Logic Gate Lab Report

Deep Dhillon January 12, 2015

 And Gate

Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the operation

of an AND Gate. An AND gate is a basic digital logic gate. It
behaves according to the truth table. There are three symbols to represent
the AND Gate:
American (ANSI) symbol
IEC (European or Rectangular) symbol
Deprecated DIN symbol
The symbol used for this in AND Gate lab is ANSI Symbol:
The AND Gate has an Input A & B, and an Output C.

Materials:

1 SK-50 bread boarding socket

1 7408 TTL integrated circuit (IC)
One 470 ohms resistor
1 LED (Light Emitting Diode)
7 wires (not all required)
1 Battery

Procedure:
Step 1, we grabbed all the materials. At step 2, we plugged the breadboard
into the battery using two jumper wire, one in bus (+5 Volts or
High) and one in ground (low). At step 3 we inserted the 7408 TTL
integrated circuit in the middle of the breadboard. Then at step 4 we
connected one jumper wire from bus (+5 Volts or High) to pin 1, which was
our Input A, and another cable from bus ((+5 Volts or High) to pin 2, which
was our Input B. For step 5, we connected pin 7 to the ground (Low) using a
jumper wire. For Step 6, we connected pin 14 to the bus (+5 Volts or High)
using another jumper wire. At step 7, we connected the 470 ohms resistor
into pin 3, and connected Led to the resistor on the breadboard. Then at
step 8 we used a jumper wire and grounded the LED. At step 9, we
switched input A and B various times to see if LED is on or off and then
recorded the observations.

Results:

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT (LED ON OR

OFF)
LOW (0) LOW (0) 0
LOW (0) HIGH (1) 0
HIGH (1) LOW (0) 0
HIGH (1) HIGH (1) 1

After performing the experiment, we recorded the results in the binary form.
The results were recorded in so called truth table. This table shows us that
when Input A and Input B were at Low, the LED was off. When Input A was
low and Input B was high the LED was off. When Input A was high and Input
B was low, the LED was off again. When both inputs were High, the LED was
on.

Discussion:
The results of this experiment indicated that the LED was turned on, only
when both of the inputs were at high. This shows that, with the AND gate,
the LED only turns on when both the inputs are in bus (+5 Volts or high). In
another sense, the function of AND effectively finds the minimum between
two binary digits. The significance of this result was to tell us, on what input
the chip would turn on the LED. An error that could have occurred in this
experiment could have been the fact that the circuit was not made correctly.
If one cable or resistor was in the wrong place, it could have changes the
results of the truth table.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the LED turns on when both of the Inputs are in High, for the
AND gate. This experiment was successful because the chip
performed the way it is supposed to and the results gathered in truth table
matches the property of AND Gate, i.e., to find the minimum of the binary
numbers.

OR GATE

Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the operation

of an OR Gate. An OR gate is a basic digital logic gate. It
works according to the truth table. There are three symbols to represent the
OR Gate:
American (ANSI) symbol
IEC (European or Rectangular) symbol
Deprecated DIN symbol
The symbol used for this in OR Gate lab is ANSI Symbol:
The OR Gate has an Input A & B, and an Output C.

Materials:
1 SK-50 bread boarding socket
1 7432 TTL integrated circuit (IC)
One 470 ohms resistor
1 LED (Light Emitting Diode)
7 wires (not all required)
1 Battery

Procedure:
Step 1, we grabbed all the materials. At step 2, we plugged the breadboard
into the battery using two jumper wire, one in bus (+5 Volts or
High) and one in ground (low). At step 3, we inserted the 7432 TTL
integrated circuit in the middle of the breadboard. Then at step 4 we
connected one jumper wire from bus (+5 Volts or High) to pin 1, which was
our Input A, and another cable from bus (+5 Volts or High) to pin 2, which
was our Input B. For step 5, we connected pin7 to the ground (low)
using jumper wire. Then for step 6, we connected pin 14 to the bus (+5
Volts or High) using another jumper wire. At step 7, we connected the 470
ohms resistor into pin 3, and the connected the LED to the resistor on the
breadboard. Then at step 8 we used a jumper wire and grounded the LED.
At step 9, we switched input A and B various times to see if LED is on or off
and then recorded the observations.

