FAN

Fan is a device for agitating air or gases or moving them from one
location to another. Mechanical fans with revolving blades are used for
ventilation, in manufacturing, in winnowing grain, to remove dust, cuttings, or
other waste, or to provide draft for a fire. They are also used to move air for
cooling purposes, as in automotive engines and air-conditioning systems, and
are driven by belts or by direct motor.

The axial-flow fan (e.g., an electric table fan) has blades that force
air to move parallel to the shaft about which the blades rotate. The centrifugal
fan has a moving component, called an impeller that consists of a central shaft
about which a set of blades form a spiral pattern. When the impeller rotates, air
that enters the fan near the shaft is moved away perpendicularly from the shaft
and out of an opening in the scroll- shaped fan casing.

The speed of rotation together with the static pressure determines

the airflow for a given fan. Where noise is an issue larger, slower-turning fans
are quieter than smaller, faster, fans that can move the same airflow. Fan noise
has been found to be roughly proportional to the fifth power of fan speed;
halving speed reduces noise by about 15dB.
2
Figure 2.1 Table Fan.

As a light, flat instrument manipulated by hand to cool the body or

ward off insects, the fan is of tropical origin and probably stems from the
primitive use of palm or other leaves. The long-handled, disk-shaped fan carried
by attendants was from ancient times associated with regal and religious
ceremonies.

Fan lifetimes are usually quoted under the assumption of running at

maximum speed. A fan with high static pressure is more effective at forcing air
through restricted spaces, such as the gaps between a radiator and heat sink.
3
2.2 COPPER TUBE

Copper tubing is most often used for supply of hot and cold water,
and as refrigerant line in HVAC systems. There are two basic types of copper
tubing, soft copper and rigid copper. Copper tubing is joined using flare
connection, compression connection, or solder. Copper offers a high level of
resistance to corrosion, but is becoming very costly. This specification
establishes the requirements for seamless round, rectangular, and square copper
tube suitable for general engineering applications.
Figure 2.3Copper Tubes
4

The tube shall be manufactured by such hot- and cold-

working processes as to produce a homogeneous, uniform wrought structure in
the finished product. It shall be cold drawn to the finished size and wall
thickness. The requirements and size availability of tube in the tempers shall
conform to the specified requirements.

Tensile and yield strength test, Rockwell hardness test, expansion

test, microscopically examination, hydrogen embrittlement, electromagnetic
test, hydrostatic pressure test, pneumatic pressure test, electrical resistivity, and
chemical composition shall be made to conform to specified requirements.
Figure 2.4 Copper Tubes
5
2.3 VINYL TUBE

Vinyl tubing is used in many industries, from manufacturing to health

care. Vinyl tubing is used in a wide variety of industries from manufacturing to
health care, and in a broad range of applications. As a result, many vinyl-
tubing designs have been created. Several properties typically are specified
when describing vinyl tubing.

2.3.1 Inner and Outer Dimensions

The inner and outer dimensions (commonly specified as I.D. and

O.D.) are critical for vinyl tubing. The inner dimension will determine what the
tubing is suited to carry, and the outer dimension will impact what kinds of
hoses and couplers must be used with it. Common inner dimensions for vinyl
tubing range from 10 mm to 25mm outer dimensions typically run from 15 mm
to 23mm.
6
2.3.2 Pressure Capacity

Some vinyl tubing is designed for unpressurized air or fluid, while

other types are built to handle high-pressure liquids. Common work pressures
range from 50 N/mm2 to 150 N/mm2.

Because vinyl tubing softens at high temperatures, work pressure

specifications generally indicate the maximum allowable pressure at room
temperature (23C).

2.3.3 Performance Considerations

 Flexible vinyl tubing is easy to connect using a variety of barbs, clamps
and fittings. Tubes are sized by the inside diameter. If the tubing connects over a
male piping thread, increase the tube diameter by 1/4".

1.Tubing often comes in rolls of 25 to 100.

