Dynamic Voltage Restorer To Improve Power Quality.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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1.1 OVERVIEW

The electric power system is considered to be composed of three functional blocks -

generation, transmission and distribution. For a reliable power system, the generation unit must
produce adequate power to meet customers demand, transmission systems must transport bulk
power over long distances without overloading or jeopardizing system stability and distribution
systems must deliver electric power to each customers premises from bulk power systems.
Distribution system locates the end of power system and is connected to the customer directly, so
the power quality mainly depends on distribution system. The reason behind this is that the
electrical distribution network failures account for about 90% of the average customer
interruptions. In the earlier days, the major focus for power system reliability was on generation
and transmission only as these more capital cost is involved in these. In addition their
insufficiency can cause widespread catastrophic consequences for both society and its
environment. But now a days distribution systems have begun to receive more attention for
reliability assessment.

1.2 SCOPE OF WORK

From the literature review, it is observed that the work on the investigation on power with
compensating devices is very much diversified. However it is observed that there is a scope to
investigate the effectiveness of compensating devices for different loads and with different
loading conditions in distribution system. As the distribution system locates the end of power
system and is connected to the customer directly, so the reliability of power supply mainly
depends on distribution system. As the customers demand for the reliability of power supply is
increasing day by day, so the reliability of the distribution system has to be increased. Electrical
distribution network failures account for about 90% of the average customer interruptions. So it
is highly required to increase the reliability of the distribution system

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 Dynamic Voltage Restorer To Improve Power Quality.

CHAPTER 2

POWER QUALITY

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2.1 INTRODUCTION

The IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics defines power quality as the
concept of powering and grounding sensitive electronic equipment in a manner that is suitable to
the operation of that equipment. Power quality may also be defined as the measure, analysis,
and improvement of bus voltage, usually a load bus voltage, to maintain that voltage to be a
sinusoid at rated voltage and frequency.Another definition of power quality reported in the
literature [1] is as follows:

2.2 POWER QUALITY- A BIG ISSUE

Power quality in electric networks is one of today's most concerned areas of electric
power system. The power quality has serious economic implications for consumers, utilities and
electrical equipment manufacturers. Modernization and automation of industry involves
increasing use of computers, microprocessors and power electronic systems such as adjustable
speed drives. Integration of non-conventional generation technologies such as fuel cells, wind
turbines and photo-voltaic with utility grids often requires power electronic interfaces. The
power electronic systems also contribute to power quality problems (generating harmonics).
Under the deregulated environment, in which electric utilities are expected to compete with each
other, the customer satisfaction becomes very important. The impact of power quality problems
is increasingly felt by customers - industrial, commercial and even residential.

2.3 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH POWER QUALITY

2.3.1 MOMENTARY PHENOMENA
2.3.1.1 Transients
Transients are unwanted decay with time and hence not a steady state problem. A broad
definition is that a transient is that part of the change in a variable that disappears during

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 Dynamic Voltage Restorer To Improve Power Quality.

transition from one steady state operating situation to the other". Another synonymous term
which can be used is surge.
Transients are further classified into two categories:
(a) Impulsive
(b) Oscillatory
2.3.1.2 Long Duration Voltage Variations
When rms (root mean square) deviations at power frequency last longer than one minute,
then we say they are long duration voltage variations. They can be either over voltages which is
greater than 1.1p.u or under voltages which is less than 0.9p.u. Over voltage is due to switching
off a load or energizing a capacitor bank. Also incorrect tap settings on transformers can result in
over voltages. Under voltage are the results of actions which are the reverse of events that cause
over voltages i.e. switching in a load or switching off a capacitor bank.
2.3.1.3 Sustained Interruptions
If the supply voltage becomes zero for a period of time which is greater than one minute,
then we can say that it is a sustained interruption. Normally, voltage interruption lasting for more
than one minute is often unending and requires human intervention to restore the supply. The
term outage is also used for long interruption. However it does not bring out the true impact of
the power interruption. Even an interruption of half a cycle can be disastrous for a customer with
a sensitive load.
2.3.1.4 Short Duration Voltage Variations
The short duration voltage variations are generally caused by fault conditions like single
line to ground or double line to ground and starting of large loads such as induction motors. The
voltage variations can be temporary voltage dips i.e. sag or temporary voltage rise i.e. swells or a
absolute loss of voltage which is known as interruptions [3].
Voltage Sags
Voltage sag is defined as the reduction of rms voltage to a value between 0.1 and 0.9p.u
and lasting for duration between 0.5 cycle to 1 minute. Voltage sags are mostly caused by system
faults and last for durations ranging from 3 cycles to 30 cycles depending on the fault clearing
time. It is to be noted that under-voltages (lasting over a minute) can be handled by voltage
regulation equipment. Starting of large induction motors can result in voltage dip as the motor
draws a current up to 10 times the full load current during the starting. Also, the power factor of
the starting current is generally poor.
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 Dynamic Voltage Restorer To Improve Power Quality.

