1.

) Define the following terms:

.Teamwork: to work and cooperate with a group of people.

.Accomplish: To complete and get a goal
.Common Goal: The same objective or purpose.
.Team Player: is a person who gives priority to the common goals that personal interest, and
works to accomplish them.
.team spirit: It refers to have a good group attitude.
.Committed: Is the act of having in charge some task, project or job and putting on it
responsibility and a good attitude.
.Roles: is the position that people has in a situation, organization or society.
.Deadlines: Is the period of time when something needs or must be finished.
.Meetings: is some kind of appointment that is organized to discuss something in special.
.Chairperson: it the person in charge to preside a meeting or assembly.
.Facilitator: A person who helps the work group to work better and effectively
Co-ordinate: a person who leads a group.

What the word teamwork means to you?

It means to work together with people making apart the differences and personal
interest in order to accomplish a goal and to success task and projects.

I didnt find the list in this document, so I answered according to my opinion and knowledge.

Operative tasks, trainings for some stuff that people must know to work there.

Selling task, attending claims, sending information that a consumer needs.

Projects, campaigns, design of new products.

Stand up meeting

Caf meeting

Walking meeting

Egg timer meeting

I prefer the caf meeting, because there is time enough to discuss everything with other
people and allow us to do that in a perfect work environment. I think that situations like
conferences could be suitable to this kind of meeting.
 1. Many meetings dont achieve their purpose.

Because theyre spontaneous, quick and short/small

Solving problems and share information.

Destructive critics are given easier than positive comments.

Because the teams are formed in meetings.

Meetings will turn in a waste of time.

Building, worker, members, work, activities, players, spirit, exhorting. I think of playing,
decisions, projects.
Sessions next to a mountain, computer based business game.

Professor Belbin.

A opportunity to study team work in a controlled environment.

Some combinations of personality types are more successfully than others

Team Facilitator

Team leader

Team facilitator

Team recorder

Team members

Time keeper

Team leader

team recorder

team facilitator

team leader
 time keeper

team recorder

team facilitator_

1.) Look at the list of teamworking tasks (a to j) which are often given as reasons for
holding meetings and answer questions.
1. Which Tasks are not good reasons to hold a meeting?
2. Which tasks could be easily completed by email, memo or telephone?
3. Which tasks are best achieved in a meeting?

Meetings are held to 1.Allow members to socialize, announce

a. Explain new projects minors decisions, get weekly progress
b. Establish common goals updates
c. Make team decisions
d. Allow members to socialize 2. Announce minor decisions, give
e. Create policies weekly updates, share information
f. Share information
g. Announce minor decisions
h. Co-ordinate team activities 3. explain new projects, establish common
i. Get weekly progress updates goals, make team decisions, create policies,
j. Solve Problems share information, coordinate team
activities, solve problems.
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_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Modals are special verbs which behave very irregularly in English.

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Modal Verbs
Modal and Modal Phrases (Semi-
Modals)
A modal is a type of auxiliary (helping) verb that is used to express: ability,
possibility, permission or obligation. Modal phrases (or semi-modals) are used
to express the same things as modals, but are a combination of auxiliary verbs
and the preposition to. The modals and semi-modals in English are:

1. Can/could/be able to

2. May/might

3. Shall/should

4. Must/have to

5. Will/would

Adjectives
 Verbs
o Action Verbs

o Auxiliary Verbs

o Stative Verbs

o Modal Verbs

o Phrasal Verbs

o Verb Tenses

o Irregular Verbs

o Confusing Verbs

o Gerunds and Infinitives

o Passive Voice

Nouns
Conjunctions
Pronouns
Adverb
Preposition

Modal Verbs
Modal and Modal Phrases (Semi-
Modals)
A modal is a type of auxiliary (helping) verb that is used to express: ability,
possibility, permission or obligation. Modal phrases (or semi-modals) are used
to express the same things as modals, but are a combination of auxiliary verbs
and the preposition to. The modals and semi-modals in English are:

1. Can/could/be able to

2. May/might

3. Shall/should

4. Must/have to

5. Will/would

Can, Could, Be Able To

Can, could and be able to are used to express a variety of ideas in English:

Ability/Lack of Ability

Present and Future:

can/cant + base form of the verb

1. Tom can write poetry very well.

2. I can help you with that next week.

3. Lisa cant speak French.

am / is / are / will be + able to + base form of the verb

am not/ isnt / arent/ wont be + able to + base form of the verb

1. Mike is able to solve complicated math equations

2. The support team will be able to help you in about ten

minutes.
 3. I wont be able to visit you next summer.

