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PWM Signal Generation

This document describes a pulse width modulator circuit using four op-amps configured in different stages. The first op-amp generates a sawtooth wave and the second op-amp integrates this wave. The third op-amp amplifies the wave. The fourth op-amp compares this wave to a reference voltage to generate a PWM output. The circuit runs on a single power supply and produces a PWM signal to control speed for applications like motors or lighting.

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Pravat Satpathy
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300 views4 pages

PWM Signal Generation

This document describes a pulse width modulator circuit using four op-amps configured in different stages. The first op-amp generates a sawtooth wave and the second op-amp integrates this wave. The third op-amp amplifies the wave. The fourth op-amp compares this wave to a reference voltage to generate a PWM output. The circuit runs on a single power supply and produces a PWM signal to control speed for applications like motors or lighting.

Uploaded by

Pravat Satpathy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ib. Pulse Width Modulator.

This is an opamp based design for generating PWM output. There are four stages

of Opamp running on a single-rail power supply. The saw tooth is generated with

the circuit designed by 1st and 2nd opamp. The function of different sections is as

follows.

1. The 1st opamp is configured as a Schmitt Trigger

2. The 2nd opamp is configured as a Miller Integrator

3. The 3rd opamp is used as a low gain amplifier

4. The 4th opamp is used as a comparator to compare the saw tooth with

the reference voltage and generate PWM with different pulse width.

1. The 1st opamp is used as a Schmitt Trigger. The reference voltage for the

Schmitt Trigger is set at Vcc/2 due to the potential divider input given to the

inverting input of the opamp1. The Upper limit voltage is dependant on the

integrator output. Also the lower limit depends on the integrator out put.
2. The opamp2 acts as a millers integrator this inverting type integrator. The

slope of the integrated out put depends on RC of the circuit. The opamp1 and

opamp2 together generates one triangle wave with Vcc/2 as reference line of

symmetry.

3. The 1st two sections of the quad op-amp form a triangle-wave generator, but

now the third section is used as a low-gain amplifier, bringing the trough of the

wave to just above zero volts and the peak to about 10v or as required by the

design.

4. The fourth op-amp section is connected as a comparator, comparing the triangle

wave voltage with a reference voltage set by the potential divider R8 & VR1.
When the wave voltage goes above the voltage at the pot wiper, the comparator

output goes high, else the comparator output goes low.

With the pot turned fully clock-wise the wiper voltage is below about 0.5v and the

load is on 100% of the time. Increasing the wiper voltage (by turning the pot anti-

clockwise) reduces the duty cycle, and it's easy to set a minimum speed just by

changing the value of R8.

Above is the effect of a low reference voltage, with the output "on" for most of the

time, and below the reference voltage is near maximum giving a low duty cycle.

Above is the effect of a low reference voltage, with the output "on" for most of the

time, and below the reference voltage is near maximum giving a low duty cycle.

OPERATION
R8 This sets the minimum speed. With the 10k pot, a 1k resistor will give 0

100% control which is OK for model motors or lighting, 10k will give around 5v

12v range, more suitable for cooling fans.

VR1 can be changed to a 47k pot if it suits you better, changing R8 to 4k747k

depending on your required minimum.

C1 This is the timing capacitor, and with the 47k timing resistor R1 and wave

amplitude control resistors R2 (22k) & R3 (10k) gives a PWM frequency of around

117Hz according to the formula

FREQUENCY = R2 / (4 X R3 X R1 X C1)

Don't change R2 or R3, but you can alter R1 and/or C1 if you want to try different

frequencies.

A 5mm lead pitch fits the board spacing, so a fair selection of miniature polyester

types (or the cheaper my lar) will fit.


PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR
V cc = +12V

100n
10k T
20k O
4

TO IR TRANSMITTER

2
-
V+

1 6 13 P
OUT - -
3 47k 7 9 14
WM
10k + OUT - OUT
V-

L M 3 2 4 (A ) 5 10k 8 12
+ OUT +
L M 3 2 4 (B ) L M 3 2 4 (D ) F
11

10
+
L M 3 2 4 (C ) I
L
V cc = +12V 1k T
22k
E
10K R
10k

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