Hiv/Aids Prevention Education: Teacher'S Guide

unicef
HIV/AIDS
PREVENTION EDUCATION
TEACHERS GUIDE
1
Acknowledgements
This book could not have been written without the contributions of a great many people,
and I am deeply indebted to each of them for their assistance and encouragement.
For sharing freely their ideas about good teaching:
Lin Shangren, Lan Honghua, Xiang Jingyi, Liu Ying, Wei Zhonghe, Dong Yifan,
Guo Changjiang, Sun Gang.
For reviewing and commenting on draft material at various stages.
Dr. Zhu Xiying, Xu Wenqing, Sun Gang.
For editorial assistance: Xie Lei, Stephen Hildyard
Translators: Liao Liang
Zheng Bocheng
Proofreaders: Debbie Chan (Canada)
Amy Lo (USA)
For design assistance: Liu Luoping
As well as the contribution and permission of the numerous institutions to reproduce sections
of their publications:
UNAIDS
WHO/UNESCO
Ministry of Education
Ministry of Health
Beijing University, Child and Adolescent Health Institute
Youan Hospital, Beijing
Red Ribbon Home, Ditan Hospital, Beijing
Clear Sky Organization, Chiangmai, Thailand
Yunnan Education Commission, China
Sichuan Education Commission, China
Characters in the Pictures

Page 13 No. Here you are./ wonderful/ come on / once again
Page 15 Century 20
2
Introduction to the Author
Dr. Jinglin He MD, MPH & PHD
Programme Officer of UNICEF Area office for China and Mongolia
Associate professor of Beijing University
Dr. He has worked in the Child and Adolescent Health Institute at Beijing University for 10 years on
health promotion programmes. She has implemented large-scale surveys on sex and HIV/AIDS
prevention aimed at university students and middle school students. Also, she has been involved with
health education to handicapped children and primary school students. Dr. He is author of nine
publications including HIV/AIDS Prevention Education Teachers Guide, 2000 and Children, Health
and Science, 1998. She has published over 20 papers.
Since 1996, Dr. He has been a Programme Officer in UNICEF on HIV/AIDS.
3
Foreword
We, the youth of our country, can make a difference. We can stop the spread of HIV
infection. This is one of the slogans for World AIDS Day 1999.
It demonstrates the determination of a great number of youth today to prevent AIDS.
However, AIDS is a growing epidemic around the world, undermining survival and happiness
of families and eroding the work force and the economy in society. Tragically, children carry a
great burden of the epidemic: worldwide, more than 8 million children have had to grow up
without mothers, and they often suffer from discrimination, malnutrition and a heavier
workload.
UNICEF is the lead United Nations organization for children. Based on the provisions of the
Convention on the Rights of the Child, UNICEF promotes the concept that the survival,
protection, development and participation of children are universal rights of every child.
Hence, the threat of AIDS requires more effective collaboration between UNICEF and other
international, government and non-governmental organizations in order to operate and target
more effective AIDS programs.
Political commitment from a countrys highest level of leadership is crucial for effective
prevention services. Public information and education on AIDS are essential to combat the
disease. Involving young people in prevention activities is essential if they are to be a positive
force for change and the future of their country.
The cost of including HIV education in the school curriculum is marginal. The benefits to
society are immense. The Life Skills educational approach has been proven to be valuable and
effective for the development of youth in many countries, and this is applicable to HIV/AIDS
education.
China is making tremendous efforts to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. Young people in
China, with determination, ingenuity and courage, can play a key role in educational efforts. I
am glad to see this Guide in use, produced through the hard work of Chinese experts, teachers
and UNICEF staff. I sincerely hope that Sichuans initiatives in its schools will be
successfully implemented and will serve as a model for other provinces in China and other
countries. UNICEF, together with the government of China and other international
organizations, will improve our cooperation and support in this endeavor.
We are fighting for survival of both Chinese society and of all humankind.
Edwin J. Judd
UNICEF Area Representative

China and Mongolia
4
Preface
AIDS is now endangering the health of all human beings on earth, especially the children,
young adults and women. In Africa, the AIDS epidemic has destroyed several decades
achievements in maternal and child hygiene. As a result, UNICEF sees the active engagement
in AIDS prevention as one of the key tasks to improve the existing situations of children,
young adults and women.
A change to a more liberal lifestyle is causing a large number of young adults to become
susceptible to AIDS. A survey of worldwide AIDS data indicates that most of the HIV-
positive people are young and middle-aged. By the end of 1999, in China, 79% of HIV-
positive persons were 20 to 40 years of age, while 9.5% were younger than 19 years of age.
Compared with most developing countries, the percentage of school-aged children attending
school in China is very high. This means that school can be an effective way to educate youth
on this issue. In its fight against AIDS, China will disseminate AIDS prevention information
to its young people in an extensive and timely manner if it can meet three key conditions: to
continue its achievements in primary and secondary education; to put into practice and
administer effective policies and; to train good teachers.
In 1996, UNICEF began its cooperation with the Chinese government in the administration,
dissemination and educational aspects of AIDS prevention. In their collaborative efforts,
youth education is one of the key elements of the AIDS prevention projects.
In September of 1997, with the aid of UNICEF, the Arts and Health Department of the
Ministry of Education held a seminar in AIDS prevention for teachers from across China. Life
Skills, which is widely adopted in the international educational field was introduced into this
seminar. Life Skills and the closely related Peer Education techniques both aim to develop the
ability of youth to make correct choices in real life. The seminar participants agreed the two
training techniques were effective and suggested using Life Skills in AIDS prevention in
school-based health education in China.
From 1998, UNICEF began supporting the training of teachers of different levels on Life
Skills in some Chinese provinces, cities and counties. The aim of the training was to establish
a group of qualified teachers and, in combination with Peer Education, to develop long-term,
continuous educational activities in secondary schools. The results of this school-based
education were to be extended, in a creative way, to families and communities. Thus, the
integration of AIDS prevention, quality education and students all-around development can
be made in this way.
Because of the success of the pilot program in Sichuan province, UNICEF is now using the
proceeds from selling greeting cards to broaden and develop AIDS prevention education
program in schools. UNICEF is striving, in collaboration with the Ministry of Education and
provincial educational departments, to help some areas to be the first to reach Chinas Long-
Term Program of AIDS Prevention and Control by 2002.
This Guide compiles and summarizes the essence of the training materials on AIDS
prevention from China and abroad. Also, it adopts many advanced teaching ideas, as well as
teaching materials that have been successfully applied in China. We sincerely hope this Guide
can be used as a reference in HIV/Aids prevention education and that the successful Chinese
experiences can be shared by individuals and organisations in the world.
5
Introduction
Steps and Methods for Achieving the Three-level UNICEF
Training of Teachers (TOT) Program
First-level
Trainers
- National and provincial experts
- International consultants.
Trainees
- Key teachers from the regions and counties, chosen according to specific standards.
Once qualified, these teachers become the provincial or regional trainers.
Trainees tasks
- Organize and develop the second and third level of teacher training.
- Organize and develop relevant activities in schools and in communities.
- Create relevant teaching materials.
Second-level
Trainers
- Provincial and regional key teachers the teachers who received the first-level training.
- National and provincial experts who can, when needed, provide guidance.
Trainees
- Key teachers from all schools. (three to four teachers from each school)
Trainees tasks
- Organize and develop the third-level teacher training.
- Direct other teachers in teaching.
- Organize and develop relevant activities in schools and in communities.
Third-level
Trainers
- Key teachers from all schools teachers who received the second-level training.
- Provincial and regional key teachers teachers who received the first-level training.
Trainees
- All teachers of each school.
Trainees tasks
- Combine the relevant subject matter with every school subject.
- Help to develop relevant activities in schools and in communities.
Activities in Schools and Communities
Activities can include:
Health education lessons.
Insertion of AIDS-related content in other subjects such as: Chinese, English,
Geography and Biology.
Extra-curricular activities: theme-oriented class discussions, singing, painting and
short skit competitions.
Parents meetings.
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Publicizing in communities.
Selection Standards for Choosing Regional and County Key Teachers

(Participants for the first-level teacher training)
The teachers must:
Be capable of or have the potential to organize and to conduct teacher training

in AIDS prevention education and Life Skills;
Have good communication skills, leadership abilities and initiative;
Have more than three years of teaching experiences;
Be able to guarantee time to take part in the planning, directing and carrying out
of all levels of teacher training (will sign a contract with the work unit or school)
Guarantee at least two years of time, after having been trained, to conduct training
Suggestions for Using This Guide

Adjust teaching content according to specific situation, for example:
To delete some content,
to choose some specific games,
to adjust time of discussion and the depth of topics, and
to respect differences between male and female students.
The problems of AIDS are interdisciplinary topics that can be taught through many school
subjects.
All the practical activities on AIDS prevention from China and abroad that introduced in this
Guide can be used as sources of extra-curricular activities, competitions and quality education
in schools.
This Guide can be used together with the schools sexuality education and social science
education curriculum. Also, it can be used as discussion topics for staff training in schools.
Explanation of the Teaching Plan

Time
In regard to the effectiveness and completeness of teaching, the stipulated time for each
lesson in the Guide is 60 minutes.
By coordinating with relevant departments in school, teachers can prolong the lesson
period or choose content that fits into a 45 minute lesson, according to the specific
situation.
We advise teachers to use extra-curricular time or the last lesson for teaching as far as
possible. If this is not possible, please coordinate with the teacher of the next lesson. If it
is necessary to protract the teaching time, inform the relevant teachers in advance.
7
Place
There are many activities, games, discussions and short skits in this Guide which require
active participation by the students so the atmosphere will be very lively. Teachers should pay
attention for the following points in choosing a place for the lesson:
A classroom with movable desks and chairs is preferred.
If possible, choose a relatively isolated classroom.
When suitable, some lessons can be conducted out of doors.
Subject
This Guide is intended for teaching secondary school students. The age range of Chinese
junior high school is 12-14 years old and that of senior high school is about 15-17 years old.
Unit One, HIV/AIDS - Basic Information and Unit Three, How to Prevent AIDS and How
to Deal with HIV-positive People are unitary teaching plans for both junior and senior high
school students. Teachers need to adjust the teaching content according to the level of the
class.
Most of the subjects in Unit Two: How close is AIDS to Us? and Unit Four: Use HIV/AIDS
Prevention for a Happy, Healthy and Successful Life are different for junior and senior high
school students. The section intended for junior students emphasizes participation in activities
and stimulating enthusiasm.
The section intended for senior students puts stress on fostering analytical ability and
discussion of relationships between boys and girls in adolescence. Teachers can use different
parts of the junior and senior curriculums to enrich their own lessons.
Thinking and Practice

Aims
The aims are to:
Guide students to integrate what they learn at school with real life.
Offer teachers a new way of thinking.
Enrich students extra-curricular activities.
Foster multi-faceted qualities in students by taking AIDS prevention curriculum as a
starting point.
Application
Every school can choose, adjust and adapt the teaching plans according to their specific
situation.
The premise of using the teaching plans successfully is that teachers break out of their old
way of thinking and improve their all-around abilities.
The training and coordination of peer leaders are key elements of carrying out the
program.
8
Pay attention to your speaking tone and attitude when taking up this part. Be careful not to
pressure students. This part emphasizes real life ability, therefore teachers need to
stimulate students enthusiasm and interest and to encourage them to creatively integrate
knowledge of books with life.
Teachers should particularly train students the abilities of how to deal with frustrations
and how to break through ones limitations. For example: how to conquer timidity and
how to cope with embarrassing questions in communication.
Teachers can try to integrate this program with the school moral education policy and
quality education.
Summarize after teaching.
Challenges and Rewards for Teachers Using this Guide

Challenge
Transformation of the Teachers Role
The traditional class, which gives high priority to the teachers passing on knowledge, is a
teacher-centered class. In this Guide, the key role of the teacher is to be a facilitator. This
is student-centered teaching.
How to pass on knowledge of sexuality education and AIDS prevention
- It is a long-time headache for teachers to explain sex in a scientific and lively
way that students can accept, especially when referring to sexual transmission of
AIDS. The trend of the AIDS epidemic is so grim that teachers can no longer
avoid this topic. This Guide uses diagrams to help teachers explain these facts
and lists references related to sexuality education. It also gives some views of
experienced teachers. However, the initiation of the topic is always the most
important thing when teaching.
Dealing with embarrassing situations (The following may arise):
- Students do not want to discuss the topics and the atmosphere of the classroom is
apathetic.
- If the time for doing an activity or playing a game is too long or too short, it can
lessen the effectiveness of the lesson.
- The class may be out of order when doing some games.
- If the students thinking is not stimulated they may make irrelevant replies to
questions.
- Some students may purposely ask embarrassing questions.
Teachers should have a good understanding of the above situations and prepare the lessons
thoroughly in advance. Peer leaders can be very helpful if used appropriately.
The effectiveness of a lesson depends, to a great extent, upon the teachers personal charm
and upon mutual trust between teacher and student.
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Teachers need to acquire the ability to collect and absorb information efficiently, and be
flexible when dealing with changing circumstances and communicating with different
kinds of people.
Rewards
The teacher may be the person to whom students will be eternally grateful.
Students in their adolescence seldom have the opportunity to consult adults who they trust
about sex, drugs and AIDS. However these are problems that confuse them a lot and even
threaten their healthy growth. Therefore, students will be particularly grateful to those who
can help them to resolve these problems. On the long road of growing up, students will not
forget what they learned in class and from discussions concerning such topics.
Self-Improvement for Teachers

Carrying out AIDS education and using new teaching techniques can help teachers break out
of their old ways of thinking. Through interacting with students, teachers can greatly improve
their own abilities in class control. This will enable them to improve the art of teaching and
open a new road to quality education.
10
The Origin of the Red Ribbon
Once upon a time, in the early part of our era, AIDS was JUST A DISEASE
Some of the American artists began to wear red ribbons to silently remember
their companions who died of AIDS.
At one of the international conferences on AIDS, people living with HIV/AIDS cried out,
for human AIDS programmes
Long red ribbons were thrown over and landed on people seated at the plenary hall
Supporters of the action cut the ribbons into small pieces then folded and pinned it
on their shirts, over their hearts.
Red Ribbon
A symbol of people binding together to show support and care
for people living with HIV/AIDS,
A symbol of our love for life and thirst for equality.
A symbol of our determination to participate AIDS prevention with our heart.
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CONTENTS
Foreword
Preface
Introduction
SECTION ONE:
THE TEACHING PLAN
Effective Ways to Build up Classroom Atmosphere
Encouragement: You Are Really Something, I Am Really Something!
Unit 1:
HIV/AIDS - Basic Knowledge
I The Teaching Goals
II Teaching Content and Timetable
III Teaching Details
Warm-up Activity: Where are You?
Ground Rules
Group Discussion: Talk Straight
Activity: Picture Drawing
Questions and Answers
Thinking and Practice: Focus Interview
IV Teaching Reference
Basic Knowledge About HIV/AIDS and STDs
Basic Knowledge about Narcotics
Smoking An Initiator of Drug Abuse
Table to Record Classroom Activities
Unit 2:
How Close Is Aids To Us?
Warm-up Activity: I Am Your Eyes
For Junior High School Students:
Group Discussion
Activity: Wild Fire -AIDS is Just Beside Us
Teachers Summary
For Senior High School Students:
Analysis of Article: How Do We Understand AIDS?
Activity: Are You in Danger?
Teachers Summary
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Thinking and Practice:
Collect and Analyse Newspaper Information
The World AIDS Epidemic
The AIDS Epidemic in China
The Harm of AIDS towards Humans
How AIDS Affects Children
Unit 3:
Ways to Prevent AIDS and Treat HIV-Positive and AIDS Patients
Warm-up Activity: Hand Knot
Activity: Danger Zone
Case Study: The Story of Ryan
Teachers Summary
Thinking and Practice: A letter to a HIV Positive Mother
Two Different Stories
Care and Support for People Living With HIV/AIDS
Unit 4:
Use HIV/AIDS Prevention for a Happy, Healthy and
Successful Life
Warm-Up Activity: The River of Life
Role Play
How to Make Decisions: T-Analysis
The Art of Life
For Junior High School Students
Human Mirror
For Senior High School Students
Rendevous on the Hills
Conclusion Activity: Where are You?
Parents involvement in AIDS Prevention Education
Parents Involvement
Friendship and Love
Preventing Sexual Assault
Juvenile Delinquency in China - General Situation
Qualified Personnel in China in the 21st Century Trends
13
SECTION TWO:
REFERENCES
I Extracts from Speeches by Officials of the Chinese Government

and International Organizations
Instructions of Premier Zhou Enlai
Instructions of Vice premier Li Lanqing
Instruction of Dr. Wu Jieping, Vice-Director of the Standing Committee
of the National Peoples Congress
Speech of Madam Peng Peiyun, State Councilor, in the Second Coordination
Meeting of Prevention and Treatment of STD/AIDS
Dedication by Professor Luc Montagnier, President of the World Foundation
for Aids Research and Prevention
Extracts of speeches by Dr. Peter Piot, Director of UN
AIDS Planning Committee
II Chinas Medium and Long-term Programme for the

Prevention and Control of AIDS (1998-2010)
III Basic Knowledge Concerning AIDS Prevention
The ABC of HIV/AIDS Prevention
Ten Basic Messages Concerning HIV/AIDS Prevention
Questionnaire about Attitudes and Awareness of HIV/AIDS
IV Life Skills and Peer Education: Theory and Practice
Life Skills
Sample Class Activities for Life Skills Training
Peer Education
V School Life Skills for HIV/AIDS Prevention
Educational Channels
Teaching Methods
VI Integration of UNICEF Resources with Local Creativity in
HIV/AIDS Prevention Projects
Summary of HIV/AIDS Prevention and School Life Skills Education
Experiences on Third-Level Training for Teachers
Programs Effectively Implemented in Fuyuanhao Vocational School
Recommended Teaching Plans
VII Permeating AIDS Education into School Subjects
Integration with Verbal (Chinese) Class
Integration with English Class
Integration with Geography Class
Integration with Mathematics Class
Integration with Social Sciences Class
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VIII Experiences and Methods Used to Promote Sex Education
and AIDS Prevention
Nine Ways to Talk at Home With Your Kids About Sex
Experiences with Sex Education and AIDS Prevention Education in Schools
IX The World Youth Against AIDS Campaign
Youth and HIV/AIDS
Slogans to Fight AIDS
X World AIDS Day
The Origin
The Themes
Exemplary Activities
XI Useful Information About AIDS
Where can an HIV Antibody Test be Performed?
AIDS Hotlines in China
Relevant Websites
Bibliography
Afterword
Abbreviations
15
SECTION ONE:
THE TEACHING PLAN
16
Effective Ways to Build up Classroom Atmosphere
New Methods to Divide the Class Into Groups
In order to break out of the formal structure and thinking pattern of regular class, as well as
the restriction of communications resulting from fixed seats, the following could be adopted
to rearrange the class so students will have more desire to take part in discussions and games.
The class can be divided into groups in the following ways:
Calling numbers. According to the number of groups required by the activity, the teacher
asks students to call out numbers in sequence and those who have called out the same
number will form one group. For instance, in a class of 21 students, each student will call
out numbers from 1 to 7. Every 7th student will end up with the same number and form
one group with a total of three groups of 7 students.
Birthdays. Divide up the class by the months that they were born in, forming twelve
groups. Alternatively, the class can be divided by seasons, thus forming 4 groups.
Animal sounds. Distribute cards with animal names on them with one kind of animal for
each group. Each student will then imitate the sound of the animals he/she has on his/her
card and will then look/listen for other students making the same sound, thus forming their
respective groups.
Shaking hands randomly. The entire class will stand up and each student will walk to
and shake hands with whomever they want. After a while, the teacher will call out STOP,
and the pairs of students shaking hands at that moment will form groups of two.
Other methods include dividing the class by math symbols, geometrical figures, chemical
elements, mountains, rivers, lakes, railways, synonyms, antonyms or English words.
Encouragement: You are Really Something, I am Really Something!

Timing:
Before or after an activity, such as a game or a discussion.
Process:
The students sit in a circle. Each person with both hands clenched as fists. The arms are held
out across the body (but not quite with crossed arms), and the arms and fists are rolled in a
circular motion around each other.
When rolling their arms in an outwards circular direction, they will say, You are really
something, you are really something, you are really really really something!
Immediately after the last word something, everyone points his thumb to a person in the
circle.
Roll the arms again, this time in a circular direction towards oneself saying Im really
something, Im really something, Im really really really something! Then point the thumb to
oneself.
Repeat the process.
UNIT 1
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HIV/AIDS - BASIC KNOWLEDGE

This section explains the following:
Basic knowledge of HIV/AIDS.
Three main ways of being infected with HIV/AIDS.
The symptoms and threats of HIV/AIDS.
Behaviors that are not at risk of HIV/AIDS infection.
II Teaching Contents and Timetable

Duration: 60 minutes
Contents Duration Key points for training Materials needed
Preparations before Invite parents to the Refer to Unit 4

the class prevention class Parents
participation
1. Warm-up activity 15 min Activate the class and test the
2. Ground rules students to find out how much
they know about HIV/AIDS
3. Group Discussion 20 min Learn about the students Cards

4. Activity: current knowledge on HIV/AIDS
Picture Drawing and their attitude towards the
disease. Through discussion
have them contemplate the
issue.
5. Questions and 15 min Answer questions and clear Pictures
Answers students doubts. Give details of
the knowledge on HIV/AIDS
6. Thinking and 10 min Inspire the students to learn

Practice more in life and get them
prepared for the next class.

Warm-up Activity: Where are You? (10 minutes)
Goals
Test the students to find out how much they initially know about HIV/AIDS.
Activate the class, making the students feel refreshed.
Repeat this activity in Unit 4 to compare the effects of having these classes.
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Process
The teacher puts up the following question (on the blackboard, or with a slide projector):
Do you think we have to learn about HIV/AIDS?
Divide the blackboard into three parts and write the following on the respective parts:
Absolutely Necessary / Necessary / Unnecessary
Ask 10-15 students to stand in front of one of the three parts, according to their own
attitude towards AIDS thus forming three groups.
Ask each of them to tell the class why they chose the part they did.
The teacher then says: If any of you have been convinced by the reasons of students in
other groups, you can join them.
Ask those students who changed their position to tell the class why they did so.
Teachers Summary
The teacher points out that everyone has his own understanding of HIV/AIDS and its
prevention, then ask the students to express what they expect from the class.
Important:
The teacher should not make any comments of his/her own nor should he/she intentionally lead the
discussion during the process.
The teacher should try to create a relaxed and active environment for the students to express what is
really on their minds.
During the activity, you should encourage students to act bravely in changing positions.
Ground Rules (5 minutes)

Goal
The education of AIDS prevention involves the topic of sex and health. Therefore, an
environment of mutual respect, trust, safety and relaxation is vital to the effectiveness of the
class. So it is very important to make the rules clear to the students in the first class.
Ground Rules
Respect everyones opinions.
Listen attentively and unnecessary interruptions should be avoided.
No personal questions. Discuss the topic and not about anyone in particular in the class.
Encourage each other.
Approach the class content with a scientific attitude.
If the speaker wants his/her opinions to be restricted to the class, everyone is obligated to
keep it a secret.
Important:
When announcing the rules, the teacher should be confident and natural.
Try to get the students positive response and support for the rules.
19
Group Discussion (10 minutes)
Goal
Learn about the students current knowledge on HIV/AIDS and their attitude towards the
disease. Through discussion, make them contemplate and speak.
Process
Divide the students into groups of four.
Distribute one card to each group with questions concerning HIV/AIDS written on them.
The students are free to talk while the teacher walks around giving instructions and hints,
but does not directly answer any specific questions.
The teacher invites a representative from each group to report on the results of the
discussion.
Questions for Discussion
What is AIDS and HIV?
What is the difference between AIDS patients and HIV positive people?
What are the main ways AIDS is transmitted?
Will hand-shaking, mosquito-biting and pool-swimming get people infected with
HIV/AIDS?
What other behaviours do you know is impossible to transmit AIDS?
How can you protect yourself from AIDS?
What type of people can be easily infected with HIV?
Activity: Picture Drawing (10 minutes)

Goal
Get to know how much, or little, the students know about HIV/AIDS and help the students
realize the extent of their knowledge on this topic.
Process
Ask the students to close their eyes and imagine what an AIDS patient could look like
then ask them the following questions:
- Are they male or female?
- Are they young or old?
- Are they fat or thin?
- Are they poor or rich?
- What do they do for a living?
- What does their skin look like?
- Ask the students to draw the imaginary patient on a piece of paper.
Compare their picture with a classmate (e.g. student sitting next to them).
Teachers Summary
Anyone can be HIV positive, you cannot tell just from how a person looks. Young people are
at higher risk of infection because of their features and behavior patterns.
20
Questions and Answers (15 minutes)
Highlights
What is AIDS?
What is HIV?
What is the difference between AIDS patients and HIV positive people?
How the process of AIDS takes effect and the symptoms (window period,
incubation period, infective period and clinical symptoms).
What are the three main ways that AIDS is transmitted?
What are the behaviors in everyday life that cannot transmit HIV?
Important:
The above highlights are discussed and illustrated in the Teaching Reference. The teacher
can refer to this information and the pictures to give a more vivid explanation.
When explaining AIDS transmission, keep in mind the age group of the class and include
as much information as appropriate (refer to Part 2, chapter 8, Experiences and
methods on promoting sex education and AIDS prevention in China).
When explaining AIDS symptoms, try to be scientific.
Thinking and Practice: Focus Interview (10 minutes)

Goal
Help students develop the following abilities:
To communicate and capture the point of an interview.
To collect information and analyze the comments received.
To adjust ones mind to face rejection (if an interview is refused).
To put words into action.
To put the newly learned knowledge into use and share it with others.
Process
Every student takes on the role of a reporter
(They can pretend to be from any newspaper they like.)
They have to hold oral interviews, taking notes if necessary, with at least three people
(parents, friends, strangers or any other person) before the next class.
The teacher writes out the three main questions for the interview
(on the blackboard or with a slide projector):
- Do you know anything about HIV/AIDS?
- How far away do you think AIDS is from us? Why?
- Will you accept and take care of AIDS patients? Why?
Important:
Present the assignment to the students as an interesting and challenging job.
Explain the feasibility of the assignment and leave some time for the students to ask questions.
Tell the students that there may be awkward situations, rejections and psychological barriers and leave
some time for the students to ask questions.
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Give guidance to peer leaders and encourage them to make preparations for their interviews in the
next class.
IV TEACHING REFERENCE
Basic Knowledge about HIV/AIDS and STDs
1) What is AIDS?
AIDS is the acronym for the term acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Immunodeficiency means that there is something wrong with the human immune system.
Immunity is the capacity of the body to resist the invasion of bacteria, viruses, and other
pathogenic microorganisms, prevents the body from falling ill every day and allows one to
lead a healthy life. HIV destroys the immunity of the body. Patients suffering from AIDS
become very vulnerable to microorganisms that are unlikely to affect normal people. Diseases
which manifest only very mildly in people with normal immune ability, become very severe
and incurable in people with AIDS.
2) What is HIV?
HIV is the abbreviation of human immunodeficiency virus. After invading the human body,
HIV destroys the T lymphocytes. It transmutes (varies) so rapidly that it is very difficult to
develop a vaccine to combat it.
HIV directly invades the immune system of the human body, destroying the immune cells that
resist infection with the result that the immune ability of the body is grossly compromised.
However, the HIV virus is itself very vulnerable. Outside the lymphocyte, HIV dies rapidly in
the outer environment. Commonly used disinfectants, such as 84 sterilizing fluid, bleaching
powder and alcohol kill it.
3) People Infected with HIV

