CHAPTER 5.

INDICATIVE DESIGN
STANDARDS
5.1 INTRODUCTION

Formulation of a series of design standards is required for applying them during design in order
to avoid any inconsistency in design from one section to the other and provide desirable level of
service and safety. These standards have been formulated from a review of current standards
given in IRC/MoSRT&H codes and guidelines as specified in TOR and as suggested in manual
of four laning of National Highways as published by MoSRT&H.

The Design Standards adopted for the project has been presented in tables that follow in this
chapter.

5.2 CAPACITY STANDARDS

Main reference for the determination of standard capacities for roads in India is Indian Road
Congresss code (IRC: 64-1990). The following Table summaries the capacity standards and
design service volumes for various categories of roads in plain areas for the peak hour traffic in
the range of 8-10% design service level corresponding to LoS B with the curvature of the road
being low (0-50 degrees per Km).
Design Service Volume Capacity
Type
PCUs/day PCUs/day
2- lane
1.5m hard shoulders 17250 34500
1.5m earth shoulders 15000 30000
4-lane (dual carriageway)
1.5m hard shoulders 40000 80000
1.5m earth shoulders 35000 70000

However considering the possibility of different peak hour traffic it is felt prudent to establish road
capacity and design service volume standards for the peak hour flow range of 5% to 10%, as
being summarized through estimation on pro-rata basis in the following Tables.
Table 5-1: Capacity of Four Lane, Dual Carriageway
Four Lane Earth Four Lane Paved
Suggested
Shoulder Shoulder 1.5m width
PHF Multiplication
D.S.V D.S.V
% Factor Capacity D.S.V Capacity D.S.V
Earthen Paved
PCUs/day PCUs/day PCUs/day PCUs/day PCUs/day PCUs/day
8-10 10 70000 35000 80000 40000 35000 40000
7 14.28 100000 50000 114000 57000 54000 62000
5.5 18.18 127000 64000 145000 73000 67000 76500

5.3 HIGHWAY AND ROAD APPURTENANCES

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5.3.1 Geometric Design Standards

Geometric Design Standards have been largely extracted from IRC: 73-1980 for design speed of
100 kmph is given in a table at the end. Since IRC standards do not specify standards for median
widths, raised or sunk median, shyness strips etc., these have been recommended as per MOST
circulars.

The normal width of medians will be 4.5m in rural areas while in urban sections it will be reduced
to 1.5m.

IRC Geometric Design Standards for Rural Highways, IRC: 73-1980, suggests that the length of
the transition curve should be the larger of the two values arrived at on the basis of the following
criteria:
i) Rate of change of centrifugal acceleration and
ii) Rate of change of super elevation (not steeper than 1 in 150)

The transition lengths suggested in IRC: 73-1980 shall be followed for design of Horizontal
Curves. The available standards for vertical profile do not specify the minimum distance between
two PVIs. However a distance of minimum 150m shall be followed. This distance may be
reduced to 80m for existing widened carriageway in case the profile correction becomes
excessive.

5.3.2 At Grade Intersections

Design standards for at-grade intersections have been fixed in accordance to IRC Special
Publication 41 Guidelines for the Design of At-grade Intersections in Rural and Urban Areas and
the MOST Type Designs for Intersections on National Highways. For the design of elements not
covered in the said publications the AASHTOs Green Book on Geometric Design shall be
followed. The acceleration lane and deceleration lengths at intersections, length of storage lane
for right turning traffic, minimum and maximum radius for left turning lane, rate of taper and other
details shall be provided in a separate heading in the table provided for design standards.

5.3.3 Grade Separated Intersections

IRC: 92-1985, which gives guidelines for the design of interchanges, shall be followed for the
design. The design standards to be adopted in this regard are given in the table at the end.

5.3.4 Bus Bay

The lay out for Bus Bays shall be in accordance with Manual of Specifications and Standards for
four laning of National Highways through PPP. The guidelines of IRC: 80-1981 shall also be
referred for any item, if required. Minor modifications may be made in the layout plan for ROW
constraints if any.

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5.3.5 Truck Lay-Bys

The truck laybys shall be designed as per the guidelines of Manual of Specifications and
Standards for four laning of National Highways through PPP. Minor modifications may be made
to suit the site requirements. The minimum length of the truck layby shall be fixed to 100m. A
rate of taper of 1:5 shall be maintained in layby.

