Linear Circuit Analysis (ELEN-1100)

Lecture # 11: More on Node voltage method

Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher

Assistant Professor, EED
KFUEIT, Pakistan

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Slide credits

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Contents
Node voltage method for more than two nodes
Example 4.2-3
Node voltage method with dependent sources
Assessment problem
Special cases of node voltage method
The concept of supernode
Example
Annex A : Determinant of matrix
Annex B : Cramers rule

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Node voltage method for more than two nodes
Two nodes means two simultaneous equations
Easy solution
Three nodes means three equations.
All the equations are written in the same way like before.
Solution requires matrix operation.
Av=b

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Example 4.2-3 [Dorf 9th ed.]

At node a
(va-vc/5)+(va-vc/2)+(va-vb/5)-1-2=0
Separate all the terms with va, vb and vc
(1/5+1/2+1/5)va-(1/5)vb-(1/2+1/5)vc=3
0.9va-0.2vb-0.7vc=3 (1)

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Example 4.2-3 [Dorf 9th ed.]

At node b
(vb-va/5)+(vb-vc/10)+(vb/4)-3+2=0
Separate all the terms with va, vb and vc
(-1/5)va+(1/10+1/4+1/5)vb-(10)vc=1
-0.2va+0.55vb-0.1vc=1 (2)

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Example 4.2-3 [Dorf 9th ed.]

At node c
(vc-va/5)+(vc-va/2)+(vc/2)+(vc-vb/10)+1=0
Separate all the terms with va, vb and vc
-(1/5+1/2)va-(1/10)vb+(1/2+1/5+1/10+1/2)vc=-1
-0.7va-0.1vb+1.3vc=-1 (3)

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Example 4.2-3 [Dorf 9th ed.]
In matrices, we can write eq.(1),(2) and (3) as
Av=b
A= 0.9 -0.2 -0.7
-0.2 0.55 -0.1
-0.7 -0.1 1.3
b= 3 v = va
1 vb
-1 vc

Cramer rule can be used to solve the equation

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Example 4.2-3 [Dorf 9th ed.]
Cramer rule
xk=Nk/
Where,
= 0.9 -0.2 -0.7 =0.9((0.55*1.3)-(-0.1*-0.1))
-0.2 0.55 -0.1 -(-0.2)((-0.2*1.3)-(-0.1*-0.7))
-0.7 -0.1 1.3 +(-0.7)((-0.2*-0.1)-(0.55*-0.7))
=0.285
va=7.1579V
vb=5.0526V
vc=3.4737V
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Node voltage method with dependent sources

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Assessment problem 4.3 [8th ed.]
Find power for each source.
P50V=-150W
P3i=-144W
P5A=-80W

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Special cases of node voltage method
If a voltage source is connected
between two essential nodes
the solution is very simple.
The resistance between node 1 and 100V source is zero.
The equation V1-100/0 yields infinity. This is wrong.
Instead 100V appear at node 1 because no voltage drop.
This makes only one equation to solve and thats node #2.
v2=125V

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The concept of supernode
A supernode consists of two nodes connected by an
independent or a dependent voltage source.
vs is known
va-vs=vb
va-vb=vs
We consider a and b as one supernode
Apply KCL at supernode
va/R1+vb/R2=is
vs+vb/R1+vb/R2=is
vb=R1R2is-R2vs/R1+R2
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Example 4.3-2 [Dorf 9th ed.]
Apply KCL at node a and b
We assume current i from 12V.
va-vb=-12
vb=va+12 i
At node a
va/6=1.5+i
At node b
vb/3.5+3.5+i=0
Therefore,
va/6+vb/3=-2
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Example 4.3-2 [Dorf 9th ed.]
Apply supernode at node a and b
We dont assume current i from 12V.
1.5=va/6+vb/3.5+3.5
va/6+vb/3.5=-2

Hence, by making a supernode we made shortcut

No need of labeling current i from voltage source
Applying KCL at both nodes of voltage source
Eliminating I from the equations.
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Annex A : Determinant of a matrix

Ref: SCHAUM'S OUTLINES OF Theory and Problems of Signals and Systems

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Annex B : Cramer Rule

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