Results:

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT (LED ON OR

OFF)
LOW (0) LOW (0) 0
LOW (0) HIGH (1) 1
HIGH (1) LOW (0) 1
HIGH (1) HIGH (1) 1

After performing the experiment, we recorded the results in the binary form.
The results were recorded in so called truth table. This table shows us that
when Input A and Input B were at Low, the LED was off. When Input A was
low and Input B was high the LED was on. When Input A was high and Input B
was low, the LED was on again. When both inputs were High, the LED was
on.
Discussion:
The results of this experiment indicated that the LED was turned only turned
off, only when both of the inputs were at low. This shows that, with the OR
gate, the LED only turns off when both the inputs are grounded (low). In
another sense, the function of OR Gate effectively finds
the maximum between two binary digits. The significance of this result was
to tell us, on what input the chip would turn on the LED. An error that could
have occurred in this experiment could have been the fact that the circuit
was not made correctly. If one cable or resistor was in the wrong place, it
could have changes the results of the truth table.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the LED only turns off when both of the Inputs are in low, for
the OR gate. This experiment was successful because the
chip performed the way it is supposed to and the results gathered in truth
table matches the property of OR Gate, i.e., to find the maximum of the
binary numbers.

INVERTER/NOT GATE

Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the operation

of an Inverter. An Inverter, or also knows as the NOT Gate
which is a basic digital logic gate. It works according to the truth table. The
Inverter is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted
version of the input at its output. There is only one input for this gate.
Materials:
1 SK-50 bread boarding socket
1 7404 TTL integrated circuit (IC)
One 470 ohms resistor
1 LED (Light Emitting Diode)
7 wires (not all required)
1 Battery

Procedure:
Step 1, we grabbed all the materials. At step 2, we plugged the breadboard
into the battery using two jumper wire, one in bus (+5 Volts or
High) and one in ground (low). At step 3, we inserted the 7404 TTL
integrated circuit in the middle of the breadboard. Then at step 4 we
connected one jumper wire from bus (+5 Volts or High) to pin 1, which was
our Input A. For step 5, we connected pin7 to the ground (low) using jumper
wire. Then for step 6, we connected pin 14 to the bus (+5 Volts or High)
using another jumper wire. At step 7, we connected the 470 ohms resistor
into pin 2, and the connected the LED to the resistor on the breadboard.
Then at step 8 we used a jumper wire and grounded the LED. At step 9,
we switched input A two times to see if LED is on or off and then recorded
the observations.
Results:

INPUT A OUTPUT (LED ON OR

OFF)
LOW (0) 1
HIGH (1) 0
The results of this
experiment was put into a chart, which is called the truth table. This table
shows us that there was only one Input. When Input A was low, the LED was
off. When Input A was low, the LED was on.

Discussion:
The results of this experiment indicated that the LED was turned off, only
when the input was at high. This shows that, with the NOT
gate, the LED only turns off when the cable is in bus
(+5 Volts or high). The significance of this result is to tell us, what input the
chip would turn on the LED. An error that could have occurred with
this experiment could have been the fact that the circuit was not
made correctly. If one cable or resistor was in the wrong place, it
could have changes the results of the truth table.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the LED only turns off when the Inputs is in bus, for the NOT
gate. This experiment was successful because the chip performed the way it
is supposed to and the results gathered in truth table matches the property
of Inverter .i.e., to invert the output.