5.3.6 Toll Plazas

The Manual of Specifications and Standards for four laning of National Highways through PPP
together with the MoSRT&H Guidelines for planning, construction and operation of modern toll
plazas on National Highways shall be followed for the planning and design of toll plazas. There
shall be a separate lane for traffic not required to pay fees. A minimum gradient of 0.05% shall be
followed at the approaches and toll plaza location for drainage requirement. The vertical
clearance shall be kept at 5.5m in normal lanes and 8.5m for oversized vehicles.

5.3.7 Safety Barriers, Pedestrian Guard Rails and Pedestrian Facilities

Safety barrier of rigid, flexible or semi rigid type, in accordance with MoSRT&H
guidelines/circular shall be provided at following locations:
Where height of embankment is 3 m or more,

Where embankment is retained by a retaining structure,

Where median is depressed, flushed or having the width less than 4.5 m. The barriers shall be for both
directions of travel,

On valley side of highway in mountainous and steep terrain.

Between main carriageway and footpath in bridges.

At hazardous locations identified through safety audit.

5.3.8 Slope Protection

Embankments less than 3m shall be turfed and those above this height will be protected by stone
pitching.

5.3.9 Lighting

The guidelines suggest that the lighting shall be provided in all urban areas, grade separators,
underpasses, toll plaza and its approaches, rest area and bus stops. The following codes shall
be followed while designing the lighting system on the Project Highway for different locations.
i) IS: 1944 (Parts I and II) - 1970
ii) IS: 1944 (Part V) - 1981; and
iii) IS: 1944 (Part VI - 1981)

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5.3.10 Road Furniture

Road furniture such as Traffic signs, Kilometre posts, Hectometre stones, and ROW pillar etc on
the Project Highway provided as per IRC Codes shall meet requirements of MoSRT&H
Specifications. Where any item is not covered by it, then its specification shall conform to BIS
/AASHTO / ASTM /British Standards in that order of precedence.

5.3.11 Median Openings

Median openings shall be provided at four or more arm intersection and at other locations to
facilitate the U-turn for vehicles and not for leading directly to any cross road. The average
spacing of median openings shall be around 2 km. If a number of roads are meeting the Project
Highway, then they would be joined together through a service road and an at-grade T
intersection would be provided such that the spacing of 2 km for median openings is maintained.

5.3.12 Traffic Control Devices

The road markings and road signs are provided as per relevant IRC codes and MOSRT&H
specifications. The lane markings and object markings are in accordance with Clause 803 of
MOSRT&H (fourth revision) 2001. The road markings are in accordance with IRC: 35-1997 and
the median kerb and kerb separator painting is in accordance with Clause 803.3 of MoSRT&H
(fourth revision) 2001. The road signs are in accordance with IRC: 67-1977, Code 600 of
Addendum to Ministrys technical circular, directives on NH and centrally sponsored bridge
projects 1996 and IRC: SP 31. The traffic signboards are painted as per IRC: 67-1977 and the
text for sign boards are as per IRC: 30-1968.

Design standards sourced from various IRC codes and guidelines, proposed to be adopted in the
Project for the design of various Highway and Road Appurtenances are summarized in Table 5
-2 below.
Table 5-2: Design Standards for Four Lane Roads
Standards proposed by
Manual of Standards & Proposed Standards for
S.No. Item
specifications for 4-laning of adoption
NHs on PPP basis
Design Speed, kmph
i) in plains 80-100 -same-
1 ii) in rolling terrain 65-80
iii) in mountainous terrain 40-50
iv) in steep terrain 30-40
Rural section
2 Minimum width of median (as per IRC: 86) 4.5m -same-
Width of paved carriageway on both sides of median
3
(m)
i) 2-lane carriageway 7.0 -same-
ii) Edge strip (median side) 0.25 -same-
iii) Paved Shoulder 1.5 -same-