Voltage Swells
A voltage swell is defined as a raise in rms voltage which is between 1.1 and 1.8p.u for
time duration between 0.5 cycles to 1 minute. A voltage swell is characterized by its magnitude
(rms) and duration. As with sag, swell is associated with system faults. A SLG (single line to
ground) fault can result in a voltage swell in the healthy phases. Swell can also result from
energizing a large capacitor bank. On an ungrounded system, the line to ground voltages on the
ungrounded phases is 1.73p.u during a SLG fault. However in a grounded system, there will be
negligible voltage rise on the unfaulted phases close to a substation where the delta connected
windings of the transformer provide low impedance paths for the zero sequence current during
the SLG fault.
Interruption
If the supply voltage or load current decreases to less than 0.1 p.u for a period of time not
more than one minute is known as interruption. Interruption can be caused either by system
faults, equipment failures or control malfunctions. The interruptions are measured by their
duration alone. The duration due to a fault is determined by the operating time of the protective
devices. Duration of an interruption due to equipment malfunction can be irregular. Some
interruptions may also be caused by voltage sag conditions when there are faults on the source
side
STEADY STATE PHENOMENA
2.3.2.1 Waveform Distortion
This is defined as a steady-state deviation from an ideal sine wave of power frequency.
There are five types of waveform distortion:
(a) DC offset
(b) Harmonics
(c) Inter harmonics
(d) Notching
(e) Noise
2.3.2.2 Voltage Imbalance
Voltage imbalance can be defined using symmetrical components. The ratio of the
negative sequence or zero sequence component to the positive sequence component is a measure
of unbalance. The main cause of voltage unbalance is single phase loads on a three phase circuit
which resulting in load imbalance. Severe imbalance can be caused by single-phasing conditions
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 Dynamic Voltage Restorer To Improve Power Quality.

in the system.
2.3.2 VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS AND FLICKER
Voltage fluctuations are systematic variations of the voltage or a series of random
changes in the voltage magnitude which lies in the range of 0.9 to 1.1p.u. High power loads that
draw fluctuating current, such as large motor drives and arc furnaces, cause low frequency cyclic
voltage variations that result in flickering of light sources like incandescent and fluorescent
lamps which can cause significant physiological discomfort or irritation in human beings. The
voltage flicker can also affect stable operation of electrical and electronic devices such as motors
and CRT devices. The typical frequency spectrum of voltage flicker lies in the range from 1 Hz
to 30 Hz.
2.3.4 POWER FREQUENCY VARIATIONS
Power frequency variations are defined as the deviations of the system frequency from its
particular value of 50 or 60 Hz. The variations in the frequency begin from the changes in the
load and the response of the generators to meet the load. Thus the load characteristics which
dependence on the frequency and the control characteristics of the generators change the shift in
the frequency. In current interconnected power systems, frequency variations are insignificant
most of the time unless governor and load frequency controls are disabled under a system of
power shortages and a lack of grid discipline. Profitable incentives or disincentives that ensure
balance between existing generation and load may help control over frequency variations under
normal operating conditions. [2]

