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CCN Chapter 1 (Notes)

This chapter discusses data communications, networks, the Internet, protocols and standards. It defines data communications as the exchange of data between devices via a transmission medium. Networks are described as highways that allow data to travel. The Internet is presented as an example of an internetwork, or network of networks. Protocols and standards that govern data transmission are also introduced.

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78 views

CCN Chapter 1 (Notes)

This chapter discusses data communications, networks, the Internet, protocols and standards. It defines data communications as the exchange of data between devices via a transmission medium. Networks are described as highways that allow data to travel. The Internet is presented as an example of an internetwork, or network of networks. Protocols and standards that govern data transmission are also introduced.

Uploaded by

Mohil Diwakar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CCN

CHAPTER 1 (NOTES)

INTRO: This chapter addresses four issues: data communications, networks,


the Internet, and protocols and standards. First we give a broad definition of
data communications. Then we define networks as a highway on which data
can travel. The Internet is discussed as a good example of an internetwork
(i.e., a network ofnetworks). Finally, we discuss different types of protocols,
the difference between protocols and standards, and the organizations that
set those standards.
1.1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form
oftransmission medium such as a wire cable. For data communications to occur, the
communicating devices must be part ofa communication system made up ofa
combination of hardware (physical equipment) and software (programs). The
effectiveness of a data communications system depends on four fundamental
characteristics: delivery, accuracy, timeliness, and jitter.
I. Delivery. The system must deliver data to the correct destination. Data must be
received by the intended device or user and only by that device or user.
2. Accuracy. The system must deliver the data accurately. Data that have been
altered in transmission and left uncorrected are unusable.
3. Timeliness. The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered late
are useless. In the case of video and audio, timely delivery means delivering data as
they are produced, in the same order that they are produced, and without
significant delay. This kind of delivery is called real-time transmission.
4. Jitter. Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time. It is the uneven delay
in the delivery of audio or video packets. For example, let us assume that video
packets are sent every 3D ms. Ifsome of the packets arrive with 3D-ms delay and
others with 4D-ms delay, an uneven quality in the video is the result.
Components:
1. Message. The message is the information (data) to be communicated. Popular
forms of information include text, numbers, pictures, audio, and video.
2. Sender. The sender is the device that sends the data message. It can be a
computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera, and so on.
3. Receiver. The receiver is the device that receives the message. It can be a
computer, workstation, telephone handset, television, and so on.
4. Transmission medium. The transmission medium is the physical path by which a
message travels from sender to receiver. Some examples of transmission media
include twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and radio waves.
Data Flow:
Simplex
In simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a one-way street. Only
one ofthe two devices on a link can transmit; the other can only receive (see Figure
1.2a). Keyboards and traditional monitors are examples of simplex devices. The
keyboard can only introduce input; the monitor can only accept output. The simplex
mode can use the entire capacity ofthe channel to send data in one direction.
Half-Duplex
In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the
same time. : When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice versa
The half-duplex mode is like a one-lane road with traffic allowed in both directions.
When cars are traveling in one direction, cars going the other way must wait. In a
half-duplex transmission, the entire capacity of a channel is taken over by
whichever of the two devices is transmitting at the time. Walkie-talkies and CB
(citizens band) radios are both half-duplex systems. The half-duplex mode is used in
cases where there is no need for communication in both directions at the same
time; the entire capacity ofthe channel can be utilized for each direction.
Full-Duplex
In full-duplex (also called duplex), both stations can transmit and receive
simultaneously (see Figure 1.2c). The full-duplex mode is like a two-way street with
traffic flowing in both directions at the same time. In full-duplex mode, signals going
in one direction share the capacity of the link: with signals going in the other
direction. This sharing can occur in two ways: Either the link must contain two
physically separate tranmsmission paths, one for sending and the other for
receiving; or the capacity of the channel is divided between signals traveling in both
directions. One common example of full-duplex communication is the telephone
network. When two people are communicating by a telephone line, both can talk
and listen at the same time. The full-duplex mode is used when communication in
both directions is required all the time. The capacity of the channel, however, must
be divided between the two directions.

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