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Standards proposed by
Manual of Standards & Proposed Standards for
S.No. Item
specifications for 4-laning of adoption
NHs on PPP basis
3 Width of earthen shoulder (m) 2.0 1.5
4 Width of drain As per design -same-
5 Width of Utility Corridor (m) 2.0 -same-
Urban Section
6 Minimum width of median 1.2m 1.0m at standing lane
Width of paved carriageway on both sides of median
7
(m)
i) 2-lane carriageway 7.0 -same-
ii) Edge strip (median side) 0.5m 0.25m
iii) Paved Shoulder 1.5 -same-
8 Width of earthen shoulder (m) 1.5 Nil
9 Width of service road (m) 7.0 (normal) -5.5m (minimum) -same-
Minimum width of separation island betn MC and SR -same-.
10 1.5
(m)
11 Minimum width of footpath (m) 1.5 -same-
12 Width of Utility Corridor 1.5
13 Cross slope/Camber
a) Flexible pavement having bituminous concrete -same-
2.5%
surfacing
b) Cement Concrete pavement 2.0% -same-
c) Earthen Shoulder (on outer side) 3.5% -same-
14 Stopping Sight Distance
i) Desirable 360m -same-
ii) Minimum 180m -same-
15 Superelevation
i) Minimum Camber -same-
ii) Maximum 7% -same-
IRC: 35, IRC: 67 and MOSRTH -same-
16 Traffic Control devices and Road safety works
guidelines.
IRC: 25, IRC: 8, IRC: 103, IRC: -same-
17 Roadside Furniture
35, MOSRTH guidelines

5.4 PAVEMENT DESIGN

The design of Flexible pavement for main carriageway shall be in accordance with IRC: 37-2001
for design lane traffic estimated from traffic surveys. Stage construction shall be considered in
pavement design and condition related overlays for strengthening should be proposed. The initial
design of overlays on the existing carriageway shall be in accordance with IRC: 81-1997 using
the BBD deflections. The performance period shall be considered to be 20 years. For the design
of rigid pavements IRC: 58/PCA method shall be followed. The paving for bus bay and truck
layby shall be with flexible pavement. The details of the Design Standards as adopted are given
below.

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S. Item Standards
No.
Main carriageway - Flexible Pavement Design
1 Design Methodology IRC 37:2001 is recommended for main carriageway.
2 Performance period 20 years
3 Traffic on Design Lane Shall be judiciously selected after estimation for total design period
Effective Roadbed Soil Resilient Corresponding to 4-day soaked laboratory CBR value as obtained from
4
Modulus material investigations compacted to 97% MDD.
Paved Shoulders
Paved shoulder shall have same thickness and composition as main
5 Paved Shoulder Composition
carriageway.
Rigid Pavement Design
6 Design Methodology IRC: 58 and PCA
7 Roadbed Soil Resilient Modulus, MR Use Dry Lean Concrete (DLC) over wet mix macadam, as the sub-base
8 Sub-base Elastic Modulus ESB for the CC Pavement
9 Grade for Pavement Quality Concrete M 45
10 Grade for Dry Lean Concrete M 15
11 Drainage Layer composition WMM
Contraction (Dummy) joints and construction joints shall be provided.
12 Joints
Expansion joints are not recommended.

5.5 CD STRUCTURES

The Design Standards and loading that shall be considered are generally based on the
requirements laid down in the latest editions of IRC/ IS codes of practices & standard
specifications, and guidelines of Ministry of Road Transport & Highways.

Following IRC/IS codes were used in the design:

IRC: 5-1998: Standard Specifications & Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section I - General
Features of Design (Seventh Revision)

IRC: 6-2000: Standard Specifications & Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section II - Loads and
Stresses (Third Revision)

IRC: 21-2000: Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section III - Cement
Concrete (Plain and Reinforced (Second Revision)

IRC: 78-2000: Standard Specifications and code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section VII-Foundations
& Substructure (First Revision)

IRC: 40-2002: Standard Specifications and code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section IV- (brick stone
and cement concrete block masonry)

IRC: 83 (Part II)-1987: Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section IX -
Bearings, Part II: Elastomeric Bearings.

IRC: 89-1997 Guidelines for Design & Construction of River training and Control works for Road
Bridges. (First Revision)

IRC: SP 13- 1973 Guidelines for design of small bridges & culverts.

IRC: SP 40-1993 Guidelines on Techniques for strengthening and rehabilitations of bridges.

