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Design and Construction of an Automatic Solar

Tracking System

CONFERENCE PAPER DECEMBER 2010

DOI: 10.1109/ICELCE.2010.5700694

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6th International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering
ICECE 2010, 18-20 December 2010, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Design and Construction of an Automatic Solar

Tracking System
Md. Tanvir Arafat Khan, S.M. Shahrear Tanzil, Rifat Rahman, S M Shafiul Alam*, Member, IEEE
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
*
Email: [email protected]

Abstract Energy crisis is the most important issue in todays is presented. A prototype of automatic solar tracker ensures
world. Conventional energy resources are not only limited but feasibility of this design methodology.
also the prime culprit for environmental pollution. Renewable
energy resources are getting priorities in the whole world to II. PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY
lessen the dependency on conventional resources. Solar energy is
rapidly gaining the focus as an important means of expanding
The most abundant and convenient source of renewable
renewable energy uses. Solar cells those convert suns energy energy is solar energy, which can be harnessed by
into electrical energy are costly and inefficient. Different photovoltaic cells. Photovoltaic cells are the basic of the solar
mechanisms are applied to increase the efficiency of the solar system. The word photovoltaic comes from photo means
cell to reduce the cost. Solar tracking system is the most light and voltaic means producing electricity. Therefore,
appropriate technology to enhance the efficiency of the solar the photovoltaic process is producing electricity directly
cells by tracking the sun. A microcontroller based design from sunlight. The output power of a photovoltaic cell
methodology of an automatic solar tracker is presented in this depends on the amount of light projected on the cell. Time of
paper. Light dependent resistors are used as the sensors of the
the day, season, panel position and orientation are also the
solar tracker. The designed tracker has precise control
mechanism which will provide three ways of controlling system.
factors behind the output power. The current-voltage and
A small prototype of solar tracking system is also constructed to power-voltage characteristics of a photovoltaic cell are shown
implement the design methodology presented here. in Fig. 1.

Keywords Photovoltaic cell, solar tracking, photo resistor,

microcontroller, stepper motor.

I. INTRODUCTION
Energy is the prime factor for the development of a nation.
An enormous amount of energy is extracted, distributed,
converted and consumed in the global society daily. 85% of
energy production is dependent on fossil fuels [1]. The
resources of the fossil fuels are limited and their use results in
global warming due to emission of greenhouse gases. To Fig. 1 I-V and P-V characteristics of photovoltaic cell.
provide a sustainable power production and safe world to the Photovoltaic cells are the smallest part of a solar panel.
future generation, there is a growing demand for energy from Solar panel gives maximum power output at the time when
renewable sources like solar, wind, geothermal and ocean sun is directly aligned with the panel.
tidal wave.
The sun is the prime source of energy, directly or III. TECHNOLOGY TO ENHANCE POWER OUTPUT FROM SOLAR
indirectly, which is also the fuel for most renewable systems. PANEL
Among all renewable systems, photovoltaic system is the one Increasing the cell efficiency, maximizing the power
which has a great chance to replace the conventional energy output and employing a tracking system with solar panel are
resources. Solar panel directly converts solar radiation into three ways to increase the overall efficiency of the solar panel
electrical energy. Solar panel is mainly made from [4]. Improvement of solar cell efficiency is an ongoing
semiconductor materials. Si used as the major component of research work and people throughout the world are actively
solar panels, which is maximum 24.5% efficient [2]. Unless doing research on this. Maximizing the output power from
high efficient solar panels are invented, the only way to solar panel and integrating solar tracking system are the two
enhance the performance of a solar panel is to increase the ways where electronic design methodology can bring success.
intensity of light falling on it. Solar trackers are the most Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is the process to
appropriate and proven technology to increase the efficiency maximize the output power from solar panel by keeping the
of solar panels through keeping the panels aligned with the solar panels operation on the knee point of P-V
suns position. Solar trackers get popularized around the characteristics (Fig. 1). A number of MPPT algorithms have
world in recent days to harness solar energy in most efficient been developed and employed around the world [5]. MPPT
way. This is far more cost effective solution than purchasing technology only offers the maximum power that can be
additional solar panels [3]. received from a stationary array of solar panels at a particular
In this paper the design methodology of a microcontroller time; it cannot, however, increase the power generation when
based simple and easily programmed automatic solar tracker the sun is not aligned with the system.