People with HIV, or who are HIV carriers, are those who are infected with HIV but have no
symptoms. They can be characterized as someone with two eyes, one nose, and one mouth,
that is to say that they have the same appearance as any other person.
4) AIDS Patients
For people infected with HIV, their resistance to diseases is severely destroyed by HIV, to the
extent that their bodies fail to resist even mild disease and different manifestations of diseases
appear. Such people are called AIDS patients.
When a person infected with HIV becomes an AIDS patient, he/she may die within half a year
to two years.
5) HIV Positive and AIDS Patients - Basic Concepts that are Easily Confused
When people think of AIDS, they often confuse HIV positive with AIDS patients; what is the
difference between the two?
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At the point when HIV enters the human body, the body immediately resists it. The virus
needs some time to reproduce itself in the human body. People infected with HIV do not fall
ill beyond cure on the very day HIV invades their bodies. Initially, the immunity of the
infected person has not been severely compromised so no remarkable symptoms are apparent.
Such a person is considered a person who is infected with HIV or HIV positive.
During the second to fourth week after HIV has enters their bodies, some people infected with
HIV may have certain clinical manifestations, similar to flu-like symptoms such as a fever,
muscular pain or a rash. However, such symptoms often escape notice and not everyone
infected with HIV has such manifestations. People infected with HIV often look healthy and
live and work just like those who are not infected.
When the immunity of a person infected with HIV becomes severely compromised, to the
extent that the body fails to resist the attack of HIV, other pathogens exploit this weakness.
Pathogens invade and cause different diseases, such diarrhea, pneumonia, some carcinomas
and even dementia. At this stage, people infected with HIV are considered AIDS patients. The
clinical manifestations of AIDS are many and varied. AIDS patients may die of exhaustion
caused by severe diarrhea, pneumonia and cancer.
Based on the statistics from around the world, there is often a period between infection of
HIV and the onset of AIDS. Such a period can last from several years to 10 years or more. It
is called the incubation period. However, the length of the incubation period varies greatly.
Some people with HIV fall ill one to two years after the diagnosis. There are a lot of factors
that influence the speed of onset. Seeking medical guidance, effective preventive measures,
good nutrition, and health care are factors that play an important role in postponing the onset
of AIDS.
6) Window Period
It is impossible to diagnose HIV infection immediately after the virus enters the body.
Generally, the HIV antibody can be tested two to three months after infection. The period
between the infection of HIV and the successful detection of HIV antibodies is called the
window period. Only when HIV antibodies are detected can ones HIV status be determined.
Although the HIV antibody cannot be detected during the window period, a vast amount of
the virus already exists in the body fluid, especially blood, sperm and vaginal secretion.
People in the window period are highly infective. If a person is tested shortly after a
particularly risky activity and receives a negative result, he/she must be tested again three
months later. It is only then that the antibodies will be detected if that person is infected.
7) Incubation Period
The time between being infected with HIV and the clinical manifestation of AIDS is referred
to as the incubation period. The length of the incubation period is generally 5-7 years, the
shortest being 6-12 months and the longest being more than 10 years. The average length of
this period is 8-10 years.
During the long incubation period, an HIV-infected person shows no symptoms. They look
and feel healthy and may not even know their own HIV status unless HIV antibodies are
detected in their blood. However, HIV-infected persons during the incubation period are
highly infective. They can transmit HIV to other people through sexual intercourse and
through their blood. Therefore, any person who might be infected with HIV should seek
HIV/AIDS counseling and/or HIV testing.
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8) Infective Period
The so-called infective period is the period when the HIV-infected person or AIDS patient is
able to transmit the virus to others. With regards to AIDS, the entire period between being
infected with HIV and the death of the patient is considered the infective period.
Generally speaking, the HIV-infected person is the most infective during the window period
and at the very onset of AIDS, and less so during the incubation period. However, since the
incubation period tends to last for a rather long time (average of 8-10 years), this plays a
major role in the transmission of HIV.
9) Main Clinical Manifestation of AIDS

When the immune system of an HIV-infected person is severely destroyed and fails to resist
the attack of opportunistic diseases, this person eventually becomes an AIDS patient. The
advanced stage of the disease is reached once the HIV-infected person fails to prevent the
onset of AIDS. There is no escape from death.
AIDS has no specific clinical manifestation. Its symptoms and signs are varied and
complicated. The following are some clinically common symptoms: protracted low fever,
weight loss by 10% or over during a short time, pathologic leanness, fatigue, night sweat,
chronic diarrhea, chronic cough, general lymphadenectasis, vertigo, headache, dementia and
inactive response.
The most common infection in AIDS patient is Kaposis sarcoma, manifested as dark blue or
purple maculopapules and nodes in the skin. Other tumors, such as lymphoma, liver cancer,
and kidney carcinoma are also common.
So far, medicines for AIDS have no long-lasting effect. AIDS is still an incurable disease. The
course that AIDS will take depends on the constitution of the patient, his/her living conditions
and the level of medical treatment. In the end, AIDS patients die of prostration caused by
infection and cancer.
10) How to Determine if a Person is Infected with HIV?

It is impossible to determine if a person is infected with HIV or not through ones appearance,
since the virus can be hidden in the body for a long time without manifesting any signs or
symptoms.
To determine if a person is HIV-infected, generally a blood test has to be done to see if there
are HIV antibodies in his/her blood. Antibodies is a substance in the blood used to resist the
invasion of bacteria and viruses. Antibody is produced by the immune system. The presence
of the HIV antibody in the blood shows that the person is HIV-infected. The absence of the
HIV antibody in the blood, i.e., negative test result, shows that the tested person: is not
infected; or is infected but is within the window period (since the production of antibodies
needs three months), and a further test should be suggested.
11) Transmission of HIV

Since HIV mainly exists in blood, semen, vaginal secretion and breast milk of people who are
infected, any behavior that causes such body fluids to enter another persons body may cause
HIV infection.
Under normal conditions, skin and mucous membrane are natural barriers against infection.
However, those barriers may be damaged by cuts, abrasions, sores, or ulcers, all of which are
capable of infection.
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There are three modes of HIV transmission:
Sexual transmission
- The HIV in the semen, vaginal secretion, or menstrual blood of an infected person
may enter the body of another person through the membrane of genitals. Other
STDs, such as gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, etc. can also be transmitted by
sexual intercourse.
- Homosexual and bi-sexual behavior are high-risk activities exposing the
participants to HIV/AIDS infection
Transmission due to blood or blood products contaminated with HIV, such as through the
following means:
- Intravenous drug users sharing unsterilized syringes and needles;
- Transfer of blood products contaminated with HIV;
- Transplant of an organ of an infected person;
- Syringes or needles used have not been sterilized or adequately sterilized (the
principle of one syringe per person fails to be observed during EPI for children);
- Other medical instruments that pierce the skin, such as those used in dentistry,
obstetrics, gynecology, surgery and acupuncture that have not been sterilized or
adequately sterilized before reuse;
- Instruments used in barber shops, beauty parlors, tattooing, pedicure and ear-
piercing are not sterilized before reuse;
- Personal items such as razors, electric razors or toothbrushes are shared;
- Bleeding and physical contact occurs during sports;
- The damaged skin of a person providing first aid comes into contact with the
infected blood from the wounded
Mother to infant transmission
- Transmission of HIV from an infected woman to her fetus or infant may occur
before, during or after birth and during breastfeeding.
(See figure 1)
12) The Conditions under which HIV Cant be Transmitted

It is as important to know under what conditions HIV cannot be transmitted as opposed to
conditions where HIV can be transmitted, so as to avoid unnecessary fear of AIDS.
HIV cant be transmitted by the following routes:
food, drinking water and air,
casual person-to-person contact in public places, e.g., in classroom, cinema, market, and
swimming pool, or contact with seats, handrails, notes, coins, and bills, things for office
use, transportation, or in workshops, etc,
courtesy kissing,
courtesy hug,
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hand-shaking,
sharing of toilet and bathtub, or
mosquito bite.
(See figure 2)
13) Why Dont Mosquito Bites Transmit HIV?

There is no evidence to indicate that mosquito bites transmit HIV. HIV live in cells in the
human body but cannot survive in the body of a mosquito. Mosquitoes are not an appropriate
host for HIV.
14) Is Blood Donation a Risk for Transmission of HIV?

Donating blood will not put a person at risk of being infected by HIV, provided new or
thoroughly sterilized instruments are used.
15) Is Contact with AIDS Patients Dangerous?

Contact with AIDS patients and HIV-infected persons during ones daily life, including class
settings, are safe and without risk of HIV infection, since daily person-to-person contact
doesnt transmit HIV. Only a transfer of body fluid with an HIV-infected person is dangerous.
Figure 1
Three Modes of HIV Transmission
Sexual Transmission
Blood Transmission
Mother to Infant Transmission
Figure 2
Behaviors That Do not Transmit HIV in Daily Life
16) How to Avoid HIV Transmission?

To avoid contracting or transmitting AIDS:
Beware of transfusions of blood and blood products. (Hospitals must provide blood and
blood products that are screened and cleared before transfusion.)
Do not share syringes, needles, gauze, and absorbent cottons with others, especially with
intravenous drug users.
Avoid premarital sexual behavior.
Have a mutually faithful, monogamous sexual relationship with your partner and avoid
sexual promiscuity.
Always use high-quality condoms correctly and consistently while having sex.
HIV-infected women should avoid pregnancy, and
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Avoid using any instruments that may pierce the skin, such as a toothbrush, ear-
piercing needle, tattooing needle, razor, pedicure knife, etc.
17) Is There a Vaccine Against AIDS?

AIDS is a very serious infectious disease. To date no cure or effective vaccine for AIDS has
been developed. There are some drugs that can be used to treat AIDS-related infections.
While these drugs improve the patients condition and postpone death, they cannot cure AIDS
Some drugs work to inhibit the reproduction of HIV in the infected persons body and
effectively prolong the life of the infected person, although not eradicating the virus.
However, these drugs are too expensive in developing countries for most HIV-infected
persons to afford.
The development of a vaccine is under way. However, it seems that it will take several years
to develop safe and effective vaccines. HIV, unlike many other viruses, varies rapidly. This
characteristic makes the human immune system incapable to resist the infringement of the
virus and causes a great difficulty in developing a specific remedy and an effective vaccine.
18) What is a STD?

The term STD, is the abbreviation for sexually transmitted disease, which is any infectious
disease transmitted by sexual contact, i.e., sexual intercourse with a person with STD.
As laid out in Article 2, Chapter 1 of the Order No.15 of the Ministry of Health, Measures of
Control and Management of STD, issued August 12 1991, STDs include. 1) AIDS, gonorrhea,
syphilis. 2) chancroid, venereal lymphogranuloma, non-gonorrheal urethritis, condyloma
acuminatum, and genital herpes. These are all in the category of type B infectious diseases in
the Law of Control of Communicable Diseases of the Peoples Republic of China.
19) What are the Clinical Manifestations of STDs?

Abnormal discharge from genital organs, sometimes with abnormal odor.
Itching, pain, blister, ulcer, wart, or rash in the genital organs or by the anus
Dyspareunia, urodynia.
Fever, fatigue, or hypogastralgia.
In some patients, the clinical manifestations of STDs are very mild and easily ignored.
20) Do STDs Increase the Risk of HIV Infection?

There is ample evidence that indicates that STDs greatly increases the risk of HIV infection
and rate of spread, due to the fact that STDs can damages the skin and mucous membrane.
Those who suspect themselves infected with STD should go to a hospital to be examined.
STD patients should be aware that unprotected sex causes them to be at a great risk of HIV
infection.
21) Who are at High Risk of HIV Infection?

Comparatively, the following populations are at a very high risk of HIV infection:
People with multiple sex partners;
People engaged in unsafe sex behavior, such as penetrative sex without the use of
condoms;
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People still having sex in spite of being infected with STD; and
Intravenous drug users.
22) What is Unsafe Sex?

Unsafe sex means sexual behavior that causes the entrance of blood, semen, or vaginal
secretion into the bodies of one or both sex partners.
What Does Unsafe Sex Result In?

It may cause:
unwanted pregnancy that may result in artificial abortion, influencing mental and physical
health, school performance, and ones career,
infection by STDs resulting in infertility and systematic diseases, and
infection by HIV that endangers ones life.
How to Avoid the Results of Unsafe Sex Behavior?

Avoid premarital sex.
Be faithful to a single sex partner and avoid promiscuity.
Correct use of high quality condoms while having sex.
It would be best if both the male and female partners adopt protective measures
simultaneously: the male using condoms and the female taking contraceptive pills and
using an intrauterine device (IUD), a female contraceptive placed within the uterus.
How do Condoms Reduce the Risk of HIV Infection?

Correctly using condoms while having sex may reduce the risk of HIV/STDs infection. A
condom is a thin rubber cover to put on the hard penis so as to retain the semen therein after
ejection. It functions as an extra skin to protect the human body against the entrance of
infective bodily fluid.
The correct use of condoms include the following:
Pay attention to the expiry date. Do not use condoms that have expired.
Do not damage the condom while opening the package. Do not try to open it with ones
teeth.
Put the condom on the erect penis before it touches the sex organ of the sex partner.
While putting on the condom, pinch the air out of the tip of the condom with the thumb
and index finger of one hand, placing the condom on top of the penis, and with the other
hand, extend the condom gradually to the root of the penis. There should be no air left in
the tip of the condom as it is used to hold semen after ejaculation.
If small pores are discovered or suspected in the condom during the process of putting it
on or during use, it should be rejected and replaced by a new and intact one.
After ejaculation, hold the base of the condom before the penis becomes soft and carefully
retreat it out of the body of the sex partner. Be careful not to slip it in the body of ones
sex partner and not to let semen spill from the condom.
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While taking the condom off the penis, be careful that any vaginal secretion, which the
hand may have contact with, does not come into contact with the glands of the penis. The
used condom must be carefully disposed. It cannot be reused.
Basic Knowledge about Narcotics

1) What are Illegal Drugs?
Drugs, in a broad sense, refers to all substances that are used to treat diseases. In a narrow
sense, it refers to certain addictive materials, such as opium, heroin, cannabis, cocaine, and
other narcotics and psychotic drugs that are controlled by specific laws and regulations issued
by the State Council that can cause severe dependence in human beings. Sometimes the term
narcotics (or illegal drug) is used to refer to all addictive drugs, generally referred to as
narcotics.
Nowadays the narcotics commonly used by drug users in China include heroin, opium,
cannabis, ice and MDMA.
2) What is Considered Drug Use?

Drug use means taking addictive drugs, through swallowing, inhalation, or intravenous
injection for non-medical purpose. Intravenous drug users are at a high risk of being infected
with HIV.
3) Harm of Addictive Drugs to the Human Body

Narcotics cause drug dependence in human beings. For example, once a person has been
addicted to narcotics (a single dose of heroin may cause drug dependence), if he/she stops
using, great physical and psychic discomfort follows, such as; muscular pain, abdominal pain,
lacrimination, running nose, anxiety, and insomnia. Drug users cannot extricate themselves
from dependence on these drugs either mentally or physically.
There are also other dangers to drug use. Heroin taken in a large dose can cause respiratory
failure and death. The infection of many pathogens, including HIV, may be caused by the
contamination of syringes, needles, solutions, and drugs or through the sharing of syringes.
Many drugs can enter the body of a fetus through the placenta. Drug use during pregnancy
may harm the fetus causing congenital deformity, developmental disorders, miscarriages,
premature labor and still birth.
4) Harm of Narcotics to Society

Narcotics not only ruin the body and mind of the drug users themselves, but they also transmit
hepatitis, AIDS and other diseases. According to the statistics of the World Health
Organization (WHO), the infection rates of hepatitis B and hepatitis C among drug users are
as high as 22% and 68% respectively, due to the use of dirty syringes. Up to the end of
December 1998, 69.4% of the 12,639 persons confirmed as HIV positive by blood testing in
China, were drug users.
Drug use over a long time makes the drug users indulge in illusory self-experience from
which they cannot extricate themselves. They lose interest in association with other people,
and can even lose interest for life itself. They lose the feeling of human honor and
conscience. In order to obtain money to buy drugs, they are liable to act out of desperation,
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practicing unhealthy behaviors or committing crimes, thus threatening the safety of their
families, other families and the stability of society.
The harm of narcotics to society are mainly manifested as:
Loss of family savings, falling-out among family members and relatives, breakdown of
the family, and misfortune to descendents.
Transmission of diseases to others. In the areas where drug use is prevalent, many drug
users are infected with HIV. They often transmit the virus to their fellow drug users, their
spouses and innocent relatives and friends.
Corruption of social value and disturbance of public order. Once in the habit, drug users
often commit theft, robbery, embezzlement, corruption, prostitution, and even murder to
obtain money to buy drugs, regardless of the consequences. According to statistics, 80%
of female drug users have become so desperate as to be willing to sell their bodies for the
money to buy drugs.
Hampering of the economic development of a society, thus causing colossal socio-
economic loss. For example, many villages near the Gold Triangle, a cross border region
between China, Thailand and Myanmar, where a great amount of drugs are produced, are
short of laborers and crops, with land and empty houses lying waste under the devastation
of drugs.
Smoking -An Initiator of Drug Abuse

The burning of tobacco releases many harmful materials, such as coal tar, nicotine, carbon
monoxide, aldehydes, nitrides and radioactive materials. The harm that tobacco causes to the
human body is multidimensional.
A great number of documents show that the more one smokes, the more at risk one is to lung
cancer. Smokers are at risk of lung cancer 10-20 times more compared with non-smokers.
Long-term smoking causes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and chronic inflammation of
nose, pharynx, throat, and nasal sinuses. Smoking is one of the risk factors of atherosis. It also
causes coronary heart diseases and reduces the bodys immunity.
Miscarriages and premature labor are likely to occur to the pregnant women who smoke. The
harmful materials, such as nicotine and cyanide in cigarette smoke may enter into the fetus
body to influence the normal development of the fetus. Smoking may cause oral ulcer and
periodontitis. The incidence rate of gastric and duodenal ulcer among smokers is 2-3 times
higher than that among non-smokers.
Smoking not only harms the smoker, but also others. Studies show that living with second-
hand smoke for a long time can cause bronchitis, pneumonia, emphysema, lung cancer,
cardiovascular diseases, and other diseases that first-hand smokers are susceptible to.
Additionally, smoking may lead to other dependent drug use, and as previously described, the
sharing of syringes among intravenous drug users is one of the dominant modes of
transmission of HIV. Thus, adolescent should not try smoking. Those who already smoke
should try to quit.
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Table to Record Classroom Activities
Class:
Number of Students:
Activity: Number of Number of Students with Different Opinions Students Time Note
Where Are Participants Remarks taken
You
(1st Unit) Very Necessary Not
Do you feel it Necessary Necessary
necessary to
know about
AIDS?
(4th Unit) Very Necessary Not
Do you feel it Necessary Necessary
necessary to
know about
AIDS?
(4th Unit) Very Confident Not
Are you Confident Confident
confident in
being able to
prevent
AIDS?
Summary
The table is used for the activity Where Are You in the Unit 1 and Unit 4 to help teachers
compare the changes in knowledge and attitudes among students before and after the lessons.
Teachers may have this table copied or they may return to this page to make a record after
finishing the 4th session.
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UNIT 2
HOW CLOSE IS AIDS TO US?
I THE TEACHING GOALS

This Unit deals with the following topics:
The upward epidemic of AIDS in the world and China.
The impact of AIDS to society, family and individuals.
A sense of crisis about AIDS epidemic.
II TEACHING CONTENTS AND TIMETABLE

1.Warm-up Activity 15 min Listen and communicate, build Blindfold
up confidence
2. Group Discussion 38 min Make confident speeches,

(junior high school) clearly express oneself; learn
3. Activities about the AIDS epidemic trend
4. Summary
2. Article Analysis 38 min Develop an ability to analyze, cards
(senior high school) speak and imagine; Create a
3. Activities sense of crisis
4. Summary
5. Thinking and Practice 7 min Develop an ability to analyze

data; build up a sense of
responsibility for society.
III TEACHING DETAILS

Warm-up Activity: I am Your Eyes (15 minutes)
Goals
The goals are to teach students to:
Learn to listen attentively.
Learn to give clear instructions.
Build up team spirit.
Activate the class.
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Process
Pick a student to act as the Blind person and blindfold him/her.
Pick another student to be his/her eyes. That student will take the hands of the blind person
and help him/her walk through the aisles in the classroom or other places.
Put some barriers in the way, such as a chair, or have the other student lead the blind person to
some stairs to increase difficulty.
The guide will then let go of the blind persons hand and give oral instructions to guide
him/her. Other students must remain silent during this part.
After the walking is done, the teacher asks the blind person to tell the class the different
feelings he/she had while being guided by the hand and by oral instruction, and when the oral
instructions were clear and unclear.
Important:
:For the safety of the blind person, the teacher should forbid other students in the class to do
mischievous and dangerous things when the blind person is walking through the barriers, such as leg
stretching and clothes pulling. This is especially important when only oral instructions are being given,
During the whole walking process, the teacher and other students should keep encouraging the blind
person to walk bravely.
For Junior High School Students

Group Discussion: Talk Straight (10 minutes)
Goals
Provide an opportunity for the students to make a presentation after their first try on the
Thinking and Practice section.
Perfect students oral and analyzing ability.
Process
The teacher writes out the following topics (on the blackboard or slide projector):
Who did I talk to?
What were their answers to the three questions and what were the attitudes of the
people interviewed towards these questions?
What reasons did they give?
What can I learn from their answers?
Did I encounter any difficulties during the interview?
How did I solve the problems?
What impressed me most during the interview?
What can I learn from the other students interview experiences?
How can I do a better job if I go on another interview?
Were there any students who did not conduct the interviews, what were the reasons?
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The teacher divides the class into groups of 4 or 6 and distributes the above questions
among the groups, asking the students to exchange their responses.
The teacher then asks a representative from each group to make a presentation.
Important:
During the discussion, maintain a lively atmosphere, encouraging all students to participate.
The teacher should try to make the students think about the reasons behind the actions.
Control the presentation time for each representative so as to leave more time for other speakers.
Activity: Wild Fire -AIDS is Just Beside Us (20 minutes)

Goals
Create a sense of crisis for the students, make them understand that the spread of AIDS is a
serious problem and it is possible for everyone to be infected.
Process
1) Ask 20 students to come up and stand in a circle with everyone facing the inside.
2) Ask the students observing the game to remain silent and to pay attention to the
participants facial expressions during the process.
3) The teacher walks towards one of the participants and shakes hands with him/her, while
explaining to all students that hand shaking stands for high-risk behavior in the game. The
teacher goes on to explain that they need to have a gesture to show that a person is
exposed to the infection of HIV. The gesture is, when shaking hands, to slightly scratch
the center of the other persons palm. Then the person who is scratched will go on to do
the same to others. The teacher demonstrates the action while explaining.
At this point, the teacher reminds the class that what he/she did was just
a demonstration, and no one has yet been exposed HIV infection.
4) Ask the students to turn around and face the outside of the circle with their eyes closed.
The teacher then walks around the circle and scratches the shoulders of one or two
players, which means they have been infected with HIV in the game.
5) Ask all the players to open their eyes and turn around and face the inside of the circle.
Then ask them to watch the facial expressions of each other to see if they can detect the
supposed HIV infected person.
The conclusion is, we can never tell whether someone is HIV positive
or not from his appearance.
6) Make the students talk about their feelings when the teacher walking around and
designating the infected persons.
The conclusion to be drawn is that no one wanted his/her own shoulders
to be scratched, even in the game, because everyone is afraid to be even,
supposedly, HIV positive.
7) Remind the students that there are one or two HIV positives among them. After the game
has started, the HIV positive people will scratch the center of others palms when they are
shaking hands, and subsequently, those people will do the same to others.
8) The teacher stands outside of the circle and asks the students to walk freely and to shake
hands with up to one or two other participants.
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9) After the hand shaking is done, ask the students to form a circle again and ask them
whether there was anyone who didnt want to shake hands with others.
The conclusion is that everyone can make his/her own decision and
has the right to stay away from high-risk behavior.
10) Ask all the students whose palm centers were scratched to walk a step forward to form an
inner circle, the rest of them remain on their positions in the outer circle.
Now the students forming the inner circle are supposed to have engaged
in high-risk behaviour, and are exposed HIV infection. The students forming
the outer circle are not yet exposed to the infection, but they are not 100% safe.
11) Have the students who observe the activity ask the participants questions about their
experience with the game.
The following questions are for reference:
Questions for the outer circle
- How do you feel now?
- What do you think of the students forming the inner circle?
- Do you think you have a chance of getting HIV infected?
- Do you think you can stay in that safe environment for your entire life?
Questions for the inner circle
- How do you feel about getting HIV infected?
- Will you tell anyone about your being infected? Who will you tell?
12) Ask all the participants to form a new circle and express their feelings in words.
13) End the game by asking everyone to clap hands three times, symbolizing the death
of the HIV. Then everybody goes back to his normal life.
Teachers Summary (8 minutes)

The teacher explains the harm AIDS does to the society, families and young people. Help the
students recognize the crisis and urgency, linking themselves with the problem of AIDS.
For Senior High School Students

Article Analysis: How do We Understand AIDS (20 minutes)
Goals
This will help the readers to clear their minds and explain some students prevailing attitudes
towards AIDS
Process
The teacher writes out the 10 questions (On the blackboard or projects them to the wall).
If possible, give a copy of the article to each student or to each group containing 4
students. If there are not enough copies, the teacher reads the article or asks a student to
read it.
35
Divide the class into groups of 4 or 6, and asks them to exchange ideas on the 10
questions.
Ask the students to combine their ideas with the interview results to make a presentation.
Important:
Develop the students oral ability to express themselves.
When the students talk about their ideas, interview results and the difficulty they met, the teacher
should help them analyze the reasons behind what they encountered.
Analysis of Class Reading Material: How Do We Understand AIDS

Zhu Xuantong, Class 96-3, Dongbei Yucai senior high school, Shenyang
Although AIDS has become a widely discussed subject in the world nowadays, it still
seems far from us students.
Just the other day, when I was supposed to suggest a topic for presentation in class, I
started off by asking my classmates to raise their hands if they were interested in the
topic of AIDS. Out of 31 classmates, only two raised their hands. What surprised me
was that after the class was over, nearly 20 classmates came to me and asked about the
AIDS thing. I said, You are the majority of the class, why couldnt you have just raised
your hands if you really want to know about it? Their answer was simple: We do want to
know, but we feel weird about it, its so far from us.
I didnt sleep well that night. I prepared a lot of content for my presentation. As a disaster
of the century, AIDS has taken more than 11,700,000 lives, with the daily rate of 8,500,
including 1,000 children. And the rate is growing fast. These figures broke into my dream
like a nightmare.
We cant afford to hesitate. During the winter vacation, I carried out a survey among some
students in our class. The theme was How do you understand AIDS The survey was
divided into two parts. The first part consisted of 6 questions concerning the general
medical knowledge. The second part consisted of 10 questions, asking about their
attitudes towards AIDS.
In the first part, my classmates answers to the questions about the full name of AIDS,
ways of transmission and easily infected groups, were nearly 100% correct. The answers
to the questions about the subsequent symptoms, incubation period and death rate were
not bad - more than 60% were right.
In the second part, the questions are:
- Question One Do you think AIDS is a horrible disease? Some answered: No! If I got
it, Ill just shake hands with death. A few answered: Its not horrible if you mind your
own behaviour, but its still a barrier for human contact.
- Question Two asked what they thought of AIDS infected people. Their answers were
unanimous: Children are innocent, we should sympathise with them. However, for the
adults who didnt behave themselves, they deserve it, and are not deserving of
sympathy.
- Question Three asked whether we should allow them to continue living: One response
was to let them live. Another response was to let them be, since they cant live much
longer anyway. A following response was that their existence scares people, so they
shouldnt be allowed to live.
- Question Four asked whether they thought the dissemination of information about
AIDS in the school and in society was enough? Some answered that it was not
enough, while others answered so-so.
The rest of the questions had almost unanimous responses:
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- Question Five asked whether they would devote themselves to the dissemination of
information about AIDS. Everyone responded by saying that someone should do it
but not them personally.
- Question Six asked whether they thought that AIDS was far from them. They all
answered very far and it doesnt have much to do with me.
- Question Seven asked, if someone they knew was proven to be HIV positive, would
they take care of him/her or donate money. They all answered no.
- Question Eight response to the to what they would do if they knew that their
neighbour was HIV positive, they responded they would move immediately.
- Question Nine asked if they were HIV positive, they said they would absolutely not
tell others about it.
- Question Ten response to how they would live on if they were HIV positive, only one
person said that they would go to the hospital for medical treatment, and all the
others said that they would not continue to live.
According to the results of the survey, my classmates have a general understanding of
AIDS as a disease. But our infected people are being discriminated against, its harmful
for them to let the public know who they are.
Thirdly, we are not aware that we all have a chance of getting infected. We dont know
that AIDS is a threat to every one of us.
Currently, the most serious problem among my classmates is not the lack of medical
knowledge about AIDS, but the emotions we put on the disease. This compromises our
understanding of AIDS and the patients. As an ordinary middle school student, I call for a
positive social environment to match the dissemination of information on AIDS, so that we
can end the fear and discrimination that keeps an understanding of AIDS far from us.
I hope that AIDS will be conquered soon.
(Submitted in November 1997, it won the first prize in May 1998)
Activity: Are You in Danger? (10 minutes)

Goal
Make the students realize the seriousness of the spread of AIDS and make them understand
that everyone is responsible for the prevention of AIDS.
Materials
Enough numbered cards for each student.
One out of every ten cards should be picked out and recorded by the teacher. These
selected numbers will be the HIV infected persons in the game.
Process
Distribute the cards to the students.
Each student is to sign his/her name on the card given to them and should then ask two
other students for their signatures. When this is done, the students should then go back to
their seats.
Pick out a volunteer from the class to keep track of the time it takes to complete the
subsequent part of the game.
The teacher will call out the numbers of those who are HIV infected and ask the students
with a card that corresponds to those numbers to first call out his/her own name and then
the names of the other two who had signed his/her card. The students who are then
37
subsequently called will also stand up and do the same. Repeat this process until there are
no more students to be called.
Ask the student who was keeping track of the time to announce the amount of time the
whole exercise lasted. This short amount of time illustrates the how quickly AIDS is
spread to a large number of people.
Ask everyone to be seated and ask the infected and uninfected students to talk about
how they felt during the game.