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5.5.1 Design Standardization

The evolution of an engineering solution, responsive to the functional and economic design
criteria and in keeping with the basic functional, economic and environmental requirements in
mind will have to satisfy the following basic considerations:
Standardization

There has to be a similarity in the detailing of all elements and components of the structures
along the project corridor, including appurtenances, standards for signs, lighting, railing and
retaining walls. This is considered essential from consideration of quality & speed of construction.
Environmental Sensitivity

The evolution of the structural and aesthetic statement should be compatible with the existing
environmental characteristics, nature of the terrain, including morphological and geo-technical
characteristics. The basic architectural design should afford neat, clean and consistent
proportions and ensure compatibility of the structures with the surrounding landscape. The
structure shall also be designed from durability and maintenance considerations.
Clarity of Expression

The structure should read as a forceful and singular structural design statement. The
appreciation of the structural concept should be apparent when viewing the structure from the
road top as well as from a far.
Value Engineering

The structure should be so conceptualized and designed that the inherent philosophy of value
analysis i.e. full retention of usefulness and esteem features of the project is fulfilled.
Identification and removal of unnecessary cost, and thus improving value, must be done without
reducing in the slightest degree quality, safety, durability, reliability, dependability and the features
and attractiveness that the users want.

5.5.2 Durability & Maintenance Considerations for New Structures

In order to keep maintenance to a minimum during the operation and in order to facilitate
operations, the following is recommended:
Utilize materials, which are resistant to aggressive conditions.

Facilitate access to the various critical points of the structure (connecting zones, inside of the box
girders, water drainage devices, bearings etc.).

Utilize waterproofing devise at the expansion joints.

Keep provision for replacement of bearings, expansion joint and parts having reduced design life.

Keep adequate camber in the deck and ensure quick collection and disposal of rainwater from above
the deck.

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5.5.3 Safety Measures

Suitably designed crash barriers will be provided to hold the out-of-control vehicles on the
carriageway from falling off.

Approaches to major bridges would be protected for a distance not less than 30m by suitable
safety fences. All carriageways and footpath surfaces will have anti-skid characteristics to
prevent skidding of vehicles.

The carriageways will be provided with suitable cross camber along with suitably designed cross
drainage arrangement for collection and disposal of rainwater to prevent any accumulation of
water on the bridge during rains.

The Design Standards in this regard is given below:

S. Item Standards
No.
Highway alignment & cross-section will be followed.
1 Geometry of structures
Crash Barrier shall be kept out side the roadway width.
Widening of Structures
Widening will be decided by CL of proposed road, cross-section of road
a. Width of widening.
& width of existing structure.
2 Concentric widening of substructure and foundation will be with Stone
b. Material for widened masonry & deck slab with RCC. In Eccentric widening new structure will
portion. be of RCC and extension portion will have S.M substructure and
foundation with RCC slab.
a. In case of one-side widening there shall be a gap with proper joint
Connection between between the existing substructure and new widened substructure;
3 existing & widened portion the slab-type superstructure will be cast monolithic.
of structure b. In case of both-side widening, the substructure and foundation will be
extended monolithic on either side.
a. Reconstruction will be as per the findings and recommendations of
the Condition Survey report. Based on detailed hydrological study
the recommendations for hydrologically inadequate structure will be
reviewed.
b. Bridges up to 8m span will be of RCC box type.
c. Bridges above 8m and up to 15m span will be of RCC slab on RCC
pier/ abutments.
d. Bridges above 15m and up to 25m span will be of RCC T-girder and
Reconstruction: Minor RCC deck slab on RCC pier/ abutments.
4
Bridge & Culverts e. Bridges above 25m and below 35m span will be of PSCC T-girder
and RCC deck slab on RCC pier/ abutments.
f. Bridges of span 35m and above will be of PSC box girder on RCC
pier/ abutments.
g. All new culverts will of RCC box type
h. (a) All existing culverts in good condition will be widened with same
type.
(b) All existing pipe culverts less than 0.9m dia. will be replaced with
1.2m dia pipe.

