T o understand the production of steel pipe, we must start

at the beginning of basic steel production. Most steel

products are downstream, value added products made
from these four basic or primary forms of raw steel: ingots,
billets, blooms and slabs. These forms can be produced in great
volumes and are easily re-heated, extruded, squeezed or formed
into many other configurations so as to make virtually every
steel product used today.
Steel pipe is produced from two of these basic forms of
steel, the round billet and the slab. A billet is a solid round bar
of steel used to produce many other downstream products such
as seamless pipe. The other types of steel pipe are produced
from slabs, which are solid rectangular blocks of steel. The
slabs are reheated and processed into plate and coils.
There are four methods used to produce steel pipe:
Fusion Weld, Electric Resistance Weld, Seamless and Double
Submerged Arc Weld.
Fusion Weld
One process for producing pipe is Fusion Weld, sometimes
called Continuous Weld and is produced in sizes 1/8 to
4-1/2. Fusion Weld pipe begins as coiled steel of the required
width and thickness for the size and weight of pipe to be
made. Successive coils of steel are welded end to end to form
a continuous ribbon of steel. The ribbon of steel is fed into a
leveler and then into a gas furnace where it is heated to the
required temperature for forming and fusing. The forming rolls
at the end of the furnace shape the heated skelp into an oval.
The edges of the skelp are then firmly pressed together by rolls
to obtain a forged weld. The heat of the skelp, combined with
the pressure exerted by the rolls, form the weld. No metal is
added into the operation. Final sizing rolls bring the pipe into
its required dimensions.
Seamless Pipe (SMLS)
Seamless Pipe is made when steel in a solid, round
cylindrical shape, called a billet or a tube round is heated
and then either pushed or pulled (while being rapidly rotated)
over a mandrel with a piercing point positioned in the center
of the billet. This activity produces a hollow tube or shell.
The tube is then further finished until it becomes the size and
wall thickness desired. (Because the pipe is formed in a heated
manner the pipe is normalized and should have a consistent
steel cellular pattern throughout its circumference). Seamless
pipe is made in sizes from 1/8 to 26 and is widely used in
construction, oil refining, chemical and petro-chemical
industries. It is available in heavy wall thicknesses and exotic
chemistries, and is suitable for coiling, flanging and threading.
It is, however, expensive, in short supply and unavailable in
long lengths.
Electric Resistance Weld
The processing of Electric Resistance Welded (ERW)
pipe begins as a coiled plate of steel with appropriate thickness
and specific width to form a pipe that conforms to its relevant
specification. ERW pipe is cold formed. The ribbon is pulled

An Introduction
into the Production
and Specification
of Steel Pipe
By Bill Buckland, President, Mandal Pipe Company
20 Q1 2005
through a series of rollers that gradually form it into a cylindrical
tube. As the edges of the now cylindrical plate come
together, an electric charge is applied at the proper points to
heat the edges so they can be welded together.
Electric Resistance Welded pipe is a high speed production
product that can be made in continuous lengths up to
115. It produces uniform wall thicknesses and outside dimensions
and is made in a wide range of specifications. It does,
however, require minimum tonnage to set up on a specific size
and sometimes has long lead times.
Double Submerged Arc Weld (DSAW)
Submerged Arc Welded (SAW) pipe derives its name
from the process wherein the welding arc is submerged in flux
while the welding takes place. The flux protects the steel in
the weld area from any impurities in the air when heated to
welding temperatures. When both inside welds and outside
welds are performed, the welding is accomplished in separate
processes and the pipe is considered to be Double Submerged
Arc Welded (DSAW).
There are three common types of pipe produced by the
DSAW process.
U&O Method
The U&O Method is so called because it first uses a U
press, then an O press to complete cylinder forming from
40 long plates ordered to size and grade. The cylinder is then
welded inside and outside by the submerged arc process by using
as many as five welding wires. Most U&O is cold expanded
either mechanically or hydraulically. When it is cold expanded,
DSAW pipe gains in yield strength. This method of pipe production
produces exceptional quality with exact dimensional
tolerances. The primary use of this type of pipe is gas and oil
transmission. It requires large minimum tonnages for size setup
and is only produced domestically in 40-foot lengths.