2.Pressure rating, maximum vacuum and minimum bend radius are important
characteristics.
3.Pressure rating is usually a measure of how much pressure a tube can withstand at
24F.
4.Temperature range is particularly important for tubes supplying hot water.

5.Wall thickness can affect the inside diameter of a tube.

7

Figure 2.5 Vinyl Tube

Vinyl is an incredibly versatile material used to make tubing for many purposes,
from washing machine hoses to supplying water for a hot tub. This guide will
explain the different types of flexible vinyl tubing, its various applications in
companies and how to select the right vinyl tubing for this project. Whatever
this project may be using local the home depot carries a wide range of vinyl
tubing for almost any application.

2.3.4 Characteristics

Vinyl tubes may be made from different materials, including

polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyethylene, rubber and other materials. This is
available in a variety of colors, sizes and thicknesses.
8

Figure 2.6 Vinyl Tube

2.3.5Vinyl tubing offers many diverse benefits

1.Withstands a variety of conditions.

2.Does not rust or corrode.
3.It is electrically nonconductive.
4.Provides natural resistance to combustion, helping to prevent fires.
5.Itis odorless, tasteless and nontoxic and available indifferent levels of
hardness.

Factors to consider when selecting vinyl tubing include the length,

the diameter required, and the substance the tube will be transporting, which
may include gas, water or other liquids.
9
2.4 PUMP

With most water pumps, adapting the inlet or outlet to fit this
application is ok and often necessary. It is not recommend restricting inlet size
more than 25% or outlet size more than 50%.For instance a Rio HF Pump with a
25 mm outlet can easily be fitted to a 19 mm pipe/tubing if this is what is
already in use with your application (if this application from start, matching
pump & pipes is best whenever possible, but with established applications such
as pond, this is not always possible without great expense and labor).

Generally the PVC reducing bushings or reducing hose barbs to

make these fits. Increasing pipe/tubing size is also helpful for increased flow
and especially head pressure. This is even more important with light duty
impeller designs as the open impeller of this design (which is employed by 90%
of water pumps sold, not just those sold here), simply will not push water
through a small pipe, even if a larger flow pump is purchased as the impeller
design simply allows water to flow back when the pressure is too great.

It is also noteworthy that even for in-line pump applications (many

of the pumps we sell can work both submersed or in-line), that for in-
line applications, any in line pump must be placed below the top water level
without a siphon in the middle; in other words the water should flow level or
better, downhill to the pump without any obstructions or impediments on the
way to the pump.

As well make sure all connections into the pump are air tight,
otherwise if the pump "sucks air", this can damage the pump. After the pump
the water can be restricted if needed and travel "uphill. All pumps listed here
are compatible for both saltwater and freshwater.
10

2.4.1 Light Duty Applications (with some head pressure)

Most Aquarium and light duty aquarium pumps have a standard
open impeller such as the one pictured to the left (from a Via Aqua 1300). There
is of course differences in these impellers of this basic design (of which from
our extensive real time use with our aquarium and pond maintenance company)
have shown the Via Aqua Power Head series to among the best, most reliable
pumps for most applications that require a durable water pump with reasonable
head pressure.
Figure 2.7 Pump

Essentially what well be doing is using the power of evaporative cooling and a

fan to bring down the temperature in your room. In this case well be using ice water stored in a

cooler that will then cycle through a copper loop in front of a box fan. Ill leave it to you to head

to wikipedia to read up on how the process works, its not unlike you sweating to cool

down. Myself Ive done enough sweating so Ill let the air conditioner do it for me. (Note:this is

the perfect project to do some scrounging and modify your design and tailor to whatever you

may have on hand that would fulfill the same function). Okay for this project youll need to

assemble the following components:

A Fan (box fan is ideal)

A cooler (you could use a Styrofoam cooler or whatever cooler you may have on hand)

An aquarium pump (or a pond pump, the higher the Gallons Per Hour the more cooling

youll get mine is a 132 GPH, also be sure your pump has enough power to push the water to

the height required to reach the top of your coil)