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S. Item Standards
No.
a. Foundation- Pile foundation of concrete grade M-35 in accordance
with IRC: 78 - 2000
b. Pier RCC circular column type with RCC pier cap
5 Flyover structures Abutments RCC wall type
c. PSC T girder grade M40 and/or PSC box girder grade M40 and
Curved Superstructure span as per requirements.
d. Approach portion-Embankment with RE wall.
a. RCC box structure.
6 Underpass
b. Wing wall or Return wall- RCC.
7 Additional Culvert RCC box type as per hydrological requirements.
Vertical Clearance at Minimum head room of 5.5m from the highest point of formation level of
8
Flyovers/Grade Separators underlying cross road to sofit of deck slab
a. For Culvert & for structure having single span less than 4.0 m, same
cross slope as that of the road will be followed.
9 Cross slope b. Fill over culvert will be as per pavement Design
c. Profile corrective course will be as per pavement composition.
d. For New structure deck slab will follow the cross slope ( max 2.5 % )
10 Wearing Course Wearing course will be 56 mm thick as per MORTH.
a. Provided in Flyovers, Major Bridges, Minor bridges and Underpasses
(for Minor Bridge single span should be more than 4.0 m). For
12 Approach Slab Underpass approach slab can be avoided if earth cushion is more
than 200mm.
b. No approach slab for Culvert.
13 Bed protection All bridges & culverts will have proper bed protection as per IRC 89.
a. Embankment toe wall will be Stone masonry or PCC M15.
14 Retaining Walls
b. Other cases- RCC retaining wall.
15 Ventilation Vent For new Underpass structures suitable ventilation vent will be provided
16 Crash Barrier RCC M40 around 0.9 m ht for all structural location.

5.6 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

The geotechnical engineering of the project includes carrying out a comprehensive exploration
program at selected locations of the project corridor. The subsoil data obtained during exploration
will be used for analyzing the stability of existing and proposed structures and roadway
embankments.

The geotechnical design will, in general, conform to the applicable IRC and/or IS codes of
practice. In addition, some international design manuals and popular technical books will be
referenced. The design will be based on the serviceability loads criterion with a safety factor
adopted on the ultimate design value. The geotechnical recommendations shall include the
adequacy of foundations of the existing structures, allowable bearing capacity for the foundations
in the widening areas and new structures, ground improvement, if any, for increasing the shear
strength of foundation soils & limiting post-construction settlements of structures and roadway
pavements, compaction control of fill used in the embankments & foundation/utility trenches,

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Final Feasibility-cum-Preliminary Design Report VOLUME I:
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erosion control of embankment side slopes, stability of open excavations and corrosion potential
of foundation soils & groundwater. The proposed design methodology is itemized in the table
below:
Sl.
Item Standards
No.
The field and laboratory tests shall be conducted for structure locations in
1. Sub-soil Investigation compliance with Contract Agreement. The procedure for testing shall be in
accordance with relevant BIS codes.
Zone and Peak ground acceleration (PGA) shall be decided based on IS:
1893 (Part 1): 2002. However, cross reference shall be made for Peak
2. Seismic Zone ground acceleration (PGA) on report of National Geophysical Research
Institute (NGRI), Hyderabad, under The Global Seismic Hazard Assessment
Program (GSHAP).
3. Embankment
i) Fill Material
Property shall be determined based on laboratory test data on approved fill
a) Embankment material material. Fill material in the vicinity of embankment stretches will be
properties (c, , ) considered for construction. Guidelines from MORT&H, IRC: 36-1970, IRC:
58 2001 shall be followed.
b) Pavement material Based on grain size and index properties, strength parameters will be
properties (c, , ) estimated.
ii) Embankment Stretches
Generally following stretches considered based on the height of the
embankment
Approach Embankment
i) 75 - 100m on either side of Pile supported structure
ii) 25 - 50m on either side of open/ well foundation supported structure
b) Running Embankment Other than approach embankment
iii) Embankment Geometry
Depending upon proposed highway c/s either a) Width of widened part or, b)
a) Design Road Top Width
Total proposed road width
Average of heights measured from ground level to finished road level along
b) Design Height the c/s and then maximum of all those average heights along the stretch
based on proposed highway c/s and l/s.
iv) Traffic Load Generally 1.50 2.00t/m2 depending upon traffic volume
For analysis, generally the ground water will be assumed at ground level.
However, GWT shall be confirmed from Geotechnical Investigation Report
v) Ground Water Table
as well as from existing well in the vicinity with judgment of seasonal
variation
vi) Sub-soil Profile and Based on Geotechnical Investigation Report and engineering judgment and
Properties interpretation.
vii) Stability Analysis Following standards and criteria will be adopted/ used:
MORT&H approved HED software package for static
For dynamic analysis, XSTABL (version 5) software package (developed
by Interactive Software Designs, Inc, USA)
Simplified Bishops method as per IRC 75
Undrained unconsolidated condition analysis
Slope, toe and deep seated base failure analysis
Min F.O.S 1.25 (for short term), 1.5 (for long term) & 1.0 (for seismic)
g) Slope Generally 1(v): 2(H) wherever ROW is available