NAND GATE

Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the operation

of a NAND Gate. A NAND gate is a basic digital logic gate. It
works according to the truth table. There are three symbols to represent the
NAND Gate:
American (ANSI) symbol
IEC (European or Rectangular) symbol
Deprecated DIN symbol
The symbol used for this in NAND Gate lab is ANSI Symbol:
The NAND Gate has an Input A & B, and an Output C.
In NAND Gate, a LOW (0) output results only if both the inputs to the gate are
HIGH (1); if one or both inputs are LOW (0), a HIGH (1) output results.
This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an AND gate followed by a NOT
gate. The outputs of all NAND gates are high if any of the inputs are low. The
NAND Gate has an Input A & B, and an Output C.
Materials:

1 SK-50 bread boarding socket

1 7400 TTL integrated circuit (IC)
One 470 ohms resistor
1 LED (Light Emitting Diode)
7 wires (not all required)
1 Battery

Procedure:
Step 1, we grabbed all the materials. At step 2, we plugged the breadboard
into the battery using two jumper wire, one in bus (+5 Volts or
High) and one in ground (low). At step 3, we inserted the 7400 TTL
integrated circuit in the middle of the breadboard. Then at step 4 we
connected one jumper wire from bus (+5 Volts or High) to pin 1, which was
our Input A, and another cable from bus (+5 Volts or High) to pin 2, which
was our Input B. For step 5, we connected pin7 to the ground (low)
using jumper wire. Then for step 6, we connected pin 14 to the bus (+5
Volts or High) using another jumper wire. At step 7, we connected the 470
ohms resistor into pin 3, and the connected the LED to the resistor on the
breadboard. Then at step 8 we used a jumper wire and grounded the LED.
At step 9, we switched input A and B various times to see if LED is on or off
and then recorded the observations.

Results:

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT (LED ON OR

OFF)
HIGH (1) HIGH (1) 0
HIGH (1) LOW (0) 1
LOW (0) HIGH (1) 1
LOW (0) LOW (0) 1
The results of this experiment was put into a chart, which is called the truth
table. This table shows us that when Input A and Input B were at High, the
LED was off. When Input A was high and Input B was low, the LED was on.
When Input A was low and Input B was high, the LED was on again. When
both inputs were low, the LED was on again.

Discussion:
The results of this experiment indicated that the LED was turned off, only
when both of the inputs were at high. This shows that, with
the NAND gate, the LED only turns off when both the cables are
in bus. The significance of this result was to tell us, on what
input the chip would turn on the LED. An error that could have
occurred with this experiment could have been the fact that the
circuit was not made correctly. If one cable or resistor was in
the wrong place, it could have changes the results of the
truth table.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the LED only turns off when the Inputs is in bus, for the NOT
gate. This experiment was successful because the chip performed the way it
is supposed to and the results gathered in truth table matches the property
of NAND gate.

NOR GATE

Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the

operation of a NOR Gate. A NOR gate is a basic digital logic
gate. That works according to the truth table. There are
symbols that represent the NOR Gate.
There are three symbols to represent the NOR Gate:

American (ANSI) symbol

IEC (European or Rectangular) symbol
Deprecated DIN symbol
The symbol used for this in NOR Gate lab is ANSI Symbol:
The NAND Gate has an Input A & B, and an Output C.
This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an OR gate followed by a NOT gate.
The outputs of all NOR gates are low if any of the inputs are high.

Materials:

1 SK-50 bread boarding socket

1 7402 TTL integrated circuit (IC)
One 470 ohms resistor
1 LED (Light Emitting Diode)
7 wires (not all required)
1 Battery
Procedure:

Step 1, we grabbed all the materials. At step 2, we plugged the breadboard

into the battery using two jumper wire, one in bus (+5 Volts or
High) and one in ground (low). At step 3, we inserted the 7402 TTL
integrated circuit in the middle of the breadboard. Then at step 4 we
connected one jumper wire from bus (+5 Volts or High) to pin 2, which was
our Input A, and another cable from bus (+5 Volts or High) to pin 3, which
was our Input B. For step 5, we connected pin7 to the ground (low)
using jumper wire. Then for step 6, we connected pin 14 to the bus (+5
Volts or High) using another jumper wire. At step 7, we connected the 470
ohms resistor into pin 1, and the connected the LED to the resistor on the
breadboard. Then at step 8 we used a jumper wire and grounded the LED.
At step 9, we switched input A and B various times to see if LED is on or off
and then recorded the observations.
Results:

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT (LED ON OR

OFF)
HIGH (1) HIGH (1) 0
HIGH (1) LOW (0) 0
LOW (0) HIGH (1) 0
LOW (0) LOW (0) 1
The results of this experiment was put into a chart, which is called the truth
table. This table shows us that when Input A and Input B were at High, the
LED was off. When Input A was high and Input B was low, the LED was off.
When Input A was low and Input B was high, the LED was off again. When
both inputs were low, the LED was on.

Discussion:
The results of this experiment indicated that the LED was turned on, only
when both of the inputs were at low. This shows that, with
the NOR gate, the LED only turns off when one the cables are in
bus. The significance of this result was to tell us, on what input
the chip would turn on the LED. An error that could have
occurred with this experiment could have been the fact that the circuit was
not made correctly. If one cable or resistor was in the wrong
place, it could have changes the results of the truth table.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the LED only turns off when the Inputs is in bus, for the NOT
gate. This experiment was successful because the chip performed the way it
is supposed to and the results gathered in truth table matches the property
of NOR gate.

EXOR GATE

Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the

operation of an EXOR Gate. An EXOR gate is a basic digital logic
gate. That works according to the truth table. The Exclusive-
OR gate is a circuit which will give a high output if either, but not
both, of its two inputs are high. The EXOR Gate has an Input A & B, and an
Output C.

Materials:

1 SK-50 bread boarding socket

1 7486 TTL integrated circuit (IC)
 One 470 ohms resistor
1 LED (Light Emitting Diode)
7 wires (not all required)
1 Battery

Procedure:
Step 1, we grabbed all the materials. At step 2, we plugged the breadboard
into the battery using two jumper wire, one in bus (+5 Volts or
High) and one in ground (low). At step 3, we inserted the 7486 TTL
integrated circuit in the middle of the breadboard. Then at step 4 we
connected one jumper wire from bus (+5 Volts or High) to pin 1, which was
our Input A, and another cable from bus (+5 Volts or High) to pin 2, which
was our Input B. For step 5, we connected pin7 to the ground (low)
using jumper wire. Then for step 6, we connected pin 14 to the bus (+5
Volts or High) using another jumper wire. At step 7, we connected the 470
ohms resistor into pin 3, and the connected the LED to the resistor on the
breadboard. Then at step 8 we used a jumper wire and grounded the LED.
At step 9, we switched input A and B various times to see if LED is on or off
and then recorded the observations.
Results:

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT (LED ON OR

OFF)
HIGH (1) HIGH (1) 0
HIGH (1) LOW (0) 1
LOW (0) HIGH (1) 1
LOW (0) LOW (0) 0
The results of this experiment was put into a chart, which is called the truth
table. This table shows us that when Input A and Input B were at High, the
LED was off. When Input A was high and Input B was low, the LED was on.
When Input A was low and Input B was high, the LED was on again. When
both inputs were low, the LED was off.

Discussion:
The results of this experiment indicated that the LED was turned off, only
when both of the inputs were at high, or when both of the
inputs were at low. This shows that, with the EXOR gate, the LED
only turns off when both the cables are in different inputs.
The significance of this result was to tell us, on what input the chip
would turn on the LED. An error that could have occurred with this
experiment could have been the fact that the circuit was
not made correctly. If one cable or resistor was in the wrong
place, it could have changes the results of the truth table.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the LED only turns off when the Inputs is in bus, for the NOT
gate. This experiment was successful because the chip performed the way it
is supposed to and the results gathered in truth table matches the property
of EXOR gate.