Copper coil tubing (the particular type of tubing I used was 3/8 outer diameter copper

coil 20 feet)
 Vinyl tubing (my pump called for 1/2 Inner Diameter tubing about 10 feet

worth. Hopefully you get better tubing then I did I believe mine is the autokink brand)

Reducers and fittings to connect your copper coil to your vinyl tubing and ultimately to

your pump. If you are unsure a conversation with a hardware store plumbing expert should

get you going in the right direction. They were terribly excited about my project so they

were glad to help. (I used 2 1/2 to 3/8 couplers that were then fitted with 5/8 threaded

couplers and then screwed in two 1/2 barbed brass adapters to connect the tubing, finally I

used 3 1 hose clamps to firm it all up)

Wood for making box fan outriggers

Zip ties for attaching the tubing to your fan

Assemble the Air Conditioner

1. First you need to get the copper tubing laid out and get your fittings in place. It was a

simple matter of 6 screws holding the protective screen on my box fan so I was able to easily

remove it and use it for laying out the copper tubing. Since the copper tubing was already

coiled it was a simple matter to gradually and carefully bend it into a spiral. Give yourself

some room between each circle for more surface area.

2. Attach the fittings to the copper tubing. In my case I needed to solder the joints between

the copper tubing and the fittings. You might be able to find some solderless compression

type fittings depending on your materials and hardware store availability. That would

certainly speed things along and would allow you to avoid having to sweat the fittings

together with some form of torch. I prepared all the fittings by sanding the copper tubing and

reaming the fittings. I then applied some solder flux to the inside of the fitting and the

outside of the tubing. I then proceeded to heat the fitting with my torch until it was hot

enough to melt the solder, then I applied the solder. Repeat this for the the other end of the

tubing.

3. Now that the fittings were in place I screwed in the barbed adapters for my vinyl hose

after applying some Teflon tape to the threads.

4. The vinyl tubing slipped over the barbs and then I added two screw-type clamps to the

barbs.

5. The pump had a special adapter that I inserted into the vinyl tubing and then again used a

screw clamp to secure the tubing.

6. Now is a good time to test your setup for leaks. Fill your cooler with some water,

submerge the pump and connect the tubing to your pump. You then run the other tubing back

into the cooler. Fire it up and make sure it works like you expect.

Alright youre going want to put your fan and cooler in place, get your tubing

cabled appropriately and youll want to get some form of pan or something underneath your fan

to catch the condensation from the coil. Fill your cooler with enough water to cover the pump

and then put in a bunch of ice. I used 3 bags to start. Turn on the pump and adjust the fan

speed. Now bask in the coolness of your own evaporative cooler.

This sucker does go through the ice so youll want to do something other than

buy hundreds of bags of ice. I took a variety of containers, yogurt, cottage cheese, paint buckets,

etc and made larger blocks, they seem to last longer. Some alternate methods instead of straight

ice are 2 liter bottles filled with salt water. They last longer and are colder than standard
ice. Youll just want to keep the salt water sealed so that you are not cycling it through your

setup. Also you could use the freezer blocks that you can reuse. Good luck and stay cool.

PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
THEORY
PSYCHROMETRY AND AIR COMPOSITION :

It deals with the state of atmosphere with respect to

moisture content , on the other hand psychometrics deals with the
thermal properties of air control and measurement of the moisture
content in air .In addition to study the effects of atmosphere moisture
on commodities and the human comforts .The air being the
homogeneous mixture of N2,O2,CO2,Ar etc. contains moisture with
the varying proportions depending upon the local conditions as well as
requirement in a particular situations. Below table gives the
volumetric as well as the gravimetric composition of standard air.
i)PSYCHOMETRIC PROCESS:

It is the process to be carried out on air to vary the

psychometric properties of air.

ii) ADIAB ATIC SATURATION :

 Adiab atic saturation is an important application which is
usually encounte red in practice such as desert cooler , air
conditioning , cold storage etc. The wet bulb temperatu re remains
constant .i.e. a constant wet bulb line process 3-4 as shown in fi g .For
this process it is seen that the dry bulb temperature has decreased
from t3 to T4 and moistu re has been added by Mw =M(W4-W3)

Whe re Mw is the amount of water stands for specifi c

humidity .Since the temperatu re decreases during adiabatic , this
principle is utilized for the production of cooling of the hot and less
humid envi ronment using desert cooler for common man.