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Final Feasibility-cum-Preliminary Design Report VOLUME I:
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Sl.
Item Standards
No.
Following standards and criteria will be adopted/ used:
a) MORT&H approved HED software package
b) One dimensional consolidation settlement for cohesive and partly
viii) Settlement Analysis cohesive deposition as per IRC: 75
Permissible Total Settlement Limits as per IRC: 75: 400 600mm for
Running Embankment, 100-125mm for open/ well foundation and 30 to
45mm for pile foundation.
For bearing capacity, the method recommended by IRC: 75, Pilot, Silvestri
ix) Bearing Capacity Analysis
and Meyerhof will be followed.
Based on sub-soil type, position of ground water table and embankment fill
x) Sand Drainage Blanket
material, the requirement, if any, will be decided.
For 3m high embankment, stone pitching/ geomeshes/ geonets/ geogrids/
xi) Slope protection jute or coir geotextile
For <3m high embankment, natural plantation/ artificial vegetative turfing.
Based on analysis, suitable ground improvement technique, if any, shall be
xii) Ground Treatment
proposed.
Based on suggested ground improvement method, suitable instrumentation,
xiii) Instrumentation
if required, will be provided.
Following criteria shall be adopted:
Geogrid/ metallic reinforcement
Discrete concrete panel
xiv) Mechanically Stabilized
Design for static condition BS 8006
Walls
Design for seismic condition French Standard NF 94-220, FHWA
publication No. 43
Material and construction MORT&H Specification
xv) Ground treatment for pond,
Treatment will be indicated on the basis of extent, depth of water, location,
water logged and marshy
land use in the neighbourhood.
areas
4 Foundation
i) Open Foundation
a) Foundation shape Based on site condition and structural requirement
Based on sub-soil profile and properties, site condition, structural
b) Foundation size
requirement etc.
Based on sub-soil profile and properties, structural requirement, ground
c) Foundation depth
water table, scour level etc as per IRC: 78, IS: 1904.
a) Safe Bearing Capacity:
For soil and completely disintegrated rock according to procedure given in
IS: 6403 (1981), IS: 1904 (1986).
For rock as per IS: 12070 (1995), Standard Reference Books.
d) Design procedure F.O.S: Minimum 2.5 for soil, 6 or as recommended in above references for
rock.
b) For Total & Differential Settlement:
According to IS: 8009 (part-I)-1976,IS: 1904-1986, Schmertmann method,
Standard Reference Books
ii) Pile Foundation
a) Type of pile Generally Bored cast in situ piles and Rock socketed piles
b) Pile Shape Generally circular.
c) Pile Diameter As per IRC: 78 2000.

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Sl.
Item Standards
No.
Following standards and criteria will be adopted/ used:
a) Vertical Compression, Vertical tension and Lateral load capacity -
as per IS: 2911 (part-I/sec-II) -1979, IS: 14593-1998, IRC: 78-2000,
Standard Reference Books.
d) Design procedure F.O.S - For soils: 2.5 3.0, For socketed piles: End bearing: 5.0 6.0, Skin
friction= 10.
Settlement as per IS: 8009 (Part II), Standard Reference Books etc.
Spacing As per IS: 2911 (part-I/sec-II) -1979, IRC: 78-2000.
Negative drag - IRC: 78-2000, Standard Reference Books
Based on sub-surface profile, structural load requirement, scour level etc. in
e) Depth of Pile accordance with above codal provisions. For socket length in rock, IS:
14593 and IRC: 78-2000 shall be followed.
As per provision of IRC: 78 2000 and MoSRT&H Specification.
f) Pile load tests Pile Integrity test if number of piles is substantial.
Initial pile load test preferably by cyclic method
iii) Well Foundation
a) Well Shape Generally circular.
b) Well Diameter Based on sub-soil profile, scour level, structural load etc.
Following standards and criteria will be adopted/ used:
a) Safe Bearing Capacity:
For soil and completely disintegrated rock according to procedure given in
IS: 6403 (1981), IS: 1904 (1986).
For rock as per IS: 12070 (1995), Standard Reference Books.
c) Design procedure
F.O.S: Minimum 2.5 for soil, 6 or as recommended in above references for
rock.
b) For Total & Differential Settlement:
According to IS: 8009(part-II)-1976, S: 1904-1986, Schmertmann method,
Standard Reference Book.
5. Minimum Compaction Requirement
i) Embankment
a) For granular soils i) Minimum 75-80% Relative Density otherwise, 95% of MDD as per
MORT&H specification
For c- soils ii) Minimum 95% of MDD as per MoSRT&H specifications
ii) Subgrade Minimum 97% of MDD as per MORT&H specifications