Rolled and Welded
This method of manufacturing is also called the Pyramid
Roll Method because it uses three rolls arranged in a pyramidal
structure. The plate, ordered by grade and thickness,
is rolled back and forth between the pyramid rolls until the
cylinder is formed. The cylinder is then moved to the welding
stations. Most pyramid rolls are 20 feet in length or shorter.
Greater lengths are achieved by girth welding the five-foot,
10-foot or 20-foot sections (or cans) together. Berg Steel is the
only producer capable of rolling 40-foot plates without a midweld
and it is the only producer capable of sizing its product.
Rolled and welded pipe has the advantage of being rolled in
small quantities with short lead times. It can be produced in
very large diameters, either ID or OD, and in extremely thick
walls. Since the cans are short in length, the production of
composite piles or pieces varying in yield and tensile are easily
attained. The rate of production of this material is slow and
the cost is high due to multiple girth welds.
Spiral Weld
Spiralweld pipe is a steel pipe having a DSAW seam the
entire length of the pipe in a spiral form. The outside diameter
is determined by the angle of the de-coiled steel against
the forming head. The more acute the angle, the greater the
diameter. The production of large, hot rolled coils of sufficient
width and the development of dependable non-destructive
testing methods has enabled this product to be placed in more
demanding service. Spiralweld pipe can be rolled in exact
lengths up to 115 feet in either ID or OD dimensions up to
144 inches. There is a minimum tonnage required for rolling.
Because the manufacturing process is slow, it gives the contractor
an advantage of short term changes to the order. This
same slow production can also be a disadvantage when large
tonnages are needed with a short lead time. Spiralweld pipe is
produced to limited specifications.
Now, if this is confusing to you, dont get discouraged.
Steel pipe is a complex world to understand. A few charts
might help.
The piling industry uses virtually no Fusion Weld pipe as
it is produced in small sizes and is used mostly for plumbing,
handrails and fencing. DSAW pipe and ERW pipe are used
extensively and to a lesser extent seamless pipe. To illustrate
the speed with which each method of production is capable,
the following chart will be illustrative. We use the 24 diameter
pipe because it is the only size common to all the forms
of production.
DSAW
U&O Press
Rolled
and Welded Spiralweld
Coal, Iron Ore, Coke and Scrap
are melted to form
Ingots Billets Blooms Slabs
Seamless
Pipe
DSAW
Fusion
Weld
Electric
Resistance
Weld
U&O
Rolled and
Welded
Spiralweld
22 Q1 2005
George G. Goble Consulting Engineers, LLC
George G. Goble
5398 Manhattan Circle, Ste 100
Boulder, Co 80303
[email protected]
Telephone (303)-494-0702
Driven Pile Design
Value Engineering using driven piles
Pile driving problems
George_Goble_fall03 1 10/15/03, 10:52:21 AM

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There are hundreds of specifications governing the production
and use of steel pipe. The following chart will examine
just a few of the common specifications you will normally
see in the piling industry.
These specifications vary by their production methods.