1.Dry bulb temperatu re ( Tdb) : The actual temperature of gas

mixture of gases inducted by an error free temperatu re measuring
device.

2.Wet bulb temperatu re (Twb): It is the temperature

obtained by an accurate thermometer having a wick moistened with
distilled water and the air stre am across the wet bulb fl ow with
velocity of270 m/min.

TABLE -AIR COMPOSITION

Constituents Molecular Volumetric Gravimetric

Weight %

Nitrogen 28 78.03 73.45

Oxygen 32 20.99 23.19

Argon 40 0.94 1.30

C02 44 0.03 0.05

Other gases 0.01 0.01

100% 100%

WORKING PRINCIPLE :
 The operative principle of the cooler is the same as that of
the evaporative cooling Adiab atic saturation is an important
application which is usually encountered in practice in desert cooler
.Since the temperatu re decre ases during the adiab atic saturation ,this
principle is utilized for the production of cooling of hot and less
humid environment using a desert cooler. The cooling of air is the
re sult of transferring the sensible heat of air to the evaporated water
carried with the air and this sensible heat is tran sferred in the form of
latent heat. The latent heat required to evaporate the water carried
with air when it is passing through a spray of water is taken form
sensible heat of ai r.

The effi ciency of the desert cooler depends upon the eff ective
arrangement of the component. The cooler effi ciency is defi ned as ,

Tdb - Tdbg

Desert = ---------------------

Tdb - Twb

Whe re Tab,Twb & Tdbg are dry and wet bulb temperatu re of ambient
air and the temperature of air leaving the grille of cooler .

The velocity across the pad should be around 40 m/min . The

desert cooler effi ciency should be around 75% .Th rough the high
effi ciency of the desert cooler corre sponds to the cooler air , the
large humidity causes discomfort .The desert cooler effi ciency above
80% is not desirable .On the other hand for good performance its
effi ciency should not fall below 70%.
THE SPRAY WASHER TYPE :

This is a large sheet metal housing fi tted with spray nozzles.

The spray system may include either one or two banks and may be
arranged for opposed or parallel spray .A blower pulls air through the
washer where adiab atic cooling of the air takes place in the p resence of
the fi ne water spray .The baffl es located on the entering side of the
washer provide good uniformity of air fl ow across the face of water
.the eliminator located on the leaving side prevent moistu re carry over
(water droplets) to the leaving air stream.

SPRAY :

Air washer coolers are dependable effi cient and economic to

operate .The initial cost is relatively higher .They are suited to large
commercial and industrial evaporative cooling applications. It can cool
air to within 2@ of the existing wet bulb temperatu re.

ROTATING TYPE COOLERS :

This type of cooler has a rotating evaporator and made of

various layers of fl at or crimped copper , bronze or plastic screen .It is
kept wet by rotating th rough the water tank .With this cooler air can be
called within 2@ to 4@ wet bulb temperature.

WET TEDPAD TYPE COOLERS :

 Our project work is based on this type of cooler of which theory
and working principle has been described late r.

*******************

SPRAY TYPE COOLER

Baffles SPRAY Eliminator

LEAV I NG
OUTS IDE
AIR AIR

Pump
Water Tank

Make up Water

Bleed & Drain

 ROTARY TYPE COOLER

LEAV I NG
ROTATING PAD AIR

FAN

Make up water Bleed & Drain

 PAD TYPE COOLER

Ou t S I de Le a v I n g

Ai r Slinger EL IMINATOR Ai
r
PAD
FAN
IR

Re-circulating Pump

Make up Water
Bleed & Drain
 ***********************

Components of Cooler :

1.WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM :

Water is distributed through small holes provided in to the

water traps od side & back panel , which deliver equal amount of water
to follow th rough the wetted pads.

