorded music. b) Vinyl records have recently made a comeback and sales are on the increase. Discuss with a partner some possible reasons for this increase in popularity. Web Link To learn more about how Vinyl records are made, ¢0 tow mhrmatht Oca and follow the links. © Brainstorm other advancements in music storage since the early wax cylinders and discuss how technology has changed the storage of music. ) Link the Ideas Sometimes you may know the dimensions in one mi system, but need to determine the area or volume in the other measurement system. To work with units of ar in both measurement systems, you need to unde! relationships between the units of length in each system. urement d volume stand the Remember that area involves square units while volume involves cubic units. 2.1 Units of Area and Volume + MHR- 57Cochrane Mural 58 MHR + Chapter2 k Example 1 Convert Between SI Units for Area An art class is creating a mural mosaic. They know that future art classes will have to contribute to the project to complete it. Each person in the class makes a painting on a 15-cm by 15-cm panel. ‘Then, all the panels are assembled into the mural mosaic, There are 25 students in the art class, so the panels they create will be assembled into a square with each side containing five panels. What area is required for this part of the mural? Solution ‘Two students calculate the area required for this part of the mural. Cassy calculates the area of each individual panel. How does Cassy use her knowledge of the area of a square? Each panel is 225 cmé There aro 25 panels, (25)(225) = 5625 The total area is 5625 cm’. Stefan thinks of one large rectangle. Since there are five panels on cach side, cach measuring 15 cm long, he concludes that cach side of the rectangle will measure 75 cm, He converts to 0.75 m and then calculates the area lw (0.75)(0.75) How does Stefan use his knowledge 0605 ofthe area ofa rectangle? ‘The area is 0.5625 m* Both students calculated the correct area. When they compared answers, they realized that to convert between square metres and square centimetres, you need to multiply or divide by 10 000. (@ m)Q m) = 1 m* (100 cm)(100 cm) So, 1 m® = 10 000 cm* 0.000 cm* Recall that there are 100 em in 1m, Your Turn a) Determine the area of a rectangle that is 1.7 m by 2.5 m, in square centimetres b) Determine the area of a rectangle that is 50 mm by 25 mm, in square metres.y Example 2 Work With Units for Area Tiles imported from different countries sometimes have imperial dimensions. A tile layer may need to convert from square feet to square centimetres, One type of floor tiles is sold The abbreviation for inches isin. or”. in squares measuring 1 ft by 1 ft tf The abbreviation for feet i fo. ; ‘The abbreviation for yards is yd a) What is the area of one tile verses in square centimetres? tft b) The tile layer is working with an area that measures 8 ft by 4 ft. What is the area, to the nearest hundredth of a square centimetre? to the nearest square metre? Solution a) Calculate the area of one tile. he 1 Ht= 30cm | aaa Recall that Atle thatis 1 A = (30.48) 1 f= 30.48 em by 1 fis approximately A = 929.0304 30 cm by 30cm. he area of one tile is 929.03 cm’, to the nearest | (30)@0) = 900 hundredth of a square centimetre. You can The area of one tl is conclude that 1 ft? is approximately 929.03 cm? about 900 cr, b) The tile layer needs to convert the dimensions of 8 ft by 4 ft to SI units. he length is 8 ft 8(30.48) = 243.84 How could you use Ee herefore, the length is 243.84 em. the value for 8 fin The width is 4 ft centimeties to determine the 4(30.48) = 121.92 value for 4 ft in centimetres? Therefore, the width is 121.92 cm. lw (243.84)(121.92) 29 728.9728 he tile area is approximately 29 728.97 cm’. Since 100 cm = 1m, then 10 000 cm? = 1m’. To express the area in square metres, divide by 10 000. 29 728.9728 710 000 The tile area is approximately 3m’ 2.97289728 Your Turn a) Determine the area of a re square feet. jangle thal 10 em by 100 em, in b) Determine the area of a rectangle that is 6 in. by 4 in., in square \. millimetres. 2.1 Units of Area and Volume » MHR 5960 MHR + Chapter2 Example 3. Work With Units for Volume Sahid has numerous boxes to load onto a moving truck. l i = aD What is the volume of the truck, to the nearest cubic foot? Solution Convert the dimensions to feet. The length is 3.5 m. 3.5(3.281) = 11.4835 m= 3.281 ft Therefore, the length is approximately 11.4835 ft. The width is 2.3 m. 2.3(3.281) = 7.5463 Therefore, the width is approximately 7.5469 ft. The height is 2.2 m. 2.2(3.281) ~ 7.2182 Therefore, the height is approximately 7.2182 ft. Find the volume of the truck by using the formula V = Iwh V=lwh How does Sahid use his knowledge of V = (11,4835)(7.5463)(7.2182) the volume ofa rectangular prism? V = 625.514 314 ‘The volume of the truck is approximately 626 ft. Your Turn Convert the volume of an object that measures —_1.cm = 0.3937 in, |_ Sem by 4 om by 10 om to cubic inches.| Key Ideas Proportional reasoning can be used to * solve problems involving area or volume units within SI * solve problems involving area or volume units within the imperial system * solve problems requiring the conversion of area or volume within and between the SI and imperial systems using linear dimensions C Im avert 0.62 m? to square centim 100 cm 1m? = (100 em)(100 em) = 10 000 cm? 0.62 m* = (0.62)(10 000 cm’) = 6200 cm? 0.62 m* is equal to 6200 cm’. Calculate the volume of a rectangular prism with dimensions 1 ft by 3 ft by 5 ft in cubic metres. 1f= 0.3048 m 3 ft = 3(0.3048 m) 5 ft = 5(0.3048 m) = 0.9144 m = 1.524m V = (0.3048 m)(0.9144 m)(1.524 m) V = 0.4247526989 m? ‘The volume of the prism is approximately 0.42 m°, | Check Your Understanding Practise For help with #1 and #2, you “Imperial Unit StUnit may need to refer to the table of conversion factors. | tin | 254em_ | 1. Calculate the following areas to it 0.3048 m the indicated SI unit, Expre Tyd —0.9144m your answers to the nearest 1 mi 1.609 km tenth of a square unit. t6mi ©) the area of a rectangle 35 in. by 10 in., in squi ‘e centimetres 4) the area of a rectangle 21 fl by 50 fl, in square metres 2.1 Units of Area and Volume + MHR- 612. Determine possible dimensions for each area. Then, use your dimensions to calculate the area to the indicated equivalent. a) b) 9 A=8in? A=8mm* A=a A=om 3. At the Festival du Voyageur, an outdoor winter beaverball court is being built. The court measures 9 m by 18 m. Your task as The Festival du Voyageur a volunteer is to cover it with a tarp. You find that tarps are was founded in 1969 : i sold by the square yard. Find the area required for the tarp in by a group of Saint- Boniface entrepreneurs. square yards. Originally a 3-day event held in Winnipeg's French Quarter, this ‘event has evalved into 2 10-day province: wide celebration, The Festival du Voyogeur Celebrates the joie de vivre ofthe fur traders, who established the Red River Colony and the growing French-Canadian ‘community in western Canada. Held every February, the Festival du Voyageurs emphasis is on the beauty of winter, with numerous historical, ‘educational, and entertaining activities. Festval du Voyageur Winnipeg 4. For each of the following containers, find the volume in cubic centimetres. a) a cube with sides measuring 6 in, 6in 6in. 6in ) a right rectangular prism with sides measuring 12 in, by 8 in. i 12in, by 25 in. rin, Bin. 62. MHR + Chapter25. A pickup truck has a box that measures 4 ft by 8 ft by 17 in. What is the volume of the box to the nearest tenth of a cubic metre? a — 7 7 in t ait Apply he Quilt of Belonging is a project created by artist Esther Bryan. The quilt includes 263 handmade, 11-in.-square blocks, representing each immigrant, First Nation, Métis, and Inuit group in Canada. Seventy of these blocks each represent a First Nation, Mét 70 blocks, in square feel and in square metres? The Quit of Belongings ~ the largest and most or Inuit group in Canada, What is the (olal area of these incisive work of texte Esther Bryan the project atst says, “The completed cuit. wit ts many parts, shows that weal canbe integrated into the fabric of Canada, ving together harmonious¥y leaming to respect one another for our differences while Celebrating what we have commen: 7. Gentry’s family is buying @ new home. Gentry is concerned about the size of his bedroom in the new home. Gentry’s current bedroom measures 106” by 11’3”. The floor plan shows that his new bedroom would have an area of 11.4 m’. a) Which room is bigger? by what percent? b) The carpet in Gentry replaced. He finds new carpet he yard. What is the cost of the new carpet for Ge before tax? new bedroom is worn and needs to be ikes for $12.99 per square try’s new room, 8, Andrea is preparing an installation manual for a cell-phone tower to be used in a European country. The tower specifications are in imperial units, and she must convert them to SI for her client. The specifications state that the signal for the cell-phone tower covers a circular area of radius 2.5 mi, What is this area in ST units? 2.1 Units of Area and Volume + MHR 6364 MHR + Chapter2 9. A tile layer has an entranceway to tile. The entrance measures 5’2” by 36". The tiles each measure 4” by 4”. a) What is the area of the entranceway, in square inches? b) When working on tiling projects, it is recommended that the installer purchase 10% extra material. How many tiles should be purchased for this project? 10, At the local recreation centre, you have a choice between two different types of lockers. You can choose a single locker from a double stack, or a single locker from a triple stack. The dimensions of each stack of lockers are shown below. o4m 15in, a) Which type of locker would give you more space? ») How much more space, in cubic metres, would you have? 11. Describe how you would determine each volume in the indicated units. What is the volume? a) a cube with dimensions 1 m by 1 m by 1 m in cubic centimetres b) a rectangular prism with dimensions 5 cm by 7.1 cm by 10 cm in cubic metres 9 a rectangular prism with dimensions 0.5 m by 1 m by § m in cubic millimetresExtend 12, In the imperial system, large areas of land aro measured in acres. For example, the area of Shaw Millennium Skate Park in Calgary, the biggest public skate park in North America, is about 1.85 acres. a) One acro is the same as 43 560 ft#, What is the area, of Shaw Millennium Skate Park in square feet? b) Show how you would determine the area you found in part a) in square metres. 9) The SI unit for large areas is the hectare. One hectare is the same as 10 000 m*. Express the area of Shaw Millennium Park in hectares. 13. The maps in an atlas use scale diagrams. Choose @ rectangular area on a map of northern Canada. Using the scale from the atlas, calculate the area of your reclangle in square miles and in square kilometres. Create Connections 14, What occupations do you think would use both the imperial and SI measurement systems? ‘Shaw Milne Ska Prk, Gleey 15, Describe your preferred method for converting between SI and imperial measures. Why did you choose this method? 16. Think of your local grocery store. In which departments of the store would you need measurement conversions? ExplainCee ety Focus on .. Architectural design ideas may evolve from your culture, icons, or «+ solving problems everyday life. The exhibit hall at the Blackfoot Crossing Historical involving the surface Park in southern Alberta is a cultural, educational, and entertainment area of three: centre built at the site of the signing of Treaty 7. dimensional objects een ‘The knowledge of surface area of integrated structures is essential dimension of a three- when constructing architectural designs like the Blackfoot Exhibit Hall imensional object Architects use surface area to calculate the amount of material needed. given its surface area of Three-Dimenciona ob 1. As a group, divide a sheet of paper into four quadrants. Label the quadrants with the following: Quadrant 1: Group Definition of Surface Area Quadrant 2: Group Strategy for Determining Surface Area | | | Quadrant 3: Determine Surface Area Quadrant 4: Alternative Method for Determining Surface Area 66 MHR + Chapter22. As a group, choose one of the thre shown below. e-dimensional objects Azam 100m Bin Complete quadrant 1 and one of the three remaining quadrants. Then, pass the sheet on to another group. 3. a) Review and discuss the work of the other groups. ») Choose and complete one of the remaining quadrants. Then, pass the sheot of paper on to another group 4, Repeat the process in step 3 for the remaining quadrant. 