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 CHAPTER 3
CUSTOM POWER DEVICES
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3.1 INTRODUCTION

Initially for the improvement of power quality or reliability of the system FACTS devices
like static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), static synchronous series compensator
(SSSC), interline power flow controller (IPFC), and unified power flow controller (UPFC) etc
are introduced. These FACTS devices are designed for the transmission system. But now a day
as more attention is on the distribution system for the improvement of power quality, these
devices are modified and known as custom power devices. The term custom power describes
the value-added power that electric utilities will offer to their customers. The value addition
involves the application of high power electronic controllers to distribution systems, at the
supply end of industrial, commercial consumers.
The main custom power devices which are used in distribution system for power quality
improvement are distribution static synchronous compensator (DSTATCOM), dynamic voltage
Restorer (DVR), active filter (AF), unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) etc. N.G
Hingorani [5] was the first to propose FACTS controllers for improving PQ. He termed them as
Custom Power Devices (CPD). These are based on VSC and are of 3 types given below.
1. Shunt connected Distribution STATCOM (DSTATCOM)
2. Series connected Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)
3. Combined shunt and series, Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC).

3.3 CONFIGURATIONS

The compensating type custom power devices can be classified on the basis of different
topologies and the number of phases. For power quality improvement the voltage source inverter
(VSI) bridge structure is generally used for the development of custom power devices, while the
use of current source inverter (CSI) is less reported. The topology can be shunt (DSTATCOM),
series (DVR), or a combination of both (UPQC).
3.3.1 CONVERTER BASED CLASSIFICATION
For the development of compensating type custom power devices the VSI is used usually,
because of self-supporting dc voltage bus with a large dc capacitor, while the use of CSI is less
reported. The current source inverter topology finds it application for the development of active
filters, DSTATCOM and UPQC. The voltage source inverter topology is popular because it can
be expandable to multilevel, multi-step and chain converters to enhance the performance with
lower switching frequency and increased power handling capacity. In addition to this, this
topology can exchange a considerable amount of real power with energy storage devices in place
of the dc capacitor.
3.3.2 TOPOLOGY BASED CLASSIFICATION
Compensating type custom power devices can be classified based on the topology used as
shunt (DSTATCOM), series (DVR) and combination of both series and shunt (UPQC).
DSTATCOM is most widely used for power factor correction, to eliminate current based
distortion and load balancing, when connected at the load terminals. DVR can perform voltage
regulation when connected to a distribution bus.

1. DSTATCOM
A DSTATCOM is a custom power device which is utilized to eliminate the harmonics
from the source currents and also balance them in addition to providing reactive power
compensation to improve power factor or regulate the load bus voltage.

Figure-3.1 Distribution Shunt connected STATCOM

2. DVR (DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER)

A DVR is a custom power device which can work as a harmonic isolator to prevent the
harmonics in the source voltage reaching the load in addition to balancing the voltages and
providing voltage regulation.
 Figure-3.2 Series connected dynamic voltage restore

3. UPQC(Unified Power Quality Conditioner)

A UPQC is also a custom power device which can be considered as the combination of
DSTATCOM and DVR.

Figure-3.3 Unified power quality Conditioner

CHAPTER 4
DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER
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4.1 INTRODUCTION
 Among the power quality problems like sag, swell, harmonic etc, voltage sag is the most
severe disturbances in the distribution system. To overcome these problems the concept of
custom power devices is introduced lately. One of those devices is the Dynamic Voltage Restorer
(DVR), which is the most efficient and effective modern custom power device used in power
distribution networks.
DVR is a recently proposed series connected solid state device that injects voltage into
the system in order to regulate the load side voltage. It is generally installed in a distribution
system between the supply and the critical load feeder at the point of common coupling (PCC).
Other than voltage sags and swells compensation, DVR can also added other features like line
voltage harmonics compensation, reduction of transients in voltage and fault current limitations.

