Algorithm - Amazon - Water Collected Between Towers - Stack Overflow
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Amazon:Watercollectedbetweentowers
IrecentlycameacrossaninterviewquestionaskedbyAmazonandIamnotabletofindanoptimizedalgorithmtosolvethisquestion:
Youaregivenaninputarraywhoseeachelementrepresentstheheightofthetower.Thewidthofeverytoweris1.Itstartsraining.Howmuchwater
iscollectedbetweenthetowers?
Example
Input:[1,5,3,7,2],Output:2units
Explanation:2unitsofwatercollectedbetweentowersofheight5and7
AnotherExample
Input:[5,3,7,2,6,4,5,9,1,2],Output:14units
upvote6down Explanation=2unitsofwatercollectedbetweentowersofheight5and7+
votefavorite 4unitsofwatercollectedbetweentowersofheight7and6+
4 1unitsofwatercollectedbetweentowersofheight6and5+
2unitsofwatercollectedbetweentowersofheight6and9+
4unitsofwatercollectedbetweentowersofheight7and9+
1unitsofwatercollectedbetweentowersofheight9and2.
AtfirstIthoughtthiscouldbesolvedbyStockSpanProblem(http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/thestockspanproblem/)butIwaswrongsoitwould
begreatifanyonecanthinkofatimeoptimizedalgorithmforthisquestion.
algorithm
editedJun25'14at17:51 askedJun25'14at17:09
share|improvethisquestion
Charles Jerky
36.6k105792 973624
addacomment|
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7Answers
activeoldestvotes
Oncethewater'sdonefalling,eachpositionwillfilltoalevelequaltothesmallerofthehighesttowertotheleftandthehighesttowertotheright.
Find,byarightwardscan,thehighesttowertotheleftofeachposition.Thenfind,byaleftwardscan,thehighesttowertotherightofeachposition.
Thentaketheminimumateachpositionandaddthemallup.
Somethinglikethisoughttowork:
inttow[N];//nonnegativetowerheights
upvote8down inthl[N]={0},hr[N]={0};//highestleftandhighestright
voteaccepted for(inti=0;i<n;i++)hl[i]=max(tow[i],(i!=0)?hl[i1]:0);
for(inti=n1;i>=0;i)hr[i]=max(tow[i],i<(n1)?hr[i+1]:0);
intans=0;
for(inti=0;i<n;i++)ans+=min(hl[i],hr[i])tow[i];
editedJun25'14at19:26 answeredJun25'14at17:16
share|improvethisanswer
Jerky tmyklebu
973624 9,60931141
Youuseanexcessloop.Thetotalamountofwaterthatcanbeheldovereachtowerisknownassoonasyouhaveprocessedthatrow.Itisnot
2
necessarytofinishthesecondpasstobeginthethirdsinceyouhavealreadylookedahead.AJHendersonJun25'14at17:21
addacomment|
Youcandothisbyscanningthearraytwice.
Thefirsttimeyouscanfromtoptobottomandstorethevalueofthetallesttoweryouhaveyettoencounterwhenreachingeachrow.
Youthenrepeattheprocess,butinreverse.Youstartfromthebottomandworktowardsthetopofthearray.Youkeeptrackofthetallesttoweryouhave
seensofarandcomparetheheightofittothevalueforthattowerintheotherresultset.
Takethedifferencebetweenthelesserofthesetwovalues(theshortestofthetallesttwotowerssurroundingthecurrenttower,subtracttheheightofthe
towerandaddthatamounttothetotalamountofwater.
intmaxValue=0;
inttotal=0;
int[n]lookAhead
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(input[i]>maxValue)maxValue=input[i];
lookahead[i]=maxValue;
}
maxValue=0;
for(i=n1;i>=0;i)
{
upvote2 //Iftheinputisgreaterthanorequaltothemax,allwaterescapes.
if(input[i]>=maxValue)
downvote
{
maxValue=input[i];
}
else
{
if(maxValue>lookAhead[i])
{
//Makesurewedon'trunofftheotherside.
if(lookAhead[i]>input[i])
{
total+=lookAhead[i]input[i];
}
}
else
{
total+=maxValueinput[i];
}
}
}
answeredJun25'14at17:19
editedJun25'14at17:30
share|improvethisanswer
AJHenderson
575519
addacomment|
Anothersolutionis:
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 2/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
Youcantraversefirstfromlefttoright,andcalculatethewateraccumulatedforthecaseswherethereisasmallerbuildingontheleftandalargeroneonthe
right.Youwouldhavetosubtracttheareaofthebuildingsthatareinbetweenthesetwobuildingsandaresmallerthantheleftone.