5. Reflect and Respond a) Did another group's strategy work better than yours? Why or why not? b) Did you see any alternative strateg Explain, 's that you preferred? ©) In quadrant 3, was there a group strategy that you preferred? Expl 6, Consider the ideas you discussed in step 5. Suggest possible strategies you c the surface area of each of the following 3-D objects. wuld use to determine b) sphere ©) pyramid Ta learn mare about Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park, go to ‘wonmirmath 10a and follow the links. Eagle featner fan over the entrance to Blackoo! Exist Hallcone + a three-dimensional object with a circular base and a curved lateral surface that, extends from the base to the vertex Fy—vertex slant height rads base slant height the shortest lateral distance from the edge of the base of a cone or pyramid to its highest point lateral area ‘the surface that joins the two bases of a ‘three-dimensional object or that joins the base to the highest point base 68 MHR + Chapter2 J ink the Ideas ‘Surface Area of a Right Cone Consider a right cone with slant height s and base radius r Construct a net of the cone, including the lateral area and the base. 4 @e vertex slant height, Circumference of the base = 2r From the lateral area of the net, Length of arc AB = 2nr you can construct a large circle using — the vertex of the cone as the centre and the slant height of the cont as the radius. The lateral area of the base of the cone forms a sector of the large circle. The circumference of the base of the cone, 27, forms the length of the are AB of the ector ‘The circumference of the large circle that is formed from the lateral area is 278. The area of the large circle is ms*, ‘To determine the lateral area of the cone you can set up a proportion of corresponding ratios. Lateral atea of cone = (£)(ns") Lateral area of cone = mrs ‘The lateral area of a right cone with radius rand slant height s is ters, ‘The base of the cone is a circle with radius r, so its area is Tr°, ‘The total surface area of a right cone is the sum of the areas of the base and the lateral surface.‘Surface Area of a Sphere ‘The formula for the surface area of a Sphere sphere is linked to the surface area of a right cylinder. «= around, ball-shaped ‘Think of wrapping a right cylinder around object the sphere. «a set of points in space that are a given ‘The diameter of the sphere will be the height distance (radius) from a of the cylinder. fixed point (centre) ‘This height will be 2r y ‘The circumference of the sphere will be the circumference of the cylinder. This circumference will be 2nr. The lateral area of the cylinder, when flattened, forms a rectangle. The area of the rectangle formed by the right cylinder is directly related to the surface area of the sphere. A= (length)(width) (2mr)(2r) A=4nr* Example 1 Calculate the Surface Area of a Right Cone ircular base with diameter ight 40 cm, Calculate the A right cone has a 27 cm and slant hi 40cm surface area of the cone, to the nearest tenth of a square centimetre. Ss d=27em Solution ‘The surface area of a right cone is the sum of the area of the single circular base, B, and the lateral area. SA = B + lateral area SA = Tr’ + Ts since the tn SA = m(13.5" + m(13.5)(40) — anereset me SA = 2269.0 the ads is v35cm. ‘The surface area of the cone is approximately 2269.0 cm’. Your Turn Sketch a right cone with diameter 16 cm and slant height 12 cm. What is its surface area? 22 Surface Area + MHR 69pyramid * A three-dimensional object with one base and the same number of triangular faces as there are sides on the base i 70 MHR + Chapter2 y Example 2 Calculate the Surface Area of a Right Pyramid A right rectangular [pyfamiid has a rectangular base measuring 16 cm by 20 cm. The slant height of the 1100 triangular face with the shorter base is 18 cm, while the slant height of the i6em triangular face with the longer base is 17 cm. What is the surface area 20am of the pyramid? 18cm Solution ‘As with a right cone, the surface area of a right pyramid can be calculated as the sum of the area of the base, B, and the lateral area. SA = B + lateral area SA = (longth)(width) + 2[4(length)(slant height,)} Te ter area st a right rectangular + 21} (width)(slant height,)] pyramidis made up of four SA = (20)(16) + 2{0.5(20)(17)] + 2(0.5(16)(18)] Tangles The SA = 948 tviangles on the ‘The surface area of the right rectangular pyramid _¢pPosite faces are is 948 cm’. Your Turn Skotch a right rectangular pyramid with a square base measuring 10 cm on each side. The slant height of each face is 8.5 cm. What | #8 the surface area of the pyramid?J Example 3 Calculate the Surface Area of a Sphere ‘A satellite is wrapped with polyester film to protect it during transportation. How much film is required to cover the Echo Satellite that has a circumference of 95.8 m? Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a square mete. Solution ‘The formula for the surface area of a sphere is SA = 4nr’, where r is the radius. Calculate the radius from the circumference. C= 2nr 95.8 = 2nr 95.8 20 r= 15.247... Substitute the radius into the formula for the surface area SA = 4nrt SA = 4n(15.247...)° SA = 2921.33 Approximately 2921.3 m® of film is required to cover the satellite Your Turn Find the surface area of a basketball with diameter 23.85 cm. Express kL your answer to the nearest hundredth of a square centimetre. y Example 4 Determine a Dimension When the Surface Area is Known, hhe surface area of an official 5-pin bowling ball varies from approximately 459.96 cm® to 506.71 cm*, What is the variation in the diameter of the bowling ball? Solution Substitute into SA = 4m’ tate ental ar? = SA amr = SA similar to bowing were arr’ = 459,96 4p? = 506.71 foundin the tomb of 459.96 506.71 an ancient Egyptian an an uth who ce in 459.96 506,71 approximately 5200 ace = re How do you calelate rae Te How do you cleuste Aen Plyesians r= 6.05 rs 6.35 ‘the radius? rolled stones at objects ‘rom a distance of 60 ft The variation in the diameter of an official 5-pin bowling ball is from 12.1 cm to 12.7 cm. (18.29 m), This is the same distance as from ‘the foul ine tothe hheadpin in modern culate the radius of a sphere with a boing. ” Your Turn ‘0 the neal | surface ist millimetre, of 1m’ 22 Surface Area + MHR- 7172 MHR + Chapter 2 y Example 5 Visualize and Find Surface Areas of Composite Objects ‘A farm equipment manufacturer in Yorkton, SK, has decided to construct a grain bin using galvanized steel. How much steel is required to construct the grain bin as shown? Express your answer to the nearest hundredth ofa square foot. Do not include overlap of the steel sheets where thoy are fastened together. Solution Visualize the cylindrical base with a right cone-shaped roof. Sketch the two parts of the structure and add appropriate dimensions, 19 Remember that the bottom and top of the cylindrical portion and the bottom of the conical roof are not included d= 191 —>} surface area of cylindrical shape = rd x height The circumference of a circle can be found SA, mt19)(21) Using the formula xd SA singe = 1253495... or 2av, To calculate the surface area of the cone, you need to know the slant height first Use the Pythagorean relationship. s=VFTOR s=vi6 + 90.25 surface area of conical shape = rs SA cg, = F(9.5)(10.307... SA,,,. = 307.636... ‘The combined surface area is 1253.495... + 307.636... = 1561.132... ‘The total surface area of the grain bin, to the nearest hundredth of a square foot, is 1561.13 ft You will need a minimum of 1562 ft of galvanized steel to construct the grain bin.Your Turn jate the surface a of the following composite object, to the nearest tenth of a square centimetre 148m d= 12cm d=250m ecm ) Key Ideas he su ‘an be \ce area of a right cylinder and of a right prism c Iculated using the area of the (top and bottom) plus the lateral area, ae SA pg = 2lw + 21h + 2wh Ag unine = 2a) + 2rerh * Tho surface area of a right pyramid ont of a right cone can be calculated using the area of the base plus the lateral area. 4. SA gg, = TH + Ter anrt 22 Surface Area + MHR 73Check Your Understanding Practise For each of the following, express your answers to the nearest tenth of a unit where necessary. 1. Calculate the surface area of each of the following. a) >») 2 in tam 21m 9 4 2) 85in Bin. 15cm Bin, 10in. 245m 2. Sketch a right pyramid with a square base measuring 16 ft by 16 ft. Tho slant height is 12 ft. What is the surface area of the pyramid? 3. For each of the following, the surface area is given. Calculate the missing dimension. a) $A = 6020 em? b) S4=474m? 9 SA=NAMe A 4. A closed box has a surface area of 126 in. The base of the box is 5 in. by 3 in. Sketch a diagram and find the height of the box. 74 MHR + Chapter25. Calculate the surface area of this d=8cm object composed of a pyramid and a sphere 135m zen 15cm Apply 6. Austin is helping to build the set for a school play. There are four cylindrical pillars standing on the stage that need to be painted. Each pillar is 16 ft high and 1 ft in diameter, as shown below. Austin calculated the surface area to the nearest hundredth of a square foot. His work is shown below. SA = 2(nr’) + dh) 7 SA = 2(n)(0.5)* + m(1)(16) SA = 0.50 + 160 SA = 16.50 SA = 51.84 Thore are four cylinders, so tet SA=4 x 51.84 SA = 207.36 ‘The surface area is 207.36 ft’ Austin thinks he made an error in his work. Discuss whether Austin 1 actually made an error. What surface area would you paint? 7. One of the activities available to visitors to the Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park is to spend \ the night in a tipi. Historically, the walls and floor of a tipi were made of buffalo hide, but the current tipi is canvas with a large circular fabric floor. At the beginning of the season, the staff of the park set up the tipis. While doing so, they determine that the diameter of a tipi is 9.6 m and its slant height is 7.3 m. Assume that the tipi approximates a cone. What is the inimum amount of canvas making up the sides of the tipi, to the nearest hundredth of a square metre? Do not include any seam allowances. 2.2Surface Area +» MHR 7576 MHR + Chapter 2 8. (Unit Project ) Compact discs are sometimes i2on, packaged in cylindrical stacks of 100.EachCD (> 442mm has a thickness of 1.2 mm and a diameter of 12 cm. a) The outside radius of the storage caso is 0.7 cm moro than that of the CD. The height of the case is 4.2 mm more than that of the stack of 100 CDs. What is the surface area of the storage case, excluding the base, to the nearest square centimetre? b) Ifa rectangular CD jewel case holding a single CD is 0.5 cm wider than the CD, 2.5 cm longer than the CD, and 8 times the thickness of the CD, what is the surface area of the jewel c 9. A designer is working on a line of athletic ‘equipment. He is designing a cylindrical punching bag, similar to the designer wants to use a maximum of 1.3 m* of material to make the bag, and has determined t of the bag should be 36 cm, Determine the maximum possible height of th tenth of a centimetre, one shown. The the diamete bag, to the nearest . Earth has a diameter of approximately 8000 mi. Land forms about 29% of the surface area of Earth, Assume Earth is a sphere. Estimate the area of land on Earth. . The photo shows a traditional Haida hand drum that has a diameter of 147 in, and is 3 in, deep. What is the minimum amount of hide used to make the drum if the hide covers only the top and lateral surfaces? Express your answer to the nearest square inch “adional Haida hand drum showing twin salmon "Mansforrng into the next generation. Treen ‘Sats hand ume sre uses n eeremon, ctr events suchas potlatches, and as artwork ‘eitonal ums sud always be hanced with respect flowing appropriate protocol12. The Muttart Conservatory in Edmonton began with a donation from the Muttart family. There are four greenhouses, each in the shape of a right pyramid with a square base. Each of the two largest greenhouses has a base that measures 26 m on each side and has a slant height of 35.4 m, How much glass is needed for each large greenhouse? Express your answer to the nearest square metre. 13, What is the surface area of a glass bead that has a diameter of 11 mm? Express your answer to the nearest square millimetre. 14, Photographers often use a light tent to get the ost lighting for items they photograph for museums, catalogues, or online sales, This tent is cylindrical with a conical roof, The diameter of the tent is 1m, the height of the tent is 190 cm, and the cylindrical wall of the tent is 135 om high. What is the surface are of the light tent, to the nearest square metre? 2.2 Surface Area + MHR 77‘Around the year 1148, the French played le ppoume, meaning “the palm of the hand” This ‘game developed into jeu de poume, real tennis, ‘oyol tennis, o, simply tennis. 78 MHR + Chapter2 15, Squash is a racquet sport played with a small, soft ball. The game is named for the fact that it is very easy to “squash” the ball. The rules of the game state that the ball must have a " diameter of 40 mm + 0.5 mm. . This means that the actual diameter can be up to 0.5 mm more or less than 40 mm, a) What is the minimum and maximum surface area of a rogulation squash ball? Express your answers to the nearest square millimetre. ») Squash balls are often packaged in cubical boxes as shown in the photo. If the box is to be sized so that the ball fits exactly in the box, find the minimum and maximum dimensions of the box. Extend For each of the following, express your answers to the nearest tenth of a unit where necessary. dem f 16, stations often have a supply of small paper funnels that customers can use 15 to add oil to their vehicle engines without spilling, Each funnel is a right cone with a /Y\ 320 small hole cut out of the top. The funnel has a slant height of 13.2 cm and the diameter of the large opening is 9.5 cm. ‘The diameter of the small opening is 1.5 cm. Determine the amount of \ 95m paper in the funnel 17. A building block is shown below. 