Explain the rate of spread of AIDS and its devastating effects:
Emphasize the fact that AIDS is rapidly spreading and that it is a big problem in Asia
AIDS is not only a medical problem but also a social issue. AIDS is extremely harmful to
society, as well as to individuals and families. Everyone is responsible for the prevention
of AIDS.

Collect and Analyze Newspaper Information (7 minutes)
Goals
Learn about the news coverage on AIDS.
Develop the ability to collect and analyze information.
Build up a sense of responsibility for society.
Process
Encourage the students to get information through various types of media, such as
newspapers, magazines, radio and television.
Classify the information and try to analyze it using the following questions:
- What conclusions could we draw about AIDS if there was no coverage on it?
- What is the proportion of the coverage on AIDS in the newspapers?
- What is the significance of having this amount of coverage?
- How does the media report the problem of AIDS? What do the media tell us about it?
Encourage the students to form their own groups and use team work in carrying out the
activity so they can learn to cooperate and share information with others.
IV TEACHING REFERENCE
38
The World AIDS Epidemic
Diagram to be included
The AIDS Epidemic in China

HIV infection is rapidly spreading in China. The first case of AIDS was discovered in 1985 in
mainland China. As of December 31, 1999, a total of 17,316 HIV-infected cases have been
reported, in the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the
jurisdiction of the central government (excluding Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao Special
Administrative Regions).
These figures include 647 AIDS cases and 356 deaths due to AIDS (see figure 3). Since 1994,
the number of cases reported has been increasing annually. Among the reported cases, there
are 14,331 males, 2,673 females and 312 who did not specify their sex. The ratio of male to
female is 6:1. Since 1994, there has been a large increase in the number of reported cases of
HIV infection.
Among the population of intravenous drug users, 72.4% are HIV-infected. The data from the
National HIV Surveillance Network indicates that the spread of HIV infection has increased
among the sexually promiscuous population. Presently, the provinces or autonomous regions
with relatively large accumulative totals of reported HIV-infected cases are Yunnan, Xinjiang,
Guangxi, Henan and Guangdong.
Figure 3
Reported HIV/AIDS Cases in China
The history of HIV infection in China can be divided into four stages; Stage of Introduction,
Spreading Stage, Stage of Increase and Stage of Rapid Increase.
The first stage, the Stage of Introduction, began in 1985 when most HIV-infected persons
were foreigners or overseas Chinese.
The second stage was the Spreading Stage, occurred between the October 1989 and the end of
1994, when 148 cases of HIV-infection were discovered among drug users at the southwest
border in Yunnan Province. During this stage, most of the people infected with HIV in China
were drug users in that area. At the same time HIV-infection had been discovered among STD
patients, prostitutes, and people who returned to China after working abroad or in other parts
of China.
The third stage, the Stage of Increase, took place from the end of 1994 to the end of 1995. A
considerable number of HIV-infected persons had been discovered among drug users, STD
patients, floating populations, and paid blood donors. During this period, the dominant mode
of transmission was through the blood (intravenous drug abuse, blood drawing and
transfusion of blood and other blood products). The proportion of sexual transmission of HIV
was increasing as well.
The fourth stage, the Stage of Rapid Increase, began in 1996. In this period, the number of
newly discovered HIV-infected persons doubled and redoubled. 78% of people infected were
between the ages of 20-40. The most dominant mode of transmission was still through the
blood, followed by sexual transmission. Mother-infant transmission was also increasing in
number.
39
The prevalence of AIDS in China has already attained the fourth stage of rapid increase.
Experts estimate that the actual number of HIV-infected persons in China has grown in excess
of 500,000.
The prevalent nature of HIV and the experience of prevention and control of AIDS in
different countries around the world indicate that now is the most critical moment in
containing the rapid increase of AIDS in China. We must seize this opportune moment to
implement different measures of prevention and control of AIDS. Otherwise, a pandemic of
AIDS will occur in China, causing a disastrous loss in national economic development and
stability.
The Harm of AIDS to Humans

AIDS is a social issue. Each member in society may become a direct or indirect victim of the
prevalence of AIDS.
Effect of AIDS on Individuals
HIV-infected persons are often discriminated by society. Concern and care are seldom given
by relatives and friends. In addition, finding out about their HIV status can cause great stress
and can feel like being given a death sentence.
Once the HIV-infection develops into AIDS, the health of the patient deteriorates rapidly,
resulting in even greater psychological stress and terrible physically pain.
Effect of AIDS on the Family
The discrimination against HIV-infected persons by society brings disaster to their families.
As with the infected person, family members have to bear a heavy emotional burden, which
can lead to conflict and even disintegration. As a result, HIV-infected persons tend to become
alienated and homeless. They are shifted into different parts of society, causing other social
problems.
Some HIV-infected persons are the main source of income of their families. When they are no
longer able to work they instead have to pay heavy expenses for their treatment thus the
financial situation of their families will worsen rapidly.
Families with AIDS patients may have to give up their children or their elderly members to be
cared for by others.
Effect of AIDS on Society and Economy
The existing medical technology fails to cure AIDS. Upon reaching the point of the onset of
AIDS, the patient will die in just a few short years or even months. Thus, AIDS is a threat to
the health of human beings, increasing human mortality and shortening life expectancy.
The incubation period between the infection of HIV and the onset of AIDS is much longer
than in other infectious diseases, which makes it a rather deadly disease for several reasons.
HIV-infected persons do not have any symptoms and can unintentionally infect other people.
People who come into contact with an HIV-infected person, who may not know anything
about his/her HIV status until much later, do not adopt any protective measures. The fact that
there is such a long incubation period until the symptoms manifest (10 years or more) will
have a profound influence on society.
Sex is a major mode of transmission of HIV infection. Since sex is a physiological desire and
human instinct, it is hard to guard against HIV transmission.
40
AIDS mainly attacks young adults 20-45 years of age, who are in the prime of life, the
producers of society, breadwinners of their families, and the defenders of their countries.
Loss of this adult population is irreparable to families and to the society.
The elite of society is not immune from AIDS. The experience in Europe, America, and
Africa shows that the HIV infection rate among those who are well educated, or with a high
level of scientific and technological knowledge, is the same as those among other populations.
This is also another important segment of society that would be of a great loss to a nation.
How AIDS Affects Children

The Orphan Problem
The devastating impact of the AIDS crisis on children in the developing world has yet to be
fully understood. The number of orphans, particularly in Africa, constitutes nothing less than
an emergency, requiring an emergency response. As already impoverished societies struggle
with this tragic loss, their hard-won gains in social development, including improvements in
child health, nutrition and education, are being wiped out.
Magnitude of the Orphan Crisis
Loss is an inevitable corollary of disease and death, but the wrenching toll taken by AIDS is
unique. So far, the disease has left 8.2 million children without one or both parents, with a
vast majority of such children in sub-Saharan Africa. Figures are expected to reach 13 million
by the year 2000, 10.4 million will be under the age of 15.
The personal tragedies of the children are enormous. There is also a social crisis occurring, as
the most affected communities and nations, among the poorest in the world, struggle to care
for the ill and a generation of orphans, on a scale unprecedented in human history.
In most parts of the industrialized world, no more than 1% of the child population is usually
orphaned. Before the onset of the AIDS epidemic, societies in the developing world absorbed
orphans into extended families and communities at a rate just over 2% of the child population.
In contrast, a staggering 11% of children in Uganda are now orphans because of AIDS. In
Zambia, 9% are orphans; in Zimbabwe, 7%; and in Malawi, 6%. Where the rate of women
who are infected are high, so are the number of orphaned children.
These losses are not abating. In 35 countries, the rate at which children have been orphaned
has doubled, tripled or even quadrupled in just three years, from 1994 to 1997. It is feared that
due to AIDS, Asia will see its orphan population triple by the year 2000. Currently, according
to the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the number of children living
with an HIV-positive parent is far greater than the number of children already orphaned. This
leads to a disturbing prospect for the future.
Children who have lost their mother or both parents are societys most vulnerable members.
Socially isolated because of the stigma of AIDS, they are less likely to be immunized, more
likely to be malnourished and illiterate, and more vulnerable to abuse and exploitation.
Finding the resources needed to help stabilize the crisis and protect children is a priority that
requires urgent action from the international community.
The Impact of AIDS on Childrens Lives
In one of its most devastating and least visible consequences, HIV/AIDS is eroding precious
and hard-won gains in infant and child survival in a number of countries in Africa.
41
In Botswana, for example, where the country has made impressive progress in child health,
AIDS will be responsible for 64% of deaths of children under five. In South Africa and
Zimbabwe, AIDS is projected to account for a 100% increase in child mortality. Some experts
predicted that even more dramatic increases are yet to come. The US Census Bureau projected
that by the year 2010, the mortality rate among children under five in Zimbabwe will be three
and a half times as high as it would have been without AIDS, and infant mortality may
double. In some African countries, hospitals report that three in four pediatric beds are taken
by children with AIDS.
The impact on children extends beyond those infected, as millions in the hardest-hit countries
suffer the loss of parents and caregivers, thus, incurring much greater risks to their health,
nutrition and education. Mounting effects are already being seen in the nutrition of children
living in households affected by AIDS.
A study in Kagera (Tanzania) found that food consumption in poorer families dropped by
15% after an adult in the family had died from AIDS. Such a decline can have a significant
impact on a childs development. Furthermore, children orphaned by AIDS run a higher-than-
average risk of stunting, and stunting among orphans is around 50% according to the World
Bank.
A fall in literacy rates in many countries is expected since children in AIDS-stricken
households are taken out of school when families can no longer afford fees or when children
are needed to help out at home or to earn an income. Orphans living in extended families are
also generally the first to be denied an education. A study in Zambia indicated that in urban
areas, 32% of orphans were not enrolled in school, compared with 25% of non-orphans not in
school. In rural areas, there are 68% of orphans not enrolled in school as compared with
48%of non-orphans not in school.
Much of the diseases economic impact remains difficult to measure. However, there is no
question that increased health care expenditures and loss of family income are straining
resources, placing a large burden on women in particular and putting children at risk of
malnutrition, illiteracy and disease. AIDS is also decimating the ranks of the skilled and
educated during their prime years, with potentially tragic implications for future development.
A recent survey in Malawi indicated that the infection rate among schoolteachers was higher
than 30%.
The burden is also great on already inadequate health care systems. In Zimbabwe, government
projections indicate that HIV/AIDS will consume 60% of the health budget by the year 2005.
In most developing countries, the disease is increasing the cost of health care and reducing its
availability, which will have the greatest impact on the poor. In many communities, healthy
children whose parents have died from AIDS are at a greater risk of dying of preventable
diseases, because their illnesses tend to be attributed to AIDS, and thus, go untreated. There is
evidence that orphans are less likely than other children to be immunized and to have their
health care needs adequately met.
42
UNIT 3:
WAYS TO PREVENT AIDS AND TREAT
HIV- POSITIVE AND AIDS PATIENTS

This Unit covers:
Ways to prevent HIV/AIDS.
The ability to prevent HIV/AIDS.
Scientific ways to treat HIV-positive and AIDS patients.

1. Warm-up Activity: 10 min Activate the class, emphasize the

Hand Knot importance of team spirit.
2. Activity: 15 min Make the students realize further the The whole set of cards
Danger Zone ways AIDS is transmitted and the
ways to prevent it.
3. Case Analysis 20 min Make the students express

themselves and help them build up
the right attitude to HIV/AIDS
patients.
4. Teachers Summary 7 min Enlighten the students with the

foreign materials from the teaching
reference.
5. Thinking and Practice 8 min Encourage the students to

participate in group activities and
help them build up a sense of
responsibility for society.

Warm-up Activity: Hand Knot (10 minutes)
Goal
Team members join hands to work for the same goal.
43
Process
1) Ask 10 students to form a circle in front of the blackboard, after having cleared away the
desks and chairs.
2) Each student holds the right hand of the student opposite to them, and holds the left hand
of the student to the left with his/her own left hand, creating a large human knot. Everyone
can move his/her hands but cannot release their hands.
3) Everyone then tries to untie the large human knot. Students can tuck his/her head under
hands or step over others hands. When the knot is untied, the students will find
themselves forming a circle and holding hands with the neighboring persons.
4) Participants can ask on-looking student to help them untie the knot. After the game is
over, the students can all go back to their initial positions.
5) The teacher asks: What can you learn from this activity? How do you feel? Ask one or
two students to answer the questions.
Teachers Summary
AIDS is the common enemy of humankind. The whole of society should work to eradicate
this epidemic. One must have a social responsibility to prevent AIDS.
Activity: Danger Zone (15 min)

Goal
To enhance the knowledge of HIV/AIDS by learning ways to prevent AIDS and creating
the right attitude for life.
Teaching Materials
Cards written with high risk, low risk and safe. Divide the class into groups of 6, each
group with a set of cards.
Each group has a set of notes written of everyday actions (refer to the attached page 1 and
2 for the content of the cards).
Process
1) Ask each group to classify the cards according to the degree of danger involved,
supposing that the risk of HIV exists in each situation.
2) After the classification is done, the students can walk around and look at the work of other
groups, but they cannot move the cards of other groups, and they have to remain silent.
3) Discuss the differences of classification among different groups. Each group is to give
present their own classification and listen to the opinions of other groups.
4) The teacher asks the students to go back to their own groups and asks them whether they
have changed their minds about any of the classifications.
5) The teacher writes out his/her summary (on the blackboard or with a slide projector), and
reiterates the actions that will or will not transmit AIDS and how to prevent it.
Teachers Summary
Tell the students clearly that all the answers should be based on the fact that the threat of HIV
exists everywhere. In our lives, we cannot tell whether we are standing next to an AIDS
patient or not. So we should always be on the alert and to always make the safest decision.
44
Case Study: The Story of Ryan (20 minutes)
Goals
To try our best to help and understand AIDS patients and to treat them with compassion.
Process
The teacher reads the story or asks a student to do so.
Divide the class into groups of 4 or 6 and give the groups different topics of discussion.
Before the class, the teacher can write out the topics (e.g. on the blackboard or with a slide
projector).
Topics for discussion
If you were Ryans good friend, how would you treat him? Will you help him?
If you were the principal of Ryans school, what would you do? Would you expel him?
If you were the father or mother of Ryans classmates, would you let your kid stay in the
class?
If you were a journalist, how would you cover the story? (Refer to the Thinking and
Practice section in Unit 2.)
What did Ryan think about his disease? How did his attitude inspire himself and other
AIDS patients to fight AIDS?
Suppose that your teacher, who you love very much, is HIV positive, do you think he/she
should go on teaching?
The Story of Ryan
Ryan Welt was a grade 7 student in a high school in the state of Indiana in the United
States of America. He was infected with HIV when receiving contaminated blood.
In December 1984, Ryan was banned from school for being HIV positive. Before that,
Ryan got along well with his teachers and classmates and he did well in his studies.
In August 1985, Ryans lawyer tried to convince the judge that Ryans disease was not
dangerous to other students. But he failed to get Ryan back to school. For his study, his
house was installed with a phone line connected to the school, so Ryan could listen to
teachers through the phone.
However, Ryan, his mother and lawyer never gave up. The lawyer raised Ryans issue to
the authorities at the education department of the state government. This time he won.
It was very unfortunate that parents in the local community were unhappy about the
ruling. Fearing that their children, by attending the same school with Ryan could become
infected, they threatened to transfer their children to other schools.
In February 1986, Ryan returned to school again. But he lasted only one day this time.
The lawyer representing the parents against him won. After great efforts, Ryan finally got
permanent permission to study in school. Apart from that, Ryan became a well-known
figure for his lawsuit and his unremitting struggle against AIDS in newspapers,
magazines, a TV show - he was everywhere. His courage also won him a great deal of
donations, gifts and medals from various organisations and individuals.
45
Ryans fame didnt keep his health from deteriorating though. Like other AIDS patients, he
began to suffer from various symptoms. He managed to get on a TV show before he was
hospitalised. In the show, he called for more recognition and care for AIDS patients.
Millions of people began to learn about AIDS because of Ryan - he changed peoples
attitudes towards the disease. Ryan died in September the same year.

Use More Care, Eliminate Discrimination.
Lead the students to think: How does an AIDS patient feel if he/she is discriminated by
society? Make the students understand that some of the discriminated AIDS patients seek
revenge on the society by contaminating blood donations and by prostitution. Lead the
students to treat AIDS patients in the right way and mention the disastrous effects of
discrimination.
Thinking and Practice (8 minutes)
Goals
Develop students creativity, their ability to empathize and their problem solving skills.
Encourage all students to take part in the group activities.
Forms
Notes:
The following is a true story from Southwestern China. The teacher can read
the story to the class or distribute copies.
The students will write back to the mother as her trusted friends, trying to solve her problems
with the AIDS knowledge they have learned. Encourage the students to put a lot of thought
into the letter with which the teacher can later organize students to transform into a script for a
play to be performed in the fourth class.
Form One: A Letter to an HIV Positive Mother
To my trusted friends,
I used to have a quiet and happy family life in a small town in south-western China. Two
years ago, my husband suddenly told me that he had gotten AIDS. One month later,
medical exams showed I was also HIV positive. At that time our kid was in junior high
school, in grade three.
My life was never the same again. My husband disappeared a little later, leaving us with a
lot of debts. My colleagues avoided me like I was a ghost after they heard the news. They
used to love my cooking in the restaurant that I ran, but I couldnt do that job anymore. So
I left the job that I loved so much, and got another one as a half-day cleaner. I hated this
kind of life so much that I cried all the time when my son was not around. I tried to end my
life a couple times, but each time I thought of my boy, and couldnt go through with it.
Later a doctor called Zhang came to see me. She sat right beside me the first time we
met. My tears ran down my cheeks because she was the first person who had gotten so
close to me since I had been infected. I realised then that there are kind people in the
world who care about people like me.
Doctor Zhang helped me understand a lot of things, telling me that as long as I live
positively, I would be able to watch my child get into senior school, and even college. She
also encouraged me to step out of the shadow and to help other AIDS patients, because
they might also be suffering from the same kind of despair. I really want to do something,
but the problem is that my son still doesnt know that I have AIDS. How can I tell him this?
46
How can my son continue to go to school if I tell everyone I have got AIDS? How can he
live with peoples discriminating look?
But hell know it someday. How do I start? Should I wait until he gets a little older?
Where do I go from here?
A Worried Mother
The Box of Ideas

The ideas for the mother: The ideas for the reactions of the son:
Write a letter to her son. The son has already known about his mothers
disease, but he has kept it a secret because he
Tell her son through a recording.
doesnt want his mother to be sad.
Tell him directly.
The mother tells her son in some appropriate way, the
Talk to the principal of his school first. son was surprised and sad, but hes resolved to fight
the disease together with his mother.
Ask Dr. Zhang to tell him for her.
Form Two: Proposal

Write a proposal in the name of the whole class to the society, including the messages of
HIV/AIDS prevention, and fair treatment to HIV positive and AIDS patient.
Form Three: Preparation for Role-play
Taking the Letters to a HIV positive mother as references, create script for next class. Use
peer leaders.
IV TEACHING REFERENCES
Two Different Stories
Community A
Every time I coughed, people turned around to see how close I was to them. One day I
went to see my friend but she did not seem happy to see me. I asked her what was wrong
and she mumbled that her parents didnt think that we should see each other anymore.
The shopkeeper of the local restaurant recognized me when I asked for a glass of water.
He wouldnt let me have any. He gave me a can of coke instead. As soon as I finished
eating he threw away all the dishes I had used.
My parents heard from a friend that one of my teachers didnt want me back in school. I
couldnt believe it. He was my favorite teacher.
My mom got it the worst. She had four friends at work who wouldnt even talk to her
anymore. In the supermarkets, she wasnt allowed to touch any of the food. Some stores
didnt even want to take money from her.
The kids from my school were warned by their parents that I had HIV, so they stayed
away from me. They told me I would have to use paper plates, plastic cups, spoons and
forks that could be discarded after use. They also thought I shouldnt use the toilets and
water fountain.
One kid took one of my books from me and wrote bad things about me in it. He threw it
on the street and then ran away laughing at me.
47
No one would play with me anymore. When I asked two friends to come over they said
no. Their parents had told them they were not to have anything to do with me.
Community B
Students in the community came by to see me. They said they wanted to welcome me to
the school and that now I would know some of them on my first school day.
I found out that the school officials had talked to the students and teachers about how you
can get AIDS, and that they had nothing to fear. They even informed the press and the
communities in town. What a difference compared to community A.
Kids told their parents how one can get AIDS, and that they werent scared of me and
they wanted to be in the school with me. One family asked their kid to stay home but he
said that he didnt want to.
When I walked into my classroom, a number of students said, Hey, Ryando! Sit beside
me! One of my classmates was transferring to another city and gave me a big hug
before leaving. I felt eight feet tall.
A famous soccer player visited our community and I was invited with my family to watch
the big game. Afterwards, he signed his name in my book and told me he was proud of
me.
When I turned 18, a man offered me a job at his vegetable stand. This was my first
chance at making money. I guess he took a chance on me. Most people were very nice
and stopped by and talked with me.
Some even brought food for us bread, fruit, and jam. When I became ill they brought us
a whole meal at home. That sure helped mom.
Care and Support for People Living with HIV/AIDS

The Family of Love in Beijing Youan Hospital (refer to colored page 3).
Since 1990, this organization has treated more than one hundred AIDS patients, giving direct
consultation, medical exams, life guidance and family services to more than 600 inquirers.
The goals of the organization is to:
Provide an all-around medical service
Provide help and psychological support.
Persuade social forces to participate in the fight against AIDS.
Promote healthy ways of living.
Reduce discrimination in society.
Tel: 86-010- 63292211- 443
Email: [email protected]
The Family of the Red Ribbons (ref. colored page 3)

January 1, 1999, the Family of the Red Ribbons was founded in the STD treatment center of
Beijing Ditan hospital. The institute was established to care for AIDS patients. It has provided
a hotline service to more than 8000 patients and face-to-face consultation and clinical service
to more than 20,000 STD and AIDS patients in the past year.
48
The timetable for the Family of the Red Ribbons activities is:
Time Contents Participants Host
Jan. 6 Talk about AIDS Patients/ HIV positive people, Doctor Xu Keyi
lawyers, medical workers,
UNAIDS
Mar. 3 Why should we be so afraid Patients/HIV positive people, Professor Cao Yunzhen
of AIDS? The experts talk medical workers
about AIDS
Jul. 5 AIDS is not the end of your Patients, the family of HIV Fu Aimin
life. Accept yourself and positive people, people who
make yourself accepted by care about AIDS patients UNAIDS
society
Aug. 7 You can still enjoy life even Patients/HIV positive people Legal advisor
if you are infected and their family Wang Bingyan
Sep. 1 Family care is the best Patients/HIV positive people Doctor Xu Lianzhi
medicine for AIDS patients. and their family
Nov. 3 Broaden the vision (Watch Patients/HIV positive people Doctor Lun Wenhui
videotapes) and their family
Dec. 1 Quality time in the Family Patients/HIV positive people Doctor Lun Wenhui
of the Red Ribbons. and their family, medical
workers.
Thailand: Clear Skies Project (See inside back cover)

In 1991, an AIDS infected couple launched an organization in northern Thailand to help AIDS
patients and the HIV-positive. Its mandate is to serve AIDS patients with AIDS infected staff.
They have gone public about their disease and have called for mutual help among AIDS
patients and for society to accept them. Their main activities are:
The teaching of medical knowledge (from the 9th to the 15th day of each month).
Family visiting.
Support and contact related organizations.
Pass along information on AIDS.
Email: [email protected]
49
UNIT 4:
USE HIV/AIDS PREVENTION FOR A HAPPY,
HEALTHY AND SUCCESSFUL LIFE

The following topics are discussed in this unit to:
Guide students to build up positive attitudes towards life.
Provide students with the necessary Life Skills training.
Make students realize that HIV/AIDS prevention is a lifetime matter.