5.7 DRAINAGE

The surface and sub surface drainage system shall be planned as per IRC SP: 42-1994. A
camber of 2.5% shall be provided in main carriageway, service road as well as in truck lay-by
and bus bay locations. A minimum longitudinal gradient of 0.05% in rural areas and 0.2% in
urban shall be provided for smooth surface runoff. Longitudinal lined/unlined drain shall be
provided near ROW in rural sections with outlets to cross drainage structures. Sump and
Junction boxes shall be provided at the interface of urban and rural areas as well as in flyover
locations to ensure proper drainage. 200mm wide cuts at 5m centre to centre have been
provided in medians at super elevated sections. Chute drains at a distance of 15m with stone
pitching shall be provided in stretches with high embankment. The details of design standards
followed in this regard are given as below.

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Final Feasibility-cum-Preliminary Design Report VOLUME I:
Preparation of Feasibility cum-Preliminary Design for 4/6 Laning of Jetpur-
Somnath section of NH 8D, Package No: NHAI/DBFOII/DPR/02 MAIN REPORT

S. Item Standards
No.
1 Design Return Period
a) Unlined drains (rural sections) 25 years
Covered pucca drain underneath side walk
and median between carriageway & service
b) road; chute drains, median drains at super 2 years
elevated sections and at toll plaza locations
and other important locations
2 Unlined drains in rural sections
Shall be beyond 4H: 1V line drawn from edge of
shoulder (as per IRC SP-42) or at ROW but not less
a) Berm
than 1.0m from toe of embankment depending on
height of embankment.
b) Side slopes 2H:1V
c) Base width 0.6-1.0m (based on hydraulic calculations)
3 Chute drain
a) Height of embankment 3m and above
b) Spacing 10-15m, depending upon hydraulic calculations
Additional balancing culverts shall be provided if it is
required either for planning adequate drainage system
4 Balancing culverts
or in the overtopping stretches after raising the profile,
to pass the water across.

Provision of Water harvesting structures in the National Highway Drainage system

Ground water has come to stay as the main source of water needs for diverse uses particularly
for potable drinking, irrigation, industry etc. for meeting the ever growing demand of food and
fiber for the habitants residing within the project influenced areas and the urban agglomerates.
The excessive withdrawal of ground water resources and its exploitation invariably exceeds its
annual replenishment. It has resulted not only in depletion of the limited fresh water ground water
resources but also increase in the areal extent of blackish water, which has remained by and
large untapped. Further, unplanned disposal of wastes has led to ground water quality
deterioration Urgent steps to augment fresh ground water storage and improving its quality are,
therefore, required to protect the resource from depletion and pollution. Surplus runoff generated
during monsoon, which is otherwise lost to flow, must be harvested and recharged under ground.
With the same philosophy the Government of India and State Governments have taken a great
step to save the wasted resource by various techniques of water harvesting structures. The
runoff generated from the highway right of way and adjoining area generally go waste through
the drains on both sides. The part of the wasted fresh water can be saved for recharging the
ground water by provision of water harvesting structures at suitable locations so that the decline
of ground water table may be arrested and maintained at comfortable limit.

13
Final Feasibility-cum-Preliminary Design Report VOLUME I:
Preparation of Feasibility cum-Preliminary Design for 4/6 Laning of Jetpur-
Somnath section of NH 8D, Package No: NHAI/DBFOII/DPR/02 MAIN REPORT

Rain water harvesting structures have been provided on the drain both sides during 4/6 laning of
the National Highways at a distance of 500 metres alternatively on both sides of highway so that
one rain water harvesting structure exists @ 250 metres either side. Recharge dug well one-
meter diameter of total depth 5.5 meter for water harvesting has been provided along with silting
chamber at one side and outlet on other side. The wall is made of brickworks and inside is filled
with filter media having particle size 75-100 mm. Two varieties of Sump type harvesting
structures have also been suggested. The construction of the structure will be done after
studying the conditions of the drain in different terrain of the highways sides.

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