46 mm 314mm ‘The base of the block measures 31.4 mm by 7.9 mm, and it has a height of 9.5 mm. Each right cylinder on top of the block has a diameter of 4.6 mm and a height of 2 mm. Each hole in the block has a diameter of 4.6 mm. Determine the surface area of the block that needs to be painted if you do not paint the bottom of the block.18. Use spreadsheet software to help investigate how changing the radius of a sphere changes its surface area. Create a spreadsheet like the one shown below. K z c i invesigeng Changes in Dimensions os § 2 [Samah Faor a] 4 1 [a| 2 4 je} 3 6 | 4 ms a) Use spreadsheet formulas to complete the spreadsheet, Depending on your software, you may need to type “PI” or “PI(” form. See your spreadsheot's help feature if you need assistance. b) Compare the stretch factor for the radius to the ratio of the new surface area to the original surface area, What pattern do you notice? ©) Use your pattern to predict the surface area of the sphere if you multiply the radius by 6. Extend your spreadsheet to check your 4) In your own words, express the relationship between a change in the radius of a sphere and the change in its surface area Create Connections 19. Sketch an example of a composite object with dimensions in centimetres. Explain how you can find the surface area. Describe how you would convert your answer to an appropriate imperial unit of area, 20. People communicate in different ways, such as orally, in writing, and even using sign language. In your own words, explain why the surface area of any object is expressed in square units. ‘American Sign Language |s the most commonly sed form of sign language in North ‘America, Oe - Penne a aesolving problems involving the volume of three-dimensional objects finding an unknown dimension of a three: dimensional object given its volume @,® Materials = conical cup paper « scissors «= tape or glue «sand, rice, or popcorn 80 MHR + Chapter2 Western Canada is rich in natural resources. To make the most of Canada’s natural resources, citizens need to understand the mathematics required to determine what they have, how to access it, and what it is worth, Whether it is recovering diamonds from Nunavut and the Northwest Territories or potash from Saskatchewan, transporting oil, or harvesting wood, measurement is a critical part of responsibly using Canada’s resources. For many resources, volume is an important measurement: barrels of oil, board feet of lumber, and bushels of grain are just some of the traditional units of volume Investigate Volume What is the relationship between the volume of a right cone and the volume of a right cylinder? . Using a right conical cup for reference, create a right cylinder with the same height and the same base area as the cone. 2. If you fill the cup with material (for example, rice, sand, or popcorn), predict how many cups of your material it will take to fill the cylinder. 3, Test your prediction. 4. Reflect and Respond a) Discuss with a partner the results of your investigation. ) Is there a relationship between the amount of material that the cone holds and the amount of material that the cylinder can hold? What is the relationship?Link the Ideas Volume of a Right Cone The volume of a right prism or right cylinder can be found by multiplying the area of its base, B, by its height, h. V=Bh The volume of a right cone is related to the volume of a right cylinder with the same radius and height. The volume of the cone is one third of the volume of the cylinder. VVV-S For a right cone with radius rand height h, V,,,. = Bh Volume of a Right Pyramid ‘This relationship is also true for right rectangular prisms and right pyramids. The volume of a right pyramid is one third of the volume of @ right prism with the same base and height. VV VS For a right pyramid with a rectangular base of length (), width (ss), and a perpendicular distance (h) from the base of the pyramid Web Link To watch a video showing the relationship between the volume of aright cone and the volume of a right cylinder, goto woveumarmath 10.ca and follow the links. to ils BEX, Vey = 5M, apex « the highest point of a Volume of a Sphere Tho volume of a sphere is two-thirds the volume of a cylinder with the same radius and a height equal to the diameter of the sphere. If the sphere has a radius r, then the cylinder has a base radius rand a height 2r. Veonoe = glvolume of cylinder) Vyans = 2% — Vogue = 3R(PI(20) Qo hae haw Vapors = 37 2.3Volume + MHR 8182. MHR + Chapter2 y Example 1 Calculate the Volume of a Right Cylinder and a Right Cone a) Calculate the volume of the right cylinder, to the nearest tenth of a cubic centimetre, b) Calculate the volume of the right cone, to the nearest tenth of a cubic centimetre. Solution a) For the cylinder, d=San r=5 h=12 25 Substitute into the formula V = wh. V=arh ‘w(2.5)*(12) V= 730 ‘The exact value is 752 cm?; an approximate value Is (235.619... 235.6 cm’. ‘The volume of the cylinder is approximately 235.6 cm’, b) For the cone, 552 h=12 Method 1: Use a Formula Substitute into the formula V= 4-nr‘h. die Vv gah Fmt2.5}*(12) 25m ‘The exact value is 25% cm?, an approximate value Is 78.539... 78.5 cm". ‘The volume of the cone is approximately 78.5 cm’. Method 2: Use Volume Relationships Since the volume of the cone is one third of the volume of the cylinder, you could divide the volume of the cylinder by three. V= }(235.6) V = 70.598... ‘The volume of the cone is approximately 78.5 cm’. Your Turn a) What is the volume of the right cylinder, to the nearest cubic centimetre? b) What is the volume of the right cone, to the nearest cubic centimetre? h=2m ky Example 2 Calculate the Volume of a Right Pyramid Many of the operating costs of a greenhouse depend on its volume. For example, the energy used to heat a building depends on the volume of the building. The two large greenhouses at the Muttart Conservatory have square bases measuring 26 m on each side. The apex of each greenhouse is 24 m high. What is the volume of each greenhouse, to the nearest cubic metro? Solution Since the base is a square, | = w = 26, and h = 24 Substitute into the formula V = dlwh. 1 flwh oes V = 3(26)(26)(24) V = 5408 ‘The volume of each of the large greenhouses is 5408 m°, Your Turn a) The Muttart Conservatory also has two smaller greenhouses. The base of each greenhouse is a square with side length 19.5 m, and the height of each greenhouse is 18 m. What is the volume of each of the smaller greenhouses? b) If the smaller greenhouse had been designed as a right rectangular prism with the same size base, what would its height have to be in order for the greenhouse to have the same volume? 2.3Volume + MHR 83‘Archimedes is attributed withthe discovery of the formula for finding the volume ofa sphere. Hes considered bby most historians. cof mathematics as (one ofthe greatest ‘mathematicians of all time. Before his death, he requested that his tomb Include a menument featuring a stone sphere and cylinder. MHR + Chapter 2 ) Example 3 Calculate an Unknown Dimension When Given a Volume The volume of an exercise ball is approximately 4188.8 cm’. What is the diameter of this ball, in contimetres? Solution Substitute into the formula for the volume of a sphere. v= Snr Agr 4188.8 = Snr 3(4108.8) ~ a(4nr) 3 12 566.4 = amr? 12.566.4 _ 4nr? an an 1000 = Vi000 = Wr ‘The symbol 3/" indicates the cube root of a number. wer ¥1000 = 10 because 10 x 10 x 10 = 1000. ‘The radius is approximately 10 cm. Therefore, the diameter of the ball is approximately 20 cm. Your Turn a) Find the cube root of 343. b) Find the diameter, correct to the nearest millimetre, of a sphere with volume 2887 cm', y Example 4 ing the Volume of Composite Figures Esther is creating a clay sculpture that includes a sphere attached to a right cone. What volume of clay, in cubic centimetres, does she need to make the sculpture? Solution Volume of Sphere Volume of Cone vedar v=lneh snp v=4nisy v= I atsy(6) 3 3 ‘The diameter is twice the V=77760 V=50T radius. The radius of the sphere is 28 or 18.cm. The radius of theconels orem,Volume of Entire Sculpture total volume = volume of sphere + volume of cone = 776m + 500 Ape / = 78260 The volume of the sculpture is 7826 cm’, which is approximately 24 586 om’. Your Turn The Dominion Astrophysical Observatory near Victoria, BC, has a cylindrical base with a diameter of 20.1 m and a height of 9.8 m. The dome is half a sphere with the same diameter as the cylindrical base, What is the volume of the observatory? 1S Natvonal Research Counc Canad p Key Ideas * The volume of a right cone is found by calculating one third of the volume of its related right cylinder. * The volume of a right pyramid is found by calculating one third of the volume of its related right prism. oy 3 * The volume of a sphere is found by using the formula Vipsoo = 4 * If you know the volume of an object, you can calculate an unknown dimension. The volume of the right pyramid with square base is 384 ft". Find the dimensions of the base. -h=8it a1 V= gBh a Lye 304 = twa) 3(384) = w 1152 = 1152 _ a =H 144 = we 23Volume + MHR 85Check Your Understanding Practise Where necessary, express your answers to the nearest tenth of a unit. 1. Calculate the volume of each of the following, a » 68cm 68m 4) e) aft 2. Calculate the volume of each solid. an 4iin. {es *m Ma 6 in. b) em 3, Calculate the volume of the following composite object, in cubic metres. 85.8cm 13.7 cml Tem 86 MHR + Chapter24. Erin and Janine were asked to find the volume of this Tt composite figure. Their work is shown. Erin Janine ain v= dneh + neh V= F(nrh + rh) | $n(3}(22) + w(9422)_-V = Lem(s4(22) + m(9(22)) 3 Dit = 7 198m + 198% Vv | 66m + 1987 v= 2640 Ve V = 829.98 V= 414.69 The volume is 829.38 in.’ The volume is 414.69 in. a) Discuss with a partner which student correctly calculated the volume. Justi b) Identify which method you would use to calculate the volume of the composite figure. y your answer. 5. Calculate the missing dimension for each of the following. a) V= 161.6 cn? bY yt96in3 9 V=3393 en! 8) vaanye® 2ayd Apply 6. The Alliance Pipeline begins in northeastern British Columbia and is 3017 km long. It is the longest pipeline in North America. It carries crude oil, as well as natural gas, from exploration sites to markets. One of the longest sections of the pipeline is 1221.73 km long, with a diameter of 914 mm. The pipeline does not always run in a straight line. If it was straightened, what is the maximum volume of oil that can be contained in this section of pipeline? Express your answer to the nearest hundredth of a cubic metre. ‘lance Pplne 2.3Volume + MHR 877. A right rectangular prism measures 9 in, x 4 in. x 6 in. What would be the dimensions of a cube with the same volume? 8. Kendra wants to purchase a bead necklace made of jade. The cost of the necklace depends upon the amount of jade in the Jade isthe official necklace, Each bead is 7 mm in diameter and there are 100 beads ‘gemstone of British Columbia. tis found inlarge deposits in the Lillooet and in the necklace. What is the amount of jade in the necklace, in cubic centimetres? CCassiar regions. its translucent emeraid- ‘green appearance makes ita popular choice for Jewelley and other tourism memorabilia 9. In her art class, Andrea wants to make a locking puzzle in the shape of a pyramid to have on her desk. The base will measure 6 cm by 8 cm, and the height will be 10 cm. Calculate the amount of wood needed to create the pyramid. Lt 10. For each of the following objects, the volume i object and calculate the unknown dimer a) A right cylinder has a volume of 500 cm® and a height of 16 cm, Calculate its radius. iven, Sketch the b) A right cone with a volume of 20 cm* has a diameter of 5 cm, Calculate its height. ©) A sphere has a volume of 48 cm’. Calculate the radius. 88° MHR + Chapter211, Traditionally, the Inuit of northwestern Canada have built domed- shaped family homes called igloos. The volume of snow in an igloo varies depending on the size. Every igloo has a ventilation The word loa, meaning opening as well as an entrance. cies igloo shape is semi- ventilation hole spherical because it 0.0068 m? creates the greatest ‘amount of living space withthe least amount of snow. living and entrance doorway V = 0.0635 m? Calculate the volume of snow used to construct the main portion of igloo in the picture, not including the entrance tunnel. Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a cubic metre. 12, The roof of a house is shaped like a right pyramid with a square base. Tho base of the pyramid measures 32 ft on each side, and the roof must enclose a volume of at least 4096 ft" of air. Calculate the minimum height for the apex of the roof. 13, Grady has designed a wooden storage cabinet for his CDs and DVDs. The cabinet has a wooden door that can be closed. The cabinet is a right rectangular prism, as shown. a) Calculate the volume of the cabinet. b) Grady is concerned that the cabinet is too big for his room, He considers keeping the length af and width the same, bul reducing the height by one quarter, Estimate the volume of the modified cabinet, 9 Calculate the volume of the cabinet in part b). Was your estimate accurate? Explain how changing one dimension of a right rectangular prism by a factor of k will change the volume of the prism. eft 30 in 14, International Games are being held in your community. Your promotions committee designed a souvenir consisting of a cube with an inserted sphere representing the Earth. Both pieces are constructed from solid crystal. The sphere replaces one quarter of the volume of the cube. Calculate the volume of the souvenir piece. 23Volume + MHR 8915, CUnit Project > The first cell phones ‘were much larger than present-day The fist celular phones cell phones. A typical coll phone now tobe created were very Jorge and bulky. The first cellphone came tothe has a volume between 4 in.’ and 6 in.’, Using the information shown in the market in 1984 from photo, estimate the volume of the first Motorola and weighed commercial portable cell phone released 2 tewas 2 DynaTac in 1984 by Motorola. £8000X and it sold for $3995 10in, Web Link To view a video that is v desstes the cttphone Cunit Project) An MP3 player with dfevelooment by Motor, a memory of 80 GB has a storage go to wwwmnemath10ca capacity of 20 000 average-length songs. and follow the links. A vinyl LP record is 0.11 in. thick 3 and on average can hold 12 songs. If the dimensions of the MP3 player are 4.14 cm wide, 9.15 cm high, and 0.85 cm thick, and the record has a radius 6 in., how many songs per cubic centimetre are there on each storage medium? Express your answers to the nearest hundredth. 