Similarwouldbethecaseforrighttoleft.
Hereisthecodeforlefttoright.Ihaveuploadedthisproblemonleetcodeonlinejudgeusingthisapproach.
Ifindthisapproachmuchmoreintuitivethanthestandardsolutionwhichispresenteverywhere(calculatingthelargestbuildingontherightandtheleftfor
eachi).
intsum=0,finalAns=0;
idx=0;
while(a[idx]==0&&idx<n)
idx++;
for(inti=idx+1;i<n;i++){
upvote1 while(a[i]<a[idx]&&i<n){
downvote sum+=a[i];
i++;
}
if(i==n)
break;
jdx=i;
intarea=a[idx]*(jdxidx1);
area=sum;
finalAns+=area;
idx=jdx;
sum=0;
}
ThetimecomplexityofthisapproachisO(n),asyouaretraversingthearraytwotimelinearly.SpacecomplexitywouldbeO(1).
answeredNov1'14at9:48
share|improvethisanswer
Yashasvi
397520
addacomment|
Here'sanelegant,efficientsolutioninHaskell
rainfall::[Int]>Int
rainfallxs=sum.filter(>0)$zipWith()deltasxs
deltas=zipWithmin(init$scanlmax0xs)(tail$scanrmax0xs)
upvote0downvote itusesthesametwopassscanalgorithmmentionedintheotheranswers.
answeredJun25'14at18:04
share|improvethisanswer
cdk
4,060538
addacomment|
Ihaveasolutionthatonlyrequiresasingletraversalfromlefttoright.
defstanding_water(heights):
iflen(heights)<3:
return0
i=0#indexusedtoiteratefromlefttoright
w=0#accumulatorforthetotalamountofwater
whilei<len(heights)1:
target=i+1
forjinrange(i+1,len(heights)):
ifheights[j]>=heights[i]:
target=j
break
upvote0
down ifheights[j]>heights[target]:
target=j
vote
iftarget==i:
returnw
surface=min(heights[i],heights[target])
i+=1
whilei<target:
w+=surfaceheights[i]
i+=1
returnw
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answeredMar16at1:58
share|improvethisanswer
paranoidandroid
3,31211438
ThiscouldbeO(n^2)intheworstcasethoughgctApr21at18:23
Whatistheworstcaseinthiscase?paranoidandroidMay8at4:51
InthiscaseIbelieveit'sbeaseriesofdescendingheighttowers.Youlookforthenextonethat's>=thecurrent.Soiftherewereinsortedorderfrom
largesttosmallest,thenyou'llseektotheendoftheinputforeachtower,whichwilltaken*(n1)traversalswhichisO(n^2)gctMay8at12:55
addacomment|
Myuglysingletraversalsoln
defwater_collection(buildings):
valleyFlag=False
water=0
pool=[]
fori,buildinginenumerate(buildings):
if(i==0):
lastHill=building
else:
iflastHill<=buildingori==len(buildings)1:
minHill=min(building,lastHill)
print("Hill{}toHill{}".format(lastHill,building))
summ=0
fordropinpool:
summ+=minHilldrop
water+=minHilldrop
upvote0downvote
print("Collectedsum{}".format(summ))
pool=[]
valleyFlag=False
lastHill=building
eliflastHill>buildingandvalleyFlag==False:
pool.append(building)
valleyFlag=True
eliflastHill>buildingandvalleyFlag==True:
pool.append(building)
print(water)
answeredApr10at21:28
share|improvethisanswer
cozos
597
addacomment|
Here'smyattemptinjQuery.Itonlyscanstotheright.