978-1-4244-6279-7/10/$26.00 2010 IEEE 326

 Automatic solar tracker increases the efficiency of the
solar panel by keeping the solar panel aligned with the
rotating sun. Solar tracking is a mechanized system to track
the suns position that increases power output of solar panel
30% to 60% than the stationary system [6]. A few design
methodology of solar tracking system has been proposed in
recent days [7]-[9]. From these literatures it is evident that
sensing of sun light, providing initial position of the solar
panel and power consumption of the motor for the tracker are
the major challenges of the solar tracking system.
Diffused reflection is another means to increase the
efficiency of the solar panel. Maximum rays from the sun
reach on the earths surface through interaction of clouds,
dusts and water. These rays are called diffused rays, which
reduce the output of solar cell. If diffused rays are reflected
on the panel through the reflectors it will increase the overall
output of the panel [10].

IV. PROTOTYPE OF AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKER

Development of solar panel tracking system has been
ongoing for several years. As the sun moves across the sky
during the day, it is advantageous to have the solar panels
track the location of the sun, such that the panels are always
perpendicular with the position of the sun. Available solar
trackers in the market are much costly to integrate with solar Fig. 3 Schematic of solar tracker circuitry
panel system [11]. In the developing countries where cost is In the solar tracker prototype, it is desired that output
one of the major issues to integrate technologies, solar voltage at junction point will increase as the light intensity
tracking prototype presented at this paper can provide an increases and so the photo resistor is placed at the top
effective solution. The major components those are used in position in series connection with resistor.
the prototype are given below:-
B. Stepper motor
Photo resistor Stepper motors are commonly used in precision
Microcontroller positioning control applications. Five characteristics of the
Stepper motor stepper motor have been considered while choosing stepper
motor for the solar tracker prototype. Stepper motor is
A. Photo resistor brushless, load independent, has open loop positioning
Cadmium sulphide (CdS) photo resistor is used in the capability, good holding torque and excellent response
designed prototype. The CdS photo resistor is a passive characteristics. The stepper motor that has been used in the
element that has a resistance inversely proportional to the prototype has the specifications of 24 volts, 130 resistance,
amount of light incident on it. To utilize the photo resistor, it 7.5per step, 4 phase, unipolar. Half stepping rotation is
is placed in series with another resistor. A voltage divider is considered for the tracker to control position accurately with
thus formed at the junction between photo resistor and suns rotation which results in 3.75per step.
another resistor; the output is taken at the junction point to
pass the measured voltage as input to microcontroller. Fig. 2 C. Microcontroller
represents the resistance value of the photo resistor with the The ATMEGA32 microcontroller has been used in the
illumination of light. prototype. Microcontroller is the heart of overall system.
ATMEGA32 microcontroller requires a 5 volt regulated
voltage supply. 7805 voltage regulator is used to provide
fixed 5 volts supply to the microcontroller [12]. ATMEGA32
has some features such as analog comparator (AC), analog to
digital converter (ADC), universal synchronous asynchronous
receiver transmitter (USART), times etc [13]. Utilization
procedure of these features is given below:
1) Analog comparator: There are two pins which are
known as analog input 0 (AIN0) and analog input 1 (AIN1).
Two analog voltage signals coming from two junctions of
photo resistor circuit are fed to these pins. There is a bit
called analog comparator output (ACO) which is set to either
1 or 0 and can be defined as:-
Fig. 2 Resistance value of CdS at various illumination level of light
Fig. 3 shows the schematic diagram of the prototype 0 VAIN1 > VAIN 0
designed in Proteus 7 professional software.
ACO= (1)
1 VAIN1 < VAIN 0

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 2) Analog to digital converter: Among 8 analog to digital START
WAIT
converter input pins ADC0 and ADC1 have been used; where STAND BY WAIT
TILL SUNLIGHT

VADC 0 > VADC1 is expected. Differential input is converted SET COUNT=0

I=0
COUNT++
into digital value and the most 8 significant bits are defined
as ADC_result to compare with threshold.
NO
TURN ON ANALOG
COMPARATOR YES
COUNT>10

ADC_result = [VADC0 VADC1] digital (2)

NO
TURN OFF ANALOG
ACO==1?
COMPARATOR

YES

This threshold value, set according to the photo resistor TURN OFF ANALOG
COMPARATOR
response against the solar radiation intensity, is provided,
since ADC_result alone might be insufficient for rotation of TURN ON ADC
TURN OFF ADC

motor.
ADC_result NO

And if ADC_result > Threshold; motor rotates one step.