Past:

could / couldnt + base form of the verb

1. When I was a child I could climb trees.

was / were + able to + base form of the verb

wasnt / werent + able to + base form of the verb
hasnt / havent + been able to + base form of the verb

1. I wasnt able to visit her in the hospital.

2. He hasnt been able to get in touch with the client yet.

Note: Can and could do not take an infinitive (to verb) and do not take the
future auxiliary will.

Incorrect: I can to help you this afternoon.

Correct: I can help you this afternoon.

Correct: I will (Ill) be able to help you this afternoon.

Possibility / Impossibility

can / cant + base form of the verb

1. You can catch that train at 10:43.

2. He cant see you right now. Hes in surgery.

could + base form of the verb

1. I could fly via Amsterdam if I leave the day before.

Ask Permission / Give Permission

Can + Subject + base form of the verb (informal)

1. Can you lend me ten dollars?

Can + base form of the verb (informal)

1. You can borrow my car.

Could + subject + base form of the verb (polite)

1. Could I have your number?

2. Could I talk to your supervisor please?

Make a suggestion To make a suggestion use:

Could + base form of the verb (informal)

1. You could take the tour of the castle tomorrow.

Exercises: Can, Could, Be able to

Fill in the correct form of can, could or be able to as in the examples.

1. Ben could not help his little brother with his homework
yesterday.

2. Can I call you later tonight?

1. Could Tony run long distances when he was a boy?

2. could you please call a tow truck for me? My car broke down.
(polite)

3. The students are not able to buy their textbooks today. The
bookstore is all out of them.
 4. can you teach me how to fix my computer? Youre so good at it.

5. will you be able to reach the customer if you call him at 4:00 his
time?

Answers:

1. Could

2. Could

3. arent able

4. Can

5. Will/be able to

May, Might
Formal Permission / Formal Prohibition

may / may not + base form of the verb

1. You may start your exam now.

2. You may not wear sandals to work.

Polite Request

May + subject + base form of the verb

1. May I help you?

Possibility / Negative Possibility

may/ might + base form of the verb

1. We may go out dinner tonight. Do you want to join us?

 2. Our company might get the order if the client agrees to the price.

may not / might not + base form of the verb

1. Adam and Sue may not buy that house. Its very expensive.

2. They might not buy a house at all.

To Make a Suggestion (when there is no better alternative)

may as well / might as well + base form of the verb

1. You may as well come inside. John will be home soon.

2. We might as well take Friday off. Theres no work to be done anyway.

Polite Suggestion

might + base form of the verb

1. You might like to try the salmon fillet. Its our special today.

Exercises: May / Might

Fill in the correct form of may or might as in the example.

1. May I sit here?

1. They might not finish the project on time. The main engineer is ill.

2. You might want to stop by the museum gift shop on your way out.

3. may I have your autograph?

4. He mayas well visit the Louvre. Hes in Paris anyway.

5. You may not park your car here. Its reserved for guests of the hotel only.

Answers:
 1. might not

2. might

3. May

4. may as well

5. may not

Shall, Should, Ought to

To Offer of Assistance or Polite Suggestion (When you are quite sure of
a positive answer)

Shall + subject + base form of the verb

1. Shall we go for a walk?

Note: Shall is only used with I or we. It is used instead of will only in formal
English.

To Offer of Assistance or Polite Suggestion (When you are not sure of a

positive answer)

Should + subject + base form of the verb

1. Should I call a doctor?

A Prediction or Expectation that Something Will Happen

should/shouldnt + base form of the verb

1. The proposal should be finished on time.

2. I shouldnt be late. The train usually arrives on time.

To Give Advice

should / ought to + base form of the verb

 1. You should check that document before you send it out.

2. You ought to have your car serviced before the winter.

To Give Advice (about something you think wrong or unacceptable)

shouldnt + base form of the verb

1. James shouldnt teach him words like those.

Exercises: Should, Shouldnt, Ought

To
Fill in should, shouldnt or ought in the following sentences as in the example.

1. He shouldnt encourage such bad behavior.

1. You should get your teeth cleaned at least once a year.

2. The house should be ready to move into by next month. Its almost
finished.

3. Ron ought to improve his attitude. If he doesnt, he might get fired.

4. shall I get your jacket? Its cold in here.

5. You should not put your feet on the table. Its not polite.

Answers:

1. should

2. should

3. ought

4. shall

5. shouldnt
Must, Have to, Need to, Dont have
to, Neednt
Necessity or Requirement

Present and Future:

must / have to / need to + base form of the verb

1. You must have a passport to cross the border.

2. Elisabeth has to apply for her visa by March 10th.

3. I need to drop by his room to pick up a book.

Past:

had to / needed to + base form of the verb

1. I had to work late last night.

2. I needed to drink a few cups of coffee in order to stay awake.

Note: have to and need to are often used in the same context, but many
times, need to is used to express something that is less urgent, something in
which you have a choice.

