Chemical Engineering Computation

Saharudin Haron, UTM

Chemical Engineering
Computation
Chapter 1: Introduction to MATLAB

Saharudin Haron
 Chemical Engineering Computation
Saharudin Haron, UTM

Chapter Objectives
It is expected that students have the ability to:

Gaining general understanding of MATLAB

programming language
Use built-in function to solve equation and plot
graph
Write script and function files
Create well-documented M-files by employing
structured programming

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 Chemical Engineering Computation
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CASE STUDY: Bungee jumper velocity

The fall velocity of a bungee jumper can be
predicted by following differential equation:

=g- ||

The equation can be solved numerically

using Eulers method:

+1 = +

Predict the velocity at t = 12s using a time
step of t = 0.5s and initial t = 0.
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 Chemical Engineering Computation
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The MATLAB Environment

MATLAB uses three primary windows-
Command window - used to enter commands and
data
Graphics window(s) - used to display plots and
graphics
Edit window - used to create and edit M-files
(programs)

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The MATLAB Environment

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The MATLAB Environment

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 Chemical Engineering Computation
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The MATLAB Environment

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 Chemical Engineering Computation
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Calculator Mode
The MATLAB command window can be used as a
calculator where you can type in commands line by line.
Whenever a calculation is performed, MATLAB will
assign the result to the built-in variable ans
Example:
>> 55 - 16
ans =
39

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 Chemical Engineering Computation
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MATLAB Variables
MATLAB allows you to assign values to variable names.
This results in the storage of values to memory locations
corresponding to the variable name.
MATLAB can store individual values as well as arrays; it
can store numerical data and text (which is actually
stored numerically as well).
MATLAB does not require that you pre-initialize a
variable; if it does not exist, MATLAB will create it for
you.
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MATLAB Variables
To assign a single value to a variable, simply type
the variable name, the = sign, and the value:
>> a = 4
a =
4
Note that variable names must start with a letter,
though they can contain letters, numbers, and
the underscore (_) symbol
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MATLAB Variables
You can tell MATLAB not to
report the result of a calculation >> a = 4; b = 3;
by appending the semi-colon >> c = a + b;
(;) to the end of a line. The
>> d = a b;
calculation is still performed.
You can ask MATLAB to report
>> c
the value stored in a variable by
c =
typing its name.
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Variables Display Format

You can tell MATLAB to report the values back using
several different formats using the format command.
Note that the values are still stored the same way, they
are just displayed on the screen differently. Some
examples are:
short - scaled fixed-point format with 5 digits
long - scaled fixed-point format with 15 digits for double and
7 digits for single
short eng - engineering format with at least 5 digits and a
power that is a multiple of 3 (useful for SI prefixes)
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Variables Display Format

>> format short; pi
ans =
3.1416
>> format long; pi
ans =
3.14159265358979 Note - the format remains the
>> format short eng; pi same unless another format
ans = command is issued.
3.1416e+000
>> pi*10000
ans =
31.4159e+003
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Mathematical Operations
The common operators, in order of priority, are:
^ Exponentiation 4^2 = 16
- Negation -8 = -8

* Multiplication and 2*pi = 6.2832

/ Division pi/4 = 0.7854

\ Left Division 6\2 = 0.3333

+ Addition and 3+5 = 8
- Subtraction 3-5 = -2

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Mathematical Operations
The order of operations is set first by
parentheses, then by the default order of the
operators:
y = -4 ^ 2 gives y = -16
since the exponentiation happens first due to its
higher default priority, but
y = (-4) ^ 2 gives y = 16
since the negation operation on the 4 takes place first
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Elementary Math Functions

A complete list
of functions
organized by
category can be
found in Help
Window.

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Arrays, Vectors, and Matrices

MATLAB can automatically handle rectangular arrays of
data - one-dimensional arrays are called vectors and
two-dimensional arrays are called matrices.
Arrays are set off using square brackets [ and ] in
MATLAB
Entries within a row are separated by spaces or commas
Rows are separated by semicolons

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Array Examples
>> a = [1 2 3 4 5 ]
a =
1 2 3 4 5

>> b = [2;4;6;8;10]
b =
2
4
6
8 Note - MATLAB does not display the brackets
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 Chemical Engineering Computation
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Array Creation - Colon Operator

The colon operator : is useful in several contexts. It can
be used to create a linearly spaced array of points using
the notation
start:diffval:limit
where start is the first value in the array, diffval is
the difference between successive values in the array,
and limit is the boundary for the last value (though
not necessarily the last value).
>>1:0.6:3
ans =
1.0000 1.6000 2.2000 2.8000
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If diffval is omitted, the default value is 1:

>>3:6
ans =
3 4 5 6
To create a decreasing series, diffval must be negative:
>> 5:-1.2:2
ans =
5.0000 3.8000 2.6000
If start+diffval>limit for an increasing series or
start+diffval<limit for a decreasing series, an empty matrix is
returned:
>>5:2
ans =
Empty matrix: 1-by-0
To create a column, transpose the output of the colon operator, not the limit
value; that is, (3:6) not 3:6

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 Chemical Engineering Computation
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Array Creation - linspace

To create a row vector with a specific number of linearly spaced
points between two numbers, use the linspace command.
linspace(x1, x2, n) will create a linearly spaced array of
n points between x1 and x2
>>linspace(0, 1, 6)
ans =
0 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000
If n is omitted, 100 points are created.
To generate a column, transpose the output of the linspace
command.

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Array Creation - logspace

To create a row vector with a specific number of logarithmically
spaced points between two numbers, use the logspace
command.
logspace(x1, x2, n) will create a logarithmically spaced
array of n points between 10x1 and 10x2
>>logspace(-1, 2, 4)
ans =
0.1000 1.0000 10.0000 100.0000
If n is omitted, 100 points are created.
To generate a column, transpose the output of the logspace
command.
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Matrices
A 2-D array, or matrix, of data is entered row by row,
with spaces (or commas) separating entries within the
row and semicolons separating the rows:
>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]
A =
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

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Matrices
Individual entries within a array can be both read and
set using either the index of the location in the array or
the row and column.
The index value starts with 1 for the entry in the top left
corner of an array and increases down a column - the
following shows the indices for a 4 row, 3 column
matrix:
1 5 9
2 6 10
3 7 11
4 8 12
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Matrices
Assuming some matrix C:
C =
2 4 9 C(2) would report 3
3 3 16 C(4) would report 10
3 0 8 C(13) would report an error!
10 13 17

Entries can also be access using the row and column:

C(2,1) would report 3
C(3,2) would report 0
C(5,1) would report an error!

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Vector-Matrix Calculations
MATLAB can also perform operations on vectors and matrices.
The * operator for matrices is defined as the outer product or
what is commonly called matrix multiplication.
The number of columns of the first matrix must match the number of rows
in the second matrix.
The size of the result will have as many rows as the first matrix and as
many columns as the second matrix.
The exception to this is multiplication by a 1x1 matrix, which is actually an
array operation.
The ^ operator for matrices results in the matrix being matrix-
multiplied by itself a specified number of times.
Note - in this case, the matrix must be square!

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 Chemical Engineering Computation
Saharudin Haron, UTM

Element-by-Element Calculations
At times, you will want to carry out calculations item by item in a
matrix or vector. The MATLAB manual calls these array
operations. They are also often referred to as element-by-
element operations.
MATLAB defines .* and ./ (note the dots) as the array
multiplication and array division operators.
For array operations, both matrices must be the same size or one of the
matrices must be 1x1
Array exponentiation (raising each element to a corresponding
power in another matrix) is performed with .^
Again, for array operations, both matrices must be the same size or one of
the matrices must be 1x1
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 Chemical Engineering Computation
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Element-by-Element Calculations
If two vectors a and b are a = [a1 a2 a3 a4] and b = [b1 b2 b3 b4],
then element-by-element multiplication, division, and
exponentiation of the two vectors gives:

a .* b = [a1b1 a2b2 a3b3 a4b4]

a ./ b = [a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3 a4 b4]
a .^ b = [(a1)b1 (a2)b2 (a3)b3 (a4)b4]

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Element-by-Element Calculations

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Element-by-Element Calculations

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Graphics
MATLAB has a powerful suite of built-in graphics
functions.
Two of the primary functions are plot (for plotting 2-D
data) and plot3 (for plotting 3-D data).
In addition to the plotting commands, MATLAB allows
you to label and annotate your graphs using the title,
xlabel, ylabel, and legend commands.

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Plotting Example
t = [0:2:20];
g = 9.81; m = 68.1; cd = 0.25;
v = sqrt(g*m/cd) * tanh(sqrt(g*cd/m)*t);
plot(t, v)

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Plotting Annotation Example

title('Plot of v versus t')
xlabel('Values of t')
ylabel('Values of v')
grid

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More Built-In Functions

The built-in help function can give you information about both
what exists and how those functions are used:
help elmat will list the elementary matrix creation and
manipulation functions, including functions to get information
about matrices.
help elfun will list the elementary math functions, including
trig, exponential, complex, rounding, and remainder functions.

The built-in lookfor command will search help files for

occurrences of text and can be useful if you know a functions
purpose but not its name
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