16. in, Extend For each of the following, express your answers to the nearest tenth of a unit where necessary. 17, Through your work with volume, you discovered a relationship between the right cone and the right eylinder. Extend your work to describe a relationship between a right cone and a sphere. 18. Kelly works at an ice cream shop. Customers can choose to have a cone that is lined with chocolate. The store buys the chocolate-lined cones, but the owners are wondering if they could save money by lining their own cones. To decide, they ask Kelly to calculate the amount of chocolate used to coat the inside of each cone with a layer of chocolate 1 mm thick. Each cone has an inside diameter of 5.5 cm and a slant height of 13 cm. Calculate the volume of chocolate used to line the inside of each cone. 90 MHR + Chapter219, Use spreadsheet software to help investigate how changing the radius of a sphere changes its volume. Create a spreadsheet like the one shown below. 1 i D 1 iiing Changes in Dimensions ofS; [2 [Svateh Factor] Radus | Vowme — [Ratio of New Volume to Orignal Volume] By 4 3 1184 1 [a] 2 6 [s| 3 je] 4 7s a) Use spreadsheet formulas to complete the spreadsheet, Depending on your software, you may need to type “PI” or “PIQ” for x. See your spreadsheot’s help feature if you need assistance. b) Compare the stretch factor for the radius to the ratio of the new volume to the original volume. What pattern do you notice? 9 Use your pattern to predict the volume of the sphere if you multiply the radius by 6. Extend your spreadsheet to check your answer. 4) In your own words, express the relationship between a change in the radius of a sphere and its volume. 20. Choose another solid that you have studied in this section. Create a table to investigate how the volume of the solid is affected by changing one of the dimensions of the solid. Create Connections 21. Cunit Project) Work individually or in a small group. Choose a 3-D object related to your Unit 1 project. a) Estimate its volume in both SI and imperial units. Are your estimates reasonable? Explain, b) Calculate the volume. Are the units in your answer — appropriate for the object? 9) In which measurement system was your estimate more accurate? Why do you think this happened? 2.3Volume + MHR- 912.1 Units of Area and Volume, pages 56-65 Where necessary, express your answers to the nearest hundredth of unit. 1. Calculate each area using the indicated unit. a , i 35 mm A 09m 10mm A= cm in? 2. Calculate each volume using the indicated uni oe 1m Veet v 3. Describe personal referents that you could use to remember whet 1 cm’, 1 in.!, and 1m? looks like. Compare your personal referents to those of a classmate. 4 Justin, a landscaper, is fertilizing a new lawn. The directions on the fertilizer are to apply 6 lb of fertilizer per 1000 ft. Justin knows that the lawn he is fertilizing has an area of 400 m*, How much fertilizer should Justin apply to the lawn? 2.2 Surface Area, pages 66-79 Where necessary, express your answers to the nearest hundredth of a unit 5. Sketch each of the following and calculate the surface area. a) A cone has radius 15.5 cm and slant height 26.2 cm. b) A cone has slant height 24 in, and diameter 16 in. A pyramid has a square base with sides 44 cm and slant hoight 64cm. 4) A sphere has diameter 3.0 cm. 92. MHR + Chapter2Calculate the missing dimension in each of the following. a) A right cone has surface area 12 m* and radius 1.3 m. b) The square base of a right pyramid has area 2304 cm? and surface area 6144 cm’, 9) A sphere has surface area 385 cm’, 7. Carsyn’s vehicle has a spare tire that is bolted to the outside of the vehicle. To protect the spare tire, she wants to make or buy protective cover that she can slip over the tire. The tire has a diameter of 820 mm and a depth of 235 mm, Calculate the minimum amount of material needed to make the cover to the nearest square metre. What assumptions did you make? 8. Kale needs to build a new house for his dog. After researching, he has learned that the width and the length of, the doghouse should be about 125% of the length of his dog, and 130% of the height of his dog’s head. a) Kale’s dog is 40 in. long and 28 in. tall, What dimensions should Kale use to make the doghouse if it is a right prism with a square baso? ) What size do you recommend Kale make the doorway? Explain your reasoning. 9 Kale realizes that a flat roof is not a good idea for his doghouse. He decides to build a pyramidal roof for the houso instead. By experimenting, he decides that the roof will have a slant height of 30 in, Draw a sketch of the doghouse and label all dimensions. 4) Calculate the total surface area of Kale’s doghouse, with the roof. 9. The radius of Earth is 6 370 000 m, Canada has a land area of 9 003 507 km*, What percent of Earth's surface does Canada represent? 2.3 Volume, pages 80-91 Where necessary, express your answers to the nearest hundredth of a unit. 10. Calculate the volume of each of the following. a) A cylinder has radius 15 ft and height equal to its diameter. b) A cone has height 14 cm and diameter 4.5 cm. 9) A rectangular pyramid has base 12 ft by 14 ft and height 18 ft 4) A sphere of radius 4.1 cm. Chapter 2Review + MHR 9394 MHR + Chapter2 11, Calculate the missing dimension in each of the following, a) A cylinder has volume 1 m* and height 0.6 m. b) A cone has radius 40 cm and volume 7800 cm*, 9) A square-based pyramid has height 92 cm and volume 5.4 m', 4) A sphere has volume 2469 cm*. 12. Many grain terminals are cylindrical in shape. This one is near Carseland, AB. The height of the terminal is 40 m, and the inside diameter of each grain storage tower is 11.7 m, a) What is the storage capacity of each tower, to the nearest cubic metre? b) Ia small grain truck has a rectangular box measuring § m by 1.5 m by 2.4m, how many truckloads of grain can one tower hold? 13, When a concrete structure is A built, an engineer often performs a i slump test on the concrete to ensure ! that it is of suitable strength and consistency. The engineer fills a truncated cone with bottom diameter 200 mm, top diameter 100 mm, and height 300 mm with concrete. The engineer then places the cone on the ground and lifts off the cone, After a period of time, she measures the amount that the top of the cone has slumped to decide if the concrete is appropriate. a) The original cone from which the slump-test cone was derived had a height of 600 mm, What was the volume of the original cone? Express your answer to the nearest cubic millimetre. b) What is the volume of the slump-test cone? Express your answer to the nearest cubic millimetre. =200mm>1 Cate2 ela its ath Multiple Choice For #1 to #5, choose the best answer. 1. Fertilizer application instructions say to apply 0.5 L of fertilizer per 100 m*, Zack knows that his lawn has dimensions of 15 m by 20 m. How many litres of fertilizer will Zack require? A1SsL Bash C57 D 6.8L 2. A cake-decorating bag has the shape of a cone. To the nearest cubic centimetre, how much frosting will fit into a cake-decorating bag that has a diameter of 15 cm and a height of 30 cm? A 1767 cm* B 5301 cm" ¢ 7068 cm* D 21 206 cm* 3. An official major league baseball has a diameter of 7.4 cm. Correct to the nearest tenth of a unit, the amount of leather needed to cover the ball is A 1697.4cm* B 688.1cm* € 212.2cm? ——D 172.0 ¢m* 4, A magnetic paperweight has the shape of a right pyramid with slant height 8.5 cm. The square base of the pyramid has side length 10 cm. The surface area of the pyramid is A 270 cm? B 283 cm? ¢ 440 cm* D 850 cm’ 5. A drink manufacturer is designing the can for a new type of drink. The can is to have a capacity of between 250 mL. and 285 mL. The height of the can is set at 14 cm. If 1 mL is equivalent to 1 cm®, what range of values is possible for the diameter of the can? A 24cm to 2.5 cm B 4.8cm to 5.0cm © 7.5 cm to 7.9cm D 15.0 cm to 15.9 cm Short Answer 6, Calculate the volume and surface area of a sphere with diameter 28 cm. Express your answers to the nearest whole unit. 7. A right conical paper cup has a height of 65 mm and a diameter of 38 mm. Calculate the volume of the cup. Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a cubic millimetre. Chapter 2 Practice Test + MHR 958, The Yukon Quest is an annual dogsled race Whitehorse, YT 1645 km, Racers must ha’ ind Fairbanks, Alaska. The race dista ween 8 and 14 dogs for tj this challenging race. Many racers have built kennels , to transport the dogs to the race. One competitor has built a trailer that is a right rectangular prism measuring 2 m wide by 1.6 m high by 3.2 m long, He has divided this trailer into 16 identical kennels for his dog team, as shown in the diagram. How much material is needed to build the kennels? 9. A theatre owner has two different right cylindrical popcorn containers. One is 18 cm high with a diameter of 14 cm, and the other is 16 cm high with a diameter of 16 cm. Which container should be for a small order of popcorn, and which should be the large? Justify your answer. 96 MHR + Chapter2Extended Response 10. You have 500 cm? of material available to cover different shapes. What is the maximum volume of each object that you can make with this amount of material? a) acube b) a sphere " A tennis ball has a diameter of 28 in, A manufacturer packages three tennis balls stacked on top of one another in right cylindrical cans. Sketch the tennis ball container. Label the diameter and height of the container. What are the volume and surface area of the container? Canada is one of the top three producers of diamonds worldwide, Most of these diamonds are mined in Nunavut and the Northwest ferritories. Diamonds are recovered from kimberlite pipes, long narrow regions beneath Eerth’s surface. me One kimberlite deposit has an area of 50 000 m? at ground level and a depth of 2 km, Estimate the volume of the kimberlite deposit. What assumptions did you make? 13. A recycling depot in Yellowknife has a machine that bales the recycled goods into bales measuring § ft by 4 ft by 3 fl. a) A now machine is being considered that will make right cylindrical bales. If the bales contain the same amount of material as the original ones and have a height of 5 ft, what is their diameter? b) Which type of bale has the smaller surface area? Justify your answer. Chapter 2 Practice Test + MHR- 97ee nme aoa enn Re CR cee eM aut) Ce muse ee ue aut iano mceen cnc can be calculated using the properties of right triangles, similar triangles, and a eee Ce Ee a a eae us SSE Ro near a nun unin ueul lee ate DT eS EM cc a used in surveying, navigation, engineering, construction, and the sciences to explore the relationships between the side lengths and angles of triangles. Big Ideas When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to ... Se USE cuRUC Ti ueUCh urna citar cd Ee ust ea + solve problems involving indirect and direct measurement * solve right triangles hypotenuse opposite side adjacent side ‘tangent ratio sine ratio : cosine ratio primary trigonometric ratios Imperial )~<-(_ Mi L.-J &Volume 98 MHR + Chapter3[byes SAC Chapter 3. Make the following Foldable™ to take notes on what you will learn in © Staple four © Make a mark ten © cut through the top @ Label the Foldable™ sheets of single- squares up fromthe twosheets up ten as shown. On the sided grid paper _ bottom right edge more squares. As back of the Foldable™, together, along _of the top sheet. you do this, you will write the title What | the left edge. Cut through the top form tabs along the Need to Work On, Make sure the three sheets about five right side. Continue, gtid sides face squares in from this _until you have four down. mark as shown. tabs. eave blank iJ to scuares 1osquares 5 squares Chapter3» MHR 99explaining the relationships between similar triangles and the definition of the tangent ratio identifying the hypotenuse, opposite side, and adjacent side for a given acute angle ina right tangle developing strategies for solving right triangles solving problems using the tangent ratio 100 MHR + Chapter3 The Tangent Ratio In addition to the Pacific Ocean, there are many lakes in Western Canada that are ideal for sailing. One important aspect of boating is making sure you get where you want to go. Navigation is an area in which trigonometry has played a crucial role; and it was one of the early reasons for developing this branch of mathematics. People have used applications of trigonometry throughout history. The Egyptians used features of similar triangles in land surveying and when building the pyramids, The Greoks used trigonometry to tell the time of day or period of the year by the position of the various stars. Trigonometry allowed early engineers and builders to measure angles and distances with greater precision. Today, trigonometry has applications in navigating, surveying, designing buildings, studying space, etc.p Investigate the Tangent Ra Materials wind © Br16 paper Sailing is a very popular activity. One of the « protractor Y limitations of sailing is that a boat cannot sail = ruler directly into the wind. Using a technique called 2. tacking, it is possible to sail in almost any > direction, regardless of the wind direction. When sailing ona tack, you are forced to sail slightly a off course and then compensate for the distance wv sailed when you change direction. You can use @e trigonometry to determine the distance a boat is off course before changing direction. tacking 1. a) Ona sheet of grid paper draw a horizontal line 10 cm in length to represent the intended direction. b) Draw a tacking angle, @, of 30°. 