1.Warm-up Activity 8 min Help the students build up the right Large sheets of blank
attitude and values towards life. paper and color pens.
2. Role Play 30 min Team spirit, imagination, evaluation

3. How to Make Decisions and the tactful ways to resist
pressure from friends.
4. The Art of Life Learn to admire and compliment Cartoon cards or paper
Human Mirror. 10 min others
(Junior high school)
Rendez-vous on the Hills Discuss friendship, love, a happy
(Senior high school) 10 min life, and the right ways to handle the
relations between opposite sexes.
5. Conclusion Activity 7 min Check students improvements on
attitude and knowledge after the
class.
6. Thinking and Practice 5 min Try to get support from the students
parents.

Warm-up Activity: The River of Life (8 minutes)
Goals
Help students to build up a clear and positive attitude towards life, inspire students to hold
on to the present and work for their ambitions and a better future.
50
Material
Blank sheets of paper and color pens
Process
1) Divide the students into groups of 6. Each student will have a sheet of paper and the color
pens are to be shared.
2) Select a certain point in time in the past and ask everyone to draw his/her life journey
from that point. Firstly, draw a winding river to represent the time since that point.
Students are then to mark down the important events that have happened in his/her life
along the river. Happy events are marked on the upper side of the river, and unhappy
events and challenges on the lower side.
3) Everyone shares his/her story and experiences within the group.
4) Select a representative from each group to present the discussion to the class.
Important:
Before the activity, the teacher displays the sample picture and gives details on the activity.
Make clear the designated duration for each part of the activity and keep reminding the class of the
time during the activity.
The students should try to use pictures to express their ideas.
Role Play (25 min)

Goals
Encourage the students to fully use their imagination and to build up team spirit.
Guide the students to think about and analyze their own life.
The Themes
Love our Lives and Avoid Contracting AIDS
The script is taken from the article of Write back to an HIV infected mother in the
Thinking and Practice section of the third class.
Resist Peer Pressure
- For 12 to 15 years old: Must I give expensive birthday gifts to my friend?
- For 16 to 18 years old: Is it cool to smoke?
Scripts for reference:

Must I give expensive birthday gifts to my friend?
(Fang and Yan are good friends, and their friend, Bei Bei, has a birthday coming up)
Fang: Bei Beis birthday is coming up!
Yan: Right, what should we give her as a gift?
Fang: She gave me a 85 yuan doll last year for my birthday. But I dont have
much money to buy her something as good as that!
Yan: Its no big deal. Real friends cant be bought with money. Why not just draw
her a picture, you draw very well.
Fang: Isnt that a little too stingy?
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Yan: I dont think so. We still depend on our parents, we dont earn our own money,
how could we spend lavishly?
Fang: What are you going to give her then?
Yan: Ill make her a birthday card, with all my best wishes for her written on it.
Fang: Could I just draw a beautiful picture on your card then?
Yan: That would be great. Bei Bei is going to love it!
Is it Cool to Smoke?
Characters:
Bean; 15 year old student, male, he loves to study and is always willing to help people.
Lemon; 15 year old student, male, Beans desk mate in junior high school.
Lemon: (yells in excitement) Hi, Bean!
Bean: How nice to see you again, Lemon! Its been a long time! Howve you been?
Lemon: Not too bad. Ive been hanging out with just a couple of friends lately.
How are you?
(He brings out a couple of cigarettes, hands one to Bean, lights another one for himself.)
Bean: God! You, youre smoking! I thought you said you hated to see adults smoke,
didnt you?
Lemon: I was too young then. Now I know that having a cigarette when Im feeling
down can make me feel like being in heaven. Come on, try it.
Bean: Who showed you how to smoke?
Lemon: Who needs instructions for smoking? Everyone smokes, even girls do it.
Its so cool! Come on! Dont you want to be cool? It might irritate your
throat at first but youll get used to it.
Bean: Forget it, I dont want my life to be cool and short. Cigarettes are harmful and
it wont do you any good. Moreover, smoke also seriously harms those who
stay in places filled with smoke, even if they dont smoke! Youll suffer
from various symptoms after smoking for awhile.
Lemon: I know smoking is bad for the health. But when I was feeling down, I didnt
know how to kill time, I just had to smoke to forget the bad things.
Bean: Smoking only make you feel worse. You have lots of ways to get over bad things.
Like talking to good friends, taking a walk or something. Dont you like playing
football? Try kicking that thing for 5 hours, or just yell when theres nobody around
you. Dont smoke. Its the most stupid thing in the world to risk your own health.
Lemon: You have something there.
Bean: Talk to your buddies if you can. Smoking doesnt make you look cool.
Lemon: Alright. Come on, lets go play football.
(He extinguishes the cigarette, and throws it into the trash can.)
52
How to Make Decisions: T-Analysis (5 minutes)
Goal
Teach the students how to make a decision when they face a tough situation.
Process
1) Have demonstrations related to the theme of the role play.
2) The method is called the T- Analysis. Draw a T shaped figure on the paper and put the
question to be analyzed on the upper side of the T, the positive elements of the question to
the bottom left of the T, and the negative elements to the bottom right.
For example:
(For junior high school) Must I give expensive birthday gifts to my friend?
T-Analysis Chart
If YES
(Positive) (Negative)
* Enhance Friendship * Add to parents economic burden
* Feel good * Possibly make friendship rotten.
* Return good for good ) * Creates psychological pressure
and undermines the sense of value
in the future.
If NO
(Positive) (Negative)
* Save money * May lose a friend
* Create practical ways
* Stick to principles
* Stand peer pressure
* Win sincere friendship
Telling Students the Three Steps of Decision-Making.

Try to collect information and comments from various sources and list them.
Consult trusted friends or older people.
Evaluate the positive and negative elements at least three times to make the best decision.
Teachers Summary
Make friends who are helpful, get to know more knowledgeable people and create a good
environment for growing up in.
Under pressing circumstances, when information is limited and emotions are high, try not
to make a hasty decision.
Do not regret the wrong decision if you really tried. Keep using T analysis to make the
next decision.
53
The Art of Life
For Junior High School: Human Mirror (10 minutes)
Goals
Help the students realize their virtues and to appreciate other peoples virtues.
Learn to encourage themselves and compliment others, and
Give them the confidence to work for a healthy, happy and successful life.
Process
1) Each student writes three of his virtues on a piece of paper.
2) Each student lists three of his desk-mates virtues.
3) Tell each other what his virtues are.
4) Be honest when telling the virtues, be graceful and face the talker when listening to the
compliment, and
5) Thank each other when the telling is done.
Teachers Summary
Learn to admire and compliment others.
Everyone has endless potential.
Resist temptations. The best way to handle pressure is to improve oneself.
Help more people with ones own virtues and confidence.
For Senior High School: Rendezvous on the Hills (10 minutes) (See pic. 6)
Goals
To teach young people how important it is to learn how to properly develop and deal with
the opposite sex for a happy life in the future.
Process
1) Divide the students by sexes for discussion.
2) The boys discuss what the boy in the picture could possibly be thinking, the girls discuss
what the girl in the picture could possibly be thinking. Then change tasks and have each
group analyze the other character. Have a student in each group take notes.
3) Select some representatives to make a presentation.
Important
This is a very interesting topic for students and the class should be fully activated. The teacher should
be prepared for possible difficult circumstances that might arise during the discussions.
Teachers Summary
Friendship and premature love (see class ref.).
How to avoid sexual assault (see class ref.).
54
Conclusion Activity: Where are You? (7 minutes)
Goal
Test how the students knowledge and attitude have improved as a result of the class.
Process
1) The teacher puts the following questions on the blackboard:
- Do you think we have to learn about AIDS?
- Do you have the confidence to stay away from AIDS?
2) Divide the blackboard into three parts, left, middle and right, and write the following
respectively on the parts: Absolutely Necessary / Necessary / Unnecessary
Absolutely Confident / Confident / Not Confident
3) Ask 10 to 15 students to stand in front of the three parts according to their own attitude
towards AIDS thus forming three groups.
4) Ask them to tell the class in simple words why they choose the part they did.
5) Then the teacher says: If anyone of you think you are convinced by the students in other
groups, you can abandon your position and join them.
6) Ask the students who have changed positions to tell the class why they did so.
7) Ask the on-looking students to give their opinions.
Teachers Summary
We have to guard against AIDS all of our lives.
Make clear your life goals through The river of life. Feel what its like to be in others
shoes through role playing. Learn to make rational evaluations through Decision
making. Learn to deal with the opposite sex with more confidence through Story on the
mountain (or learn to admire and compliment others through Human mirror). Each of
the four classes is expected to make the student realize that AIDS prevention is closely
related to ones life attitude and sense of value.
The ones with a positive attitude towards life will keep their life journey away from AIDS
and will have greater chances to be happy and successful.
The society is an interrelated family. Everybody needs help sometimes, so we should try
to help others and protect ourselves.

Parents Involvement in AIDS Prevention Education (5 minutes)
Goals
To involve parents and the family in AIDS prevention education
Family education, the relation between parents and the child is of vital importance to students
growing up and their sense of value. Many parents have realized the harm of AIDS and are
supportive of schools in having related courses. Some have reservations, and most of them
find it extremely difficult to talk about sex with their children as many lack AIDS knowledge
55
themselves. Therefore, it would be significant and realistic to bring parents and other family
members to the AIDS prevention class.
Process
1) The students write a letter to their parents with the AIDS knowledge obtained from their
school, emphasizing how to prevent AIDS and how they feel.
2) After consulting the management of the school, the teacher holds a meeting for parents on
AIDS prevention, or invite some enthusiastic parents to a seminar, so as to combine the
AIDS education with family education and the students comprehensive improvement.
Combining AIDS Prevention with School Activities

Goal
Education of health in classes is somewhat limited for students, so various after-class
activities are needed to popularize AIDS knowledge. The following activities have been
proven to be effective
Forms
Speech contest and short drama contest
Spreading the AIDS Message within Society

Goal
To help students build a sense of responsibility for society and to take part in the spread of
AIDS knowledge under the instruction of their teacher.
Forms
Carry out AIDS knowledge popularization activities in parks during holidays.
(See Chapter Six, Nine and Ten of the reference material in Part II.)
IV TEACHING REFERENCES
Parents Involvement
Sample Letters to Parents:
Instructions for HIV/AIDS Family Education

Dear parent/guardian,
Our school is starting a new program on AIDS education. Your child will learn about AIDS
and how to protect him or herself from getting this terrible disease, and other sexually
transmitted diseases.
AIDS is a problem in our country, and young people are at risk of getting infected. They
need information and skills in order to avoid getting infected. Education about sex and
AIDS does not encourage young people to have sex; rather it makes them realize the
risks involved and enables them to make responsible decisions about delaying sex or
protecting themselves. Studies have shown that this kind of education is most effective if
given before young people become sexually active.
Your interest and support in these activities will be most valuable. If you have any
questions about the program do not hesitate to contact me.
Yours sincerely,
(Name of school director, teacher, or secretary of school board)
Dear parent/guardian
56
Your son/daughter will be part of a new program at school about AIDS and other sexually
transmitted diseases. He/she will learn important information and skills to help prevent
him/her from becoming sick with these serious diseases. For example.
[add here a brief description of the program]
It is important for you to help your son/daughter with his/her learning. You can do this by:
Asking your child what he/she learned at school about AIDS and other sexually
transmitted diseases.
Reviewing activities that have been done at school with your child or activities that will
be sent home with your child.
Discussing how you feel about these serious diseases.
Listening carefully and calmly when he/she wants to talk about the subject.
Thank you for your help.
Yours sincerely,
(name of school director, teacher, or secretary of school board)
Sample Instructions to Parents

How to talk to your child about HIV, AIDS and STDs:
Read the booklet on your own
Select a quiet time when you and your son or daughter have time to talk
Start with one easy activity example page
Have your child read the information to you
Listen carefully and calmly. Ask for and listen to your childs feelings and opinions
Try to avoid preaching to your child but be sure to express your feelings and opinions
If you or your child feel uncomfortable, stop and try again at another time.
Questions Regarding HIV/AIDS/STDs

General Questions:
- What did you learn about AIDS today/this week/during the course?
- What was the most interesting part of the lesson/course?
- What was the most important information that you learned?
- What did you think about the lesson?
- What did the other students think, say, feel, about these topics?
- Were you able to understand the activity? What did you find easy or difficult?
- Would you read the activity to me and explain the information?
- Can we do the activity together so you can help me with the questions and
answers.
- What do you think is important for me to know?
- How does the information apply to you?
Specific Questions:
- What is AIDS or STDs (sexually transmitted diseases)?
57
- How does one get HIV or AIDS?
- How can you avoid getting infected?
- How is one tested for HIV?
- How do you know if someone has AIDS?
- What happens if you live close to someone with AIDS?
- Is there a cure for AIDS?
Other Questions:
- How do you think a person would feel if he/she had HIV or AIDS?
- What things could you do to help a person with AIDS?
- How would you feel if there is someone in your class with HIV?
- Why are people with AIDS sometimes treated unkindly?
- Are you frightened about the AIDS situation? If yes, why?
Friendship and Love

An Understanding of Friendship and Love
Is it possible that young boys and girls establish pure friendship in campus? How far should
they go? What is love that is not mature? How can they prevent falling into such premature
love? How should they be taught about it in school?
Every high school would have to worry about the above questions. Firstly, we have to make it
clear what friendship is, and what love is. Is there a clear line drawn between the two?
The dictionary defines friendship as fellow relation between friends. Those with the same
interests and hobbies, or have similar personality will form this kind of relationship which is
about mutual care and help. The feeling is strong and deep, based on mutual understanding. It
doesnt matter whether you are of the same sex, the same age or have similar characteristics.
The most important characteristic of friendship is that it is not a one-to-one thing. It could be
formed among several people. It could last for as short as one day, or it may last for a lifetime.
When friendships end, it doesnt have to hurt, because it could be the result of many things.
People might change their circle of friends as they grow older or the circumstances could
change. But there are some friends who share a lot in common and would maintain their
friendship forever.
Love is different. It means the following things: the mutual attraction of appearances between
two people of the opposite sex, the mutual understanding in spirit and the acknowledgement
of each others intellect. Love is consistent. Loving someone means your fates are linked.
Ones pursuit of someone involves pursuing something psychologically, mentally and
materially in him/her.
There are also sexual intentions. When love reaches a certain stage, the couple would look to
get married for socially acceptable sexual intercourse, through which they vow to each other a
lifetime of loyalty.
Adolescence is the best time in ones life. It may bring one romance and unforgettable
episodes. One may receive cards for Valentines day, love letters or I love you, I like you
notes. How would you feel if this happened to you? Panicked? Scared? Excited? Happy?
58
Confused? This calls for a discussion on how high school students should deal with getting
love letters.
When reaching the age of twelve or thirteen, youths experience dramatic physical changes,
and they want to hang out with the opposite sex. Its a natural desire that comes with age. Its
a good thing to get love letters or Valentine cards as it shows you have charm and that you are
noticed by the opposite sex.
However, one should understand that the feelings of like or love in this period is mainly an
instinctive sexual attraction and not truly the mature love, affection, and responsibility that
comes later in life.
In China, high school students spend a lot of time studying, so the exchange of love letters
may become a serious distraction. However, teachers and parents tend to get too hard on them
about love and link the incident to morality, criticizing or punishing students for what they
did. Thats a hard blow that usually upsets students. Therefore, we should help them with this
part of growing up and teach them how to properly fraternise with the opposite sex.
The following principles could be a guideline for helping students deal with this love letter
problem.
Be friendly. You should be friendly to the one who has written you love letters. Hostility and
bias should be avoided. You can talk to him/her or simply write back, making it clear to him/her
that you are still students, its too early for love and you should both concentrate on your
studies. Dont forget to tell him/her that you are still friends.
Keep the secret. You ought to keep the business between just the two of you. Theres no point
in letting everyone know. If the person you are dealing with doesnt get the message or he/she
is more than you can handle, dont hesitate to talk to your parents, teachers, psychiatrists or
legal workers. They should also keep the matter a secret.
Keep a low profile. Public condemnation should be avoided. Keep a low profile and dont make
a fuss about it. You should care about your schoolmates reputation and future.
Encourage. Understand that the one who wrote you a love letter is not necessarily a rascal. Its
normal among most young students in their adolescence. Their courage to express themselves
to the opposite sex should be recognized. You can simply write back We still have a long way to
go. Im sure to consider you in the future. Lets just see what will happen. Encouragement
gives people hope for the future, and a healthy relation between a person of the opposite sex is
a good thing. So all we have to do is lead students towards the right way to get along with each
other, which is good for their age.
Make more friends. According to youth psychology, it takes a long time for the normal contact
between two people of opposite sex to turn into love. It usually proceeds in the following
sequence: Group meeting - smaller group meeting - selective meeting - stable dates - the
beginning of love. High school students are still on the first two phases, with a wide range of
friends. They shouldnt form a two-person world. Only through the comprehensive contact with
the opposite sex will they get to know it more and make preparations for their future love.
Learn from each other. We should learn from the opposite sex, learn from their strong points
that can offset our weaknesses. We shouldnt brand the love-letter writers as bad people.
Instead, we should be objective and recognize their virtues.
Control yourself. Love letters and short notes can push students into a whirl of one-sided love
or sexual fantasy. It distracts them from their study and may affect their physical and mental
health. Therefore, high school students should learn to control their emotions and sensibilities.
Its not about oppressing your mind, but using scientific methods to adjust your thoughts with
your will and wit. Take part in positive group activities and gracefully deal with the opposite sex
in a way that high school students should.
Maintain pure friendships. When still at school, youths are not yet physically and mentally
mature. They have to study and have no earnings. They lack knowledge of society and life.
59
They also dont know what love is about, and therefore, they are not able to offer love and take
on the responsibility. So all they should have with each other is pure friendship, and love and
sex out of the imitation of adults is not appropriate.
We believe high school students can be at peace with their desires if they can understand the
above principles. Young boys and girls are forced by their physical changes and sexual
consciousness to write love letters.
The drive can be short or it could last for a while and force others to be involved. So if you
receive notes, love letters, Valentine cards or something similar, you dont have to think too
much of it. The best way to deal with it is not tell anyone about it, such as your teachers,
parents or even good friends.
You need to understand and respect peoples good intention, their dignity and privacy, even if
it feels like you cant contain it. First, calm yourself down, and then go on dealing with
him/her like nothing has happened. Tactfully avoid being with him/her alone and make
him/her realize your unwillingness, in a way that doesnt hurt him/her.
Your calmness will deeply affect him/her, and will calm down his/her impulses. After
experiencing episodes like this, you will make a major a step towards maturity.
Students Comments
Yu Shi (16 years-old):
Puppy love happens mostly out of curiosity, which can sometimes result from parents
protective behavior. For example, when there are intimate scenes on TV, parents will
always try to get their kid to look away from the screen using various excuses. But the
kids would think: Why am I not allowed to watch? Why cant I watch? Then theyll try
everything to see what they want to see, and once they do, they will think: Whats wrong
with that? Its so interesting! this can then lead to the thought: What if I could do the
same intimate thing with him/her! What if I can do whatever I want! That kind of curiosity
starts puppy love.
Liu Jia (17 years old):
Love is great, love is sacred. Therefore we should never say love carelessly to degrade
the word. We should keep the word deep in our hearts when we are still young, until the
day our true love arrives.
Mr. Liang Xiaosheng, the famous writer said that a woman is like a college, and a man
can learn a lot from her. Man is also like a college, and in that college a woman can
become mature and perfect herself.
I dont think teachers should brand everything between young boys and girls as
premature love and try to strangle it.
Its now the 90s, young people should abandon the rotten idea of drawing a strict line
between two people of the opposite sex and treat the opposite sex with a true heart and
in the right way.
Zhuo Yang (18 years old):
The mutual attraction between boys and girls during high school is a normal friendship. It
shouldnt be branded as premature love. For us girls, there is nothing wrong with being
attracted to boys and to hang out with them. The important thing is that we have to
behave ourselves, avoid being phony, use our wit and grace to gain respect and pure
friendship from boys.
60
Preventing Sexual Assault
To prevent this type of situation developing:
Always be alert to the possibility of sex assault by evildoers.
Give no credence to a stranger.
Try not to stay in a secluded place alone and if possible, dont go out at night alone.
You need to get permission from your parents before going out, and must inform them
where you are going.
Dont visit video game arcades, billiard rooms, karaoke bars, and bars except in cases of
necessity.
Dont accept money, gifts or toys presented by strangers.
Dont accept a lift in a strangers car.
If you come across someone who is committing a crime, leave and call the police
immediately to report the incident.
Call for help loudly and run quickly to where there are many people if you come across
the threat of sexual assault.
Juvenile Delinquency in China - General Situation

Figure: Age and Criminal Pattern of Young Offenders
Sentenced by the Courts Country-Wide (1997)
Qualified Personnel in China in the 21st Century - Trends

Chinas Current Structural Problem of Qualified Talents:
No More people Fewer People
1 traditional industry high-tech industry
2 good in carrying forward tradition good at innovating
3 monofunctional multi-functional
4 at low or middle levels at higher level
5 with little education with higher education
6 office and institution enterprise
7 city rural and mountainous areas
8 secondary industry productive & communication fields
9 planned economy marketing economy
Qualified persons in great demand in the 21st century will be people in the following fields:
1. Software programming, 2. Communication, 3. Information sciences, 4. Networking, 5. Data
analysis 6. Finance, 7. New materials and new energy, 8. Environmental protection, 9. Education,
10. Medical treatment and health care, 11. Tourism, 12. Entertainment, 13. Legal work, 14.
Counseling and planning, and 15. Research and development.
61
Murder Rape Assault Theft Robbery Drugs Bombing
62
SECTION TWO:
REFERENCES
63
I EXTRACTS FROM SPEECHES BY LEADERS
AND OFFICIALS OF CHINESE GOVERNMENT
AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
Instruction from Premier Zhou Enlai (1963)

We should let the youth know sexual health knowledge so as to help them solve the health
problems encountered in adolescence. In particular, we should strengthen the research of
psychology and behavioral hygiene of youngsters, so as to prevent abnormal psychology and
behavior, increase the effects of learning and prevent crime among youngsters.
(Ye Gongshao Manual of Health Care for Primary and Secondary School Students. Popular Science
Publishing House, 1987.)
Instruction of Vice-Premier Li Lanqing ( 6 May 1998)

At present, the most effective measure to deal with AIDS is prevention. So it is of the utmost
importance to publicize the AIDS prevention messages. However, the coverage rate of general
publicity is still rather low nowadays. In order to obtain a comprehensive coverage and to
popularize these messages, we must integrate them into courses in physiology and health. The
Sate Council has discussed and approved this project. Please put it into effect.
Instruction of Dr. Wu Jieping, Vice-Director of the Standing Committee of

the National Peoples Congress
Sex education not only is a must in helping youths smoothly pass the great change in puberty
both physiologically and psychologically, but it also directly influences their mentality,
morality, scientific and cultural quality and even the formation of a happy family in their later
life. We must not ignore such a vital issue related to the future of the country and the rise and
fall of the nation. We must motivate more and more people to be involved in sex education,
strengthen their understanding, and research and practice sexual education perseveringly.
Speech of Madam Peng Peiyun, State Councilor (in the Second Coordination
Meeting of Prevention and Treatment of STDs/AIDS) January 8, 1998, extracts
At the present, many, including some leaders, still dont have a correct understanding of the
prevalence of AIDS in our country and its harm to social development. They lack a sense of
urgency. Many cadres and ordinary people just know a little about the prevention of AIDS and
are not very aware of how to protect themselves. Different situations show that the AIDS
prevention work in China has reached a critical juncture.
Many foreign friends have warned us that China may become another area severely struck by
AIDS. There is not much time left. If we fail to seize this opportune moment, it will be
difficult for us to avert the dire disaster hitting many African countries and some of our
neighboring countries in Asia. Therefore, we must strengthen our AIDS prevention efforts,
ensure the implementation of different effective measures, work hard to control the spread of
the pandemic, and reduce the harm that AIDS can cause to a nation and people.
64
Dedication by Professor Luc Montagnier, President of the World
Foundation for Aids Research and Prevention (Dec. 1998)
Information and Education on AIDS are Essential to Combat the Disease.
This disease is not contagious but is transmitted by sexual contacts and the sharing of non-
sterile needles and syringes between drug users. AIDS researchers throughout the world are
doing their best to find potent anti-HIV treatments and vaccines, but without changes in
behaviors, our combat against HIV will be lost.
Extracts of Speeches by Dr. Peter Piot, Director of UNAIDS (5 May 1998)

Young people and HIV/AIDS A Force for Change
If we can give young people the skills and power to make decisions that help reduce their risk
of HIV infection, we will also see a reduction in unwanted pregnancies and sexually
transmitted diseases. The cost of including HIV education in the school curriculum, for
example, is marginal. The returns to society are immense.
As part of our effort to promote better ways for societies to tackle the HIV epidemic,
UNAIDS organizes a world campaign every year. In 1998 the focus of the World AIDS
Campaign was on young people. Why young people? Because they account for 30% of the
population in most countries of the world and the HIV epidemic is largely a young peoples
disease.
Just as their parents grew up in the shadow of a potential nuclear war, young people today
grow up in the shadow of AIDS. Across the world, new infections in young people are
occurring at the rate of five per minute.
A recent UNAIDS study found that sex education does not lead to earlier or to increased
sexual activity. This is the exact opposite of what some parents seem to fear. Instead, sex
education programs teaches the life skills needed for responsible and safe behavior. We at
UNAIDS are working with UNICEF, UNESCO, UNFPA,WHO and the World Bank to help
countries translate all these findings into action.
Young people need understanding from their parents, teachers and community leaders to use
their potential to act. They need older people they can trust. They need someone to talk to
about sexual matters. They need support from people of their own age.
To conclude, AIDS prevention that focuses on young people today can avert millions of cases
in the years ahead. Protecting young peoples rights and giving them the means to avoid HIV
infection is a sound investment for society as well as an ethical issue.
I am convinced that the young people of China can and will play a key role in helping their
country achieve the governments four ambitious priorities for its AIDS Program as laid out
by former State Councilor, Ms Peng Peiyun.
education of the general public
elimination of HIV transmission via blood transfusions
ending HIV-transmission through needle-sharing, and
decreasing sexually transmitted diseases
65
And I believe that if the young people of China commit themselves fully today, they can help
their country reach its objective of keeping the number of overall HIV cases in this country to
below 1.5 million in 2010. An ambitious objective indeed, since this number is one-sixth of
the estimated 10 million infections that the Chinese authorities anticipate seeing if no
countermeasures are taken.
This overall objective and the four priorities of Chinas AIDS program are all lofty and noble
goals. Let me reaffirm to you and to your young people our pledge of cooperation and support
in your endeavors. UNAIDS and the international community will be following your
achievements in tacking this major challenge with understanding and hope, not just for China
but for the survival of humankind.
II CHINAS MEDIUM AND LONG-TERM PROGRAMME

FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIDS
(1998-2010) (Issued by State Council on 12 Nov. 1998 Excerpts)
Goals
To establish a STDs/AIDS prevention and control system, with the leadership provided by the
government, multisectoral cooperation, and participation of the whole society to popularize
relevant knowledge and promote STDs/AIDS prevention and control.
To stop the transmission of HIV due to blood collection and supply and suppress the tendency
of spread of HIV infection among intravenous drug users. This is to control the annual
increase of number of STDs cases under 15%, to stabilize and even decrease the annual
increase of STD cases, and to control the number of HIV-infected persons under 1.5 million
by the year 2000.
Operational Objectives
The objectives are:
Establish and improve leadership and managerial mechanisms.
Popularize knowledge about STDs/AIDS among the whole population and reduce relevant
risky activities among target populations.
- By 2002, the distribution rate of health education materials about STDs/AIDS to
new students of ordinary institutions of higher learning and secondary vocational
schools should be 100%.
- Knowledge on prevention and control of STDs/AIDS is to be incorporated into
the health education curriculum of ordinary junior school. The teaching rate of
courses on prevention and control of STDs/AIDS is to be 100% in schools in
capital cities of provinces, and autonomous regions and municipalities directly
under the jurisdiction of central government, and cities with separate economic
planning. It is to be over 85% in schools at the county level and above and to be
no less than 70% in schools at township levels and under.
Establish and improve STDs/AIDS surveillance systems to timely and accurately analyze
and predict the epidemic situation and tendencies; and establish a service system for
prevention and control of STDs/AIDS.
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Accelerate the scientific research of prevention and control of STDs/AIDS, including the
research of surveillance, treatment, epidemiology, social behavior science, and health
economics.
Establish and improve the system of laws and regulations governing prevention and
control of STDs/AIDS.
Actions to Prevent and Control AIDS
These actions will:
Strengthen the leadership and implement comprehensive administration.
Achieve the set objectives and carry out classified leadership.
Strengthen publicity and raise the awareness of disease prevention among the masses.
Administer according to the law and strengthen supervision and surveillance.
Improve organization and strengthen team building
Strengthen scientific research and actively carry out international cooperation.
III BASIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HIV/AIDS PREVENTION

The ABC of AIDS Prevention
At present, 80% of HIV-infected persons, including AIDS patients, were infected sexually.
There are three measures effective in preventing HIV infection. They can be arranged
according to the order of their reliability.
Abstinence
Abstinence means complete avoidance of sexual activity. It is the most reliable means of
preventing the spread of HIV. However, in real life, people have sex for several reasons,
including procreation and pleasure. Life-long abstinence is not commonly practiced.
However, we maintain that young people who have not reached maturity should practice
sexual abstinence.
Be Faithful
To be faithful means that a person only has sex with one non-HIV-infected partner during
his/her life. Monogamous sexual activity is the most decisive measure to prevent sexual
transmission of HIV. Premarital and extramarital sex, promiscuity and polygamy should be
avoided.
Condoms
In cases where there are multiple partners, regular condom usage should be encouraged to
protect both partners and reduce the chance of HIV infection. Although using condoms does
not eliminate the risk of contracting HIV entirely, it is still an effective, safer alternative to
unprotected sex. The risk of HIV transmission during unprotected sex is ten thousand times
greater than the risk during sex with proper use of condoms.
The three protective measures listed above are known as ABC for Prevention of HIV/AIDS.
The ABC acronym is made up of the first letter of each of the terms.
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Ten Basic Messages Concerning AIDS Prevention
1) AIDS is a severe infectious disease with a very high fatality and is presently incurable.
However, AIDS is preventable.
2) AIDS is transmitted mainly by unprotected sexual intercourse, by contaminated blood and
blood products, and by infected mother to baby.
3) Living and working with an HIV positive or AIDS person cannot infect you with HIV.
4) To be abstinent before marriage and not to be promiscuous are the fundamental ways to
prevent HIV infection.
5) To use condoms correctly prevents pregnancy and also reduces the risk of contracting an
STD or AIDS.
6) To treat and cure an STD as soon as possible reduces the risk of HIV infection.
7) Sharing syringes and needles for injecting drugs is a main channel of HIV infection. So
say NO to drug use and treasure your life.
8) Unnecessary blood transfusion and injections should be avoided. If you must, the blood or
blood product must be HIV-negative confirmed by testing.
9) It is a key part of AIDS prevention and control by caring, helping, and not discriminating
against people living with HIV/AIDS.
10) AIDS threatens every person and family. It is a commitment of the whole society to
prevent AIDS.
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Questionnaire about Attitudes and Awareness of AIDS
Questions on Attitudes
Please read the following statements carefully and mark the viewpoint that most accurately
reflects your own opinion. Please respond as honestly as possible and do not be influenced by
other's opinions.
Viewpoint Completely Partly Completely

agree with agree with disagree with
1. All HIV-infected persons

should be isolated from the rest of society.
2. Unsafe sexual behavior brings aboutAIDS.
3. If a woman is an HIV carrier, she should
not consider having a baby.
4. An HIV-infected person is morally bound
to inform his/her partner(s) of his/her HIV status.
5. Only those who are susceptible to HIV infection
need to think about AIDS prevention.
6. Correct and update information helps control the spread
of AIDS.
7. Careless sexual behavior causes AIDS to spread
beyond control.
8. Adolescents should not engage in
sexual behavior.
9. I would encourage friends who are sexually
active to use condoms.
10. If possible, I will express my feelings through
avenues other than sex.
11. It is okay for young people to try taking drugs
intravenously, since the odds of HIV infection are low
if they just try it once.
12. If I suspected that I might be HIV-infected, I would go get tested.
13. It is okay to have AIDS patients as fellow students in the
same classroom as me.
14. I think more support should be provided for AIDS patients.
15. I won't be persuaded by friends to participate in risky activities.
16. It is okay to accept gifts from strangers.
17. I will do my best to encourage friends to take part in
beneficial and healthy activities.
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Questionnaire about Awareness
Please read the following statements carefully and mark the viewpoint that most accurately
reflects your own opinion. Please respond as honestly as possible, do not be influenced by
other's opinions.
Right Wrong
1. It is impossible to judge whether or not a person is
infected with HIV solely by his/her appearance.
2. HIV can be transmitted by sexual intercourse.
3. Sitting on a toilet seat that has be used by an
AIDS patient can cause HIV infection.
4. Eating together with an AIDS patient can transmit HIV.
5. Sharing needles can transmit HIV.
6. HIV can be found in semen, vaginal secretions and blood.
7. Some people have been infected by HIV by sharing a
swimming pool with AIDS patients.
8. HIV can be transmitted by mosquito bites.
9. HIV can be transmitted by coughing and spitting.
10. It is impossible to tell if you are HIV-infected.
11. It is safe to embrace an AIDS patient.
12. If take medicine properly AIDS can be cured.
13. AIDS cannot spread beyond a national boundary.
14. There is already an effective vaccine against AIDS.
IV LIFE SKILLS AND PEER EDUCATION:

THEORIES AND PRACTICE
Life Skills
What are Life Skills?
Life Skills enable children and young people to translate knowledge and values into real
action. Life Skills help you to interact with different people in various circumstances. This
entails critical understanding of situations so that an appropriate response can be made which
will lead to a positive outcome. Examples of Life Skills are establishing and maintaining
rewarding relationships, or modifying one's physical and social environment.
Content That Makes Up Life Skills
(1) Decision making. The decision-making process should be dealt with constructively.
When students have to make a decision concerning their health, they should be able to
evaluate the choices and think about the respective consequences before making positive,
healthy decisions.
(2) Problem solving. Students can begin to approach problems using the following steps: A.
Define the problem. B. List any ideas which are possible solutions. C. Evaluate the options.
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D. Pick the optimum solution and make a plan to put it into action. Through training in
problem-solving, students can learn to deal positively with problems they may encounter in
real life.
(3) Creative thinking. Through training in creative thinking, students learn to be innovative
in looking for all kinds of possible choices and then evaluate their respective value as
solutions.
(4) Critical thinking. Critical thinking entails objective analysis of information and
experience. This training will give students insight on how things like personal values, peer
pressure, and mass media can influence individual attitudes and behavior. Training will also
lead students to think about how they can personally deal with these influences when they are
faced with them.
(5) Effective communication. Effective communication means expressing oneself through
language and other means. Means of expression should be consistent with one's cultural
background, and be specific to a particular situation. This training will help students realize
the best ways to express their views, desires, needs and emotions. They should be able to ask
for advice and help when they need it most.
(6) Interpersonal relationship skills. The training helps students form and maintain
friendships with other people, which is very important for mental health and constructive
participation in society. Students should have good relationships with family members. They
should also learn how to break off personal relationships that are harmful or negative
influences.
(7) Self-awareness. Self-awareness is a realization of one's own special characteristics,
strengths, weaknesses and desires. This training helps students cope with stressful situations
by looking inward. More often than not, self-awareness is a prerequisite for effective
communication and creative thinking.
(8) Empathy. This training can help students understand others' life situations. It leads to
acceptance of others who are different from them, which fosters cross-communication. It
encourages students to care for, help and look after those in need.
(9) Coping with emotions. This makes students realize how emotions can affect action and
helps them maintain a peace of mind.
(10) Coping with stress This training educates students about where stress may come from
and how it can affect people. Students can learn to take precautions to reduce tension. They
can also learn to relax by changing their environment and their ways of living.
Integrating Life Skills into the Curriculum
(1) Subject-based analysis of behavior.
The English Curriculum Profile for Australian Schools includes at level 7, Reading,
Viewing and Analysis of Social Norms, e.g. evaluating films, magazines, books; and
critical analysis of current messages e.g. on war/peace, gender roles.
(2) Personal time management and study skills.
(3) Human rights education, including understanding human rights conventions, issues of
justice, the role of minorities, the effects of globalization, etc. Multinationals in society
(4) Work experience is a Life Skills curriculum activity that places students for extended
periods of time in the workplace environment. Time spent in the classroom is used to
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review the experience. Learning how to apply for a job, how to respond during interviews,
and how to dress appropriately in the workplace are all topics to be covered here.
(5) Lessons in personal finance management may involve learning how to open bank
accounts and how to follow regular savings plans. More advanced classes can learn how
to set up small businesses, how to handle investments, and other general finance topics.
(6) Health/safety education may involve traditional health and nutrition education ( the five
food groups, clean hands, oral hygiene), the development of healthy lifestyles (drug &
alcohol education, diet, exercise, nutrition, importance of sleep, traffic safety, sexual
health), and how to access health services, counseling services and self-help groups
(7) Learning particular sports and games are possible avenues for the development of life
skills, because they provide opportunities to interact with groups of people, to compete
with others and to learn how to cooperate through teamwork.
(8) Learning the dynamics involved in relationships in families, dating and parenting may
also contribute to the development of Life Skills.
(9) Life skills connected to issues of discrimination should include how to approach these
issues positively, with regard to race and gender. These topics are of great importance for
living in a global society
Processes/methods Used in Life Skills Education
Life Skills are best learned through interactive methods centered around the student. The
acquisition of Life Skills is based on a social learning process of observation, practice and
application. Methods in the classroom include small group work or work in pairs,
brainstorming, role playing, debates, open discussions, analysis of media messages and
biographies, recreational and sport activities and writing dialogues.
Community projects make up an important component of Life Skills education, and provide
opportunities to apply abstract ideas to a purpose. For example, in Zimbabwe, students have
conducted surveys about the responsibilities, rights and privileges of men and women. They
have also interviewed police about drug trafficking and crimes committed under the influence
of drugs, and they have organized visits with AIDS patients
Learning should extend beyond the classroom, and activities may include visits to other
schools, leadership camps, and exchanges with people from other cultural/ethnic
backgrounds. The use of buddy systems helps to increase sensitivity towards others who are
different or perceived to be enemies.
For instance, in Egypt, as part of the Peace Education program, children from different
backgrounds will participate in recreation camps together and existing prejudices will
hopefully be further broken down.
Other examples of activities designed to build Life Skills include forming children's reading
groups and training peer educators to facilitate the education of young people out of school.
Schemes linking children across grades are useful. Connections can be made through
community clubs or organizations (e.g. Scouts, sports groups, Red Cross). Children can also
be encouraged to express their opinions through writing letters to magazines and newspapers,
participating in phone-in radio programs, and using E-Mail to voice their opinions.
In Vietnam, the Young Pioneers are involved in a number of community-based efforts in
health education, environmental clean-ups, and health communication and mobilization.
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Sample Class Activities for Life Skills Training
Drawing Pictures (The ability to communicate)
Divide students into pairs and make them stand back to back. Student A holds a picture in
his hand and is asked to describe the picture to student B. Student B draws his/her own
picture according to what he or she is told, but he/she is not allowed to ask questions. The
process lasts three minutes.
Repeat the above steps, this time student B can ask questions. Duration: three minutes.
Student A and student B turn around and face each other, and they talk while student B
draws. Duration: three minutes.
Compare the resulting pictures drawn through each of the three methods.
Summary
Be friendly when communicating.
Student A and student B are equals when communicating.
Focus on the subject.
Listen attentively and answer positively.
Pay attention to the effects that result from one-way communication and two-way
communication.
What Should I Do? (The ability to make decisions.)

Form Groups and discuss the following questions:
At the end of an exam, my good friend asks me for the answer to a question on the paper. I
should: A. Tell him. B. Not tell him. C.Try to meet him half way.
We are told that all the teachers will have a meeting in the afternoon, so classes have been
cancelled. What would we like to do in the afternoon: A. See a movie B. Play computer
games C. Go over school books
Summary
Analyze the background of the incident.
Make decision after comprehensive evaluation.
Predict the possible consequences of the incident and make the optimum choice
(according to the evaluation).
Live Out Your Best Self! (The ability to set goals.)

One day target: Let students resolve that they have to reach a goal or get rid of a bad habit,
e.g. recite 10 new words, stay away from spicy food and avoid smoking cigarettes.
Draw your life line: Be prepared for the coming century.
Divide students into 5 groups. Have each group draw a life line on a big sheet of paper.
Divide the line into parts, and write down goals and ways to achieve them.
Summary
Set long term and short-term targets for different stages in life.
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Good health is necessary to reach the goals set in life.
There will be positive and negative events during the process of reaching your goals.
Analyze them when setting the targets.
Set goals according to your real ability. Don't set goals that are too easy or goals that are
too unrealistic.
Figure out a plan as you set goals. Think about how to reach them.
Outcomes of Life Skills Programs

The results of life skills programs should be observable changes in behavior. A program
should be judged by its effectiveness in influencing behavior. Children, young people and
adults (teachers, team leaders) should be able to:
cooperatively work in a team
take responsibility for their own health and engage in healthy lifestyles
solve conflicts in a peaceful manner
critically analyze values/social norms in media and society
perform successfully in job interviews
behave assertively and fairly
display: tolerance, respect, self esteem, gender sensitivity, respect for human rights, and
concern which leads to action for people in need of assistance
A three-year research project (June 1998-July 2000) on the Life Skills Education program
was conducted by Professor Ye Guangjun and Ph. D. candidate Zhoukai from Beijing
University, involving nine middle schools in Beijing.
In response to the study, students giving their overwhelming positive feedback
contributed hundreds of articles. The following is one of these articles providing her
personal perspective on the Life Skills program and its effectiveness in helping the
students live healthy and happy lives.
I Love the Class!
Sun Qianqian, class 2, junior grade 2, Beijing No.85 high school
How time flies! Another year has gone and the new semester is approaching. Since we
began our high school careers in the summer of 1998, nearly three semesters have
passed. We learned a lot during that period, especially from our Life Skills class.
In the Life Skills class of the first semester, we had lessons with titles like Learn to Listen
and Learning About My Own Emotions. During the second semester, we studied topics
like Eliminate Misunderstandings Among Classmates. And this semester we are learning
about Confusions Caused by Adolescence and How to Protect Yourself.
What impressed me most was the Learn to Listen lesson. I used to interrupt my
classmates when chatting with them. Even at home, I just broke into my parents'
conversations whenever I felt like it. They always snapped back: What do you know
about that? Shut up! Now I realize that I have to let people finish their speech. I can't
interrupt whomever I'm listening to. I have to let the speaker know that I respect him/her
and that it's worth his/her time to talk to me.
In the second semester, I learned how to eliminate misunderstanding and how to say I'm
sorry. I have had better relationships with my classmates since then. And the lesson on
Learning about My Own Emotions has done me a lot of good. I used to keep everything
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to myself when I felt down, which made me even more depressed. Now I know how to let
it out, how to relieve tension, and how to distract myself from troubles.
We also learned The Dangers of Cigarettes this semester. I knew smoking was bad for
your life skills before, but this class gave me a much clearer picture of how harmful
cigarettes are to human beings. Tobacco contains lots of tar and nicotine. Heavy smokers
will likely contract serious diseases like pneumonia. So I have one thing to say to all of
you: Don't ever smoke My last lesson was How to Protect Yourself. In the class I
learned something I never knew before, such as what is appropriate bodily contact from
other people, particularly with people I dont know very well. I also learned ways to
protect myself.
Basically, the Life Skills classes have been of a lot of help in my life and in my studying.
We were so lucky to be chosen as the experimental class for the Life Skills course.
Though we missed some other courses, I think it was worth it. The course will help us
handle things and treat people in a better way in the future.
In the class meeting held on December 18, the teacher asked us whether we thought the
life skills class was interesting. We all responded loudly Yes! In the Life Skills class, we
could perform short dramas, discuss topics in groups and talk about our own opinions.
Exchanging ideas among students turned out to be very effective.
Of course, we also gave quite a few suggestions for improving the life skills class. More
students should be allowed to take part in the drama, and role-playing shouldn't be
restricted to several people. There should be more ways for teachers to summarize
lessons besides writing. Creative activities are best, like drawing pictures, acting, or
making a school newspaper! I personally hoped that teachers would help us learn more
than just what was in the books.
This semester's Life Skills class is drawing to an end. I feel sad about it. I wish we could
enjoy this kind of class every semester. Not only do we learn from it, but we also learn
really practical life skills.
Peer Education
What is Peer Education?
Young people listen more attentively and more readily to what respected peers say than to a
teacher. This is especially true when talking about issues of Life Skills, safety and sexuality.
This powerful and effective influence is called peer influence.
Peer Education takes advantage of the positive aspects of peer influence to educate young
people. It usually begins with training of peer leaders.
Who is a Peer Leader?
A peer leader is selected for his/her leadership potential in helping others. A peer leader is
trained to help other students learn through demonstrations, listening exercises and role-
playing. A peer leader should be encouraging, by giving suggestions in support of Life Skills
decisions and behaviors.
Peer leaders provide assistance to the teacher, who can then spend more time on preparation
for lessons.
Peer leaders are important because:
Young people are likely to listen to and follow other students who are well-liked and
respected.
Peer leaders who set examples of life skills behavior can influence their peers' behavior
and help them avoid risks.
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Peer leaders can support, encourage and help their peers both inside and outside the
classroom.
Peer leaders can help the teacher in presenting lessons, which allows more time for other
activities and more individual attention.
Peer leaders can help manage and solve problems when students are working in small
groups.
What Does a Peer Leader Do?
Helps in classroom management, e.g. handing out activity sheets, etc.
Helps in demonstrations, e.g. how do you use a condom?
Leads a class team, e.g. during a quiz.
Reads stories, questions, answers to activities.
Volunteers answers to activities.
Leads a small group discussion or activity.
Reports findings of small groups.
Models appropriate behavior, e.g. is assertive.
Carries out certain activities and reports back, e.g. buying a condom.
Takes polls, e.g. when teacher wants to know how many answered yes.
Draws diagrams on the blackboard.
Selection of Peer Leader(s)
Peer leaders may be selected from among their own peers. Otherwise, teachers may select
peer leaders by choosing the class individuals who are:
Considered as opinion-leaders among students.
Concerned about the welfare of their peers.
Able to listen to others.
Self-confident.
Dependable, honest.
Well-liked by other students.
Well-rounded students -not necessarily the best academic students.
Not all male or all female (if possible).
Perhaps older students.
Perhaps sexually active (if this information is available).
In this guide, ways to use peer leaders are not explained for every activity. However, peer
leaders may be used whenever the teacher feels it would be useful and appropriate.
Training Program Objectives on Peer Leaders
As a result of this training program a peer leader will:
Understand the purpose of the HIV/AIDS/STDs education program, and the importance of
the peer leader's role within this context.
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Be able to help the teacher and students with some activities.
Be able to help small groups of students work together effectively.
Be a good listener, provide feedback, and be able to understand other students' emotions.
Be aware of other sources of information and counseling so that other students can be
pointed toward appropriate help. Examples of information are:
- knowledge of STDs, HIV and AIDS; attitudes about delaying sex and using
condoms; feelings about people who have HIV/AIDS, and reasons that young
people take risks with their life skills and their lives. You will also learn skills:
(1) how to be assertive so that you say no to things you do not wish to do,
especially saying no to sex or no to sex without a condom;
(2) how to use a condom effectively.
Key Training Content
Helping Small Groups - Ground Rules
When helping small groups, use the following group rules to encourage discussion and
participation:
No put-downs (negative comments).
Only one person talks at a time; no interrupting of others.
Everyone has right to pass (to decline to discuss a personal issue).
Everyone is given an opportunity to talk.
Stay on the topic; no side discussions on other topics, and
What you hear stays here (information is confidential).
Dealing with Problem Situations in Groups
In small groups, not every group member may be willing to complete the activity. You should
be prepared to help solve minor communication problems that might arise in small groups,
e.g. when a member of the group:
Dominates the conversation.
Is critical of others: puts other people down, usually to make himself/herself feel superior.
Tells others what to do all the time.
Often interrupts other people.
Does not participate in the group activity.
Chats about things not related to the activity.
Ways of Dealing with Problems in Groups
If there are disruptions, politely remind the group that there is a problem or task to solve,
as well as a time limit.
Talk privately to the person causing the problem. Review the basic group rules and how
the person's behavior is negatively affecting the group. Request his/her support and
cooperation for the next time the group meets.
Respond to those who interrupt by saying ,"Excuse me, just a reminder that everyone in
the group has the right to speak without being interrupted".
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If the behavior is so disturbing that it cannot be ignored, deal with it in the group. Criticize
what is being said or done (rather than criticizing the person responsible for the disruption
or making disruptive statements). Point out how the behavior blocks the group from
functioning well.
At the end of a group session, lead a discussion about how the group is doing. Try to do
this in such a way that feelings are not hurt.
Communication Skills
Since you will be working with other students, it is important that you ensure that you have
good communication skills. You probably already have many of these skills to some extent
because you have been selected as a peer leader.
However, the three skills most people need for continual improvement are to:
Listening actively and well.
Use positive body language to show empathy (to show that you understand how the other
person feels or what his/her point of view is):
- Focus on the person with direct eye contact (looking into peoples eyes).
- Do not interrupt.
- Do not cut in to describe your own experiences
- Do not give your attention to outside disruptions (other people or events).
- Be comfortable with silence.
Give feedback
- To give feedback to another person means you comment on the persons statements,
behavior or performance. When doing this, show the other person that you are listening
and care about what he/she has said or done.
Do
- Ask questions to show you are interested in the person
(How do you feel about that?)
- Be sincere, caring and understanding.
- Use verbal encouragement (such as What happened then?).
- Use nonverbal encouragement (such as nodding your head).
- Ask questions to make the situation clearer (if necessary).
- Summarize the persons points and feelings.
Do not
- Judge the person.
- Comment on things that cannot be changed.
- Interrupt too early to give feedback.
Sources of Support
You may have the opportunity to talk privately with students who need information or
counseling that you cannot give them. Therefore, it is important for you to know where you
can get help in your community. With your teacher, your group of peer leaders should identify
a number of sources and how to reach them. These sources will enable students to get
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information about HIV/AIDS/STDs; to obtain medical help; to go for counseling; and to be
tested for HIV.
Suggestions for your list are as follows:
Doctors Nurses Clergy AIDS hotline
Medical center Hospital Life Skills clinic STDs clinic
Counselors Social worker Church groups Youth groups
Places where you Teacher
obtain condoms
Self-Training and Evaluation Forms of Peer Leaders

Dealing with Problems in Groups
On your own, read each of the situations below.
Brainstorm in your group a number of solutions to each situation. If you need help, review
Helping small groups.
Decide as a group on the best solutions, and write them in the spaces provided.
Answer the Follow-up questions. Discuss answers in your group.
Situation Solution
Situation 1
The small group has been together for a few days now
and it is quite clear that Dominick dominates the others.
He talks most of the time and when others say
something, he does not pay attention.
Situation 2
Laura was very quiet during the first group meeting.
However, suddenly she has become very critical of the
other group members. She made rude remarks to one
person in particular but has also objected to opinions
expressed by the rest of the group.
Situation 3
Jaloni is a little older than the others in the group
because he has failed an earlier grade. He tells people
in his group what to do and how to do it. No one has
objected to what he is doing, but you can tell they are
not happy about the situation.
Situation 4
Helena often interrupts others in the group. She also
puts others down by calling their ideas stupid or
dumb. The rest of the group is getting angry with her
because of her behavior in the group.
Situation 5
Bonois is not really interested in the class. When he is
with his group, he acts bored and seldom makes any
suggestions to the group. At other times he tries to talk
to someone in the group about something completely
off topic. If others do not join him he becomes loud and
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disruptive.
Communication Check
Rate each of the following skills using the key below:
1=Never; 2=Sometimes; 3=Often; 4=Always

Content Score
1. I do not interrupt others in my group
2. My voice is appropriately pitched (not squeaky, loud or too soft)
3. I do not dominate the conversation (i.e. I give others a chance to speak)
4. I talk an equal amount compared to others
5. When talking and listening, I look people in the face and show my reaction to the
speaker (e.g. by nodding)
6. I do not criticize (put down) others
7. I can express myself clearly.
8 I ask (encourage) others to speak
9. I pay attention to the speaker the whole time he/she is talking
10. I criticize what a speaker says and how he/she says it rather than judging
the speaker himself/herself
Total score
What does your score mean?