Figure-4.1 Location of DVR

4.2 PRINCIPLE OF DVR OPERATION

A DVR is a solid state power electronics switching device consisting of either GTO or
IGBT, a capacitor bank as an energy storage device and injection transformers. It is linked in
series between a distribution system and a load that shown in Figure 4.2. The basic idea of the
DVR is to inject a controlled voltage generated by a forced commuted converter in a series to the
bus voltage by means of an injecting transformer. A DC to AC inverter regulates this voltage by
sinusoidal PWM technique. All through normal operating condition, the DVR injects only a
small voltage to compensate for the voltage drop of the injection transformer and device losses.
However, when voltage sag occurs in the distribution system, the DVR control system calculates
and synthesizes the voltage required to preserve output voltage to the load by injecting a
controlled voltage with a certain magnitude and phase angle into the distribution system to the
critical load [18].

Figure-4.2 Principle of DVR system

Note that the DVR capable of generating or absorbing reactive power but the active
power injection of the device must be provided by an external energy source or energy storage
system. The response time of DVD is very short and is limited by the power electronics devices
and the voltage sag detection time. The predictable response time is about 25 milliseconds, and
which is much less than some of the traditional methods of voltage correction such as tap-
changing transformers [17].
 4.3 BASIC ARRANGEMENT OF DVR

The DVR mainly consists of the following components:

i. An Injection transformer
ii. DC charging unit
iii. Storage Devices
iv. A Voltage Source Converter (VSC)
v. Harmonic filter
vi. A Control and Protection system

Figure-4.3 Schematic diagram of DVR

4.3.1 INJECTION TRANSFORMER

Three single phase transformers are connected in series with the distribution feeder to
couple the VSC (at the lower voltage level) to the higher distribution voltage level. It links the
DVR system to the distribution network via the HV-windings and transforms and couples the
 injected compensating voltages generated by the voltage source converters to the incoming
supply voltage. In addition, the Injection transformer also serves the purpose of isolating the load
from the DVR system (VSC and control mechanism).

4.3.2 DC CHARGING UNIT

The dc charging circuit is used after sag compensation event the energy source is charged
again through dc charging unit. It is also used to maintain dc link voltage at the nominal dc link
voltage.

4.3.3 VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER

A VSC is a power electronic system consists of a storage device and switching devices,
which can generate a sinusoidal voltage at any required frequency, magnitude, and phase angle.
It could be a 3 phase - 3 wire VSC or 3 phase - 4 wire VSC. Either a conventional two level
converter or a three level converter is used. For DVR application, the VSC is used to
momentarily replace the supply voltage or to generate the part of the supply voltage which is
absent. There are four main types of switching devices: Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect
Transistors (MOSFET), Gate Turn-Off thyristors (GTO), Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
(IGBT), and Integrated Gate Commutated thyristors (IGCT). Each type has its own benefits and
drawbacks.

4.3.4 HARMONIC FILTER

As DVR consist of power electronic devices, the possibility of generation self harmonics
is there so harmonic filter is also become a part of DVR. The main task of harmonic filter is to
keep the harmonic voltage content generated by the VSC to the acceptable level.

4.3.5 CONTROL AND PROTECTION

A controller is also used for the proper operation of the DVR system. Load voltage is sensed
and passed through a sequence analyzer. The magnitude of load voltage is compared with reference
voltage. Pulse width modulated (PWM) control technique is applied for inverter switching so as to
generate a three phase 50 Hz sinusoidal voltage at the load terminals[20]. Chopping frequency is set
aside in the range of a few KHz. PI controller is used with the IGBT inverter to maintain 1 p.u.
voltage at the load terminals. The controller used in the test models shown in chapter 5 is PI

controller. Controller input is an actuating signal which is the difference between the V ref (reference
voltage) and Vin (actual voltage). An advantage of a proportional plus integral controller is that its
integral term causes the steady-state error to be zero for a step input
[19]. Output from the controller block is in the form of an angle that is used to establish
an additional phase-lag/lead in the three-phase voltages.