Workingfiddle(withhelpfullogging)
vara=[1,5,3,7,2];
varwater=0;
$.each(a,function(key,i){
if(i>a[key+1]){//ifnexttowertorightisbigger
for(j=1;j<=a.lengthkey;j++){//numberofremainingtowerstotheright
if(a[key+1+j]>=i){//ifanytowertotherightisbigger
for(k=1;k<1+j;k++){
//addtowater:thedifferenceofthefirsttowerandeachtowerbetweenthefirsttoweranditsbiggertower
upvote0downvote water+=a[key]a[key+k];
}
}
}
}
});
console.log("Water:"+water);
answeredMay20at22:32
share|improvethisanswer
Matt
858
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Amazoninterview:Timestampsorting:Findthethreepagesubsetsequence
repeatedmaximumnumberoftimes[closed]
TheAmazoninterviewquestionis:
Givenalogfilecontaining(User_Id,URL,Timestamp)usercannavigatepagefromonetotheother.Findthethreepagesubsetsequence
repeatedmaximumnumberoftimes.RecordsaresortedbyTimestamp.
Ifoundthisquestionfromthisredditthread.
Theposterwrote:
"Givenalogfilecontaining(User_Id,URL,Timestamp)usercannavigatepagefromonetotheother.Findthethreepagesubsetsequence
repeatedmaximumnumberoftimes.RecordsaresortedbyTimestamp."
upvote1down
(Although,Iwasn'ttolduntillateintheinterviewthefileissortedbytimestamp.OneofthefirstthingsIhadaskedwasifthelogwas
votefavorite
sorted,andmyinterviewersaidno.)
2
IdothinkIgaveitmyallIseemedtohavebeenontherighttrackusingahashmap.IalwaysletmyinterviewknowwhatIwasthinking
andgavepossibleoutcomes,timecomplexities,etc.
Iamnotsurehowtoapproachthisproblem.Whatdoes"Findthethreepagesubsetsequencerepeatedmaximumnumberoftimes"mean?Andifthe
questiondidn'tsay"RecordsaresortedbyTimestamp"(ashappenedtotheposter),thenhowwouldthataffecttheproblem?
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algorithmdesignamazon
askedJan16'14at7:36
share|improvethisquestion
user3184017
3014
closedasprimarilyopinionbasedbyKenWhite,Jeroen,Benjamin,jww,devnullJan17'14at12:51
Manygoodquestionsgeneratesomedegreeofopinionbasedonexpertexperience,butanswerstothisquestionwilltendtobealmostentirelybasedonopinions,rather
thanfacts,references,orspecificexpertise.Ifthisquestioncanberewordedtofittherulesinthehelpcenter,pleaseeditthequestion.
Simplethought:Groupbyuserid,thensortbytimestamp.Findwhichisthemostrepeatedpatternof3pages.PhamTrungJan16'14at8:03
addacomment|
1Answer
activeoldestvotes
With"threepagesubsetsequence"Iamguessingtheymeanthethreepagesmustbenexttoeachother,buttheirinternalorderdoesnotmatter.(ABC=CAB)
publicTuple<string,string,string>GetMostFrequentTriplet(
IEnumerable<LogEntry>entries,
TimeSpan?maxSeparation=null)
{
//Assuming'entries'isalreadyorderedbytimestamp
//StorethelasttwoURLsforeachuser
varlastTwoUrls=newDictionary<int,Tuple<string,string,DateTime>>();
//CountthenumberofoccurencesofeachtripletofURLs
varcounters=newDictionary<Tuple<string,string,string>,int>();
foreach(varentryinentries)
{
Tuple<string,string,DateTime>lastTwo;
if(!lastTwoUrls.TryGetValue(entry.UserId,outlastTwo))
{
//NopreviousURLs
lastTwoUrls[entry.UserId]=Tuple.Create((string)null,entry.Url,entry.Timestamp);
}
//(comparisonwithnull=>false)
elseif(entry.TimestamplastTwo.Item3>maxSeparation){
//TreatalongerseparationthanmaxSeparationastwodifferentsessions.
lastTwoUrls[entry.UserId]=Tuple.Create((string)null,entry.Url,entry.Timestamp);
}
else
{
//OneortwopreviousURLs
if(lastTwo.Item1!=null)
{
//TwopreviousURLs;Threewiththisone.