Almost 100% Certain

must + base form of the verb

1. Thomas has lived in Paris for years. His French must be very good.

To Persuade

must / have to + base form of the verb

1. You must try this wine. Its excellent.

 2. You have to visit us while youre in town.

Prohibited or Forbidden

must not / mustnt + base form of the verb

1. You must not drive over the speed limit.

2. You mustnt leave medicines where children can get to them.

Lack of Necessity

dont /doesnt /didnt + have to + base form of the verb

1. You dont have to park the car. The hotel valet will do it for you.

2. Tim doesnt have to go to school today. Its a holiday.

3. You didnt have to shout. Everyone could hear you.

neednt + base form of the verb

1. You neednt worry about me. Ill be fine.

Exercises: Must, Have to, Need to,

Dont Have to, Neednt
Fill in the blanks with one of these modals:
must, must not, have to, has to, dont have to, doesnt have to, neednt as in
the examples.
There may be more than one correct answer.

1. Shira doesnt have to drive to the airport. Shes going by taxi.

2. You must speak politely to the customers.

 1. You mustnt tell Anna about the party tomorrow night. Its a surprise!
(must not, need to, doesnt have to)

2. Tina has to register for her classes on Monday, otherwise she wont get a
place in them. (doesnt have to, mustnt, has to)

3. You do not have to send that fax. Ive already sent it. (must, will have to,
dont have to)

4. A dog must get special training in order to be a guide dog. (must, need
to, dont have to)

5. Jeremy _does not have to get up early tomorrow. His class was
cancelled. (mustnt, doesnt have to, dont need to)

Answers:

1. must not

2. has to

3. dont have to

4. must

5. doesnt have to

Modals: Will / Would

will / wont + base form of the verb

1. John will pick you up at 7:00am.

2. Beth wont be happy with the results of the exam.

Polite Request or Statement

Will / Would + base form of the verb

 1. Will you please take the trash out?

2. Would you mind if I sat here?

3. Id (I would) like to sign up for your workshop.

Habitual Past Action

Would/Wouldnt + base form of the verb

1. When I was a child, I would spend hours playing with my train set.

2. Peter wouldnt eat broccoli when he was a kid. He loves it now.

Exercises: will, would

Fill in the blanks with one of the following words: will, wont, would, wouldnt.

1. Will you please help me lift this box?

1. I would like to order the onion soup please.

2. The manager wont/will not be pleased to hear that a customer slipped on

the wet floor.

3. would it be okay if I slept here tonight?

4. When Igor lived in Russia, he would not call his mother as often as he
does now.

5. I can assure you sir, the order will be shipped out tonight.

Answers:

1. would

2. wont

3. would
 4. wouldnt

5. will

Exercises All Modals

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the following modals:
can, could, be able to, may, might, shall, should, must, have to, dont have to,
need to
You may have to make the modals negative according to the context of the
sentence.
There may be more than one possibility.

1. He has to take his car to be serviced. The brakes are squeaking.

2. Would you please save me a seat at the dinner event.

1. If you are sick, you should not go to work. Youll infect everyone there.

2. Drivers must stop at red lights.

3. You dont have to finish the proposal today. You can finish it tomorrow.

4. She can hear much better with her new hearing aids.

5. shall I order us a bottle of wine?

6. Sam need not pick his daughter up from school. Shes taking the bus
home.

7. You must not smoke here. Its a smoke-free building.

8. You should not eat so many sweets. They are bad for you.

9. Would you mind walking a little faster? Were going to be late.

10. Im sorry. I cant help you. I dont know how to do it.

 Answers:

1. shouldnt

2. must

3. dont have to

4. can

5. shall

6. neednt

7. mustnt

8. shouldnt

9. would

10. cant

Past Modals: Should Have,

Could Have, Would Have
Should have, could have, and would have are sometimes called
modals of lost opportunity because they describe situations when
we are imagining that the past was different.

The general rule of Should, Could, and Would is:

Should for recommendation / advice

If you want to lose weight, you should eat healthy food.
 Could for possibilities
I have the day off tomorrow.
Great! We could spend the day at the beach. Or we could
go shopping.
Would for imagining results
If I were rich, I would buy a boat.

Click here to review the difference between should, could,

and would.

The same general rule applies when using should have, could have,
and would have for imaginary past situations.

SHOULD HAVE
Use should have to say that a different action was recommended in
the past.

If you arrive late to English class, you can say:

I should have left my house earlier.

If you regret an argument, you can say:

I shouldnt have yelled at you yesterday. Im sorry.