All protective functions of the DVR should be implemented in the software. Differential
current protection of the transformer, or short circuit current on the customer load side are only
two examples of protection functions possibility [20].

4.4 EQUATIONS RELATED TO DVR

Figure-4.4 Equivalent circuit diagram of DVR

Here the impedance ZLINE depends on the fault level of the load. When the system voltage
(VSOURCE) drops or reduced from any specific value, the DVR injects a series voltage i.e. VDVR
through the injection transformer such that the desired load voltage VLOAD can be maintained.
Now the injected voltage of the DVR can be written as
VDVR =VLOAD+ZLINE ILOAD -VSOURCE
Where

VLOAD = desired load voltage

ZLINE = Line impedance
ILOAD = Load current
VSOURCE = system voltage during any fault condition

If we take ILOAD as IL, VSOURCE as VTH, VLOAD as VL, ZLINE as ZTH then,

The load current IL is given by,

[PL jQL ]
IL
V
When VL is considered as a reference equation can be rewritten as,

VDVR 0 VL 0 ZTH ( - ) -VTH

, , are angles of VDVR, ZTH, VTH respectively and is Load power angle
Q
tan 1 L

PL
The complex power injection of the DVR can be written as,
SDVR VDVR IL*

It requires the injection of only reactive power and the DVR itself is capable of generating
the reactive power.
 4.5 OPERATING MODES OF DVR
The DVR is designed to inject a dynamically controlled voltage i.e. V DVR, which is
generated by a forced commutated converter. This voltage is injected in series to the bus voltage
by means of an injection transformer. The momentary amplitudes of the three injected phase
voltages are controlled such as to remove any harmful effects of a bus fault to the load voltage

VL. This means that any differential voltages caused by transient disturbances in the ac feeder
will be compensated by a equivalent voltage generated by the converter and injected on the
medium voltage level through the injection transformer. The DVR has three modes of operation
which are: protection mode, standby mode, injection/boost mode [16].

4.6 VOLTAGE INJECTION METHODS OF DVR

The voltage injection or compensation methods by means of a DVR mainly depend upon
the limiting factors such as; DVR power ratings, different conditions of load, and different types
of voltage sag [15].
There are different methods of DVR voltage injection which are
i. Pre-sag compensation method
ii. In-phase compensation method
iii. In-phase advanced compensation method

4.6.1 PRE SAG COMPENSATION

The supply voltage is always tracked and the load voltage is compensated to the pre-sag
condition. This scheme results in undisturbed load voltage, but normally requires higher rating of
the DVR. Before a sag occur, VS = VL = Vo. Here VS is supply voltage, VL is load voltage and
VO is pre sag voltage. The voltage sag results in drop in the magnitude of the supply voltage to
VS1. The phase angle of the supply also may shift (see Figure-4.5). The DVR injects a voltage
VC1 such that the load voltage (V L = VS1 + VC1) remains at Vo i.e. pre sag voltage (both in
magnitude and phase). It is claimed that some loads are sensitive to phase jumps and it is
essential to compensate for both the phase jumps and the voltage sags.

Figure-4.5 Phasor diagram showing injected voltage by DVR

4.6.2 IN PHASE COMPENSATION

The voltage which is injected by the DVR is always in phase with the supply voltage in
spite of the load current and the pre-sag voltage (Vo).
4.6.3 IN PHASE ADVANCED COMPENSATION
In this method the real power which is injected by the DVR is reduced by reducing the
power angle between the voltage during sag condition and load current. The minimization of
injected energy is achieved by making the active power component zero by having the injection
voltage phasor perpendicular to the load current phasor.
.6.4 MINIMUM ENERGY INJECTION
In this injection method the injected voltage is in quadrature with load current. The power
requirements of DVR are zero if the injected voltage by DVR is in quadrature with load current,
neglecting losses. Minimum energy compensation strategy which considers the voltage limitation
could control the active power exchange between DVR and the external system. The
compensation capability of DVR could be maintained by the strategy not only when the injection
voltage is under the voltage limitation but also when the injection voltage is above the voltage
limitation. Both magnitude and phase control can be achieved by small or minimum energy
injection
 CHAPTER 5
DVR TEST MODELS
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5.1 DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER WITH PI CONTROLLER