2.ELECTRICAL MOTOR :

To drive the fan

3.EVAPO RATOR PADS:

Installed on three sides of the desert cooler.

4.FAN :

To pull the air through the wetted pads and supply the air to
the space to be cooled.

5.PUMP:

Used for circulation of a water.

6.WATER TANK :

Used as reservoir of water installed at the bottom of the

cooler.

7.FLOAT VALVE:

For checking the water level of the tank.

8.WATER TRAPS:
 Provided on three sides of the cooler , through which the
water falls on pads.

9.CABINE T:

All the parts are enclosed in a decorative cabinet , generally

made of steel.

FUNCTION OF COOLER:

The air may be suffi ciently cooled by evaporative process to

re sult a considerable degree of summer comfort in climates of high
dry bulb temperatu re associated with low relative humilities.

Although the evaporative cooling does not perform all the

functions of air conditioning by keeping the temperature , relative
humidity , purity & velocity offer within human comfort but it
provides comfort by filtering and circulating the cooled air lower
cost than air conditioning system.
 MANUFACTURING PROCESS

TOP COVER PLATE :

Cut a piece of 30*30 from the iron sheet for making top cover. Form this
sheet cut 2 square from each corner and fold 90 each side of corner by gas
welding. Our room cooler top is ready. Drill holes at a distance of 1 form each
corner.

WATER TANK:

This is also made as above, cut a piece of 38*38 form the sheet and cut
6 square at each corner and fold the sheet upward. The joint taking place is welded
by gas welding. On the upper side of bottom tank, holes are drilled 4 apart for
bolting and riveting. Four roller wheels are welded each corner on the bottom side.

ANGLE FRAME :

Now our second step is making of angle frame of 2.5.Take 8*36 long
pieces of iron sheet. Bend 90 turn on next 0.5 on both corners. Same method is
applied for the corners of front panel. Two holes or made on each face at the upper
and lower side on the angle plate at a distance of 1 from the corner.

FRONT PANEL :

Front panel is designed by taking 31*36 long sheet. From both the side
4 are fold at right angle and pressed with the help of press machine. Make 90 turn
on next 0.5 by same method used as above. Now the side of front panel is 88*36
are left only. Cut a hole of 72 Radius at the center of this panel.

Top cover plate, water tank front panel and angle frame is fixed by nut bolts
and riveting in each corner.

SIDE PANEL:

For the setting the side panel a base of o.5 angle plate is riveted with the
tank. Taking three pieces of 22.5*34.5 are cut by press cutting machine shape and
add fixed channel for water flow on khush. Pipe from pump is placed on it. Pads are
fitted on the inner side of three panels. Plastic pipe is used for water circulation, the
pipe is 84 long and the pipe is arranged on three direction, so that water drips over
the pads

PUMP & FAN FITTING:

Pump is fixed at the bottom tank with the help of nut & bolt. For fan fitting
strip of iron is folded at right angle from 2 at one end. At this end turn by 90 in
opposite direct. For second fold, turn of distance of 12 from first fold. Third and
fourth turn are also of 90 in opposite of first fold 7 away from it. Forth fold, which is
made 2 at finishing end. Drill both the ends. Three more strips are made in similar
way and of same size. The first fold is fixed in the given thread of the fan body by
bolt and other end is fixed in front panel. The other strips are also fixed in same
way.

OTHER FITTING:

At the end the cover is fixed on the front panel with the help of screw.
Switches, indicator and a regulator are fitted on the lower. The capacitor is fixed on
the fan supporter.

CONSTRUCTION & OPERATION

The desert cooler consists of a frame made up of a metal sheet providing
3 pads containing fine wooden fibers or khas (it is a kind of plant roots which gives
very pleasant smell when get wet ) The frame of desert cooler may be wooden or
metallic .