9) Every two centimetres, along your horizontal line, draw a vertical line to indicate the off course distance. Label the five triangles you created, AABC, AADE, AFG, AAHI, and AAJK. direction sailed off course Ieistance intended direction 2. Measure the base and the height for each triangle. Complete the following table to compare the off course distance to the intended direction. In the last column, express the off course distance intended direction ABC AADE AAFG AHI ANK ratio, to four decimal places, 3.1 The Tangent Ratio + MHR- 101‘vertices ofa triangle ‘are commonly labelled with uppercase letters, for example ABC ‘angles of a triangle are ‘commonly labelled with Greek letter variables + some common Greek letters used are theta, 8, alpha, a, and beta 8. hypotenuse the side opposite the Tight angle in a right ‘iangle opposite side « the side across from ‘the acute angle being considered in a right triangle « the side that does not form one of the arms of the angle being considered adjacent side « the side that forms one of the arms of the acute angle being considered in a right triangle, but is not the hypotenuse 102 MHR + Chapter3 a) The diagram you drew in step 1c) forms a series of nested similar triangles. How do you know the triangles are similar? b) Use your knowledge of similar triangles to help describe how changing the side lengths of the triangle affects the off course dit a) Use your calculator to determine the tangent ratio of 30° ‘calculate the tangent ratio of 30°, make sure your calculator is in the degree mode. Press [€}) TAN J 30 b) How does the value on your calculator relate to the data in step 2? In the two right triangles shown, the hypotenuse is labelled and an angle is labelled with a variable. Copy each triangle. Use the words opposite and adjacent to label the side opposite the angle and the side adjacent to the angle. hypotenuse hypotenuse = - " ~ — . Reflect and Respond a) Use your results from steps 1 to 4 and the terminology from step 5 to describe a formula you could use to calculate the tangent ratio of any angle. b) Use your formula to state the tangent ratios for ZA and ZB in the following diagram, ALink the Ideas ‘A trigonometric ratio is a ratio of the A measures of two sides of a right triangle. One trigonometric ratio is the adjacent hypotenuse tangent ratio. ‘tangent ratio The short form for the tangent ratio of 8 opposite —¢ ~—* for anacute angle ina le A is tan A. tight triangle, the ratio ang! * of the length of the tangont A= _l0nsth of side opposite ZA opposite side to the 8 Tength of side adjacent to ZA length of the adjacent side agjacent _ opposite s tanA= adjacent Example 1 write a Tangent Ratio Write each trigonometric ratio. B a)tanA b) tan B 2» 2 A - c Solution opposite oppo: a) tan A = 2bpOste by tan B = SPPOSHE adjacent adjacent = BC = AG tan A= 46 tan B= 6 =i2 = 16 tan A = 75 tan B= 3 =3 =4 tan A= a tan B= 3 Your Turn Calculate each trigonometric ratio. = NM a) tan L b) tan N 13 2 3.1 The Tangent Ratio + MHR_ 103104 MHR + Chapter3 k a) Calculate tan 25° to four decimal places. p Example 2 Calculate a Tangent and an Angle b) Draw a triangle to represent tan 8 = 8. Calculate the angle 8 to the nearest tenth of a degree. Solution a) tan 25° = 0.4663 b) Since tan 8 = 3, the side opposite the angle 0 is labelled 5 and the side adjacent to the angle @ is labelled 4. ‘The inverse function on a calculator allows you to apply the tangent ratio in reverse. If you know the ratio, you can calculate the angle whose tangent this ratio represents. 5 mond o= tan (3) 8 = 51.340... ‘The angle @ is 51.3%, to the a nearest tenth of a degree. Your Turn cee Areal a 0.466307 P| A 4 B 5 c Dec APeocren fi S1se1917 Explore your particular calculator to determine the sequence of keys required. Then, calculate each tangent ratio and angle. ar 0.5095 45° 0.5543 57° 1.4653Example 3 Determine a Distance Using the Tangent Ratio A surveyor wants to determine the width of a river for a proposed bridge. The distance from the surveyor to the proposed bridge site is 400 m. The surveyor uses a theodolite to measure angles. The surveyor measures 31° angle to the bridge site across the river. What is the width of the river, to the nearest metre? on Solution Let x represent the distance across the river. Identify the sides ofthe triangle pps in reference to the given angle "| of 31°. -—— 400m ———1 adjacent opposite tan 9 = Spposle 77 cz APRA adjacent oe 70342 tan 31° = 3 400(tan 31°) = x 240.344... = x ‘To the nearest metre, the width of the river is 240 m, Your Turn ‘A ladder leaning against a wall forms an angle of 63° with the ground. How far up the wall will the ladder reach if the foot of the ladder is 2m from the wall? 3.1 The Tangent Ratio + MHR_ 105106 MHR + Chapter3 p Example 4 Determine an Angle Using the Tangent Ratio A small boat is 95 m from the baso of a lighthouse that has a height of 36 m above sea level. Calculate the angle from the boat to the top of the lighthouse. Express your answer to the nearest degree. ae Of ~ 36m et + $95 m ——»} Solution Identify the sides of the triangle in reference to the angle of @. aaa OF ~n opposite 36m Se —i 4 be 95m adjacent tan 9 = QbPosite 7 oe arr adjacent 36 0.75307 : “fl tan = 3 95, 0 = 20.754 ' i ‘The angle from the boat to the top of the lighthouse is approximately 21°. Your Turn A radio transmission tower is to be supported by a guy wire. The wire reaches 30 m up the tower and is attached to the ground a horizontal distance of 14 m from the base of the tower. What angle |, dees the guy wire form withthe ground, to the nearest degrao?Key Ideas + In similar triangles, corresponding angles are equal, and corresponding sides are in proportion. 1 of the lengths of corresponding side herefore, the equal the sides of a right triangle are labelled according to a reference angle, 8 8 hypotenuse hypotenuse A We a c adjacent ‘opposite * The tangent ratio compares the length of the side opposite the roference angle to the length of the side adjacent to the angle in a right triangle. length of side opposite @ tan = epee ~ Tength of side adjacent to 6 * You can use the tangent ratio to = determine the measure of one le f the acute angles when the igths of both legs in a right triangle are known = determine a side length if the measure of one acute angle and the length of one leg of @ right triangle are known. Check Your Understan Practise 1. Identify the hypotenuse, opposite, and adjacent sides associated with each specified angle. a) 2X b) ZT 94. A | . , , XW A R T L N 2. Draw right ADEF in which ZF is the right angle. a) Label the leg opposite 2D and the leg adjacent to 2D. b) State the tangent ratio of 2D. 3.1 The Tangent Ratio + MHR_ 1073, Determine each tangent ratio to four decimal places using a calculator. a) tan 74° b) tan 45° ) tan 60° ¢) tan 89° e) tan 37° f) tan 18° 4, Determine the measure of each angle, to the nearest degree. a) tan A = 0.7 b) tan 8 = 1.75 ¢) tan B = 0.5543 d) tan C .1504 5. Draw and label a right triangle to illustrate each tangent ratio. Then, calculate the measure of each angle, to the nearest degree. 2 3 6, Determine the value of each variable. Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a unit a) tana ») tan B= 3 a) 305m 70k 7. Kyle Shewfelt, from Calgary, AB, was the Olympic floor champion in Athens in 2004, Gymnasts perform their routines on a 40-ft by 40-ft mat. They use the diagonal of the mat because it gives them greater dit 10 complete their routine, a) Use the tangent ratio to determine the angle of the gymnastics run relative to the sides of the mat b) To the nearest foot, how much longer is the mat than one of its sides? onal of the The Franco‘Albetan Apply flag was created by Jean iere Grenier. The 8. Claudette wants to calculate the angles of ee ie the triangle containing the fleurde-lys on ‘Association canadienne- the Franco-Albertan flag. She measures the e francaise de Alberta in legs of the triangle to be 154 cm and March 1982, 103 cm, What are the angle measures? 108 MHR + Chapter39. A ramp enables wheelchair users and people pushing wheeled objects to more easily access a building, 5 a De 3 ft x a) Determine the horizontal length, x, of the ramp shown, State your answer to the nearest foot. b) For a safe ramp, the ratio of vertical distance:horizontal distance needs to be less than 1:12. Would the ramp shown be considered a safe ramp? Explain. 10. CUnit Project > A satellite radio cell tower provides signals to three substations, T1, T2, and T3. The three substations are each located along a stretch of the main road, The cell tower is located 24 km down a road perpendicular to the main road. A. surveyor calculates the angle from T1 to the cell tower to be 64°, from T2 to the cell tower to be 33°, and from T3 to the cell tower to be 26°. Calculate the distance of each substation from the intersection of the two roads. Express your answers to the nearest, tenth of a kilometre, main road 11. In the construction of a guitar, it is important to consider the tapering of the strings and neck. The tapering affects the tone that the strings make. For the Six String Nation Guitar shown, The Six String Nation suppose the width of the neck is tapered from 56 mm to 44 mm me cere . Voyogeur is made from over a length of 650 mm. What is the angle of the taper for one eee side of the guitar strings? heritage, from every part of Canada, It represents ‘many diferent cultures, communities, and characters The gular ‘sade from pieces of \wood, bone, steel, shel and stone fom every province and testy teiteraly embodies Canadian history 3.1 The Tangent Ratio + MHR_ 109kati mine is Canada's first diamond mine. tis Jocated 200 km south of the Arctic Circle in the Northwest Territories. Diamond mines contain pipes, which are cylindrical pts where diamonds are founds. 110 MHR + Chapter3 12. When approaching a runway, a pilot needs to maneuver the aircraft, so that it can approach the runway at a constant angle of 3°. A pilot landing at Edmonton International Airport begins the final approach 30 380 ft from the end of the runway. At what altitude should the aircraft be when beginning the final approach? State your answer to the nearest foot. 13, The Idaa Trail is a traditional route of the Dogrib, an Athapaskan- speaking group of Dene. It stretches from Great Bear Lake to Great Slave Lake, in the Northwest Territories. Suppose @ hill on the trail climbs 148 ft vertically over a horizontal distance of 214 ft a) Calculate the angle of stoopness of the hill b) How far would you have to climb to get to the top of the hill? Extend 14. One of the Ekati mine’s pipes, called the Panda pipe, has northern and southern gates. A communications tower stands 100 m outside the north gate, The tower can be seen from a point 300 m east of the south gate at camp A. a) The distance between camp A and camp B is 600 m. Calculate the diameter of the Panda pipe. b) Calculate the distance from camp B to the tower, Panda Pipe tower 300m camp15. Habitat for Humanity Saskatoon has designed a home that provides passive solar features. The idea is to keep the sun off the outside south wall during the summer months and to have the wall exposed to the sun as much as possible during the winter months. The highest angle of the sun during the summer months is 73°, a) Suppose the wall of the house is 20 ft tall. How much overhang on the roof trusses should be provided so that the shadow of the noonday sun reaches the bottom of the wall during the summer months? ») The lowest angle of summer the sun during the sun winter months is 28°. What height of the ‘wall will be in direct sunlight during the winter months? D winter oa 16, Nistowiak Falls, located in Lac LaRonge Provincial Park is one of the highest waterfalls in Saskatchewan. Delana, a surveyor, needs to measure the distance across the falls. She sighted two points, C and D, from the baseline AB. The length of baseline AB is 30 m. Delana recorded these angle measures: ZACD = 90°, ZCAB ZACB = 31.3%, and ZCDA = 44.6° 0° a) Determine the distance AG across the falls. Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a metre. b) Determine the distance CD. Express your answer to the nearest tenth of @ metre. ERR ena MeL112. MHR + Chapter3 17. CUnit Project } The first sound recordings were done on wax cylinders that were 5 cm in diameter and 10 cm long. Wax cylinders were capable of recording about 2 min of sound. Modern music storage devices can have tremendous memory and store thousands of songs. Janine calculated the number of wax cylinders needed to match a 32 GB storage capacity. Imagine that these cylinders are stacked one on top of another. From a distance of 10 m, the angle of elevation to the top of the stack would be 89.5", a) Draw and label a diagram to represent the situation. b) Determine the height of the stack of cylinders, to the nearest hundredth of a metre, ) How many cylinders would need to be stacked to match 32 GB of storage? Create Connections 18. Copy the following graphic organizer. For each item, describe its meaning and how it relates to the tangent ratio. tan 0 = 1.428 19, Draw a right triangle in which the tangent ratio of one of the acute angles is 1. Describe the triangle. 