5.1.1 INTRODUCTION
A dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is a custom power device used to correct the voltage
sag by injecting voltage as well power into the system. The mitigation capacity of DVR is
generally influenced by the maximum load; power factor and maximum voltage dip to be
compensated. The DVR is to transfer the voltage which is required for the compensation from
DC side of the inverter to the injected transformer after filter. The compensation capacity of a
particular DVR depends on the maximum voltage injection capability and the active power that
can be supplied by the DVR. When DVRs voltage disturbance occurs, active power or energy
should be injected from DVR to the distribution system. A DC system, which is linked to the
inverter input, contains a large capacitor for storage energy. It provides reactive power to the load
during faulty conditions. When the energy is drawn from the energy storage capacitors, the
capacitor terminal voltage reduces. Therefore, there is a minimum voltage required below which
the inverter of the DVR cannot generate the require voltage thus, size and rating of capacitor is
very important for DVR power circuit. The DC capacitor value for a three phase system can be
derived. The most important advantage of these capacitors is the potential to supply high current
pulses repetitively for hundreds of thousands of cycles. Selection of capacitor rating is discussed
on the basis of RMS value of a capacitor current, rated voltage of a capacitor and VA rating of
the capacitor [18].

5.2 CONTROL PHILOSOPHY

A controller is required to control or to operate DVR during the fault conditions only.
Load voltage is sensed and passed through a sequence analyzer. The magnitude of the actual

voltage is compared with reference voltage (V ref). Pulse width modulated (PWM) control system
is applied for inverter switching so as to generate a three phase 50 Hz sinusoidal voltage at the
load terminals. Chopping frequency is in the range of a few KHz. The IGBT inverter is
controlled with PI controller in order to maintain 1p.u voltage at the load terminals. An
advantage of a proportional plus integral controller is that its integral term causes the steady-state
error to be zero for a step input. PI controller input is an actuating signal which is the difference

between the Vref and Vin. Output of the controller block is of the form of an angle , which
introduces additional phase-lag/lead in the three-phase voltages. [20] The output of error detector

is Vref - Vin. Where Vref equal to 1 p.u. voltage and Vin voltage in p.u. at the load terminals The
controller output when compared at PWM signal generator results in the desired firing sequence.

Figure-5.1 Schematic of a typical PI Controller

5.3 PARAMETERS OF DVR TEST SYSTEM

The test system employed to take out the simulations regarding the DVR actuation. This
system is composed by a 13 KV, 50 Hz generation system, represented by a Thevenins
equivalent, feeding two transmission lines through a three winding transformer connected in
Y// 13/115/115 kV. Such transmission lines feed two distribution networks through
two transformers connected in /Y, 115/11 kV.
Table-5.1: System Parameters
Sr. No System Quantities Standards
1 Source 3-phase, 13kV, 50Hz
2 Inverter parameters IGBT based,3 arms ,6Pulse, Carrier Frequency=1080 Hz ,
Sample Time= 5 s
3 PI controller Kp=0.5,Ki=30, Sample time=50 s
4 RL load Active power = 1KW ,Inductive Reactive Power=500 VAR

5 Motor load Voltage Vrms=460V, Frequency 50Hz

6 Three winding Y// 13/115/115kv
Transformer
7 Two winding /Y 115/11kv
Transformer

5.3.1 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF THE DVR TEST SYSTEM

Fig.5.2 Circuit Model of DVR Test System

 In this test system we have a generating unit of 13kv, 50 Hz. The test system employed to
carry out the simulations concerning the DVR actuation. The output from generating unit is fed
to the primary of the three winding transformer. Further two parallel feeders of 11kv each are
drawn. In one of the feeder DVR is connected in series and other feeder is kept as it is. For this
system two different loads are considered one by one with different fault conditions. The two
loads are linear load and induction motor load. PI controller is used for the control section.