The wi re nets are used to hold the khas which provides a large
wet surface of contact for air .A fan or blower is mounted on the front
side .Air can only pass through the pads on which water is poured .A
pump is used to supply water from the tank of desert cooler through a
perforated pipe .A fl oat valve is incorporated for make up wate r.

The main component of the desert cooler are fan , pump and
motor and the motor for pump and fan can be used independently .a
large sheet metal housing in which three pads are provided .The
water is allow to trickle over the pad under gravity through water
traps provided on th ree sides of the coole r. The pump pumps the water
from the bottom of the tank to the top of the tank and the water
trickles from the holes and falls passing through the pads to the
bottom tank. The blower fan pulls the air from all the three sides so
that the air gets cooled passing through the pads. The water of pads
evaporates when air stre am passes th rough it. Due to evaporation odf
water pads the sensible heat of air is reduced and is used as the latent
heat to evaporate water .So the cool air is discharged by the fan in the
horizontal dire ction .The direction of air is controlled manually with the
help of louvers.

The fan is operated at two speeds as per the requi rement .The
electric supply is given to two motors .The power phase connection is
given through fan switch and pump switch .The speed switch always
remains in contact either on low or high speed .The fan switch pump
and pump switch can be kept to either on position or of position.

The supply is given through the fan switch , therefore

unless the fan switch position is not on , the re is no supply to the
pump switch irrespective of its on or off position. The pump can
not be started unless fan starts .If only fan is requi red then the fan
switch can be kept at on position and pump switch at off position .If
both are required the fan switch can be kept at on position and pump
switch at off position .If both are required to use , then the fan switch
and pump switch should be kept at on position. The speed switch can
be operated at low or high speed irrespective of the pump switch
position.
 4. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

4.1ADVANTAGES

1.Give more cold air than ordinary table fan.

2.Low cost compare to air cooler.
3.Consume less electricity compare to air cooler.
4.Construction is easy.
5.Maintenance is easy.
6.Eco Friendly.
7. CONCLUSION

This has been valuable experience throughout this project. It gives more
opportunity to learn about the copper material. Taking individual curriculum
objectives and finding all the possible materials to support them could serve as a
good way to evaluate the quality and quantity of the offerings that currently
have and make notes for future orders. Finally effectiveness obtained could be
further improved by actual increase in the output level of the aquarium pump.
By selecting suitable material the effectiveness can be increased. It will be
useful for summer season.
23
 REFERENCES

1.BALE M.POWIS, (2010) Pumping Theory, C.Luckwood and Son Publishers,

Fifth Edition New Delhi.

2.GNANAVADIVEL P., (2010) Electrical Device and Circuits, S.CHAND and

Company Publishers, and Fifth Edition New Delhi.

3.NAG P.K., (2008) Engineering Thermodynamics, TATA McGraw HILL

Publishers, and Second Edition New Delhi.

4.KURMI R.S., (2007) Thermal Engineering, New Age International Publishers,

Second Edition New Delhi.
1) S.P. Sukhatme., Solar Energy: Principal of Thermal Collections and Storage,
Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi 1994.

2) B.H. Khan., Non-conventional Energy Resources, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing

Company Limited, New Delhi 2006.
3) G.D.Rai., Non conventional sources of energy, Khanna Publishers Delhi, 1997.

4) H.P. Garg, J. Prakesh., Solar energy (fundamentals and application), Tata

McGraw-Hills, New Delhi 1994.

5) Duffie and Beckman., Solar energy and its application, Wiley Interscience,
1974

6) J.L.Bhagoria., J.S. Saini., S.C. Solanki., Heat transfer coefficient and friction
factor correlations for rectangular solar air heater duct having transverse wedge
shaped rib roughness of the absorber plate, Renewable Energy 25(2005),341-
369.

7) Bhagoria J. L., Sahu M.M., Augmentation of heat transfer coefficient by using

900 broken transverse ribs on absorber plate of solar air heater, Renewable
Energy 30(2005), 2057-2073.