You can also use should have / shouldnt have to tell other people
that a different action in the past would have been better. If your son
fails a test, you can say:

You should have studied. You shouldnt have played video

games all weekend.
COULD HAVE
Use could have to talk about possibilities if something had been
different in the past.

For example, someone who didnt go to college can say:

If I had gone to college, I could have gotten a better job.

When talking about a gymnast who didnt win a competition, you can
say:

She could have won the gold medal if she hadnt fallen
three times.

Could have is often used with if + had + past participle (If I had gone
/ if she hadnt fallen) these if phrases express the imaginary past
situation. However, in some cases you can use could have without
the if phrase. Imagine youre driving with a person who makes a
dangerous maneuver on the road. You can say:

Are you crazy? We could have gotten into an accident.

WOULD HAVE
Use would have to imagine a result (if something had been different
in the past):

If you arrive late at the airport and miss your flight, you can say:
If we had arrived earlier, we would have caught our
flight.

If you forget your umbrella, and it starts to rain, and you get wet, you
can say:

If I had brought my umbrella, I wouldnt have gotten wet

in the rain.

Would have expresses more certainty about the result than could
have:

If I had worked harder, I could have gotten a promotion.

(maybe Id get a promotion but maybe not)

On a test where you need 70% to pass:

I got a 68 on the test. If I had gotten two more points, I would
have passed.
(with the two points, passing the test is CERTAIN)

Could have, should have, would have

These past modal verbs are all used hypothetically, to talk about
things that didn't really happen in the past.
Could have + past participle

1: Could have + past participle means that something was

possible in the past, or you had the ability to do something in the
past, but that you didn't do it. (See also modals of ability.)

I could have stayed up late, but I decided to go to bed early.

 They could have won the race, but they didn't try hard enough.

Julie could have bought the book, but she borrowed it from the
library instead.

He could have studied harder, but he was too lazy and that's why
he failed the exam.
Couldn't have + past participle means that something wasn't
possible in the past, even if you had wanted to do it.

I couldn't have arrived any earlier. There was a terrible traffic

jam (= it was impossible for me to have arrived any earlier).

He couldn't have passed the exam, even if he had studied harder.

It's a really, really difficult exam.
2: We use could have + past participle when we want to make a
guess about something that happened in the past. (See also modals
of probability.) In this case, we don't know if what we're saying is
true or not true. We're just talking about our opinion of what maybe
happened.

Why is John late?

He could have got stuck in traffic.

He could have forgotten that we were meeting today.

He could have overslept.

We can also choose to use might have + past participle to mean

the same thing:

He might have got stuck in traffic.

He might have forgotten that we were meeting today.

 He might have got stuck in traffic.

Should have + past participle

1: Should have + past participle can mean something that would

have been a good idea, but that you didn't do it. It's like giving advice
about the past when you say it to someone else, or regretting what
you did or didn't do when you're talking about yourself.

Shouldn't have + past participle means that something wasn't a

good idea, but you did it anyway.

I should have studied harder! (= I didn't study very hard and so I

failed the exam. I'm sorry about this now.)

I should have gone to bed early (= I didn't go to bed early and

now I'm tired).

I shouldn't have eaten so much cake! (= I did eat a lot of cake

and now I don't feel good.)

You should have called me when you arrived (= you didn't call
me and I was worried. I wish that you had called me).

John should have left early, then he wouldn't have missed the
plane (= but he didn't leave early and so he did miss the plane).
2: We can also use should have + past participle to talk about
something that, if everything is normal and okay, we think has
already happened. But we're not certain that everything is fine, so we
use 'should have' and not the present perfect or past simple. It's often
used with 'by now'.

His plane should have arrived by now (= if everything is fine, the

plane has arrived).
 John should have finished work by now (= if everything is
normal, John has finished work).
We can also use this to talk about something that would have
happened if everything was fine, but hasn't happened.

Lucy should have arrived by now, but she hasn't.

Would have + past participle

1: Part of the third conditional.

If I had had enough money, I would have bought a car (but I

didn't have enough money, so I didn't buy a car).
2: Because 'would' (and will) can also be used to show if you want to
do something or not (volition), we can also use would have + past
participle to talk about something you wanted to do but didn't. This
is very similar to the third conditional, but we don't need an 'if
clause'.

I would have gone to the party, but I was really busy.

(= I wanted to go to the party, but I didn't because I was busy. If
I hadn't been so busy, I would have gone to the party.)

I would have called you, but I didn't know your number.

(= I wanted to call you but I didn't know your number, so I didn't
call you.)

A: Nobody volunteered to help us with the fair

B: I would have helped you. I didn't know you needed help.
(= If I had known that you needed help, I would have helped
you.)