Esc201: Introduction To Electronics: Diodes

ESc201 : Introduction to Electronics
Diodes
Shilpi Gupta
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
IIT Kanpur
1
Diode
Anode
Cathode
2
PN Junction Diode
Inside a PN junction at equilibrium (zero applied voltage), there

is built-in voltage with N region being positive and P-region
negative.
- - + +
P - - + + N
- - + +
The built-in voltage (also called potential barrier) prevents
electrons and holes to give rise to current. 3
Simplified Picture
4
Extrinsic Semiconductors
Adding small amounts of suitable impurity atom can drastically alter number of
electrons and holes in a semiconductor !
Addition of a group V element impurity to Silicon should increase electrons

while addition of group III element impurity should increase number of
holes
5
Doping
6
B
7
N and P-type Semiconductors
N-type : n>p
A Semiconductor such as Silicon doped with a donor impurity such as

Phosphorous or Arsenic from group V of periodic table. The donor impurity
donates an electron to conduction band thereby increasing their concentration
P-type : p>n
A Semiconductor such as Silicon doped with a Acceptor impurity such as Boron

from group III of periodic table. The acceptor impurity increases number of
holes in valence band.
8
No. of silicon atoms per unit volume ~
Impurity concentration :
1 in 400,000 Silicon atoms is replaced by Boron
Very small amounts of impurity atoms can cause a drastic change

in electrical property of a semiconductor.
9
PN Junction Diode
Inside a PN junction at equilibrium (zero applied voltage), there

is built-in voltage with N region being positive and P-region
negative.
- - + +
P - - + + N
- - + +
The built-in voltage (also called potential barrier) prevents
electrons and holes to give rise to current. 10
Forward and Reverse Bias
Forward Bias: P is biased at a higher voltage compared to N.

It lowers the built-in potential and allows current to flow.
Reverse Bias: N is biased at a higher voltage compared to P.

This increases built-in potential and very little current flows. 11
0.20
Diode : 1N4001
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
-0.05
Reverse Bias Forward Bias
-0.10
-0.15
-0.20
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Voltage (V)
The p-n junction only conducts significant current in the

forward-bias region. 12
Breakdown
13
Diode : I-V Characteristics
Is : Reverse Saturation Current

id:diode current; vd: applied voltage
n is called ideality factor and is equal to 1 for ideal diodes 14

Forward Bias
15
Reverse Bias
16
17
18
Analysis using non-linear diode model is not easy
19
Iterative Method:
Assume
Calculate
Re-calculate
Convergence:
20
VO = 0.5 VO = 0.711 VO = 0.707
I = 1.5 x 10-3 I = 1.289 x 10-3 I = 1.293 x 10-3
VO = 0.711 VO = 0.707 VO = 0.707
VO nVT ln(I IS 1)
CONVERGENCE 21
VO = 1.0 VO = 0.7 VO = 0.707
I = 1.0 x 10-3 I = 1.3 x 10-3 I = 1.293 x 10-3
VO = 0.7 VO = 0.707 VO = 0.707

VO nVT ln(I IS 1)
CONVERGENCE to the same Result 22

Graphical Method: Method of Load Line
VS/R
solution
VS VO
23
How about something that is
simple & easy to work with
24
Analysis using a non-linear diode model is relatively difficult and
time consuming.
It also does not give a symbolic expression that can provide

insight and help in the design of the circuit.
Need SIMPLER and LINEAR Device Models
V rf
V>V
V<V
open circuit 25
I Piece-Wise Linear Model
Slope = 1/rf
V V
V is called cut-in or turn-on voltage and depends on nature of

diode and range of current considered
For most of our analysis, we will take V = 0.7V and rf ~10 26
Even Simpler Diode Models
V V
Constant voltage drop model

V
I
V>V
V<V
open circuit V 27
V
Even Simpler Diode Models
Ideal diode model
V
V
28
Diode Models
Simplicity
Accuracy
29
Analysis using ideal diode model
30
Analysis with a constant voltage diode model
31
Analysis with a constant voltage plus resistor
diode model
32
Example
Find the current

through the diode
using ideal diode
model
Is the diode forward biased? Not Sure!!
Assume that it is forward biased
Carry out analysis and then check if current through the diode is in
appropriate direction.
If not, diode is reverse biased and we carry out the analysis

again!! 33
Example
Assume forward bias
10V
iD
2mA 5K
Current is positive, so our

assumption is correct 34
Example Find the current through the 5K resistor using ideal
diode model
Assume forward bias
5K
5K
35
5K
iD
This is not possible.
Therefore, our assumption

is incorrect 5K
36
5K
Assume reverse bias

V1 V1 10
2mA 0
5k 5k
V1 V2
V1 0
5K
V2 10V
37
Announcements
1. Assignment-5 uploaded on course website.
2. Major Quiz-2 on Feb 14, 2017 (Tue) during tutorial slot.
38
DC Power Supply
39
Half wave Rectifier circuit
40
vO
vS
41
Transformer
Vin
42
Half Wave Rectifier
Vin
VO
0.7V
VIN R
For VO to be 12V, the input VIN should be

~12.7V 43
V0=VIN - 0.7
44
Zoomed view
V0=VIN - 0.7
45
N1 N2
VO
D
VS R
Want to hold that voltage

during negative half cycle
46

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ESc201 : Introduction to Electronics

Inside a PN junction at equilibrium (zero applied voltage), there

Addition of a group V element impurity to Silicon should increase electrons

A Semiconductor such as Silicon doped with a donor impurity such as

A Semiconductor such as Silicon doped with a Acceptor impurity such as Boron

1 in 400,000 Silicon atoms is replaced by Boron

Very small amounts of impurity atoms can cause a drastic change

Inside a PN junction at equilibrium (zero applied voltage), there

Forward Bias: P is biased at a higher voltage compared to N.

Reverse Bias: N is biased at a higher voltage compared to P.

The p-n junction only conducts significant current in the

Is : Reverse Saturation Current

n is called ideality factor and is equal to 1 for ideal diodes 14

I = 1.5 x 10-3 I = 1.289 x 10-3 I = 1.293 x 10-3

VO = 0.711 VO = 0.707 VO = 0.707

I = 1.0 x 10-3 I = 1.3 x 10-3 I = 1.293 x 10-3

VO = 0.7 VO = 0.707 VO = 0.707

CONVERGENCE to the same Result 22

simple & easy to work with

It also does not give a symbolic expression that can provide

Need SIMPLER and LINEAR Device Models

V is called cut-in or turn-on voltage and depends on nature of

Constant voltage drop model

Ideal diode model

Find the current

Is the diode forward biased? Not Sure!!

Assume that it is forward biased

If not, diode is reverse biased and we carry out the analysis

Assume forward bias

Current is positive, so our

Assume forward bias

This is not possible.

Therefore, our assumption

Assume reverse bias

1. Assignment-5 uploaded on course website.

2. Major Quiz-2 on Feb 14, 2017 (Tue) during tutorial slot.

For VO to be 12V, the input VIN should be

Want to hold that voltage

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