1 10 Lucky for you that this is just a test! Youll do better next time!
11 20 Well done, but you need to work more on it.
21 30 Good! You are on the way to being communication experts!
31 - 40 Genius! Experts! Go and help others!
Effects of Peer Education on College Students

From 1997 to 2001, a joint project by the Australian-Chinese AIDS/STD Safer Sex
Adolescent Peer Education Program, Australian Royal Women's Hospital, Beijing Medical
University, and Shanghai Second Medical University was conducted on Peer Education.
The following article, written by a sophomore at Beijing University was a student selected
as a peer leader. He really learned a lot from this experience and would like to share this
story with others.
Get Peer Education, Act Now! - My Feelings on AIDS Education
Tu Dahong, Class 98, School of Public Health, Beijing University
I gained a deeper understanding of AIDS after taking our college's AIDS education
course, which was truly unforgettable.
Before I took the course, the only thing I knew about the disease was that it is incurable
but it's occurring far away from us. It seemed to have nothing to do with us.
Then I was shocked by what I was told in the peer education class. Right now the number
of AIDS patients in Asia is surging. The horrible data made me realize that we are only a
few steps away from the deadly disease. Walking on the streets, looking at the passers-
by, I just couldn't calm down. Just think about how many people were infected because
they were ignorant of AIDS! I want to tell everybody what I know, but this is a hard task,
and how can I do it alone? Anyway, I've resolved to tell as many people as possible and
they can tell their friends, and make them realize the dangers involved.
I made a plan to tell the public about AIDS, and I chose the Institute of Chinese
Traditional Medicine as my venue, because most of my former classmates go to this
college.
I walked into their dormitory on a Saturday afternoon with papers in hand. I was
surrounded by curious students when I told them why I was there. Even those from other
rooms came to ask me questions. The situation was a little more than I could handle, but I
told them all I knew. They were satisfied then, but they also would have liked to know
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more. It made me worry about the current level of AIDS education. Society is developing
and youngsters' ideas are developing as well. Puppy love is becoming a trend in senior
high schools and even junior high schools. That's nothing terrible, but it's absolutely
necessary for them to know about sexually transmitted diseases, especially AIDS. You
have to know about it to keep it away. The general public can obtain some information
about AIDS from newspapers and other media, but some reports only increase their fear
of the disease and make people look down on AIDS patients. How can you sympathize
with a patient if you don't know anything about AIDS and you are simply scared of it?
That's why we have to let everybody know about AIDS and let them learn about AIDS!
I think the courses I took were very successful and it's possible to expand them. We
should help youngsters get detailed AIDS awareness through peer education, to which
they are even more receptive than lessons taught by teachers.
V SCHOOL LIFE SKILLS EDUCATION FOR

HIV/AID PREVENTION
Educational Channels
Verbal Methods of Life Skills Education
lectures or reports on special topics,
workshops,
forum and group discussions, and
individual interviews or counseling.
Written Methods of Life Skills Education
slogans,
newspapers posted on the blackboard or classroom wall,
life skills education leaflets,
life skills education brochures, and
life skills education prescriptions.
Education with Audio-Visual Aids
slide presentations,
movies, television programs, video presentations, and
radio broadcasts.
Theatrical Performances and Fine Arts
dialogues, storytelling, rhyming stories recited to the rhythm of bamboo clappers, and
modern drama, and
posters, advertisements, caricatures, photos, etc.
Exhibitions
Phone Hotlines
Social Practice
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Teaching Methods
Teaching teenagers about HIV/AIDS/STDs requires frank and explicit discussion of sexuality,
modes of transmission and methods of protection. Many people may be embarrassed about
discussing sexuality and related issues. However, this initial embarrassment must be
overcome if we are to educate and protect our children from these diseases.
You do not have to pretend that you are completely comfortable when you are actually
embarrassed. You can admit to students that these topics are difficult for you, but you should
also emphasize that these issues are so important that you cannot overlook them. You can
begin by saying that sex is often an embarrassing topic and when people are uncomfortable,
they usually laugh, make jokes or do other things to cover up their nervousness. This is very
effective for keeping control of the class.
Discussion
Discussions can be held with the whole class, but they work best when conducted in smaller
groups. Group discussion stimulates free exchange of ideas, and helps individuals to clarify
ideas, feelings and attitudes. Discussion works very well if it follows some kind of "trigger,"
like a case study or story.
Questioning
When conducting a group discussion, teachers should be careful not to put down a student's
response. If a teacher does not accept student responses in a positive way, it may discourage
students from answering further questions. The pacing of questions is also important. Students
should be given time to think about a response, but questions should be rapid enough to keep
the pace of the class lively. Try not to ask questions that result in simple one-word responses
like yes or no. Open-ended questions should be asked to encourage students to discuss and
clarify points.
Brainstorming
Brainstorming is a technique that encourages and accepts a wide range of student responses. It
is important to not evaluate ideas yet. Every idea suggested should be accepted and recorded
on the blackboard or on a sheet of paper. Students need to know that they will not be required
to justify or explain any answer while they are brainstorming. After the period of time allowed
for brainstorming (which should not be too long), time for reflection or prioritizing of the list
should be set aside. Brainstorming is effective for:
Sensitive and controversial issues that need to be explored
Encouraging students who are hesitant to enter a discussion.
Gathering a lot of ideas quickly
Role-Play
Role-playing involves presenting a short spontaneous play describing possible real-life
situations. In role-plays, we imitate someone else's character. This is often easier than having
to express our own ideas and feelings.
Role-playing is a very effective technique but also a difficult one to master. The following
points may help you make this method more effective:
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Select volunteers or students who are outgoing and energetic.
Give students several lines or a script to get them started.
Use props such as hats, cards with names on them, wigs, etc.
Use humour, if possible, to make things more comfortable and interesting.
Pair all students in the class and assign each person to play a specific role, e.g. a father or
son. This will eliminate embarrassment of being in front of the class.
Case Study/Situation
A case study is a fictional story that allows students to make decisions about how the person
should act or respond and what the consequences of their actions might be. Case studies allow
the students to discuss someone else's behavior while avoiding revealing personal experiences
that might be embarrassing to them.
The case study can be open-ended, which means that the ending of the story may be missing.
It is up to the students to decide on all possible conclusions and their consequences. Finally,
students should make a decision about what would be the best ending for the scenario.
Group Work
Many of the activities contained in the units suggest small group work. Here are some
teaching points for trying small group work:
It is best to start with pairs or groups of 3 or 4. This tends to be less threatening to
students. As confidence builds, you can make the groups larger.
Try to vary the methods used for forming groups as much as possible and make sure that
students frequently work with different class members. You should use some method to
assign students to different groups. It is best not to let students form their own groups.
Those students who are not selected by peers will feel left out.
Try assigning roles and duties within groups, e.g. recorder, encourager, keeping the group
on their task, time-keeper, presenter of group's work, etc.
Emphasize a sink or swim together attitude. All members must contribute to the assigned
task. The group's success depends on a significant contribution from each individual.
It may be appropriate at times to use groups where the sexes are separated rather than
mixed.
Other Methods
Story telling is a traditional method of providing information and discussion topics. Situations
in the student activities can be told in a story-telling format using local culture as a base for
stories.
Fables are stories that have been told to explain how people can put themselves in danger by
acting in a certain way. Fables often involve animals as the characters and therefore present a
message without students feeling badly about their own behavior. The stories can be
developed to contain life skills messages about AIDS and can be followed by discussions
about what was learned and how things could be changed for the better.
Communicating life skills messages or expressing feelings about AIDS through music, dance
or poetry can be very effective. Use tunes that are known locally and have students create
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their own lyrics. Use dances that everyone knows and put words to them. The whole group
can participate in writing the words.
You can develop your role-plays (from the student activities) into full plays performed for
parents or students from other schools or other classrooms. At the end of the play, the
messages can be discussed with the audience.
Puppets can express things that actors may find difficult to express themselves because of
cultural or other reasons. The audience can ask the puppets questions after the show. This is
particularly effective with AIDS issues, which can be embarrassing or difficult to discuss
openly.
Methods for Large Classes
Teachers coping with very large classes are unable to interact with students to the point where
they are able to hold frank, open discussions. When teaching very large classes, the
chalkboard is the main teaching aide. In this situation, the teacher can successfully teach facts
about AIDS using normal classroom techniques. However, discussion of behavior and
experiences must involve a lot of student participation. Students can be divided into groups
and helped by peer leaders (see section 4).
Following the factual lessons about AIDS, students may carry out group projects and report
back in various ways, e.g. through charts, illustrations, oral reports, role playing, dramatic
performances, etc. Groups can report their findings to each other and display their work.
Possible topics and tasks:
What we know about HIV/AIDS/STDs.
What our families know about HIV/AIDS/STDs.
What the community knows about HIV/AIDS/STDs.
How life skills centers treat and help people with HIV/AIDS/STDs: interviews with
nurses/doctors.
Identification and collection of existing materials, posters, radio/TV announcements used
to inform people about HIV/AIDS/STDs.
Individuals, groups or organizations that exist in the community and provide information
about HIV/AIDS/STDs. Each group can arrange a meeting with one of the identified
persons/organizations.
Opinion survey and results.
Identification of main recreational activities among peers.
Behavior which could cause the spread of AIDS among different age groups.
Meetings held to explain AIDS.
Debates, competitions, social events.
Writing and acting out various plays to illustrate the danger of HIV/AIDS in the
community.
After these projects are completed, the teacher can arrange for a special guest to come and see
the display of findings.
Often at the end of such projects, students can go on to explore other related topics, such as
the social circumstances that may lead to exposure to drug and alcohol abuse, etc.
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VI INTEGRATION OF UNICEF RESOURCES
WITH LOCAL CREATIVITY IN HIV/AIDS
PREVENTION PROJECTS
In the process of implementing UNICEF program (1998~2000), the Educational Commission
at all levels of Fushun County, Zigong City, Sichuan Province, have attached great importance
to AIDS prevention. Local officials and teachers have made concerted efforts to this end.
Their achievements have already surpassed the programs expectations.
Fushun County's experience may serve as a model for other schools. The following abstract of
the Fushun summary and their excellent teaching plans are given below as reference.
Summary of HIV/AIDS Prevention and School Life Skills Education

Commission of Fushun County, Sichuan Province (August 1999)
Official Awareness and the Importance of AIDS Prevention
- The Foundation for a Successful Program
The County Committee of the local government and all of the Fushun County schools have
established their own implementation groups and group leaders for the AIDS prevention
program. Accountable individuals were designated to be responsible for specific tasks, such as
teaching, publicity, logistics, development of audio-visual materials and other materials, and
collection of data. Life Skills education activities were then carried out in an orderly fashion.
In order to implement this program accurately, the staff of the County Committee met
frequently to discuss relevant issues.
Two seminars on the program were held in Chengguan Secondary School and The Second
Middle School of Fushun County on September 15th and November 26th respectively. During
these seminars, different schools shared their own experiences. After the seminars they visited
each other's schools to exchange perspectives even further.
In order to provide guidance for the second stage of the program, the County Education
Commission compiled four bulletins to be distributed to all of the schools in the county.
Changing the Mindset Toward the Necessity for Sexual Education
- The Key to Implementing the Program
The leaders of the County Party Committee and the schools clearly understand that a sensitive
topic (sex) must be involved when carrying out AIDS prevention activities with students.
After careful consideration, we concluded that sex education for students must be provided at
the right moment, to a moderate degree, and using appropriate methods.
We should be brave enough to break taboos regarding discussion of this important issue. At
the same time, we must act with caution and work scientifically. Adolescent education is
provided for junior middle school students to develop civic responsibility.
They must not be involved in potentially harmful activities, including illegal drug use. Ideals
and values of friendship, love, and sex should be taught at the senior middle school level,
allowing for the development of an informed and positive lifestyle for students.
Three-level Training for Teachers the Guarantee of Program Success
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Social Science and Biology teachers, club advisors, and other teachers in general are the
primary educators in AIDS prevention and sex education. They also act as the students elder
brothers and sisters, role models, and friends. They should conduct classes and organize
relevant activities in a confident and open manner.
In order to guide the three-level training for the district and school leaders, Zhang Huimin,
vice secretary of the Party Branch of the County Education Commission and Wei Zhonghe,
vice-director of the Teaching and Research Section, accepted an invitation to train 1,094
teachers and administrative staff from 14 units. 100% of the trainees passed the examination.
All of the teachers who underwent training concluded, We have learned theories, data,
examples, and new educational methods. After receiving such training, we will be more
steadfast in our work.
The Students Guide - Promoting the Teachers Role
A teacher's task is to impart wisdom and knowledge, develop life skills, and guide students in
discovering answers to their many questions. They conscientiously prepare lessons and
consult the official materials distributed by the Municipal and County Education
Commissions.
Many school leaders personally examine teaching plans that adopt different methods, such as
lessons vs. lectures, extracurricular activities vs. classroom, decentralized teaching vs.
centralized teaching, and teaching for male students vs. female students. Many teachers have
conducted lively and interesting educational activities in the form of games, talkshows
entitled Tell it as it is, short plays, recitals in local dialects, songs, etc.
These activities have brought about positive responses from students and their surrounding
communities.
Attach Greater Importance to Student-Oriented Activities
The primary focus of AIDS prevention education and life skills education is the student. All
students have the right to this education. Under the guidance of teachers, students engage in
activities related to learning about AIDS prevention, avoiding illegal drug use and practicing
real-life skills. They may also practice handwriting, musical composition, literary
composition, and drawing.
Students who excelled in these areas were selected to take part in a competition of creative
approaches to AIDS prevention, illegal drug use prevention, and promotion of social skills.
These programs kill two birds with one stone: promote the quality of education in school
systems and enrich campus life. According to the rough statistics, 380 students participated in
the calligraphy and drawing competitions, 51 students participated in the solo vocalist
competition, and 21 students took part in the short play competition.
All competitions were sponsored by their county. 156 essay compositions were designated as
excellent articles. The winners of the first, second, and third prizes were awarded certificates
or trophies.
Beyond the Classroom and into the Community
- Extend the Influence of School Activities
During the program activities, 67 parents' meetings were held in different schools, attended by
12,805 parents in total. The school leaders personally participated in those meetings to explain
and publicize Vice-Premier Li Lanqing's instructions. The school doctors or teachers in charge
of classes discussed the importance of AIDS prevention and the establishment of life skillsy
life skills.
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Many students took the life skills education materials home to tell their parents, relatives and
friends about what they had learned in school. On December 1st, 1999 (World AIDS Day), the
teachers and pupils of the Primary School Attached to the County Teachers' School and the
West City Primary School hung up banners with slogans about prevention of AIDS. They also
organized drum bands and wind bands to attract attention and teach the Song of Prevention
of AIDS.
On the street, they offered counseling and distributed life skills education materials. The
audience numbered more than 3,000. Such activities had a great effect on the community.
Experiences on the Third-Level Training for Teachers (30 March 2000)

Four Changes and Four Encouragements
Change the situation in which only one person is contributing. Encourage all students to be
fully involved and take an active part in the activities. Encourage them to develop their own
individual viewpoints. Teach them to apply what they have learned in class to their daily lives,
and differentiate between saying and doing.
Change learning methods which emphasize mechanic memorization and reading without
comprehension. Instead, encourage students to pose bold questions, foster creative thinking,
and take their learning to a higher level.
Change teaching methodology from teacher-centered to student-centered learning. Encourage
students to think critically and carefully. Students should, under the teachers' direction, find
the links between new knowledge and old knowledge.
Change teachers' tendencies to emphasize pedantry through dry lecturing. Encourage
students to be attentive and active. Students should be able to recognize and appreciate their
own achievements and progress. They should be encouraged to take part in class debates and
boldly express their own opinions, which will arouse interest in studying. Students should be
nurtured and educated in a positive environment.
Obstacles in the Three-Level Training for Teachers
The following phrases express some common misconceptions:
AIDS is far from us, so it only concerns foreigners. If one preserves one's purity he/she
cannot become infected. We don't have enough funds to do AIDS prevention education.
Conducting sex education for students would make it seem as if we are encouraging them to
be promiscuous. This program makes such a large fuss over such a trivial issue. Broader
society and parents won't understand the purpose of sex education.
These common misconceptions can be held by officials and teachers alike. We must address
these nave stereotypes during training, and carefully explain how they are mistaken.
Programs Effectively Implemented, Fuyuanhao Vocational School

(8 December, 1999)
Clearly Define Leadership Roles and Program Goals
In order to effectively carry out the AIDS and illegal drug use prevention activities among
faculty, Mr. Gao Anjiu (school authority and Party branch head) was appointed as the director
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of the school committee. All administrative personnel, teachers in charge of classes, teachers
of social science, and heads of teaching and research groups served as group members.
A committee office has been set up with links to the school's Office of Public affairs. Mr.
Zhou Qirong was designated to oversee daily affairs.
Develop a Specific Work Plan and Carry Out Three-level Training
In order to carry out this program effectively, five documents - Documents (1998) No. 1,6,7,9,
and 12 were successively drawn up to bring up concrete suggestions about the activities.
A three-level training course was held for the school administrative personnel, Party
members, teachers in charge of classes, heads of teaching and research groups, and Political
Science teachers. A total of 93 people participated in the training, which took place from
October 6 to 8, 1999. Mr. Gao Anjiu, the principal, spoke at the training course. Mr. Zhou
Qirong, director of the Political Office, and Dr. Jian Xiuchuan, the school doctor, lectured on
AIDS prevention, illegal drug use prevention and life skills training.
Materials entitled Life skills Education Material on AIDS Prevention, AIDS Messages That
Medical Workers Must Know and 186 information packets in all were distributed to each
participant. Training materials developed by the lecturers, such as Stay Away from
Destructive Illegal Drugs, Cherish Life and Strengthen Life Skills and Life skills
Education on AIDS Prevention were among the 279 leaflets that were also distributed.
Before the training course began, a survey was conducted to test for relevant knowledge about
AIDS. The average score was 54.34%, but by the end of training, all of the 93 participants
passed the examination with an average score of 96.22 and a passing rate of 100%.
Conducting Education on Special Topics in Class Activities
After the training was completed, the teachers in charge of class conducted four-stage training
for students in class activities, focusing on topics such as AIDS prevention, illegal drug use
prevention, and life skills training. Altogether, six lessons were taught over 135 activity
periods. 1,035 copies of teaching materials were distributed.
Before the training, a survey was conducted among 332 students as a baseline survey. At the
end of training, the students took a final examination. According to the baseline survey, the
average score for relevant knowledge was scored at 58.34 before the training.
After the training, the average score increased to 96.02. 242 students received a perfect score
on the examination. The passing rates were 55.02% and 99.42% respectively before and after
the training. After the training, all of the students in the school have a clearer understanding of
the importance of prevention of STDs/AIDS and drug abuse.
They also had a better understanding of how AIDS may be spread, how it is harmful, how it
may be prevented and controlled, and how to tell others about it. Lastly, students have been
taught to develop life skills, active and progressive lives.
Life Skills Education - Hands-on Learning
Since the beginning of this program, the school clinic has published four special columns on
Life Skills education in the school newspaper. Different classes have published 15 columns on
Life Skills education in the class newspapers.
The school's Political Office has published four issues of a comprehensive periodical entitled
Bulletin on Political Education which focus on life skills education. The school clinic has
held training sessions on life skills and adolescence for female students in grade 2 of senior
middle school. 196 students attended, and a videotape was used to present the information.
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The Political Office, the school committee of the Communist Youth League, and the school
clinic jointly held a training course for the 120 students from the cadres of the League
Committee, students union, and cadres of the League from different classes. During these
sessions, 240 copies of life skills education materials, such as Life skills Education during
Adolescence and School Life Skills were distributed.
Allocation of Special Activities Funds
Although the school suffers a debt of over 1.3 million RMB, the administrative department
still allocated RMB31.265 to guarantee the normal implementation of the program. Careful
budgeting allocated the money to the organization of the training courses, development of
education materials and the purchase of audio-visual equipment.
Recommended Teaching Plans

Drama: Love Your Life, Stay Away From Drugs.
Written by the middle school of Daisi town in Fushun county (5 Nov. 1992)
Time: Not specified
Place: Fictitious
Characters: A for AIDS, D for drug needles, HA for high alert, HB for life skills
behaviors. (The number of HAs and HBs is flexible.)
One boy singer, one girl singer, two piano players.
Costumes: A horrible and disgusting looking, masked by the twisted letters of AIDS,
with HIV written on the back of the clothes.
D dressed up in suits, looking green and gray, with a hat
simulating a needle above his/her head.
HA and HB - same clothes, nice but bizarre, with their titles written
on their hats.
Stage scene: Strange and beautiful, with trees, flowers, grass and large stuffed animals.
(The curtain rises)
(A shows up, acting high and mighty)
(D follows, watching A indifferently)
D: (claps his hands)
A: Who are you?
D: (ignores A, looking cocky)
A: (threatens D with ghost-like movements and howls)
D: Come on, knock it off! Who do you think you are? You think I don't know
who you are?
(tears off A's mask, speaks to the audience). AIDS is short for Acquired Immure
Deficiency Syndrome. It's come from elsewhere, but now it wants to stretch
its legs in China!
A: (throws away his mask) Who the heck are you!?
D: (takes out his symbol and puts it on.)
A: Oh! It's my old friend Drug Needle! What an honor to meet you!
(reaches out his hand,)
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D: (ignores his hand and tightens his tie) Old friend? (disgusted) You are
throwing that title around a little too carelessly. Behave yourself!
A: (awkwardly takes back his hand) Well, ah, in fact I am powerful, I am mighty.
If anybody has me, they will be dead. Nothing can save them!
D: (laughs) If! IF! You know too well just how weak you can be if your
(turns A around) HIV positive virus can't get into a human body.
You know, heat can kill you, soap can kill you. Even if you stay exposed in
the air for a while, you'll be dead
A: (goes mad) Hey! Get it straight, man, I am already inside of the human body,
not like those nomads goofing around. You know, they don't call me AIDS for
nothing!
D: (sneers) And you've got me to thank while you are enjoying your stay there.
I am the one who brought you into the body while they were using me.
A: (outraged but powerless) Alright, you win. Mr. (Ms.) Drug, nice to meet you.
(bows)
D: (ignores)
A: Please! Sir/Madam! It's a pleasure to meet you! (salutes)
D: (turns around to light a cigarette)
A: Please! Boss! Talking to you is the greatest thing that has ever happened to me
in my life! (salutes again)
D: (puts a smile on his/her face and turns back)
A: Mr. (Ms.) Drug, you are Satan! (turns around)
D: What? What did you say? How dare you!
A: No, no, no, no, you've got me wrong. I said you are sacred!
D: Why did you turn around then?
A: Well, since you are sacred, how can I dare to look into your eyes?
D: It's ok, just call me a friend. Let's go have some fun!
(They sing as they destroy the stage scene)
D: I'm Drug Needle!
A: I'm AIDS!
D: He's always by my side!
A: Like peas and carrots!
A&D: Like peas and carrots!
D: (gets alerted) Hey! We've got to hide!
D: Be quiet, our worst enemies are coming! (they lie down on the stage)
(HA and HB show up, singing and dancing)
HA&HB: Beautiful blue sky, what a beautiful life! We are happy because
we are life skills. Let's take care of our own bodies!
HA: (suddenly stops) Look, my sister, drugs and AIDS were here. What a
mess they made!
HB: (checking) Right, let's stay and help out. (they clean up the stage) Look,
it seems that somebody's heading for the hospital!
HB: (Looks out) Granpa! Granny! Are you going to the hospital? If you have to take
an injection or transfusion, be sure to use disposable needles! Youre welcome!
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HA: One other thing, don't take any unnecessary blood transfusions! Yes! Right!
HA&HB: Good-bye! Hope you get well soon! (they dance)
HA: There's someone else coming! They look like...... (gets shy)
HB: What's that look for?
HA: They look like a couple in love, like they're going to get married.
HB: (looks out) Oh, yeah! Hello, sir and ma'am. Please include the HIV test in your
marriage life skills exams. Just in case it turns out to be positive,
you'd better not have a child.
HA: (in a low voice) One other thing, be loyal to your spouse, for love, and for the
prevention of AIDS.
HB: My sister, why did you say it in such a low voice? It's nothing to be shy about!
Come on, let's yell together!
HA&HB: Please be loyal to your love! For the sake of love, and for the
prevention of AIDS!
HB: See, they thanked us!
(They sing and dance again.)
La, la, la, la, la, la, let's prevent AIDS, let's act now!
La, la, la, la, la, la, as long as we're aware, we don't fear AIDS! We don't fear
AIDS!
La, la, la, la, la, la, as long as we behave ourselves, AIDS has nowhere to hide!
(D and A rise up in the dance)
A: Hey, buddy! I'm going crazy here! What should we do?
D: Run! We'd better run away!
(They try to run, but always get stopped by the dancing HA and HB.
At the end of the drama, they fall to the ground and die.)
(The end. The curtain falls.)
November 5, 1998
Games: Blindfolded relay -Helping Patients

P.E. game plans for AIDS prevention in the Baiguo primary school of Dengjingguan town.
Designed by Wang Yu, teacher of the school.
Purpose of the Game
To help students realize that AIDS is an incurable but preventable disease which kills people,
causes social turbulence and destroys families. The best vaccine for AIDS is preventative
behavior.
To let students learn about the ways in which AIDS is transmitted, so that they will stay away
from drugs, discarded needles and public razors. They should also learn to pay more attention
to sterilization and injection procedures, and be sure they go to authorized hospitals for
medical treatment.
To help students develop a positive attitude towards AIDS-infected classmates, eliminating
discrimination against and social avoidance of AIDS patients.
Preparations for the Game
Choose the game area.
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Divide the class into 5 groups of 9 students in each group. Pick one person in each group to be
designated as HIV-positive.
Materials needed: five handkerchiefs, five hats with HIV written on them and some awards.
Key Points
Gather the students together and give instructions for the game.
1) Give an introduction on AIDS, emphasizing its harmfulness and the ways in which it's
transmitted.
2) Tell students about how to prevent AIDS from spreading.
3) Discuss with students how to develop the positive attitude towards AIDS patients.
Steps
1) Choose one person from each group as AIDS patient. He/she wears the HIV hat and the
blindfold. The blindfold means insulation of AIDS virus, and it provides a way to test each
team member's cooperation and teamwork skills.
2) Equal numbers of people stand on two sides of the designated line. Each time, two
students from each side help the patient run to the other side, as shown in the picture. This
cooperation represents support and encouragement given to the patient, making him/her
feel safe.
3) People on each of the two sides help the patient in turns, until the whole range of running
is complete. Those who finish the whole running first win.
4) Rules: the pretend patient must be blindfolded. If the handkerchief falls off during the
game, he/she should stop to put it on again.
5) Be careful not to fall down and get hurt. Adjust your moves and be quick to respond.
6) Gather Again and Conclude the Game.
Review What You Have Learned

The teacher makes a short evaluation of each group's performance and asks each group to
choose a number between one and five. Each number stands for a different compulsory quiz
question. Students get 10 points for each right answer. Questions 6 ~8 are optional, and
students will receive 10 more points for each right answer. Points will not be deducted if they
give the wrong answer.
Compulsory Questions
Can AIDS be transmitted by shaking hands, hugging or sharing tableware?
Why can't we play with discarded injection needles?
Is it safe to work, study and interact with HIV positive people and
their family members?
What's the best vaccine for AIDS?
What kind of environment is not suitable for the AIDS virus to survive in?
Optional Questions
How does AIDS harm individuals?
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How does AIDS harm families?
How does AIDS harm society?
Talk about the answers and award points to the groups which gave correct answers.
Grant awards according to the points gained.
Class Discussion: The Fatal Red Dancing Shoes