Manufacturing Output Using
24 OD x .500 Wall Per Eight Hour Shift
ERW SMLS
U&O
Press Spiralweld
Rolled &
Welded
1000
Tons or
16000
350 Tons
or 6000
250 Tons
or 4000
50 Tons
or 800
10 Tons
or 160
Pipe Specifications
Grade Domestic
Size Range
Usage
ASTM A-53 1/8 thru 26 Domestic and plumbing
piping under
normal pressures
and temperatures
ASTM A-106 1/8 thru 26 Seamless pipe for
high temperatures
and pressures
ASTM A-139 4 and larger Industrial piping,
mainly water
ASTM A-252 Any size Pipe piling, drilled
shafts and other structural
applications
ASTM A-500 Maximum
64 OD
Structural applications
for welding, riveting or
bolted construction
API 5 L 1/8 thru 48 Oil and natural gas
transmission
API 2 B 54 and larger Rolled and welded for
oil and gas offshore
platform construction
AWWA C-200 6 and larger Water and waste
water piping
Methods of Manufacture-Pipe Specifications
Grade FW ERW SMLS U&O SPIRAL R&W
Domestic
size range
1/8-
4
2-
24
1/8-
26
20-
48
4-
144
20-
144
ASTM A-53 Yes Yes Yes No No No
ASTM A-106 No No Yes No No No
ASTM A-139 No No No Yes Yes Yes
ASTM A-252 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
ASTM A-500 No Yes Yes No No No
API 5 L Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
AWWA C200 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Q1 2005 23
Each specification will vary slightly from the other as the
only specification designed specifically for piling is ASTM
A-252. The other specifications, though intended for different
uses, can be used in a structural application. The differences,
though subtle, may be great enough to cause problems in
substitution and care must be taken to evaluate any change.
Notice that there is a weight tolerance for the ASTM
A-252 pipe specification and that this tolerance is one
half that of A-53. This means that the same wall thickness
ordered for one specification may be thinner than that of
the other. For instance, if you ordered 24 x .500 ASTM
A-53 and same amount of 24 x .500 ASTM A-252, the minimum
wall thickness as addressed in the allowable variations
section of the specification would be the same. However,
the weight tolerance for A-53 is double that of A-252.
In other words, the minimum weight allowable for 24 x .500
A-53, whose theoretical weight is 125.61#/ft, is 113.05#/ft
(125.61#/ft - 12.6#/ft). But the minimum weight allowable
for the 24 x .500 steel pipe under the A-252 specification is
119.33#/ft (125.61#/ft - 6.28#/ft). Put more simply, the mill
is allowed to ship as low a wall thickness as .450 under the
A-53 specification, but can only ship as low as .475 under the
A-252 specification. But, if you followed the wall thickness
tolerance only, the mill would be allowed to ship as low as
.438 wall (.500 less 12.5%).
For quality control purposes, all the pertinent information
about each piece of pipe can be found on the stencil affixed to
that pipe. Some mills stencil on the exterior and some on the
interior of the tube. Some mills are using the more modern bar
codes affixed to the interior of the pipe. Most mills will stencil
Digest of Common Specifications
A-53 A-500 A-252 API 5L
Type Type E Seamless Seamless Seamless
Type S Welded ERW, DSAW ERW, DSAW
Grades A None 1,2,3 X-42, X-52, X-56, X-60, X-65
B
Chemistry % Max C, MN, P, S % Max of C, P, S 0.05 Max % Phos C, MN, S, CB, V
Yield A=30,000 36,000 1=30,000 X-42=42,000
B=35,000 2=35,000 X-52=52,000
3=46,000 X-60=60,000
Tensile A=48,000 Min PSI 58,000 1=50,000 X-42=60,000
B=60,000 Min PSI 2=60,000 X-52=66,000
3=66,000 X-60=75,000
Hydro Yes None None Yes
Wall
Tolerance
Minimum wall not
more than 12.5%
under nom
+/- 10% of nominal
wall thickness
Minimum wall not more than
12.5% under nom
+15%, -12.5%
OD
Tolerance
+/- 1% of OD +/- .75% of OD +/-1% of OD +/- .75% of OD
Weight
Tolerance
=/- 10% of theoretical
weight
None Not more than 12.5% over or
5% under theoretical weight
Not more than 10% over or
3.5 % under theoretical weight
Ordering Pipe
Quantity Feet, Tons or Pieces
Diameter OD or ID
Wall Thickness Standard or Special
Coating Lacquer or Bare
Method
of Manufacture
SMLS, ERW, or DSAW
Specification ASTM, AWWA, ASME, API
Plain or Threaded PE, Threaded
End Preparation Bevel or Square Cut
Length SRL, DRL, TRL, or Specified
Price Per Foot or Per Ton
Terms COD, Net 30, L/C, Discount
Delivery Instructions Destination, Arrival, FOB
Example
10,000 24 OD X .500 Wall Bare ERW
ASTM A-252 Gr. 3 Steel Pipe,
PE, BEV, in 50 Lengths
Price: $81.50/ft.