20. Devin stores grain in a cylindrical granary. Suppose Devin places a 2-m- tall board 9 m from the granary and 1.1 m away from a point on the ground. Describe how Devin could use trigonometry to calculate the angle formed with the ground and the top of the granary. Then, determine this angle. onWhen measuring inaccessible distances, a surveyor Materials can take direct measurements using a transit. A transit can «piece of cardboard measure both horizontal and vertical angles. « large protractor A t ' : © drinking straw Step 1 Construct a transit as shown in the diagram. Pin the 2 ene straw at the centre of the protractor. : bn , measuring tape straw 1 tent Step 2 Explain how a transit could be used to assess the distance to an object. Hint: You will need to draw and measure a baseline. This is the line from A to B in the diagram. A 8 Step 3. To calculate the distance to some objects in your schoolyard, use your transit to measure the roquired angles. 3.1 The Tangent Ratio + MHR- 113Focus on .. «= using the sine ratio and cosine ratio to solve problems involving right triangles ‘+ solving problems that involve direct and indirect measurement protractor, ruler 114 MHR + Chapter3 ‘The first suspension bridge in Vancouver was built in 1889 by George Mackay. He had built a cabin along the canyon wall and needed a bridge to conveniently access his cabin. Mathematical tools, such trigonometry, can enable you to calculate distances that cannot be measured directly, such as the distance across a river canyon, In section 3.1, you learned about the tangent ratio. This ratio compares the opposite and adjacent side lengths in reference to an acute angle in a right triangle. rati here are two other trigonometric 's that compare the lengths of the sides of @ right triangle. These ratios, called the sine ratio and cosine ratio, involve the hypotenuse, 1. Choose an angle between 10° and 80°, This will be your reference angle. 2. a) Draw right triangle ABC, using your reference angle. b) Draw three right triangles similar to AABC using the same reference angle.3, Write the equivalency statements that show the similarity of each triangle to ABC. 4, Label the sides of each triangle. Use the terms hypotenuse, opposite, and adjacent according to the reference angle. 5. Measure the sides of each triangle. You may wish to record the measurements in a table similar to this one or using spreadsheet software. Express each ratio to four decimal places. a 6. Complete a similar table using the other acute angle in each triangle as your reference angle, 7, Reflect and Respond Discuss with a partner the results of the calculations of the ratios. Describe any similarities or patterns that you notice. 8. What relationships do you observe among the ratios for the angles between the two tables? 9. What conclusions can you make about how the ratios relate to your reference angle? J Link the Ideas ‘The short form for the sine ratio of angle A is sin A, The short sine ratio form for the Gosine Fatio of angle A is cos A. « for an acute angle in B a right triangle, the ratio of the length of the opposite side hypotenuse to the length of the opposite hypotenuse opposite A + sin A= Fypotenuse ” adjacent cosine ratio length of side opposite ZA « for an acute angle in a right triangle, the Tength of hypotenuse ratio of the length of the adjacent side gos A = length of side adjacent to ZA to the length of the - length of hypotenus: hypotenuse a _adlacent * 5 8 = Tpotenuse 3.2 The Sine and Cosine Ratios + MHR- 115116 MHR + Chapter3 Example 1 write Trigonometric Ratios Write each trigonometric ratio. 8 a) sin A b) cos A od sinB ) cos B 5 4 whe Solution ite dj it a) sin A = _2PPosito_ b) cos A = CER hypotenuse hypotenuse in a= BC = Ac sin A= 35 cos A = AB sinA=4 cosA=3 5 site idje it 9) sin B = _2PPOste 4) cos B = —Saecent hypotenuse hypotenuse inp = AC cos B = BC sin B= 43 cos B= 3 inp= a4 sinB= 5 cos B= 5 Your Turn Write each trigonometric ratio. b) cos N ¢) sin Ny Example 2 Evaluate Trigonometric Ratios The primary trigonometric ratios and their inverses can be primary evaluated using technology. trigonometric a) Evaluate each ratio, to four decimal places. ratios sin 42° cos 68° « the three ratios, sine, b) Determine each angle measure, to the nearest degree. cosine, and tangent, sin @ = 0.4771 cos B = 0.7225 efined in a rignt triangle Solution a) sin 42° ~ 0.6691 cos 68° = 0.3746 WT DEG APPRICREAL rl 1 DEG APPRICREAL a salt) sesisas P| [els] | I 1 100] 7] 0.4771 0.7228 sin” (0.4771) cos (0.7225) 28° age DEG APPROC REAL 1 DEG APPRX REAL a aA ASI | 1 Your Turn a) Evaluate each trigonometric ratio, to four decimal places. sin 60° sin 30° cos 45° b) What is the measure of each angle, to the nearest degree? 0.4384 cos @ = 0.2079 ae 3.2 The Sine and Cosine Ratios + MHR_ 117118 MHR + Chapter3 p Example 3 Determine an Angle Using a Trigonometric Ratio In the World Cup Downhill held at Panorama Mountain Village in British Columbia, the skiers raced 3514 m down the mountain. If the vertical height of the course was 984 m, determine the average angle of the ski course with the ground. Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a degree. Solution Visualize the problem by sketching a diagram to organize the information. stm > 984m ns sin @ = _CPPOSite gr the unknown angle the lengths of the opposite side hypotenuse and hypotenuse are known. So, use the sine ratio, sin@= ss TH - Det — a in? (284 ain 24) fj = sin (3513) oem, | 6 = 16.2615...° ‘The average angle of the ski course is 16.3°, to the nearest tenth | of a degree. 7a Your Turn A guy wire supporting a cell tower is 24 m long, If the wire is attached at a height of 17 m up the tower, determine the angle |_ thet the guy wire forms with the ground Example 4 Determine a Distance Using a Trigonometric Ratio A pilot starts his takeoff and climbs steadily at an angle of 12.2°. Determine the horizontal distance the plane has travelled when it has climbed 5.4 km along its flight path. Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a kilometre. Solution Organize the information by sketching a diagram to illustrate the problem.a cos 6 = "How do you decide which trigonometric hypotenuse ratio to use? 0s 12.2% = na 5.4(cos 12.2°) = x jexcetea| __sattnese 5.278... =x ‘The horizontal distance travelled by the airplane is approximately 5.3 km, Your Turn Determine the height of a kite above the ground if the kite string extends 480 m from the ground and makes an angle of 62° with the ground, Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a metre. | Key Ideas + The sine ratio and cosine ratio compare the lengths of the legs of a right triangle Lo the hypotenuse. opposite cos 9 = —2dl@cent hypotenuse 6° hypotenuse ¢ The sine and cosine ratios can be used to calculate side lengths and angle measures of right triangles. ‘+ Visualizing the information that you are given and that you need to find is important, It helps you determine which trigonometric ratio to use and whether to use the inverse trigonometric ratio. sin @ Determine the value of 0, to the nearest degree. 18 cos 0 = _tiicont hypotenuse cose = 8 @ @ 3.2 The Sine and Cosine Ratios » MHR_ 119.Check Your Understanding Practise 1, Evaluate each trigonometric ratio to four decimal places. a) cos 34° b) cos 56.4° ) sin 62.9° 4) sin 19.6° @) sin 90° 1) cos 80° 2. Write each trigonometric ratio in lowest terms. A M a G 0 —“~ ) 1 29) 29 P a) sin A b) sinc ©) cos 4) cos G e) sin P f) cos P 3. Calculate the measure of each angle, to the nearest degree. a} cos A = 0.4621 b) cos @ = 0.6779 9) sin B = 0.5543 4) sin C = 1.232 ai 3 @) sina = 1) cos B= 3 4, Determine each length of x. Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a unit. a) » > 2» 5. Determine the measure of each angle @. Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a degree. ») 120 MHR + Chapter36. Determine the value of each variable. Express each answer to the nearest tenth of a unit. a) tom 4) vertical lift Apply 7. Some farms use a hay elevator to move bales of hay to the second storey of a barn loft. Suppose the bottom of the elevator is 8.5 m from the barn and the loft opening is 5.5 m above the ground. What distance does a bale of hay travel along the elevator? Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a metre. 8. A 30-m-long line is used to hold a helium weather balloon. Due to a breeze, the line makes a 75° angle with the ground. a) Draw a right triangle to model the problem. Label the measurements you know. Use variables to represent the unknown measurements. b) Use trigonometry to determine the height of the balloon. Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a metre. 3.2 The Sine and Cosine Ratios » MHR- 1211ay 122. MHR + Chapter3 9. Oil rigs are found throughout Alberta. They play a crucial role in the search for crude oil and natural gas products. Determine the height of a rig if a 52-m-long guy wire is attached to the top of the rig and forms an angle of 50° with the ground. Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a metre. 10. Gerry is windsurfing at Squamish Wind Pit, just north of Vancouver, BC. In order to get upwind 6000 m, Gerry thon turns 90° and heads toward 6000 m his original destination. How far would he have to sail to get directly upwind the 6000 m? Express your answor to the nearest tenth of a metre, %. sails at a 45° angle to the wind and : a5¢ 11. Toonik ‘Tyme is Nunavut’s biggest spring festival, celebrating the return of spring. To set up one of the holes for ice golf, tho organizers cleared a track in the form of a right angle. The distance from the tooing area to the vertex of the right angle is 180 yd a) The angle from the teeiny to the flag at the other end of the track is 34°. Draw a diagram of the ice golf hole. b) Determine the direct distance from the teeing area to the flag, to the nearest yard, 9 How much shorter would the direct distance be than following the track? 12, The PEAK 2 PEAK Gondola connects two mountain ski resorts, Whistler Mountain and Blackcomb Mountain, near Vancouver, BC. The straight-line distance between the two peaks is 4400 m, The gondola travels 4600 m along a cable that sags in the centre. Determine the approximate angle that the cable makes with the horizontal, to the nearest degree. 4400 m ed13. Dream Maker is a dolomite sculpture by Saskatoon, SK, artist Floyd Wanner. In the sculpture, a line can be drawn that passes through the centre of the two upper circles. Suppose this line is 129 jf, in. long and the base line is 45 in. Describe how you might calculate a) the height of Dream Maker ») the angle between the baseline and the line through the two ‘upper circles Dolomite is a rock consisting mainly of calcium and magnesium carbonate. tis mined around the World, including in western Canada, Dolomite fs sed to improve garden sol itis also used as an ‘ornamental stone, and in construction materia. 14, At Wapiti Valley Ski Area in Saskatchewan, the beginner slope is inclined at an angle of 11.6° from the horizontal and the advanced slope at an angle of 26.9° from the horizontal. a) Suppose Francis skis 1200 m down the advanced slope while Barbara skis the same distance down the beginner slope. Predict who will cover a greater horizontal distance. Justify your prediction. b) Calculate the difference between the horizontal distances for the two skiers, to the nearest tenth of a metre. extend 15. Michael is building a cabin at Cold Lake, AB. He has drawn a diagram to design his roof truss. Determine the values of x, y, and 6. 16. An equilateral triangle is inscribed in a circle. Determine the side length of the triangle if the diameter of the circle is 200 cm. 3.2 The Sine and Cosine Ratios + MHR- 123Create Connections Materials 17. MINI LAB work with a partner or in small groups to explore + T mof foam pipe how varying the angle of a ramp in ski jumping changes the insulation cut launch angle and duration of flight. lengthwise + marble or small ste! ball « eight to ten thick books or bricks or a chair = masking tape = measuring tape = table Step 1 Build a ramp similar to the one shown. Place the edge of the ramp at the end of the table, Make a sketch of the right triangle formed by the pipe insulation, books, and table, Include measurements of the length of each leg of the triangle. Determine the angle formed between the pipe insulation and the table Step 2 Place a marble at the top of the ramp. Without pushing, let it roll. Observe the flight path. Mark the place where the marble first lands on the floor, using masking tape. Repeat this step two more times and record the horizontal distance the marble lands from the edge of the table. You may wish to complete chart similar to this one, Step 3 Adjust the ramp so that it curves downward to the table and runs flat along the table for about 20 cm before it reaches the end. Roll the marble down the track and record the distances. Step 4 Add a book to the end of the ramp, so that the ramp curves upward as it nears the end. Roll the marble and record your measurements. a) Describe how changing the launch angle of the ramp affects the distance travelled by the marble. Explain why. b) Would changing the angle of the ramp with the table affect the distance the marble travels? Explain. 124 MHR + Chapter3Focus on .. ‘* explaining the relationships between f similar right triangles and the definitions of the trigonometric ratios, «= solving right triangles, with or without technology ‘Aurora Borealis above Church, Manitoba i + solving problems involving one or more i Ratu ‘The polar aurora is one of the most beautiful and impressive displays of nature. There have been various attempts to explain the phenomenon of these northern lights. Carl Stormer, a Norwegian scientist, used a network of cameras that simultaneously photographed the aurora, He used the photos to measure the parallax angle shifts and then calculate the height of the aurora, metre stick or measuring tape In this investigation you will use the method of parallax to help you estimate the distance to an object. 