- A Guide for Self-Discipline for High School Students
Xu Chi, No.2 high school, Fushun county
Goals
High school students today are exposed to all kinds of negative influences in society. One of
the first priorities in education is to help students gain a better sense of themselves and be
confident enough to avoid these pitfalls.
This activity focuses on initiating a dialogue between teachers and students in order to help
students learn about themselves and understand that the confusion experienced during
adolescence is normal.
Preparation for the Activity
The teacher prepares a recording of Anderson's well-known fairy tale The Red Shoes.
Before the activity, ask students for examples of bad habits that they have. Call these negative
factors red shoes.
Write the following theme on the blackboard in bold letters: Resist temptation, stay away
from drugs.
Form of the Activity
A class centered around a theme. The teacher raises a topic and the students analyze and
discuss their own views and behavior in relation to that topic. By the end of the class, students
should have clearer positions on the topic and more understanding of their own reaction
similar situations.
Content
Teacher: Let's listen to the recording, and then we will discuss what we hear. (Plays the
tape:) Caron loves to dance, and she just can't stop. She dances in the rain, she dances
through the entire evening. But when she wants to move to the left, the shoes move to the
right...... When Caron tries to take off the shoes, she finds that the shoes have already been
fused with her feet......
Students' Reaction
First they are curious about Caron's habit. They are attracted to the story's magic, and they
marvel at the strange dancing shoes. But the ending is sad, with Caron losing control of her
feet.
Teacher: Just now we listened to Anderson's well-known fairy tale The Red Shoes. The
story was about Caron, a beautiful and hard-working girl, who has to cut off her feet because
she can't help dancing. The magic of the red dancing shoes keeps her going and won't let her
stop. What do you think about the story?
(After a while.)
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Student A: The red shoes can be found everywhere in our lives. You could compare the effect
the red shoes have on Caron to the effect alcohol has on alcoholics, heroin on drug addicts,
dice on gamblers. They are usually forced to pay a heavy price for their obsessions. Their
families may be destroyed and they risk early deaths.
Teacher's Comment: Good. That is a very graphic explanation of your understanding of what
the red shoes represent. The red shoes are a kind of temptation. How do you think Caron
views the red shoes?
Student B: Caron is so obsessed with the red shoes that she thinks that nothing in the world
can be compared with them. When she is dancing, she forgets about important things, like her
studies and her prayers. She even forgets to take care of her sick grandma who cared for her
when she was young. She dances at her grandma's funeral, which is disrespectful and
inappropriate.
Teacher's Comment: There are lots of temptations in life. For example, it is very difficult to
break a drug addiction once you have become reliant on drugs. That is a very vivid
description.
Teacher's Guiding Question: What are the red shoes that distract us from our studies?
(After a while)
Student C: My red shoes are fantasy novels. Like Caron, I read them at home, at school,
during classes, day and night. I read them all the time. Caron is harmed physically in the story.
I probably suffer mental trauma, because reading novels sometimes takes me away from my
studies. I was so distracted that I failed to gain admission to the prestigious high school I had
been dreaming about.
All the students: My red shoes are computer games. My red shoes are love novels. My red
shoes are television. My red shoes are window-shopping. My red shoes are chatting. My red
shoes are snacks and pop singers! (Everybody laughs.)
Student D: I learned a lot from the story, although I can't tell if I have any obsessions myself.
Caron is not really addicted to dancing at the beginning. She thinks it doesn't hurt to wear the
shoes for just a short while. But by the time she realizes that the shoes are controlling her, she
can't take them off anymore. We should never allow ourselves to think It doesn't hurt to...
We are still young, and since our resistance to temptation is not very strong, we should not
test our luck on the red shoes.
Teacher's Comment: Good reasoning. Tiny things can really cause disasters if they escalate.
We shouldn't do things that are wrong, no matter how harmless or insignificant they may
seem.
Teacher's guidance again: What can we learn from Caron's experience?
Student C: We should recognize Caron's courage in cutting off her feet to break away from
the red shoes. I promise I will get rid of my fantasy novels, no matter how painful it is.
Teacher's comment: Right. You don't have to kill yourself just because you are sick. You have
to cure the disease, and the best doctor is yourself. How do you plan to get rid of your bad
habits?
Students make individual plans to:
Identify my own red shoes that distract me from my studies and may be harmful to my
growth. I will tell my teachers, classmates and parents about them, so that they can help
me and monitor my behavior when I face temptations.
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Write No .... (e.g. No television) on two posters and place them on my desk and bed, so
that I can be reminded to be strong all the time.
Distract myself from temptations and devote myself to studies.
Teacher's summary: Caron loses her feet because she can't break away from the red shoes.
We may destroy our youth and regret it for the rest of our lives unless we can resist
temptations and break away from bad habits. So let's work together to say NO to temptations!
VII PERMEATING AIDS EDUCATION

INTO SCHOOL SUBJECTS
AIDS is not only a public health problem, but also a social issue. It relates to social
development, medical care, loss of labor and personal behavior. It follows that there are
various approaches to educating youngsters about how to prevent AIDS.
Outside of Life Skills classes and P.E. classes, we should also integrate AIDS education into
other courses to make students aware of AIDS and its many consequences. The following
examples are some excellent case studies. We hope they will be useful references for all
teachers.
Integration with Verbal (Chinese) Class

Language Class Helps Understanding of AIDS
Cui Hengping, Chinese teacher of Beiling high school, Haian, Jiangsu
AIDS has claimed more than 30 million lives in just the past 20 years. It is a very real threat
that frightens many people. As a Chinese teacher, I know it's my responsibility to tell our
young boys and girls about the disease. They should know how to reduce their risk of
contracting HIV, and they should know how to interact with AIDS patients in the right way.
They also have to learn what developments are currently taking place, and what developments
may take place in the future, in terms of preventing and treating AIDS.
The study of Chinese can be applied to real life issues, and we can go over these sensitive
subjects while practicing listening, speaking, reading and writing in Chinese class. This
widens students' perspectives on the world, improves their language ability and serves as a
base for further education.
Listening Activities
Arrange to have students watch video footage of the World AIDS Day program produced
by China Central Television.
Watch the video recording of the Focus program produced by CCTV which deals with
AIDS as a topic. Listen to the episodes of the Singapore International College Student's
debate competition on the topic AIDS is not a social issue but a Life Skills problem.
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Biology teachers can gives lectures on adolescence life skills and human biology related
to sexual functions. Students can learn about how AIDS is harmful by studying the
following facts:
- AIDS can be transmitted in three ways: blood exchange, sexual intercourse and
from mother to embryo.
- AIDS cannot be cured but it can be prevented. We should not be afraid of AIDS,
but we should guard ourselves against the disease.
- We should not look down upon AIDS patients. We should provide caring support
for them.
- Young people especially should avoid premature sexual activity and drug use. It
is important to develop lifelong Life Skills habits even at a young age.
Reading Activities
During these activities, students can work on their abilities to read quickly and comprehend
the main points of an article.
Read the following materials out loud to students:
- The Fudan team's closing statements at the first college student's debate
competition. This article was written in the magazine Speech & Eloquence.
- The poem Seeing off the Devil written by Chairman Mao about the elimination of
schistosomiasis.
Have students read the following articles individually:
- Taiwan rules state that people who deliberately transmit AIDS will be sentenced
to 7 years in jail. (reported in the Yang Cheng evening paper dated Dec. 10,
1997)
- Experts warn: Be careful of AIDS (reported in the Qi Lu evening paper dated
Nov. 28, 1997)
- US scientists found new genes related to AIDS(reported in the Yangtzi evening
paper dated Jan. 26, 1998)
- Surgery without blood transfusion emerges in the US (reported in the Shanghai
translation paper dated Jan. 5, 1998)
- US scientists work on AIDS vaccine (from the Internet)
After study and discussion, the following conclusions may be reached:
- Other than blood transfusions and venous injections, there are also small chances
that AIDS can be transmitted through more normal procedures like tooth
extractions, car accidents and haircuts. Sanitary precautions should be taken.
- Several developments have paved the way for future research on eliminating
AIDS: surgery without blood transfusion, the discovery of the nef gene, and the
development of an AIDS vaccine.
- Other related measures can be taken to curb AIDS transmission. Harsher
penalties for illegal drug use and prostitution are one example. Voluntary blood
donations and careful screening for HIV-positive blood samples could also help.
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Finally, promotion of premarital life skills examinations and pregnancy life skills
examinations can also contribute to prevent AIDS from spreading further.
Simultaneously, scanning ability can also be trained through this exercise.
Oral Activities:
(1) Students draw pictures to show the ways in which AIDS is transmitted. Then they clearly
explain and describe the picture to others. This exercise increases understanding of the
biological basis of AIDS.
(2) Students collect pictures and articles about AIDS patients from magazines and newspaper
clippings. Their summaries can be presented in class.
(3) Fine arts teachers can draw pictures depicting Princess Diana's affections and Singer
Elton John's anti-AIDS fund. Students can then describe the pictures, and discuss their
own opinions. Diana and Elton John can be used as examples of model behavior in caring
for AIDS patients.
Writing:
(1) A call for AIDS prevention is the title of one assignment. This writing exercise aims to
clarify information about AIDS that the students have received so far. They should review
old materials and also integrate new information and developments to share with others.
(2) A letter to future mothers is another essay that requires students to think and write about
how AIDS can lead to disastrous results for individuals, families and society. Specifically,
it should focus on the possibility of AIDS transmission from mother to baby,
demonstrating the fatal impact of AIDS to family and society, and help students build up
the sense of responsibility.
(3) An AIDS patient talks about himself is an assignment that asks students to think about
AIDS from a new perspective. This should help them understand more about the needs of
AIDS patients themselves.
Words are not only tools for communication, they are also a reflection of culture. AIDS
awareness education must be a part of basic Chinese education. If information about AIDS
can be communicated to students effectively enough that they are committed to preventing the
spread of AIDS in the future, our efforts will be successful.
Submitted in November 1997.
Integration with English Class

English learning is now a part of education in China. Choosing an English article concerning
AIDS a worldwide topic, is an effective way to generate classroom interest in this issue.
An AIDS Patient - Jane
My name is Jane and I am 41 years old. I became infected with HIV through my husband
who had sex with a prostitute. We were married for 20 years, and we have two children -a
daughter14 and a son 11. Our happiness suddenly disappeared when my husband was
diagnosed as being HIV-positive. Our private physician didn't want to treat him, and was
disrespectful towards me. I became very depressed and had to sacrifice my job to stay
home with my husband for 12 days. During the last two days, he developed a high fever
and experienced difficulty in breathing. I had him to admit him to hospital. My children and
I could not control our emotions, and we hugged him affectionately until he drew his last
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breath. There was a stigma attached to our situation, and the doctors and nurses at the
hospital certainly discriminated against us. I felt shamed by the Life Skills officer who
followed us to the cremation.
I was then instructed by the doctor to have a blood test. Upon being confirmed as HIV-
positive, I felt so depressed and scared that I immediately resigned from my job as a
nursery school teacher. I isolated myself from others, and I didn't dare go out. I separated
my belongings from my children's, and for the next two years of my life, I felt like such a
failure. My family was supportive, including my two children, but they all went through a
lot of pain. I was having a mental breakdown, and my mother insisted that I see a
psychiatrist. After that, I was prescribed anti-depression pills and tranquilizers. Life was
terrible during those two years and I thought of suicide.
Fortunately, one day I made the decision to move away from my home to Rumah
Penyayang. I stayed there for three months and became involved in charity work. We
observed Islam as a concept in our approach to counseling, discipline, vocational training
and other activities. I am indeed grateful and thankful to Hawa for all her love, concern
and support in helping me regain my confidence in living life.
She encouraged me to expose myself to the outside world and to be a good role model
and mother. I learned a lot from her counseling and moved back to Ipoth. My supportive
family was so happy to see the positive changes I had undergone.
The program has been beneficial to me. I now feel that I want to go on with life and
accept HIV. I hope to recapture those two lost years of my life. Memories of my husband
are still always with me and will remain forever in my heart. To those who have been
faithful wives like me, learn a lesson from my experience, and know that HIV can still be a
risk.
The Rights of Children

Children are vulnerable group in society, needing special care and protection. This is
especially so in developing countries, where poverty is rarely the only cause for concern.
Poverty is usually accompanied by many other social and health problems and together
they endanger the mental and physical health and development of children.
In such circumstances, children affected by HIV/AIDS are faced not only with poverty and
the distress it brings, but also with the disruptions to the family and its livelihood that
sickness and loss of parents inevitably cause.
In addition, they may well find that society rejects them, for in many regions of the world
there is still a stigma attached to HIV/AIDS sufferers and families. In these ways AIDS
threatens children by restricting their chances of in the United Nations Convention on the
Rights of the Child.
Integration with Geography Class

Data regarding the prevalence of AIDS both within China and worldwide can be integrated
into geography classes. This can complement the lessons in Chapter 10 of the Textbook of
Geography for Senior Middle School students (see the following figure).
Integration with Mathematics Class

The number of HIV-infected persons, computations of loss of manpower and materials due to
AIDS can be integrated into applied math word problems. This helps students understand how
harmful AIDS can be (see the following data).
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Figure Distribution of HIV-infected Persons in China
Most of the HIV-infected persons are seen in the West and Middle part of China
(up to the end of 1999)
More than 5,000 cases
1,001 ~ 5,000
501 ~ 1,000
51 ~ 500
1 ~ 50
No data
The Ministry of Life skills of the Peoples Republic of China
Estimated Number of Adults and Children Newly Infected with HIV

Worldwide during 1999
North America 920 thousand
Caribbean 360 thousand
Latin America 3 million
Western Europe 520 thousand
Eastern Europe and
Central Asia 360 thousand
North Africa and
Middle East 220 thousand
Sub-Saharan Africa 223 million
East Asia and
Pacific Region 530 thousand
South and
South-East Asia 6 million
Australia and
New Zealand 12,000
Total 336 million
Cost of Treatment for AIDS Patients in China and

Other Developing Countries in 1991 (US dollar)
Country Direct Cost Indirect Total Cost Per Capita Total Cost/Per Capita
Cost (3) Income (5) Income (6)
(1) (2) (4)
(6)=(4) / (5)
China 880 to 1941 10,779 to 11,387 to 616 18.3 to 24.4
13,586 1,4927
India 783 10,100 10,838 580 18.7
Indonesia 1490 14,680 16,170 843 19.2
Thailand 987to 1,542 34,322 35,309 to 1,971 17.9 to 18.2
35,846
The total treatment cost for an AIDS patient is 18.3 to 24.4 times the annual per capita income in
China, 18.7 times in India, 19.2 times in Indonesia, and 17.9~18.2 times in Thailand; the proportion of
direct cost to total cost is 7.8% to 12.9% in China, 6.8% in India, 9.2% in Indonesia, and 2.8% to 8.9%
in Thailand.
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With respect to this proportion, the treatment cost for AIDS is a little higher in China than in other Asian
countries. By and large, the cost for medical care and treatment for AIDS only makes up a small part
of the influence of AIDS on the broader economy.
The loss of income and reduction in productive forces have more economic and social impact.
Integration with Social Science Class

The following article is not directly related to AIDS prevention education, but the theories and
approaches to education are closely connected to the chapter on Life Skills in this book. This
article is provided as a reference.
Help Students Adjust Their Emotions
Lin Jie, Kunming Foreign Studies School
In an effort to improve the quality of teaching politics for high school students, the state
education department requires junior high schools to give students extracurriculum
classes on morality, psychology, law, social development and state affairs. It is something
new for schools to help students develop a life skillsy state of mind.
Why is it necessary to improve student's mental strength in politics class? The following is
my personal opinion.
First, the focus of China's education system is to change from being based on
examinations to concentrating on the quality of learning.
Quality education is an expansive topic. It involves science, morality, work and life skills.
The development of mental strength and stamina is vital to the ability to study and master
scientific knowledge. Morality is closely related to basic human emotions and feelings,
and work ability is largely related to the ability to take action. Therefore, a student's
potential depends on a life skillsy state of mind.
Secondly, young people face mental challenges posed by science and technology as
well. Book lessons alone are not adequate for one to adapt to society. Highly educated
people who find it hard to survive in the real world are defined by UNESCO as "functional
illiterates." We should train our children to have mental strength, similar in concept to the
training used for academic and physical skills. By doing so our students would win out in
the future competition in society.
Thirdly, high school students between the ages of 13 to 18 are susceptible to developing
psychological problems. According to a survey conducted among 30,000 students, about
32% had psychological problems. Another survey showed that only 17% of high school
students are psychologically life skillsy. Liu Bin, former vice director of the state education
committee said that the numbers of students running away from home or thinking about
suicide are on the rise. These actions are usually due to perceived problems such as
anxiety, paranoia, inferiority complex, desolation and faintheartedness. Rapid responses
and solutions must be introduced to counteract these trends. Mental strength training is
important for students to develop a life skillsy state of mind and personality. High school
teachers should carefully consider how to carry out this type of training.
I think the key to developing mental strength is to learn how to adjust your emotions.
Emotions are the windows into the heart, and they play an important role in mental
activities. Mental strength is a combination of the abilities to judge situations, adjust your
emotions and react accordingly. The ability to judge situations is somewhat intellectual,
while the ability to adjust emotions and react are less related to intellect. Positive
emotions can lead to positive action, and negative emotions can weaken one's ability to
take action.
Feelings like patriotism, sense of beauty, sense of responsibility, and the satisfaction that
comes from helping others are basic emotions. Those who cannot control their own
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emotions or understand other people's emotions may find it difficult to command respect
and honor.
I tried the following initiatives in my politics class.
First, to carry out teaching plans on the basis of analyzing the state of mind of
students and their emotions. Currently, most students are the only children in their
families. They receive a lot of attention from their parents and tend to be selfish,
radical, willful, peacockish and mentally weak. They are feisty and their emotions are
unstable. I'll do what I want to do is their common attitude. Keeping these
circumstances in mind, I created a positive atmosphere in my class, encouraging
students to take part in the discussion and to say what they have on their minds. Then
I analyze their problems and help them sort things out.
The students love the class and flood me with questions even after class has ended.
The most common problem among them is the attitude they adopt with their parents. I
arranged a meeting to discuss the problem and invited their parents to come with
them. During the meeting, we discussed together how to curb these attitudes that get
out of hand. Both the students and their parents reacted positively to the activity. They
realized how important it is to control one's emotions and they learned some basic
and effective methods to do that.
Secondly, sympathize with the students' situations. Understanding students is very
important to teachers during these sorts of psychological analyses. We have to feel
their emotions. When we see students crying, we should try to put ourselves in their
shoes and feel their pain. When students seem down, we should try to understand
how hopeless they feel, rather than dismissing their emotions. Only then will students
take us to be real friends and open up to us, so that we can help them deal with their
real problems.
Attentive listening is another important part of helping students improve their mental
strength. If we listen to them respectfully and show that we are understanding and
willing to help, we can guide them to become more open and confident. Students will
slowly learn to have faith in themselves, and we can guide them through difficult
troubles and problems they may encounter.
Thirdly, help students know themselves better. During contact with my students, I found
that they are unable to develop their state of mind and control their emotions well when
they don't have a clear sense of self. The students who overestimate their abilities and
importance become too cocky and do not listen to other people's opinions. If they think
parents and teachers talk too much, these students simply become rebellious. On the
other end of the spectrum, students who have low self-esteem may develop inferiority
complexes and depressed states of mind. Therefore helping students know themselves
is vital to developing mental strength.
In the class, I held up the picture of The sheep and the giraffe and asked for their
comments. Then they were required to play two games.
1) The tree of strengths and the tree of weaknesses. I drew two trees and asked each
student to write his/her own 10 strengths and 10 weaknesses on the trees, so that
they could get to know themselves better.
2) Secret in the envelope. I asked parents to write down one of their child's strengths or
weaknesses every day and put it into an envelope. The students could then open the
envelope after one week, so that they could see themselves through other people's
eyes.
The students were interested in the games and they followed the given instructions. At
the conclusion of the activities, all of them believed they had gotten to know themselves
better. Some of them had wondered before why they couldn't get along very well with
classmates and parents, and they had always thought it was somebody else's fault. After
some of the exercises, they realized that they had also been inconsiderate and disruptive
at times. Students learned to tell right from wrong and learned how to control their
emotions and behavior more than before.
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Also, through heart-to-heart talks, I encouraged students to accept difficulties and failures
with an optimistic attitude. Every week, students would write down what they wanted to
tell me in their regular reports. I tried to reach their inner thoughts through the reports.
One girl had been playing the piano for years and had passed grade 9. After she got into
junior high school, her piano skills didn't improve because she didn't have enough time to
practice. Moreover, her parents placed a lot of pressure on her to do everything well. She
felt quite depressed and wrote, "I can't stand it. I'm too nervous. Failing the grade 10
piano test has been haunting me."
After I read her report, I met with her and told her that life is full of ups and downs. Strong
people will take defeats as challenges, and only cowards will let failures get them down. I
encouraged her to face disappointment with the right attitude, and to smile at the next
challenge to come. And I told her that I looked forward to sharing her joy when she
succeeded.
Another student is not very good at scores. She wrote in her diary: Teacher does not like
me. I told her that teacher would not like or dislike anyone for no reason. Just do what
she should do .
I had heart-to-heart talks like that with students after reading their reports. It took me quite
a lot of time and energy but I know it was worthwhile.
Outdoor activities are another approach to reaching students. I had to plan the activities
very carefully, taking the students' heavy workloads into consideration. I chose to let the
students decide what they wanted to do rather than following the school's semester
plans. It was more complicated to plan, but the students relished the opportunity to take
part in the decision making. It was a controversial issue but I was determined to let them
play a role in the planning.
One day, they challenged another class to a basketball match. Our class lost. Some of
them cried to me about their experiences. The cheerleaders yelled so loudly, and they
tried so hard to win the game that they felt depressed when the spectators laughed at
them. They talked a lot about their emotions and the game. I was so glad to find that they
had learned about solidarity, struggle, mental power and collective honor. Their character
improved while playing these simple games. I resolved to organize more activities like
that. Whether they win or lose, the experience is vital to the process of growing up. After
they go though different kinds of emotions, they will learn to gracefully accept honor and
defeat, and build an optimistic and open attitude towards life.
In any case, it is a great task to cultivate students' mental strength. Teachers should
coach them on how to understand and cope with their emotions. If we begin to do that
during their junior high school days, they will become the masters of the 21st century.
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VIII EXPERIENCES AND METHODS USED TO
PROMOTE SEX EDUCATION AND AIDS
PREVENTION IN CHINA
Nine Ways to Talk at Home With Your Kids About Sex

The following ways are also suitable for practice in schools.
Situational Teaching
Family education can be flexible. On-the-spot learning can deliver a memorable message, if
parents recognize the opportunities to do so.
The following article was written by a little boy.
As soon as the door opened, I squeezed onto the bus and took a seat. I made my father
sit down, because he suffered from stomach trouble. A few moments later, he stood up
and let another lady sit down in his seat.
I was curious about that. There didn't seem to be anything wrong with the young lady, so
why did my father give up the seat to her? I was unhappy, but my father ignored my
discomfort. After we got off the bus, father smiled at me and said 'Son, couldn't you see
she is pregnant?'
Then he went on to tell me how hard it was to bring a child into the world. I remember
when I was very little, I asked my mum how I came into the world. She always told me
that I came from a rock. Now I know I really came from my mother's belly. Every mother
will have a hard time bringing her child into the world.
Since then, every time I have seen a pregnant lady on the bus I have given her my seat.
This article demonstrates how one father seized the opportunity to teach his son a little
bit about human reproduction. The boy learned to appreciate his mother's role in
reproduction, and also learned to respect other women.
Independent Study
It's not easy for parents to explain physical changes and bodily functions to kids during
adolescence. First of all, many parents don't even know much about the topic themselves.
Secondly, it is difficult for most parents to even begin to talk about it.
There is a need to abandon the old taboos about sex. Parents may want to let their children
learn about sex more independently as well. There are books available that are suitable for
adolescence education on this subject. This can help combat sexual ignorance. It's wrong to
keep children shielded from information about sex, and it's a fruitless effort anyway. There
will be a lot of other, less accurate and less reliable source from which children can acquire
that information, which means that censorship of useful information only makes things worse.
A good book can be equivalent to a good teacher, but parents should still be very careful when
choosing which books to give their children. The books should be appropriate for their age.
Parents don't have to give the books to the children directly if there will be too much
embarrassment. Books can be left on a table, as if by accident, so that shy children will still
read them.
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Novels
A good novel can be earth-shaking for students who are still developing their views toward
life. These stories are usually more powerful than parents' lecturing. Novels and good writing
can sometimes convey ideas more expressively than straightforward information.
Grown adults can often still remember the effect that characters in books they read during
their youth had on their thinking. Students can learn about society through novels. They can
feel happiness and pain through the characters, and they can learn about good and evil, truth
and lies. They can even find role models in these books.
Suggestions
We cannot force students into a certain way of thinking, but constructive suggestions can be
helpful to them. Students can often use some guidance. For example, parents can tell their
children about cases of other people's misbehavior and the negative consequences of such
behavior. Through these types of conversation, parents can teach their children indirect
lessons about morality, values, appropriate behavior, and how to tell good from evil. These
sorts of parables are more effective and more concrete than direct lectures.
Watch for the Beginning of Change
The influence that others have on young people can be so gradual that parents have to be
conscious of small changes in attitude and behavior before things get too far. For example,
cutting class, avoiding home, dealing with negative influences outside of school, being
absent-minded in classes, being too emotional, being sneaky, etc may be signs of trouble.
However, parents should not overreact too much. Instead, they should demonstrate that they
care about their children and will try to understand what he/she is going through. It is
important that parents are trusted by their children so that there is openness and cooperation in
working toward improvement.
Diversion of Attention
Young people during adolescence have a lot of energy and are very active. Studying all day is
not relaxing. In fact students will tend to get bored very easily by constant studying. They
may also be very sensitive to the slightest changes in relationships between boys and girls.
There may be dramatic one-sided love stories and simple misunderstandings that will lead to
both tears and joy.
Parents can also look for ways to make family life more exciting and interesting, like
weekend activities, outings and hikes, etc which will keep kids' attention from being too
consumed with these types of issues.
Keeping a Diary
Allow and encourage kids to make regular entries in a journal. They can record events that
happen in their lives. They can also keep track of their experiences growing up - the pain and
happiness that they go through. Diaries are a good for way for young people to learn
discipline, and their writing skills may also be enhanced. Diaries can help them to better
understand their surroundings, and know themselves better.
Kids may make up some romantic stories in their diaries, but this is a common way to release
their emotions during adolescence. It also helps kids who tend to be introverted to find a
release.
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Exchanging Letters Between Parents and Children
Some people might think that writing letters within a household is unnecessary. However,
written expression usually brings out more things than daily verbal communication. It could
be difficult for parents to control their emotions during direct conversation.
Detailed letters can have a more lasting effect on children, and a parent's point of view can be
more clearly demonstrated. Writing can complement verbal communication. Something that is
difficult to say out loud may be easier to write about. In one example, a father caught his son
masturbating. He became so angry that he yelled and berated the boy immediately. When the
father calmed down, he realized he was overreacting.
He wrote a letter and placed it under the boy's pillow, apologizing for his attitude and
encouraging the boy to be a real man. Some other parents quote proverbs and famous sayings
in their letters to keep their children from going astray.
(The picture: An Indonesian puppeteer puts on a puppet show for children during a presentation
sponsored by UNICEF. The lecture described how to use puppetry to explain issues about AIDS,
sexual difference, peace and sexual slavery to children. )
Experiences with Sex Education and AIDS