5.4 SIMULINK MODEL OF THE TEST SYSTEM WITH LINEAR LOAD

In this simulink model we have a system in which two parallel feeders are shown. In both
the feeders further loads are also connected in parallel. In one feeder DVR is connected in series
with line and the other feeder is kept as it is. PI controller is used for the control purpose. Here
DVR system is connected to the distribution system using a booster transformer.

Figure-5.3 simulink model

 Result for the above system in which no fault is created is given below. The output
voltage for both the conditions with DVR and without DVR is same. The first two wave shapes
in figure-5.4 represent input voltage and current with respect to time. The next two wave shapes
are for load voltage and load current where DVR is connected. The last two wave shapes
represents uncompensated load voltage and load current.

Figure-5.4 output for a normal system

5.4.1 SIMULINK MODEL OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM WITH SINGLE PHASE

GROUND FAULT CONDITION.

In this model a single phase line to ground fault is created in both the feeders. Here the
fault resistance is 0.66 ohms and the ground resistance is 0.001 ohms. The fault time is 0.4s to
0.6s. The result of the load voltage in both feeders (with DVR and without DVR) for the above
system is given below.
Figure-5.5: Simulink Model with single line to ground fault

Figure-5.6: Output results for single line to ground

 Now here, the wave shapes of both the load voltages i.e. without DVR and with DVR are
compared.

Figure-5.7: Load voltage without DVR

Figure-5.8: Load voltage with DVR

It is clear from the above wave shapes of the load voltages that the amount of unbalance
in load voltage in that feeder where DVR is connected is compensated to large extent for single
line to ground fault in the distribution network.
5.4.2 SIMULINK RESULTS OF PROPOSED SYSTEM WITH DOUBLE LINE TO
GROUND FAULT CONDITION.

In this model a double line to ground fault is created in both the feeders. Here the fault
resistance is 0.66 ohms and the ground resistance is 0.001 ohms. The fault time is 0.4s to 0.6s.
The results of the load voltage in both feeders (with DVR and without DVR) for the above
system are given below.

Figure-5.9: Output result for double line to ground fault condition

Now from the above result we can easily compare the wave shape of load voltage of both
the feeders. The wave shape that the amount of unbalance in load voltage in that feeder where
DVR is connected is compensated to large extent for double line to ground fault in the
distribution network. The wave shapes for both the load voltages (with and without DVR) are
given below.
 Figure-5.10: Load voltage without DVR

Figure-5.11: Load voltage with DVR

It is clear from the above wave shapes of the load voltages that the amount of unbalance
in load voltage in that feeder where DVR is connected is compensated to large extent for double
line to ground fault condition.
 5.4.3 SIMULINK RESULTS OF PROPOSED SYSTEM WITH CONDITION OF
VOLTAGE SAG

In this system voltage dip is introduce in the system in both the feeders for the duration of
0.4s to 0.6s using three phase to ground fault with fault resistance is 0.66 ohms and the ground
resistance is 0.001 ohms. The output results for the above system are shown below.

Figure-5.12: Output result for voltage sag condition

Here the load voltage wave shapes for both the feeders are compared. The wave shapes
for load voltages only are given below.
 Figure-5.13: Load voltage without DVR

Figure-5.14: Load voltage with DVR

It is clear from the above wave shapes of the load voltages that the voltage in that feeder
where DVR is connected is compensated to large extent for voltage dip condition. So here the
amount of unbalance in load voltage in that feeder where DVR is connected is reduced.
 5.5SIMULINK MODEL OF THE TEST SYSTEM WITH INDUCTION
MOTOR AS LOAD.