1. Have a partner stand a distance away from you. Then, mark the floor where each of you is standing using a small piece of paper or other identifying item, such as masking tape. Stretch out your arm with your thumb pointed upward and close your right eye. Line your thumb up with your partner. 3.3 Solving Right Triangles + MHR_ 125I you stretch your arm cout in front of your face with your thumb pointing ‘upward, and then close fone eye, your thumb ‘appears to shift slighty This shift isknown as porollax Your brain uses this information to figure fut how far away from you objects are. 126 MHR + Chapter3 2. Open your right eye and close your left eye. Do not move your outstretched arm. Have your partner move to his or her right until he or she is in line with your thumb again. Then, mark the new location where your partner is standing, 3. Use a metre stick to measure the distance from you to your partner and the distance between your partner's locations. 4, Reflect and Respond 2) What is the relationship between the distance to your partner and the distance between your partner's locations? Hint: You may wish to repeat your measurements to help you examine the pattern. b) Explain how this relationship can help you estimate your distance to an object. y Link the Ideas ‘The line of sight is the ible line from one person or object to another person or object. Some applications of trigonometry involve an angle of elevation and an angle of depression. + An angle of elevation is the angle formed by the horizontal and a line of sight above the horizontal. + An angle of depression refers to the angle formed by the horizontal and a line of sight below the horizontal. Measure the angle of elevation and the angle of depression in the diagram. How are the measures of two angles related? horizontal angle of depression line of sight ‘angle of elevation horizontalExample 1 Use Angle of Elevation to Calculate a Height Sean wants to calculate the height of the First Nations Native Totem Pole. He positions his transit 19.0 m to the side of the totem pole and records an angle of elevation of 63° to the top of ‘The First Nations Native the totem pole. If the height of Sean’s transit is 1.7 m, what is the ike nveoe se hoight of the totem pole, to the nearest tenth of a metro? es erected in 1956 andis Solution one ofthe world's tallest Lot x represent the height from the transit to the top totem poles of the totem pole. opposite tan @= BE adjacent fan 6: x fan 6 19.0 x = 19.0(tan 63°) x = 87.289 tht of totem pole = height of transit + height from transit to top of pole 7 + 37.289. = 38.989. ‘otem Pole ‘The height of the First Nations Native is 39.0 m, to the nearest tenth of a met Your Turn A surveyor needs to determine the height of a large grain silo, He positions his transit 65 m from the silo and records an angle of elevation of 52°. If the height of the transit is 1.7 m, determine the height of the silo, lo the nearest metre. en) a 3.3 Solving Right Triangles + MHR_- 127[A beloyer isthe person fn the ground who secures a climber who Is rock climbing. The belayer and climber each wear a harness ‘that attaches to a rape. ‘The belayer controls how much sack isin the rope. I takes sill and concentration to bea successful belayer 128 MHR + Chapter3 p Example 2 Calculate a Distance Using Angle of Depression Natalie is rock climbing and Aaron is belaying. When Aaron pulls the rope taut to the ground, the angle of depression is 73°, If Aaron is standing 8 ft from the wall, what length of rope is off the ground? Solution Visualize the information by sketching and labelling a diagram. Let fh represent the length of rope that is off the ground. oF Use the properties of angles to determine the angle measure of one of the acute angles inside the right triangle. ‘The angle that the rope makes at the top with the vertical is 17°. opposite hypotenuse sin 17° = sin 17° = he sin 17° h = 27.362... ‘The rope off the ground is approximately 27 ft long. Your Turn A balloonist decides to use an empty football field for his landing area, When the balloon is directly over the goal post, he measures the angle of depression to the base of the other goal post to be 53.8°, Given that the distance between goal posts in a Canadian | football feta is 110 ya, determine the height ofthe balloon.Example 3 Solve a Right Triangle Solve the triangle shown, Express each 22m measurement to the nearest whole unit. Solution c 8 To solve a triangle means to determine the lengths of all unknown sides and the measures of all unknown angles. To solve this triangle, you need to determine the lengths of sides AC and CB and the measure of ZA. ZA = 180° — (90° + 42°) What isthe sum of the angles in a triangle? LA Be Using 2B as the reference angle and knowing the length of the hypotenuse, apply the cosine ratio to calculate the length of side CB. adjacent cos B = RC hypotenuse cos 42° = GB CB = 22(cos 42°) CB = 16.349... Calculate the length of side AC. Method 1: Apply 2 Trigonomettic Ratio Since all angles are known, any of the primary trigonometric ratios could be applied. . opposite . sin B= ppOr How wil you decide which ratio to use? hypotenuse ye = AC sin 42° 22 A 22(sin 42°) AC = 14.720. Method 2: Apply the Pythagorean Theorem a AB? = AC? + CB? 22? = AC? + (16.349... AC? + 267.295. gm 484 216.704... = AC? V216.704... = AC 14.720... = AC © 16348...)en Angle A measures 48°, Side CB is about 16 cm long and side AC is about 15 em long, Your Turn F Solve the triangle shown, Express each measurement to the nearest whole unit. azm Dum — Wwhatinforation (M9 E are you given? Use the given information as ‘much as possible in your calculations 3.3 Solving Right Triangles + MHR_ 129130 MHR + Chapter3 p Example 4 Solve a Problem Using Trigonometry From a height of 50 m in his fire tower near Francois Lake, BC, a ranger observes the beginnings of two fires. One fire is due west at an angle of deprossion of 9°, The other fire is due east at an angle of depression of 7°. What is the distance between the two fires, to the nearest metre? Solution Model the problem using right triangles. Let x and y represent the lengths of the bases of the triangles. : y 9) it tan or = Supa ‘adjacent 50 Use the given angles to find the measure tan 9° ‘of one acute angle in each right triangle. 9) ite ‘adjacent Fi nr ® y 20 Y= Tan 7 Add to determine the distance between the fires. 315.687... + 407.217... = 722.904... ‘The distance between the fires, to the nearest metre, is 723 m. Your Turn From his hotel window overlooking Saskatchewan Drive in Regina, Ken observes a bus moving away from the hotel. The angle of depression of the bus changes from 46° to 22°. Determine the distance the bus travels, if Ken’s window is 100 m above street {level Bxpross your answor to the nearest metre| Key Ideas + An angle of elevation is the angle between the line of sight and the horizontal when an observer looks upward. sale of atetion horizontal * An angle of depression is the angle between the line of sight and the horizontal when the observer looks downward. horizontal ale of depression + To solve a triangle means to calculate all unknown angle measures and side lengths. Check Your Understanding Practise 1. Solve each triangle, to the nearest tenth of a unit, a) b) 0 y y x 7 ac > uo 8 2. Calculate the length of BG, to the nearest tenth of a centimetre, ») A 3.3 Solving Right Triangles + MHR_- 131Dey a er f Bam 1 3 4, Describe each angle as it relates to the diagram. ay 21 b) 22 92 d) 24 5. The heights of several tourist attractions are given in the table. Determine the angle of elevation from a point 100 ft from the base of each attraction to its top. |—__ Attraction Location Hetght a) World's largest fire hydrant | €lm Creek, MB 2am b) World's largest dinosaur Drumheller, AB BO ft 9) Saamis Tipi Medicine Hat, AB. 215 ft 4) World's largest tomahawk Cut Knife, SK 4oft | €) Igloo church Inuvik, NT Jett Apply 6. An airplane is observed by an air traffic controller at an angle of elevation of 52°, The airplane is 850 m above the observation deck of the tower. What is the distance from the airplane to the tower? Express nearest metre. yur answer to the onal 7. Cape Beale Lighthouse, BC, is on a cliff that is 51 m above sea level. The lighthouse is there to warn boats of the danger of shallow waters and the possibility of rocks close to the shore. The safe distance for boats from this cliff is 75 m. If the lighthouse keoper is 10 m above ground and observes a boat at an angle of depression of 50°, is the boat a safe distance from the cliff? Justify your conclusion,8. At night, it is possible to make precise measurements of cloud height using a search light. An alidade is set 720 ft away from the search light. It measures the angle of elevation to the place where the light strikes the cloud to be 95°. What is the altitude of the cloud? Express your answer to the nearest foot. alidade OR alate 9. The working arm of a tower crane is 192 m high and has a length of 71.6 m. Suppose the hook reaches the ground and moves along the arm on a trolley. For the 2010 O¥mmoke y Games in Vancouver, the Milennium water Project involved bullaing 1100 condominiums. This project made use of eight tower cranes that lifted steel, concrete, large tools, and ‘generators. The cranes often rise hundreds of feet into the ar and can reach out just as far. a) Determine the maximum distance from the hook to the operator when the trolley is fully extended at 71.6 m and the minimum distance when the trolley is closest to the operator at 8.1 m, Hint: The operator is located at the vertex of the crane. ») Determine the maximum and minimum angles of depression from the operator to the hook on the . AR ground. State your answer to the nearest tenth ae Sia = of a degree. Jak . a 10, Arctic Wisdom involved children, parents, and Elders gathering on Baffin Island, NU, to send a , message. To achieve the best picture of the human image on the sea ice, an aerial photograph as taken. The angle of depression from the Se fe helicopter was 58° and the height of the Le helicopter was 140 m. How far away from Alen, the image was the helicopter? 3.3 Solving Right Triangles + MHR_ 133134 MHR + Chapter3 11. CUnit Project > A cell phone can be used to send music, but as your location changes, you move in and out of range from one cell to the next. Three or more cellular towers may pick up a cell phone's signal. A cell phone signal has been located 5 mi from tower 1. 5mi >I caller from the caller to tower 3? a) What is the distan b) How far is tower 1 from tower 3? 12. The Disabled Sailing Association had its first sessions at the Jericho Sailing Centre in Vancouver, BC. At a recent regatta, a television news team tracked two sailboats from a helicopter 800 m above the water. The team observed the sailboats on the left and right sides of the helicopter at angles of depression 8° and 36°, respectively. a) Which boat is located closer to the helicopter? Explain, b) Determine the distance between the two boats, Express your answer to the nearest metre, 13, Two tourists stand on either side of the Veterans Pole, honouring Canadian Aboriginal war veterans, in Victoria, BC. One tourist measures the angle of elevation of the top of the pole to be 21°. To the other tourist, the angle of elevation is 17°. If the height of the pole is 5.5 m, how far apart are the tourists? Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a metre.Extend 14, From the top of a 35-m-tall building, an observer sees a truck heading toward the building at an angle of depression of 10°, Ten seconds later, the angle of depression to the truck is 25°, a) Determine the distance that the truck has travelled. Express your answer to the nearost metre. ») If the speed limit for the area is 40 km/h, is the truck driver following the speed limit? Explain, 15, A rectangular prism has base dimensions of 24 cm by 7 cm. A metal rod is run from the bottom corner diagonally to the top corner of the prism. If the rod forms an angle of 40° with the bottom of the box, calculate the volume of the box. 7) dom Tem Create Connections 16. From her apartment, Jennie measures the angle of depression to Mike’s house. At the same time, Mike measures the angle of elevation to Jennie’s apartment. a) Mike's brother Richard observes Mike and states that Mike made an error, because the angle of elevation must be greater than the angle of depression. Is Richard correct? Explain your reasoning. b) In order to calculate the measure of angle 0, you can be given any of the following measurements: + the height of Jonnie’s window + the horizontal distance between buildings + the length of line of sight + the measure of angle a Which measurement(s) would you prefer to be given? Explain how you would use these measurements to calculate @. 3.3 Solving Right Triangles + MHR_ 1353.1 The Tangent Ratio, pages 100-113 Where necessary, express your answers to the nearest tenth of a unit 1, Triangles ABC and XYZ are similar. Calculate the lengths of the unknown sides. z 2. Determine the value of the variable in each triangle. a) b) Q 3 3. A group of conservationists needs to calculate the angle of elevation of the river bank of the North Saskatchewan River. They sot up a right triangle using two measuring poles. If they measure the vertical height to be 64 cm and the horizontal distance to be 50 cm, what is the angle of elevation of the river bank? 136 MHR + Chapter33.2 The Sine and Cosine Ratios, pages 114-124 Where necessary, express your answers to the nearest tenth of a unit. 4, Determine the value of the variable in each triangle. a) » i: 3 9 as pr 5, Augers are used to move grain into storage bins. Suppose an auger is 67 ft long and the granary is 44 ft high. Determine the angle formed by this auger and the ground, 6. A 14-ft ladder leans against the bottom of a window and makes an angle of 64° with the ground. What is the height to the bottom of the window? 