WAIT
>threshold?

YES

I--
3) Timers: Built-in timer of ATMEGA32 is utilized to COUNT=0 TURN OFF ADC

create delay. The Earth rotates on its own axis, with respect NO

to the sun 360 in a day and so it rotates, (360/24=) 15 an RUN STEPPER

MOTOR 1 STEP
I=0?

hour or 3.75 in 15 minutes. Delay for 1.5 minutes and 15 YES

BACK ROTATION
STEPPER MOTOR
minutes are required. These delays are mentioned as short I++

delay and moderate delay respectively.

4) Algorithm: In the proposed algorithm two variables I YES
I>40
and Count have been used. I represents total number of NO
rotation the motor must make to track the sun from dawn to
dusk. First hour after the sunrise and last hour before the
sunset is not considered for the tracking, as in the first hour
Fig. 5 Operational flow chart of the solar tracker
after sunrise the west sensor does not have sufficient light
than the east one; the tracker remains off (Fig. 6). The last A. Normal day light condition
hour before sunset will provide additional energy to rotate the Two photo resistors are used in the solar tracker to
panel in the initial position and so the tracker no more rotates compare the output voltages from two junctions. As the sun
to the west rather it will rotate reversely. As 2 hours in day rotates from east to west in the day time, AIN0 needs to
time are not considered for tracking, (215=) 30 of rotation provide higher voltage than AIN1 to sense the rotation of the
is not required to be done by the solar tracker. Half stepping sun (Fig. 6). This condition is considered as normal day light
of stepper motor is considered which gives 3.75 rotation in condition and tracker rotates the panel 3.75 after every 15
each stepping; approximately ((180-30)/3.75=) 40 minutes.
rotations are required in each day to track the sun at daylight.
Count is used for counting the number of wait states when B. Bad weather condition
weather is cloudy and ADC does not permit to rotate the When the sky gets cloudy, there will be less striking of
motor. light on both the photo resistors and so sufficient voltages
A small scale prototype of the solar tracker has been made might not be available at junction point. The difference of
to check feasibility of the design methodology. At initial voltage at junction point will not be greater than the threshold
stage a small plastic board, considered as the solar panel, is value to rotate the tracker. At the mean time, sun continues
mounted on an aluminium shaft. Fig. 4 illustrates the dummy rotating in the western direction. To solve this problem, a
panel along with other circuitry of the prototype. short delay is provided which will check for voltage input
from junction point in every 1.5 minutes. Microcontroller will
use the variable Count to check for consecutively 10 times to
make the wait state equal to 15 minutes (moderate delay) to
rotate the stepper motor one step.
C. Bidirectional rotation
At day time, the solar tracker will rotate in only one
direction from east to west. Variable I will count the total
rotation in day time and that is approximately calculated as
40 rotations considering 150 rotation. When the sun sets, no
more rotation is needed in western direction. For the next day,
the solar panel needs to go to the initial position in the
morning to track the suns position again. To do so, the
Fig. 4 Solar tracker prototype variable I that counts the number of rotation in the day time
will work out.
V. OPERATION OF THE SOLAR TRACKER
When the variable (I) shows value greater than 40, the
Solar tracker provides three ways of operation and control tracker stops rotating in the western direction and rotates
mechanism through the programme written in microcontroller. reversely in the eastern direction to set the tracker to the
Operational flow chart of the solar tracker is given in Fig. 5.

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initial position for the next day. When it goes to initial VII. CONCLUSION
position, power supply to the tracker will be turned off and The paper has presented a means of tracking the suns
the tracker will be in stand by till sunlight in the next morning. position with the help of microcontroller. Specially, it
demonstrates a working software solution for maximizing
solar cell output by positioning a solar panel at the point of
maximum light intensity. The prototype represents a method
for tracking the sun both in normal and bad weather condition.
Moreover, the tracker can initialize the starting position itself
which reduce the need of any more photo resistors. The
attractive feature of the designed solar tracker is simple
mechanism to control the system. The solar tracker also
provides lucrative solution for third world countries to
integrate it into their solar system with a comparatively low
cost through software based solution. Though the prototype
has limitations in hardware areas as an initial set up, still it
provides an opportunity for improvement of the design
methodology in future.

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Fig. 7 Spectral irradiance of the Sun

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