Separable Differential Equations
Separable Differential Equations
Introduction
Imagine you are behind a microscope in a biology laboratory and you are trying to count the growing number of
bacteria in a petri dish. You observe that at any point in time, one-fourth of the population is reproduced. You may
eventually give up on counting because the bacteria are multiplying very fast, but you can use your calculus skills to
find the population of bacteria at any given time. Let y denote the population at any time t. According to your
observation, the change in the population at any time is 1/4 y. Since the derivative quantifies change, the above
observation can be expressed mathematically as
This is an example of a differential equation, and our objective is to recover the population y from the above
equation using integration.
The order of a differential equation pertains to the highest order of the derivative that appears in the differential
equation.
The first two examples above are first-order DEs because they involve only the first derivative, while the last
example is a second-order DE because y^n appears in the equation.
A solution to a differential equation is a function y = f(x) or a relation f(x, y) = 0 that satisfies the equation.
For example, y = x^2 + 5x + 1 is a solution to dy/dx = 2x + 5 since
The relation x^2 + y^2 = 1 is a solution to dy/dx = ?x/y because if we differentiate the relation implicitly, we get
Solving a differential equation means finding all possible solutions to the DE.
where f and g are functions of x and y, respectively. Observe that we have separated the variables in the sense that
the left-hand side only involves x while the right-hand side is purely in terms of y.
If it is possible to separate the variables, then we can find the solution of the differential equation by simply
integrating:
and applying appropriate techniques of integration. Note that the left-hand side yields a function of x, say F(x)+C1,
while the right-hand side yields a function of y, say G(y)+C2. We thus obtain
which we can then express into a solution of the form y = H(x) + C, if possible.
We will now look at some examples of how to solve separable differential equations.
Integrating the left-hand side with respect to y and integrating the right-hand side with respect to t yield
Therefore, y = Ae&^1/4t, where A = e^C is any positive constant. Therefore, along with the solution y = 0 that we
have found at the start, the solution to the given differential equation is y = Ae^1/4t where A is any real number.
Solution. If y = 0, then dy/dx = 0 which means that the function y = 0 is a solution to the differential equation 2y ?
3xdy/dx = 0. Assume that y 6= 0. Separating the variables, we get
2y dx = 3x dy
Therefore, the solutions are y = 3? Ax^2/3 where A = e^?C is any positive constant. Along with the trivial solution y
= 0, the set of solutions to the differential equation is y = Bx^2/3 where B is any real number. Note: The absolute
value bars are dropped since x^2 is already nonnegative.
Integrating both sides of the equation with respect to their variables, we have
Meanwhile, if u = ?x2, then du = ?2xdx so that ?du/2 = xdx. Hence,
Therefore,
EXAMPLE 5: Find the particular solutions of the following given their corresponding initial conditions:
Solution. We will use the general solutions from the previous examples.
Exercises 1 mins
0 REMIXES
1. Determine whether each of the following differential equations is separable or not, if it is separable, rewrite the
equation in the form g(y) dy = f(x) dx.
2. Find the general solution of the following differential equations.
4. Find all constant solutions, if possible, to each of the following differential equations.
5. Find all solutions to the differential equation dy/dx = ?x/(y ? 3) and a particular solution satisfying y(0) = 1.
6. Find the particular solution of the differential equation d^2y/dx^2 = ?3/x^4 determine by the initial
conditions y =1/2 and dy/dx = ?1 when x = 1.
TIP