3.3 Solving Right Triangles, pages 125-135 Where necessary, express your answers (o the nearest tenth of a unit. 7. In AABC, BC = 7.4 km, 2B = 90°, and ZA = 38°. a) Draw and label the triangle. b) Solve AABC. 8. The angle of depression from the top of an 80-m-high cliff to a sailboat is 21°. Determine the distance from the base of the cliff to the sailboat. 9. A lifeguard sitting on a platform that is 14 ft high observes someone swimming. The first sighting of the swimmer is at an angle of depression of 60°. The angle of depression becomes 30° the next time the lifeguard looks at the swimmer. Explain whether the swimmer is moving toward or away from the lifeguard. Use a diagram to support your answer. Then, determine the distance that the swimmer has travelled. Chapter 3 Review + MHR 1375 Practice Test 138 MHR + Chapter3 Multiple Choice For #1 to #4, choose the best answer. 1. For the similar triangles shown, & which expression is true? a FG_RG g PQ_RG QP > Pc cRTQF oF 6 ¢ RE_LGR 4 Gr_@ QR ~ RP RF ~ RP a P 2. Madeleine's dad is designing a garage to build beside their house. He wants a 30-cm overhang on each side, How long should each rafter bo? A 20m B 23m € 3.8m D 44m 3. A gardener uses topsoil to improve garden soil for his Regina customers. He purchased a special pickup truck that acts like dump truck, If the 80-in. truck bed is raised to a 40° angle, how high is the upper end of the truck box above the wheels? A 51 in, 8 61 in. © 67 in D 80 in. 4. The 17th hole at the Rivershore Golf Course near Kamloops, BC, is 197 yd from the teoing area to the centre of the green. Suppose the largest angle at which you can drive the golf ball to the loft or right and still land on the green is 9° What is the width of the green, to the nearest y A 15 yd B atyd c a7yd “9 197 ydShort Answer 5. During the annual Windscape Kite Festival in Swift Current, SK, ‘Yves and Lucian’s kite got caught in the top of a tree. Yves wants to use similar triangles to calculate the height of the tree. A nearby 9-m flagpole casts a shadow that is 6 m long. Yves and Lucian estimate the shadow of the tree to be 3.5 m long. What is the height of the tree, to the nearest tenth of a metre? Include a diagram of the situation. 6, Evaluate each trigonometric ratio, to four decimal places. a) tan 17° b) sin 68° 9) cos 23° 7, Calculate the measure of each angle, to the nearest degree. a) sin @ = 0.2588 b) tana = 5.6713 9) cos 6 = 0.7431 8. Zachary was calculating the length of side CD in the figure, His partial solution is shown. cos 23° = z D BO 5 8) . sng = A _ , cose Before Zachary completed his work, he realized that he had made an error. Identify Zachary’s error. Explain a strategy to help him avoid making this error again. Extended Response 9. The Quikcard Edmonton Minor Hockey Week is one of the largest hockey tournaments in North America. The tournament has grown lo include more than 480 teams from Alberta. a) Suppose the goalie’s shoulder rises to 40 in., and a player takes a shot 20 ft from the net. Through what angle of elevation of the puck’s flight will the goalie make the save? Give your answer to the nearest tenth of a degree. ) The height of the net is 48 in. A player takes a shot over the right shoulder of the same goalie from part a) at an angle of elevation of 8.5°. If the puck travels a distance of 29 ff, will the player score a goal? Explain why. Chapter 3 Practice Test + MHR- 139mera chy Unit 1 Project Use your answers to the unit project questions throughout chapters 1, 2, and 3, as well as your own research, to prepare a presentation on music distribution. Your presentation should include the following: * research on the history of music recording + a comparison of various storage devices + a description of the impact technology has had on music distribution To complete your presentation, predict what the next technological advance in music distribution might be. Include answers to the following questions: + Describe what you think the next advance in music distribution might look like. Provide measurements for length, area, and volume of the new equipment in both SI and imperial units. + How might this equipment work? = What impact might the advance have on how you access music? + How might this equipment distribute music to people around the world? Unit Review Chapter 1 Measurement Systems 1. Identify referents that could be used for the following linear measurements. millimetre centimetre metre inch foot yard 2. For each total length, choose a comparable unit of measurement in the SI system. Determine the length to the nearest tenth of a unit, Justify your choice of units. a) A table-tennis ball has a diameter of the width of two fingers. Each finger is half an inch wide. b) Samantha often wears her hair in a ponytail. Her ponytail is 5 hand-widths long. The width of her hand is 3 in. €) Il takes Everrett 14 steps to leave the classroom. One of his paces measures half a yard. 140 MR - Unit 1 Connections3. Convert each measurement to the indicated unit. a) 3500 mm = cm b) 3.5 ft =m © 8723 m= km @) 4.25 ft =m e) 67 cm = Min. f) 14km = Mimi 4, A rectangular oak table measures 5 ft 10 in. by 3 ft 9 in. What is the perimeter of the table, in feet and inches? 5. An artist sculpts a 104-in. tall clay model of a horse. If the scale used for the sculpture is 1:6, how tall would the actual horse be, in feet and inches? Chapter 2 Surface Area and Volume 6. Calculate the area of each figure, as indicated. a) a rectangle with dimensions 250 cm by 180 cm, in square metres b) a square of side length 4 mi in square yards 7. Melody is helping prepare a cake for a banquet in Nanaimo, BC. She needs to know the amount of icing needed for the initial covering of the cake before she adds the final decorations, Assume that Melody does not ice the bottom of any layer. a) What surface area does Melody need to ice for the top three layers, in square contimetres, if the top three layers are square and have the following dimensions: Top layer: side length of 10 cm and a height of 7 cm Second layer: side length of 14 cm and a height of 8.5 cm Third layer: side length of 18 cm and a height of 9 cm ») The volume of cake used for the bottom layer is 4000 cm’. The bottom square layer has a height of 10 cm. What surface © area, in square centimetres, does Melody need to ice on the bottom layer? 8, Nalze went on a field trip with his class to the RCMP detachment in Yellowknife, NT In the Henry Larson Building, there was a display on Nalze used a magnifying glass to look at a fingerprint rime investigation. a) From the photo, estimate the diameter of the magnifying glass Nalze used. b) If the glass is approximately 0.3 cm thick, what is the volume of glass used? Unit 1 Connections + MHR- 1419. Saskatchewan artist Jacqueline Berting created The Glass Wheatfield - A Salute to Canadian Farmers. It is made up of 11 000 individually crafted waist-high stalks of glass wheat mounted in a steel base. The average cylindrical stem is 40 in. tall with a diameter of } in. Each head of ‘wheat contains the equivalent amount of glass as a cone that is 4 in. long with a base diameter of 3 in. Approximately how much glass did Jacqueline use for the sculpture? Chapter 3 Right Triangle Trigonometry 10. Determine the measurements of each unknown side and unknown angle. State side lengths to the nearest tenth of a unit and angles to the nearest degree, a) b) 2am 26m 14am 19cm 142. MHR - Unit 1 Connections11. A tree casts a shadow 12 m long. The angle measured to the top of the tree from the What is the height of the tree? Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a metre. d of the shadow is 68° 12m 12, An oil rig is held vertical by two guy wires of unequal lengths on opposite sides of the oil rig, One of the wires makes an angle of 45° with the platform. The other wire is 90 ft long and makes an angle of 55° with the platform. Both wires are attached 8 ft down from the top of the rig. a) Sketch and label a diagram of this situation. ) Calculate the height of the oil rig, to the nearest foot. ) Do you think the length of the unknown wire is greater than the 90-ft wire? Justify your prediction. Then, determine the measurement, to the nearest half of a foot. 4) Determine the distance on the platform between the two guy wires, to the nearest half of a foot. 13, A 15-m-long ladder is placed in a driveway between two buildings. The ladder leans against one building and reaches 12 m up the side. If the ladder is rotated to lean on the other building, it reaches 8 m up the side. How wide is the driveway between the two buildings? 14, Neighbourhoods A and B are situated on opposite sides of a mountain that stands 780 m high, The angles of elevation from each neighbourhood to the top of the mountain are 67° and 54° What would be the length of a tunnel from neighbourhood A to neighbourhood B? Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a metre.144 MR - Unit 1 Test Multiple Choice For #1 to #4, choose the best answer. . The equation that could be us What is the distance measured between the two arrows on this imperial ruler? 2 Z a Zin 8 if in. © agin. D ig in . Elijah is helping install basoboards in a bedroom in the basement. He knows that one of his paces is approximately equal to 1 yd. If he walks 15 paces along the width of the room and 18 paces along the length, what is the approximate perimeter of the room, in feet? A 99 ft 5 198 11 2701 D 792 ft Carrie was asked to calculate the slant height of a right cone. She is given that the surface area is 251.3 cm? and the diameter is 10 cm. Her work is shown below. Step! SA= ae +05 Step 2 asin a(S) + x(S)s Steps Gin +50 * Step 4 aT=5 When Carrie examined her work, she realized that she made her first error in A Step 1 B Step 2 © Step 3 D Step 4 d to calculate the value of h in the diagram is A cos 58° sa = Mazen 8 tan 58° = a fh ooh € cos 61° = 5h dl see ——— D sin 61° = 55 6aem 78amNumerical Response Complete the statements in #5 to #7. 5. ett measures the diagonal of the tele ision screen in his family aura measures the diagonal of n to be 54 in, Laura's tele larger than Jett’s room to be 117 em. elevision television, expressed to the nearest inch. 6. A glass paperweight is in the shape of a sphere and has a volume of 356 818 mm®. The radius of the paperweight is ll mm 7. Your school is installing @ wheelchair ramp outside the front doors. The current stairs reach a height of 0.7 m. If the ramp is 8 m long, the horizontal distance to the end of the ramp, to the nearest tenth of a metre, is lm. Written Response 8. Alicia found a unique gift for her friend’s birthday. She bought a purse that is in the shape of a right pyramid with a square base. ‘The dimensions of the base are 12.0 cm by 12.0 cm, and the slant, height is 16.16 cm. a) Determine the height of the purse. b) How much space is inside the purse? 9) Alicia wants to place the purse in a gift box with a lid. She has gift boxes of the following volumes: 100 cm? 200 cm? For each size of gift box, explain whether the purse will fit inside. 9. Given AACD is adjacent to ABC. a) Write an equation that could be e used to calculate the length of AC. b) Calculate the length of AC. > Sem ¢) Calculate the length of DG, to h the nearest centimetre. 10, As a spectator at a hockey game, Brennan is sitting 40 m horizontally from the goal net. His seat is 10 m above ice level. a) At what angle of depression is Brennan watching the goalie make a save? b) A seat becomes available directly below Brennan, so he moves 3 m down, Will the angle of depression from Brennan to the goalie increase or decrease? Justify your answer.Algebra and Number Your Algebra and Number Organizerunit, you will solve problems involving ... square roots and cube roots integral and rational exponents irrational numbers, including radicals ‘multiplying polynomials: factoring polynomials Unit 2 Algebra and Number + MHR_ 147Unit 2 Project Math in Art | Unit ProjectTass OTe eM Crile 1h Key Terms perfect square square root perfect cube cube root prime factorization irrational number radical radicand index mixed radical entire radical 150 MHR « Chapter 4Artist Artists create art to communicate ideas. In addition to artistic and technical skill, artists are problem solvers who often use math concepts to represent reality. Artists use a variety of methods and materials to create their works. Some artists use concrete materials to create their WWW Web Link (4, designs. Multimedia artists and nesfestteret eae! animators use computer design more about artists, go to software to model objects www.mhvmathni0.ca and < Make the following Foldable™ to take notes on what you will learn. : in Chapter 4. tpg] ; r+ | QD Foldasheet of | @ Fold and label a sheet @ Fold and label another @ On the 11x17 paperas of 8.5 x 11 paper sheet of 8.5% 11 paper centre shown. On the as shown. Cut tabs as shown. Cut tabs panel ofthe ff outside front flaps, along thelines on the alongthelines onthe ‘Foldable, add the labels left half. Attach the right half, Attach the write the title shown below, tabbed page inside tabbed page inside the Exponent the left flap. right flap, Laws. On the er back, write the title What INeed to Work On.