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Instructor: Dr. J. C. Kalita and Dr. Shubhamay Saha

1) The document provides a problem sheet for the course MA 102 Mathematics II at IIT Guwahati for the Even Semester of the 2016-2017 academic year. 2) It contains 18 problems on various topics related to first order ordinary differential equations including solving exact and separable differential equations, finding integrating factors, and solving Bernoulli's equation. 3) The problems cover determining if a differential equation is homogeneous or can be converted to a homogeneous form, sketching solution regions, solving Riccati equations, and determining uniqueness of solutions to initial value problems.

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75 views3 pages

Instructor: Dr. J. C. Kalita and Dr. Shubhamay Saha

1) The document provides a problem sheet for the course MA 102 Mathematics II at IIT Guwahati for the Even Semester of the 2016-2017 academic year. 2) It contains 18 problems on various topics related to first order ordinary differential equations including solving exact and separable differential equations, finding integrating factors, and solving Bernoulli's equation. 3) The problems cover determining if a differential equation is homogeneous or can be converted to a homogeneous form, sketching solution regions, solving Riccati equations, and determining uniqueness of solutions to initial value problems.

Uploaded by

Michael Corleone
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, IIT - GUWAHATI

Even Semester of the Academic year 2016 - 2017


MA 102 Mathematics II
Problem Sheet 2: First order ODEs, Exactness, Variable separable,
Integrating factor, Bernoullis equation.
Instructor: Dr. J. C. Kalita and Dr. Shubhamay Saha
1. Solve the following differential equations:
(a) (1 + x)dy ydx = 0
(b) xy 4 dx + (y 2 + 2)e3x dy = 0
dy 1
(c) = .
dx x+y+1
dy
(d) ( x + x) = y + y.
dx
2. Examine whether the following equations are homogeneous or can be converted
to homogeneous equations. Solve them by making appropriate substitutions that
convert them to separable form.
y y y
(a) (x sin y cos )dx + x cos dy = 0
x x x
(b) (3y 7x + 7)dx + (7y 3x + 3)dy = 0
dy y y
(c) = 2 + x tan 2
dx x x

(d) (2 xy y)dx xdy = 0
(e) (2x + y + 1)dx + (4x + 2y 1)dy = 0.

3. Solve the following differential equations:


(a) (x2 + y 2 )dx + (x2 xy)dy = 0
(b) 2x3 ydx + (x4 + y 4 )dy = 0
dy xy3
(c) = .
dx x+y1
r
dy 1 y2
4. (a) Consider the differential equation = f (x, y), where f (x, y) = .
dx 1 x2
We know that f (x, y) is defined in the square region in the xy-plane given by
|x| < 1, |y| < 1. But the quantity under radical is nonnegative also in the
regions defined by |x| > 1, |y| > 1. Sketch all the regions in xy-plane for which
the differential equation possesses real solutions.
(b) Solve the DE in part (a) in the regions defined by |x| > 1, |y| > 1. Then
find an implicit and and explicit solution of the DE subject to initial condition
y(2) = 2.
My Nx
5. Consider the differential equation M(x, y)dx+N(x, y)dy = 0. If yN is a function
R xM
g(z) of the product z = xy, then show that = e g(z)dz is an integrating factor.
Hence solve (xy sin x + 2y cos x)dx + 2x cos xdy = 0.
6. Suppose M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 has an integrating factor (x, y) such that
df = Mdx + Ndy is an exact differential. Show that the equation has an infinite
number of integrating factors by demonstrating that the product G(f ), where G
is an arbitrary continuous function from R to R, is also an integrating factor.
1
7. Show that , where g(x, y) = xy(f1 (xy) f2 (xy)) 6= 0, is an integrating factor
g(x, y)
for the equation yf1 (xy)dx + xf2 (xy)dy = 0.

8. Check for exactness: (i) y 2 dx + 2xydy = 0, (ii) y 2dx + 2xydy = dF (x, y), where
F (x, y) = xy 2 .

9. Suppose P (x) is continuous on some interval I and a is a number in I. What can


be said about the initial value problem y + P (x)y = 0, y(a) = 0?

10. Show that ydx xdy = 0 has infinitely many integrating factors.

1
11. Suppose (x, y) := M (x,y) { x N(x, y) y M(x, y)} is independent of x. Show that
Z
exp{ (x, y)dy} is an integrating factor for the differential equation M(x, y)dx +
N(x, y)dy = 0.

12. Show that the function (x, y) = xa1 y b1 , a, b R, is an integrating factor of


aydx + bxdy = 0.

13. Solve the following differential equations:

(a) (e2y y cos(xy))dx + (2xe2y x cos(xy) + 2y)dy = 0.


(b) [3xy + y 2 ]dx + [x2 + xy]dy = 0.
(c) [2xy 2 + y]dx + [2y 3 x]dy = 0.

14. Examine the following differential equations for exactness. Solve them by finding
appropriate integrating factors if necessary:

(a) (sin x tan y + 1)dx cos x sec2 ydy = 0


(b) ex dx + (ex cot y + 2y csc y)dy = 0
(c) ydx + (2x yey )dy = 0.

15. In the two parts of this problem, assume that and are constants; P (x), f (x),
f1 (x) and f2 (x) are continuous on an interval I.; and x0 is any point in I.

(a) Suppose that y1 is a solution of the initial value problem y +P (x)y = 0, y(x0 ) =
and that y2 is a solution of y + P (x)y = f (x), y(x0 ) = 0. Find a solution of
y + P (x)y = f (x), y(x0) = . Prove your assertion.
(b) Suppose that y1 is a solution of the initial value problem y +P (x)y = f1 (x), y(x0 ) =
and that y2 is a solution of y + P (x)y = f2 (x), y(x0 ) = . If y is a solution
of y + P (x)y = f1 (x) + f2 (x), what is the value of y(x0 )?. Prove your assertion.
If y is a solution of y +P (x)y = c1 f1 (x)+c2 f2 (x), where c1 and c2 are arbitrary
constants, what is the value of y(x0 )? Prove your assertion.

16. (a) Construct a linear first order differential equation of the form xy + a0 (x)y =
c
g(x) for which the complementary function yc = 3 and particular integral
x
3 3 c
yp = x . Give an interval on which y = x + 3 is the general solution of the
x
differential equation.
(b) Give an initial condition y(x0 ) = y0 for the DE found in part (a) so that the
1 2
solution of the IVP is y = x3 3 . Repeat for the solution y = x3 + 3 . Give
x x
an interval I of definition of each of these solutions. Graph the solution curves.
Is there any initial value problem whose solution is defined on < x < ?
(c) Is each IVP found in part (b) unique? That is, can there be more than one
1
IVP for which, say y = x3 3 , x in some interval I is the solution?
x
dy 1 dy 3
17. Solve (i) x + y = x2 y 2, (ii) y 2 + y 2 = 1, y(0) = 4. [Hint: Reduce these
dx dx
equations to Bernoullis equation.]

dy
18. The differential equation = P (x) + Q(x)y + R(x)y 2 is known as Ricattis equa-
dx
tion.

(a) A Ricattis equation can be solved by a succession of two substitutions provided


we know a particular solution y1 of the equation. First use the substitution
y = y1 + u and then discuss what to do next.
(b) Find a one parameter family of solutions for the differential equation

dy 4 1
= 2 y + y2,
dx x x
2
where y = is a known solution of the equation.
x

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