Terms: Net 30 Days
Delivery: Mid March
F.O.B.: SP/FA Charleston,
SC Via Truck
24 Q1 2005
additional information needed by the purchaser if instructed
at the time of order entry.
There are many quality control tests available for pipe as
they pertain to various industries. If you have any questions,
you should ask a qualified sales representative.
When you are ready to order steel pipe, there are certain
parts to the nomenclature that are required. The knowledge
of these parts is beneficial to both the seller and purchaser.
The more detail that can be imparted to writing, the fewer
problems can occur.
Most of these items are self explanatory. The F.O.B.
point, however, is probably the most misunderstood. This
item delineates the understanding between the buyer and
seller as to how the material is to be delivered. The letters
SP mean Shipping Point and the letters FA mean Freight
Allowed. It is important to understand that the seller will
end his liability for insurance purposes at the shipping point
with the material safely loaded to the truck; and, it is at this
point that the title of ownership passes hands from the seller
to the buyer. The seller will, however, allow the freight to
the jobsite in his price. The responsibility for the material
from point A to point B is for the insurance of the Truck
Line. The responsibility for unloading the material is for the
Contractor. If the seller were to quote the material F.O.B.:
Delivered, he would then take responsibility for the material
until it is unloaded to the ground, and the title would not
pass to the buyer until the material is safely unloaded. In the
event of an accident, the paperwork trail will be very important.
Some industries will quote their products Delivered,
such as sod or wall board. Steel pipe, however, is generally
quoted at the shipping point, with the freight allowed in the
price. Sometimes, the contractor wants the material quoted
SP/PPD-ADD. This means that the title will again pass at
the shipping point, after safely loading, but the freight will
be prepaid and added to the invoice as a separate item. This
designation is useful when projects require many truck or rail
shipments and the freight cost is a non-taxable item. The
pipe will be taxed at the appropriate rate and the freight costs
will pass through untaxed. If the contractor wishes to pick
up the material on his own trucks or wishes to take responsibility
for the shipping, the FOB point will simply state SP
(Shipping Point).
The following associations publish their specifications for
all to use and it would be prudent to have the proper updated
versions of their specifications in your library for reference:
Reference Material
ASTM (American Society for Testing Material)
API (American Petroleum Institute)
ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)
AWWA (American Water Works Association)
NAPCA (National Association of Steel Pipe
Distributors)
NACPA (National Association of Pipe Coating
Applicators)
Bill Buckland is president of Mandal Pipe Company, located
in Atlanta, GA., and has been active in the steel pipe business for
more than three decades. He has provided steel pipe for many high
profile construction projects throughout the United States. He is
currently on the board of directors of the National Association
of Steel Pipe Distributors and is chairman of its Education
Committee while also a member of the Education Committee
for the Pile Driving Contractors Association. Direct your
comments to [email protected].
Reading the Mill Stencil
1. Manufacture-5L API Registration
2. Hydro pressure 3030, E = symbol
for welded pipe
3. Weight/piece and length
4. F = Foreign plate then Heat #
5. SR5=Charpy 70ftLBS @ 23 degrees F
6. (supplemental requirement)
7. Customer and purchase order #
8. Size and wall thickness
9. Piece number and grade
When you are ready to order steel pipe, there are certain parts to the
nomenclature
that are required. The knowledge of these parts is beneficial to both the
seller and purchaser. The more detail that can be imparted to writing, the
fewer
problems can occur.
26 Q1 2005List of part marks with Qty