Figure-5.15: Simulink model with motor load

The simulink model with the induction motor load is also investigated. The parameters
for the motor load is given in the system parameters Table-5.1. Different fault conditions are
considered for this load. There is inherent problem of starting dip in case of induction motor
and effectiveness of DVR to reduce this problem of induction motor is investigated in this
work. In addition, the different fault conditions like single phase to ground fault, voltage sag
condition are created in the proposed SIMULINK model and effectiveness of DVR for the
same is investigated. Results for all these conditions are presented in the next section.
 5.5.1 SIMULINK RESULTS OF PROPOSED SYSTEM WITH THE CONDITION OF
STARTING VOLTAGE DIP FOR INDUCTION MOTOR.
In this case, only the starting voltage dip in case of induction motor is considered. The
results for this case are given below.
The first two wave shapes in Figure-5.16 represents input voltage and current
respectively, with respect to time. The next two wave shapes are for load voltage and load
current where DVR is connected. The last two wave shapes represents uncompensated load
voltage and load current.

Figure-5.16: Output result for the starting voltage dip condition

In this result starting dip in case of an induction motor is taken only, without any fault
condition. The wave shapes of the load voltages for both the feeders are compared. The wave
shapes for load voltages are shown below.
 Figure-5.17: Load voltage without DVR

Figure-5.18: Load voltage with DVR

It is clear from the above wave shapes of the load voltages that the voltage in that feeder
where DVR is connected is compensated for starting dip condition and the amount of unbalance
in load voltage is reduced for induction motor load.
5.5.2 SIMULINK RESULTS OF PROPOSED SYSTEM WITH THE CONDITION OF
STARTING VOLTAGE DIP AND SINGLE PHASE TO GROUND FAULT FOR
INDUCTION MOTOR LOAD.

In the same model with induction motor as load a single phase line to ground fault is
created in both the feeders. Here the fault resistance is 0.66 ohms and the ground resistance is
0.001 ohms. The fault time is 0.4s to 0.5s. The result of the load voltage in both feeders (with
DVR and without DVR) for the above system is given below.

Figure-5.19: Output result for single phase to ground fault condition with motor load.
The wave shapes of the load voltages for both the feeders are easily compared. It is clear
from the above results that for the condition of single line to ground fault, the load voltage is
compensated to a large extent in the feeder where DVR is connected in series with the line. The
wave shapes for load voltages are shown below.
 Figure-5.20: Load voltage without DVR for motor load

Figure-5.21: Load voltage with DVR for motor load

Now if we compare both the load voltages, the voltage in the feeder where DVR is
connected is compensated and the amount of unbalance is also reduced.
 Figure-5.22: Load voltage with DVR for motor load
Now, from the above wave shapes of the load voltages that the voltage in that feeder
where DVR is connected is compensated to large extent for voltage dip condition for induction
motor load. Further this can also be shown through the THD (total harmonic distortion) graph
that the harmonic are reduced to great extent for the system with DVR. The THD for system
without DVR is about 29.67% and for the system with DVR the valve of THD is around 1.5%.

Figure-5.23: THD for load voltage (without DVR)

 Figure-5.24: THD for load voltage (with DVR)

So it is also clear from the THD graphs that the amount of unbalance in load voltage in
that feeder where DVR is connected is reduced to large extent, as the value of THD is reduced
for the system, where DVR is connected.
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
______________________________________________________________________________

6.1 CONCLUSION

In this work, a fast and cost effective Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is proposed for
mitigating the problem of voltage sag or dip and other fault conditions in industrial distribution
systems, specially consisting of the induction motor load. A controller which is based on feed
foreword technique is used which utilizes the error signal which is the difference between the
reference voltage and actual measured load voltage to trigger the switches of an inverter using a
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) scheme. Here, investigations were carried out for various cases
of load at 11kv feeder. It is clear from the results that the power quality of the system with
induction motor as load is increased in the sense that the THD and the amount of unbalance in
load voltage are decreased with the application of DVR. The effectiveness of DVR using PI
controller is established both for linear static load and induction motor load.

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE

The following points are recommended for future extension of work:

Other types of controllers like fuzzy controller and adaptive PI fuzzy controller can
be employed in the DVR compensation scheme.
Investigation of the effectiveness of multi-level DVR can be investigated.
The effectiveness of DVR can be established for active loads like PV source and Wind
turbine.
 REFERENCES
______________________________________________________________________________

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