Prevention Education in Schools
Using Artful Language
During AIDS prevention education, the topic of sex is inevitable. However, if there are
cultural taboos or obvious discomfort with the subject, then we can resort to using indirect
language to get the same points across.
Students can receive in-depth information in an implied manner. For instance, a senior
high school lesson on abstinence may be entitled Don't reap the fruits until they are ripe.
Educators should also be sensitive to the traditions and cultures of ethnic minorities when
discussing this topic.
Wei Zhonghe, member education committee, Fushun county, Sichuan province
Discomfort usually results from sensitive language, which we can sometimes change. For
example, the terms sexual intercourse or making love can be made more neutral and
called sexual action. Words like penetrate can be replaced with organ contact or body
contact. The differences are dramatic. We should act according to the particular situation.
Lin Shangren, Nanning No.1 professional high school, Guangxi province
When I explain sex, I use the words sexual contact. If a curious student asks what I
mean, I answer directly, It's the intimate contact made between men and women's sexual
organs. If he/she persists in asking for details (which may be done intentionally to upset
the class), I ask him/her to consult me personally after class for further information.
Xiang Jingyi, Beijing No.85 high school
We don't have to climb the wall if there's a door open to let us through.
A high school student
Teachers and Students - Relationships
The relationship between teachers and students that I am talking about is specific to
special courses dealing with Life Skills education. I choose to do the following things:
Before I start class, I tell the students who I am, highlighting my professional qualifications
for teaching the class.
First of all, I'm a doctor with years of medical experience. I'm also a teacher, so I can
relate to students better than other doctors. Second, I am about the same age as their
fathers. Third, I have two kids of my own. All of the above make me well-suited for my job
teaching the Life Skills class.
105
I can win students' trust if I open up to them and show that I care about them. A Life Skills
relationship between students and teachers will prevent some of the awkward situations
caused by disruptive students. There must be mutual trust.
Know Your Students
I think teachers should get to know the students in two senses: First, how much do they
know about sex and life skills? No matter what method a teacher opts to use, he/she
should find that out very early. Teachers should know about the students' current
understanding of sex and adapt lessons appropriately. Second, what do they want to
learn? If teachers can answer these two questions, they can be more certain about what
they should teach and how extensive their lessons should be. To avoid unnecessarily
awkward situations, teachers should prepare for the most likely questions that students
will ask them. A survey or class meeting may be helpful to find out these kinds of
answers.
Multimedia
I love to watch the animated cartoons on sex education produced in Hong Kong and
Japan. Teachers love to watch them, as well as the students. If the school doesn't have
multimedia equipment, basic VCR's or VCD's are easily obtainable and just as
acceptable.
Liu Ying, Beijing Jing Shan school
Teachers don't have to teach everything verbally, whether it's lecturing or answering
questions. In situations where language is not suitable for expressing an idea, we can
resort to pictures, models, projections, recordings, videos, movies, or letters, newspapers,
pamphlets and posters.
To answer the questions difficult to respond to verbally, the teacher can just say: Let's
take a look at this model (or picture, etc), and you'll understand better. In any case, extra
equipment and materials can be a lot of help.
Use of Diplomatic Terminology
Teachers can answer students' tough questions as a diplomat answers reporters'
questions. For instance, they can respond with You've just raised a frequently asked
question. I'll write it down and give you a detailed explanation later or I'll give you the
answer after class or I can't answer your question with a simple explanation, so I'll have
to write it down and give it to you later.
As these uncomfortable situations pass, things will get easier. Teachers can also
demonstrate their senses of humor by saying things like I wouldn't tell that to any living
soul! which may result in laughter.
Humor and Metaphor
When I explained menstruation to my class of girls who were all studying tourism, I
compared it to something else they were already studying: booking a hotel. The womb is
just like a hotel. During a certain period of a month, the hotel gets ready for service
(pregnancy) and awaits its customer (sperm) to settle in.
However, most months, the customer doesn't arrive, which means the hotel has to cancel
the reservations. This results in menstruation. I also call the womb the palace for a child.
Lots of girls in our class said they had never had a class like this, and they were really
impressed. I also compared premature sex and pregnancy to the premature harvest of
green apples from the tree. It can be harmful to your life skills.
106
Controlling Sexual Desire
Some students asked me what sexiness was. One girl told me she posed the same
question to her parents, and they got mad, calling her shameless and dirty. They even
wanted to beat her. The girl just began junior high school and felt really upset. Her
parents' reactions to her question were completely wrong. It hurt her dignity and strangled
her desire to learn. Moreover, it created a gap between the parents and the girl.
I answered the question from a straightforward Life Skills and biological point of view,
telling the students that boys and girls develop different body features because of the
effect of hormones. It is a normal thing for boys to begin growing beards and Adam's
apples. Boys' shoulders become broader, while girls gain weight around their breasts and
hips. When those features become very obvious on someone, we may call the person
sexy because their gender becomes a more prominent characteristic.
Then I started to talk about sexiness from a psychological, ethical and real-world point of
view. Influenced by many things, some young people become too obsessed with the idea
of being sexy, which can be too distracting while they are growing up. The students were
satisfied with my answers and the mystery was solved for them. Now they learned to
behave themselves with or without the monitoring from their teachers and parents, and
one goal of Life Skills education was reached.
Lan Honghua, Nanning No.4 professional high school, Guangxi province
The Right Dose at the Right Time.
With the development of society, young people are growing up faster than ever and they
are beginning to take an interest in sex at an earlier age. That is why I think we have to
begin to answer their questions about sex beginning at the junior high school level. This
can be done through classes on sex, life skills and psychology.
They should be reminded that premarital sex may have serious consequences like
pregnancy before a girl is ready to be mother. They should also know about the risks
involved with AIDS and STDs. Taking young students' knowledge levels and mental
strength into consideration, we can still be ambiguous about certain subjects like sexual
intercourse and specific ways to use contraceptives.
When I was telling them about the ways in which AIDS is transmitted, some students
asked me what anal sex was. It caught me off guard, which was so embarrassing that I
had to answer very vaguely. I said, It's the contact of sexual organs and that other part of
the body.
Then I said the inside of that part is very vulnerable and full of blood vessels. Once it is
damaged, the secretion of the sexual organ can penetrate into the body's blood system,
which is the most effective way for AIDS to be transmitted. I combined the above
knowledge with AIDS prevention education to demonstrate the importance of abstinence,
and I asked the students to think about taking real measures to prevent AIDS.
Lan Honghua, Nanning No.4 professional high school, Guangxi province
Improve the Environment
Environment includes the community environment and campus environment, as well as
the indoor teaching environment. These can have a strong influence on students'
learning. Teachers should try to improve the learning environment by integrating
information on AIDS prevention into the environment. Electric screens, posters, pictures
and files, blackboards and wall paper can be good media to communicate information
about the harm of AIDS and how to prevent it.
If the students take the time to look at some of this posted information privately, they will
have less questions in class. A well-designed learning environment can familiarize
students with certain topics, so that they will accept it more naturally and be less
uncomfortable about discussing them.
Cui Hengping, teacher of Beiling high school, Hai'an, Jiangsu province
107
Create the Situation
People tend to become reverential when in Church, sad when in a cemetery, relaxed and
happy in a park. Emotions are linked to specific situations and places, which means that
careful creation of situations can induce particular states of mind. When teaching about
AIDS, the teacher can play solemn music and project black-and-white pictures of AIDS
victims to convey the tragedy of the disease.
The teacher can also cover the class windows with curtains and ask students to hold
candles while singing songs about the beauty of life. Once the tone for the class is set,
disruptions are not very likely to occur. Also, the teacher's serious tone of speaking can
make the students realize the seriousness of AIDS.
In one case, the teacher brought two naked baby dolls into the class and asked his
students to describe the dolls with precise words. It's hard for anyone to make obscene
remarks about babies, so these dolls can be good teaching aides in explaining sexual
organs. Teachers can avoid class commotion in this way. Situational circumstances are
so influential and powerful, and they are vital to life skills education.
Cui Hengping, teacher of Beiling high school, Hai'an, Jiangsu province
Avoid Awkward Situations
There are several common reasons for awkward situations to arise in Life Skills class. On
the teacher's part, if he/she doesn't have a deep understanding of the teaching materials
and is not adequately prepared, he/she may be caught by unexpected questions in front
of students. Preparation before class is very important. On the student's part, there are
usually two reasons for their awkwardness. One is that they don't really know much about
sex, and they ask inappropriate questions.
On the other hand, some students may intentionally try to upset the class. They normally
aren't trying to embarrass the teacher intentionally, but they may be striving for attention
in class.
No matter what the reasons may be behind students raising embarrassing questions, the
teacher should not be critical of curiosity. The teacher should calm down and treat the
incident gracefully. I believe this very strongly.
IX THE WORLD YOUTH AGAINST AIDS CAMPAIGN
Youth and HIV/AIDS

Cote d' Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
Students and housewives crowd in a noisy corner of a small town marketplace in Cote d'
Ivoire. Laughter fills the air as the dialogue turns to the topic of sex. This is an original skit,
staged by a group of Scouts, to open up discussion between teens and adults who are unaware
of the threat of HIV/AIDS.
The rate of infection is escalating at 10 percent in this coastal state of West Africa, affecting
an increasing number of young people. Transmission of HIV occurs mostly through
heterosexual contact, which typically begins in the early teens and peaks at about age 25. With
the support of UNAIDS and UNICEF, the Scouts are organized into teams to spread
HIV/AIDS prevention messages through games, songs and popular drama in crowded places
like bazaars.
108
This outreach has proven effective, especially in reaching young people. Scout members also
provide on-the-spot counseling, and will soon be using a Minimum Information Package
training kit. The girls and boys comprising the Scouts team have become a formidable force
in the HIV/AIDS prevention movement. At a recent conference sponsored by UNICEF,
Scouts from 17 countries showed how it is possible to combat the AIDS epidemic in Africa,
with commitment and a bit of creativity.
Egypt
Young Egyptians are engaging more and more often in risky sexual behavior, which exposes
them to HIV infection at increasing rates. That is why UNICEF sponsored the Youth
Protection Project.
Last year this project included surveys, focus groups, in-depth interviews and educational
rallies, targeting students and factory workers in Cairo and Guiza. Project findings paint a
realistic picture of young people's attitudes toward safe sex in today's society. Do young
people change their sexual behavior in response to safe sex messages conveyed by the mass
media, teachers or their peers?
Honduras
Sports events, primarily football games, are becoming a popular means of raising HIV/AIDS
awareness among young people in Honduras. When young people go to watch their favorite
team play, they also hear HIV/AIDS prevention messages broadcast over the speakers during
halftime and other breaks in the game.
Comvida, a local NGO supported by the ministry of Life skills and UNICEF, has gone a step
further. Comvida has entertained crowds at the football stadium with exhibition matches on
HIV/AIDS awareness prior to the games. Players on one team represent death, drugs, an
infected syringe, infidelity, promiscuity, HIV and AIDS. On the other side are abstinence and
fidelity, humankind and knowledge, youth and childhood. This is one creative way to
entertain young people and to influence their attitudes and behavior.
Malawi
Young people in Malawi are encouraged to be candid about their feelings regarding sex.
Despite parental resistance, the Straight Talk radio program has fast become a hit among
youth. The 30-minute show airs once a week over two radio channels, inviting teens to
discuss embarrassing matters such as dating, sexual restraints, HIV/AIDS and its prevention.
Run, hosted and produced by local youth, with the support of UNICEF, the show also solicits
questions and views from over a thousand HIV/AIDS prevention clubs throughout the
country. The initiative is a response to the growing threat of HIV/AIDS in Malawi, where
over 605,000 people, close to 14% of the adult population, test HIV-positive.
This alarming transmission rate, one of the highest in the world, is leaving a trail of victims,
including about 88,000 orphans whose parents have both succumbed to HIV/AIDS. The
government and UNICEF realize that handing out information is no longer adequate enough
to combat HIV/AIDS in Malawi. Interpersonal communication, peer education and the
engagement of young people in discussions are far more effective in changing attitudes and
behavior.
Straight Talk is drawing national attention to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, motivating young
people to take action to make sex safe. It's about time, says one of the public advertisements,
for parents to discuss the facts of life with their children. More Straight Talks will help,
commented Malawi's largest newspaper The Nation in a recent editorial.
109
Senegal
With an estimated 30% of HIV cases occurring in young people under the age of 25 and with
14% of all women having their first child before the age of 15, Senegal is facing a severe
threat from HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
One of the major problems is the lack of knowledge on the subject. Measures have been
introduced by the National AIDS program, NGOs and UNICEF to halt this spread including
setting up counseling centers, peer education programs, and HIV/AIDS education in schools
and military camps. Creative HIV/AIDS and STDs awareness events have been aimed at
young Senegalese in rural and urban areas. Among the successful efforts are National theater
contests, a youth forum on HIV/AIDS that attracted some 300 young people, and the
production of HIV/AIDS prevention posters, songs and films.
A phone hotline (free to the public) will be set up shortly, offering HIV/AIDS counseling and
advice. Although the spread of HIV/AIDS in Senegal is a major concern, considerable efforts
are being made on all fronts to educate young people on HIV/AIDS prevention.
South Africa
Before, we used to think that someone who is HIV-positive must be treated as an outcast. But
after watching 'Soul City,' we know we have HIV-positive people who need support now more
than ever before, said a young man in Gauteng, South Africa.
Messages about the social exclusion of AIDS victims, unsafe sex and other life skills-related
issues are skillfully woven into a television drama series that has attracted a large following in
South Africa. Broadcast during prime time, Soul City is a powerful half-hour program that
uses stories to baffle, provoke and motivate change.
Many viewers report that they are more conscious of Life Skills issues after watching the
series. I myself used to be a Casanova. I was such a womanizer. But now that I have seen
Soul City, I always make sure I use condoms, a young man from KwaZulu-Natal province
confesses. I don't take any chances without it because I know I will not be safe.
Materials for the drama are drawn from extensive audience research on a variety of issues.
They are also adapted for a daily radio series called Healing Hearts. The project, designed
by the Institute of Urban Primary Life skills Care (IUPGC) and partly funded by UNICEF, is
reaching 12 million South Africans and an additional 6 million in Kenya, Namibia, Zambia
and Zimbabwe.
Sri Lanka
With one third of the population under the age of 24, young people in Sri Lanka are the
primary risk group for contracting HIV/AIDS through unsafe sex. Therefore, they are also the
target group for changing behavior towards safe sex.
Although this statistic is alarming at first glance, Sri Lanka, unlike many African countries, is
fortunate because mass media have a broad outreach nationwide. An excellent Life Skills
education network and life skills infrastructure is in place.
School AIDS education programs are becoming increasingly effective in conveying
HIV/AIDS prevention messages to students. 4.3 million children attend some 10,000 schools
and teachers and peers are playing a crucial role in educating them about HIV/AIDS
prevention. School Life Skills clubs, run by the students themselves, have the most direct
impact in changing young people's sexual behavior.
110
By mobilizing and participating in HIV prevention and life skills promotion activities in 11
districts, including rallies, marches and street dramas, students have succeeded in promoting
life skillsy lifestyles. As a result, more young people are engaging in safe sex, contributing to
Sri Lanka's low rate of HIV penetration.
Thailand
The implementation of a 100% condom use policy among sex workers and brothel owners in
Thailand has led to behavior changes among men and a drastic decline in HIV infections in
this community.
The government and the private sector joined forces to launch a full-fledged national effort to
reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS in response to a 1989 national survey on sexual behavior,
which showed that a high proportion of men had sex before and outside marriage, mostly with
sex workers.
With the results of this survey widely publicized, the government and the general public
realized that Thailand might well be headed for a major HIV/AIDS epidemic unless quick
action was taken.
By investing US $80 million a year on education, prevention, care and impact alleviation, the
Thai government succeeded in curbing the further spread of HIV/AIDS in the sex work
community by 1996. Free condoms were provided by the government and TV and radio ads
stressed that men should use condoms with prostitutes.
Slogans to Fight Against HIV/AIDS

1) Young People and HIV/AIDS: A Force for Change!
2) Adolescents are the Biggest Hope for Changing Behaviors and Habits!
3) Young People should Become the Masters of Their Own Lives!
4) Do not Become the Director of Your Own Tragedy!
5) Nobody Knows More than You do About how to Treasure and Protect Yourself!
6) Whether or not You Might be Infected with HIV Depends on What You are Doing,
It Does not Depend on Who You are!
7) Preventing AIDS Now and Meeting the Challenge!
8) Treasure Your Own Life and Master Your Own Life skills!
9) The More Critical the Moment is for You, the More Important it is that
You Need to be in Control!
10) Always Tell Yourself: I Have the Right to Make a Choice!
11) Always Believe in Yourself: I Am Capable of Making a Choice!
12) Obtain Knowledge about AIDS and Avoid Ignorance and Death!
13) You Can Choose Your Behavior and You Can Avoid HIV Infection!
111
X WORLD AIDS DAY
The Origin
The first of December of each year was designated as World AIDS Day in January 1988 by
the World Life skills Organization (WHO) in London.
The purpose of World AIDS Day is to raise global awareness about AIDS and to motivate
people in all countries to be proactive in the fight against the spread of HIV/AIDS. A specific
theme is chosen for each World AIDS Day.
The Themes
Each year is given a new theme. These are the themes used in the previous 12 years.
2000 Men make a difference
1999 Listen, learn, live
1998 Force for Change: World with AIDS
1997 Children Living in a World with AIDS
1996 One World, One Hope
1995 Shared Rights, Shared Responsibilities
1994 AIDS and the Family
1993 Time to Act
1992 A Community Commitment
1991 Sharing the Challenge
1990 Women and AIDS
1989 Our Lives, Our World - Let's Take Care of Each Other
1988 Join the World Wide Efforts
Exemplary Activities
What can Young People and NGOs Do
Life Skills Activities -Taking Part in World AIDS Day?
Marathon races, sponsored walks, candlelight vigils, or bicycle rallies are examples of
activities that could be organized through a partnership with several agencies to raise
awareness about HIV/AIDS. These activities require a lot of effort, but they are excellent
ways of disseminating messages to young people and the general population.
Preparation Time
One month
When
On world AIDS day (December 1)
Target Audience
Young people as well as the general population
112
Where
In schools, universities, in the city or villages.
How
Form a partnership with youth clubs/organizations, NGOs, life skills service facilities,
government agencies, teachers' associations, etc.
As a group, decide what activities you will organize, when and where they will take place.
Some suggested activities are:
5 km walk on a prominent street in the city or around a village.
Participants could carry banners with different HIV/AIDS messages, and sing HIV/AIDS
song, etc., during the walk.
Running marathon or bicycle rally. A marathon can be organized according to distances,
age groups and gender. The route should pass through areas where there are many people.
Participants could be given red ribbons to wear on their shirts, or to tie onto their bicycles.
The bicycles could also have banners with HIV/AIDS messages tied to them.
Candlelight vigil. This activity could be organized to take place in a community center, a
university hall, a park or any other open space in town. The organizers could invite life
skills professionals, HIV/AIDS activists, people living with HIV/AIDS, and young people
to speak at the event. Participants could be asked to bring their own candles, or you may
provide candles at the event.
If you organize a marathon or a bicycle rally or a candlelight vigil, you may need to get a
permit from the local police station. You should also request police cooperation to ensure
security and to control traffic.
Involve young people when preparing the banners and other promotional materials.
Publicize the activities in the local newspapers and on local radio stations; hang banners
and posters in schools, universities and other public places; distribute flyers, etc.
Special promotional efforts can be undertaken in schools, universities and youth
clubs/organizations to ensure participation of young people.
Links
Youth clubs/organizations, NGOs, government agencies, life skills service facilities,
teacher associations, etc. These agencies could be your partners. You could also get IEC
materials and condom supplies from them. They could also organize their own activities in
conjunction with your activities.
The local police station to ensure security and to control traffic.
Local media to publicize, promote and cover the event.
Resources
Different sizes of paper, colored pencils, paint and brushes for promotional posters and
banners.
Variety of fabric and paper, as well as paints and brushes for banners and red ribbons.
IEC materials and condoms (if acceptable in your situation) for distribution.
113
Candles
Prizes/gifts for winners
Where to get the resources:
Sponsorship from private stores (fabric stores, art supply stores, bicycle shops, etc.)
Financial support from NGOs, government agencies, private companies, community trust
funds or youth club/organization funds.
Note: The number of activities you organize will depend on the human and financial
resources available.
XI USEFUL INFORMATION ABOUT HIV/AIDS

Where can an HIV Antibody Test be Done?
The test can be performed in the following places:
Large and middle-sized hospitals
Sanitation and Epidemic Prevention Stations at the prefecture and city level.
AIDS Hotlines in China

Beijing 010-64266958
Heilongjiang 0451-5660309
Liaoning 024-23395239
Inner Mongolia 0471-6924422
Tianjin 022-24322222
Hebei 0312-5013144
Shandong 0531-2967895
Shanxi 0351-4065303
Henan 0371-5936422
Hubei 027-7878710
Sichuan 028-6647680
Yunnan 0871-3611773 0871-7172835
Guangxi 0771-2809100
Hainan 0898-5363244
Xinjiang 0991-2623453
Jiangsu 025-3715340
Anhui 0551-3633229
Shanghai 021-64370055
Zhejiang 0571-7048357
Hunan 0731-4422425
Fujian 0591-7810808
Guangdong 020-84457336
Shenzhen 0755-5618773
114
Hong Kong 0852-27802211
Relevant Websites
Ministry of Life skills of P.R. China http: // www.aids.net.cn
UN AIDS Planning Committee http: // www.unchina.org/unaids
Intercountry Working Group of WAPR
Countries, UN AIDS Planning Committee http: // unaidsapict.net.co.th
AIDS/STDs Information, WHO http: // www. Who.int/asd
AIDS Service, Life skills Department,
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region http: // www.info.gov.hk/aids
International Communication Action Network http: // www.comminit.com
British AIDS Education and
Research Foundation http: // www.avert.org
Canadian AIDS Laws and
Regulations Research network http: //www.avert.org
AIDS Prevention Research Center, California
University San Francisco Branch, USA http: //www.caps.ucsf.edu
115
Bibliography
UNESCO/WHO School Life skills Education to Prevent AIDS and STD, 1994
UNESCO Teachers Handbook on Sex Education & HIV/AIDS Prevention, 2000
Mariella Baldo and Elaine Furniss, Integrating Life Skills into the Primary Curriculum
UNICEF, New York, 1998
WHO World AIDS Campaign with Children and Young People, 1999
Vietnam Red Cross Society Youth Way of Life, Life Skills, 1996
Hidden Voice -True Malaysian AIDS Council Project, 1999
UNAIDS Young People and HIV/AIDS: a Force For Change, 1998
UNICEF The Progress of Nations, 1999
Hong Kong Education Department Learning Pack on AIDS for Secondary School Students,1992
Yunnan Education Commission/Save the Children
Newsletter of School-based Life Skills Education, 1999
Ye Shaogong Life Skills Care Handbook for Middle and Primary Students
Popular Science Press, 1987
A Season with Dreams -Documents of Puppy Love in China,
World Language Publishing House in China, 1999
For a Better Future -Extracts of Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Exhibition, 2000
Training Manual of Project Implementation on STD EU-China Office for STD & HIV/AIDS
Prevention, 2000
116
Afterword
For a long time, we thought of developing a very practical textbook on AIDS prevention, specific
to China, blending in international education theory and concept. We are working closely with the
Ministry of Education to protect youth from AIDS. Cooperating with Doctor Ma Yinghua and
Doctor Chen Jingqi from Beijing Medical University in 1998, we developed teaching plan drafts
for junior and senior high school students. At last, our wish came true with sufficient funding
support in the year 2000.
The first objective in developing this trial manual is to make it as simple and practical as possible,
so that any teacher can understand and follow the instructions without any AIDS prevention
teaching background. The second objective is to integrate international educational experiences
into Chinese situations. Therefore teachers will not only get practical references from in-country
fellow teachers but can also broaden their horizon in this field.
In Chapter 8, Experience on Sex Education and AIDS Prevention in China, we adapted a technique
called Creating a Situation, which was suggested by Mr. Cui Hengpin in Jiangsu province. At first,
we were worried that this technique may be too advanced for Chinese teachers. But later we
decided to put it into this manual because of the wide acceptance and successful application of the
technique in quite a few international seminars on AIDS prevention. We wish, through this kind of
introduction, that more and more effective education approaches will emerge in Chinese classes in
the future.
We have been supported by many people from various fields in the development of the book and
for this we have a deep appreciation. In particular we mention those who worked closely with us
and are mentioned in the acknowledgements, you have our sincere gratitude.
Our thanks also go to donors who purchased Unicef products such as cards, calendars,T-Shirts, etc.
Without your support funding for this project would not have been possible.
An agreement has been reached on quality education in Chinas education reform. However quality
education is still at the concept level for most of Chinese teachers. In 1998, a seminar sponsored by
UNICEF on Life Skills was held in Beijing. One of the experienced teacher summed it up in this
way: My mind was at a loss when regarding quality education before this seminar, but now I feel
more confident and enlightened because I have mastered the real skills to carry out the concept.
This manual is the first publication in this innovative series. This publication has reached
thousands od middle-school teachers in Sichuan Province in the year 2000 and 2001.
We look forward to seeing China find its unique and effective way in HIV/AIDS school-based
education through working collaboratively with other countries to contribute more effectively in
the worldwide effort in HIV/AIDS prevention.
Editors
June 1, 2000
117
Abbreviations
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
IDU Intravenous Drug Use(r)
IEC Information Education and Communication
MLTP Medium and Long Term Plan
MOH Ministry of Life skills
MTC Mother to Children
NGO Non Governmental Organization
PWHA People with HIV/AIDS
STD Sexually Transmitted Infection
UN United Nations
UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and cultural Organization
UNICEF United Nations Childrens Fund
WHO World Life skills Organization
118

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unicef

Characters in the Pictures

UNICEF Area Representative

Selection Standards for Choosing Regional and County Key Teachers

Be capable of or have the potential to organize and to conduct teacher training

Suggestions for Using This Guide

Explanation of the Teaching Plan

Thinking and Practice

Challenges and Rewards for Teachers Using this Guide

Self-Improvement for Teachers

I Extracts from Speeches by Officials of the Chinese Government

II Chinas Medium and Long-term Programme for the

Encouragement: You are Really Something, I am Really Something!

I The Teaching Goals

II Teaching Contents and Timetable

Contents Duration Key points for training Materials needed

Preparations before Invite parents to the Refer to Unit 4

3. Group Discussion 20 min Learn about the students Cards

6. Thinking and 10 min Inspire the students to learn

III Teaching Details

Ground Rules (5 minutes)

Activity: Picture Drawing (10 minutes)

Thinking and Practice: Focus Interview (10 minutes)

3) People Infected with HIV

9) Main Clinical Manifestation of AIDS

10) How to Determine if a Person is Infected with HIV?

11) Transmission of HIV

12) The Conditions under which HIV Cant be Transmitted

13) Why Dont Mosquito Bites Transmit HIV?

14) Is Blood Donation a Risk for Transmission of HIV?

15) Is Contact with AIDS Patients Dangerous?

16) How to Avoid HIV Transmission?

17) Is There a Vaccine Against AIDS?

18) What is a STD?

19) What are the Clinical Manifestations of STDs?

20) Do STDs Increase the Risk of HIV Infection?

21) Who are at High Risk of HIV Infection?

22) What is Unsafe Sex?

What Does Unsafe Sex Result In?

How to Avoid the Results of Unsafe Sex Behavior?

How do Condoms Reduce the Risk of HIV Infection?

Basic Knowledge about Narcotics

2) What is Considered Drug Use?

3) Harm of Addictive Drugs to the Human Body

4) Harm of Narcotics to Society

Smoking -An Initiator of Drug Abuse

I THE TEACHING GOALS

II TEACHING CONTENTS AND TIMETABLE

Contents Duration Key points for training Materials needed

2. Group Discussion 38 min Make confident speeches,

5. Thinking and Practice 7 min Develop an ability to analyze

III TEACHING DETAILS

For Junior High School Students

Activity: Wild Fire -AIDS is Just Beside Us (20 minutes)

Teachers Summary (8 minutes)

For Senior High School Students

Analysis of Class Reading Material: How Do We Understand AIDS

Activity: Are You in Danger? (10 minutes)

Teachers Summary (8 minutes)