//SortthethreeURLs,sothattheirinternalorderwon'tmatter
varurls=newList<string>{lastTwo.Item1,lastTwo.Item2,entry.Url};
urls.Sort();
varkey=Tuple.Create(urls[0],urls[1],urls[2]);
//Incrementcount
upvote intcount;
1down counters.TryGetValue(key,outcount);//setsto0ifnotfound
vote counters[key]=count+1;
accepted }
//Shiftinthenewvalue,discardingtheoldestone.
lastTwoUrls[entry.UserId]=Tuple.Create(lastTwo.Item2,entry.Url,entry.Timestamp);
}
}
Tuple<string,string,string>maxKey=null;
intmaxCount=0;
//Findthekeywiththemaximumcount
foreach(varpairincounters)
{
if(maxKey==null||pair.Value>maxCount)
{
maxKey=pair.Key;
maxCount=pair.Value;
}
}
returnmaxKey;
}
Thecodegoesoverthelogentriesandseparatesthestreamforeachuser.ForeachthreeconsecutiveURLsforanyuser,weincrementthecountforthattriplet.
Sincetheorderofthethreepagesarenotimportant,wereordertheminaconsistentway,bysorting.Intheend,wereturnthetripletthathasthehighestcount.
SinceweonlyneedthelastthreeURLsforeachuser,weonlystoretheprevioustwo.CombinedwiththecurrentURL,thatmakesthetripletweneed.
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FornURLs,muniqueURLs,uusers,andssinglevisitusers,themethodwilldo2n2u+s(=O(n))dictionarylookups,andstoreuptoC(m,3)+u(=O(m3
+u))tuples.
Edit:Infersessionsbythedurationbetweenrequests.IftheydifferbymorethanmaxSeparation,thenewrequestistreatedasthefirstfromthatuser.
answeredJan16'14at23:43
editedMar14'14at11:05
share|improvethisanswer
MarkusJarderot
41.7k77599
Thankyoufortheexplanationandcode!Yourcodeiscommentedprettywell,butwouldyoualsoexplaininwordsthegeneralideaofyouralgorithmand
discussitsefficiency?Thiswouldmakeyouranswerevenmorehelpful.Thanks!user3184017Jan17'14at3:06
ThisdoesnothandleacommoncasewheretheURLSmayberepeated.AssumeascenariowhereauseropenstheHomepageandthengoestotheProduct
page.HethenclosesthesessionandopensthewebsiteagainonaseparatedayonwhichhegoesfromHomepagetotheCartpage.Nowbasedonyour
solution,thelastTwotuplewouldcontainhomepageandproductpage.Nowonthesecondday(whentheseconddayentriesareread),thetuplefortriplet
wouldcontain(Homepage,productpage,Homepage),whichmightleadtofallaciesPawanMar14'14at10:40
Intheabovescenario,Ibelievetheentriesshouldbeignored.PawanMar14'14at10:43
@Pawan,SincetherearenosessionIDsinthelogfile,youwouldhavetorelyonthetimestamps.Seemyedit.MarkusJarderotMar14'14at11:05
Thanks,Iguessthatworks.IfwedonthaveavalueformaxSeparation,thenwecanalsoaccomplishthesamebyjustcheckingthecurrentpagevalue
againstthevaluesinthelastTwoUrlstuple.Say,ifthelasttwourlswere{Homepage,ProductPage}andthelatestentryisagainhomepage,thenwecan
justcreateanewlastTwoUrlsentrywith{Homepage}PawanMar14'14at11:20
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AmazonInterviewDesignMeetingScheduler
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
Lately,Itookaninterview.Iwasaskedtodesignameetingscheduler,justlikeintheMicrosoftoutlookcalendarorthegmailcalendar.Iproposed
thatIwillcreateanarrayof48foreachday.Every30minrepresentingthearrayentry.
Ihavetomakesurethatthenextappointmentdoesnotcollidewithapreviousmeeting.
Mysolutionworksfinebutitwastestoomuchmemory.
CananyonepleasetellmehowdoIfindabettersolutiontodetectcollisionformeetings.
upvote6down
votefavorite Idon'tknowallthemeetingsatthebeginning.Theywillbeaddedrandomlylater.
3
Thanks,
algorithmdesign
askedMar1'13at3:49
editedMar1'13at4:04
share|improvethisquestion
user1540945
2441214
Itdidn'tincluderecurringschedules?LikeEveryweekdaymorning09:0015minutesscrum.EveryFriday16:00teamgatheringforateaat
canteen?SparKotMar1'13at11:48
Theyaskedmetodesigncompletelybymyself.Noinputwasprovided.user1540945Mar1'13at22:51
addacomment|
5Answers
activeoldestvotes
Startwithanemptylistofmeetings,eachwithastart_timeandduration.Wewillmaintainasortedlistofmeetingsbystart_time.
Toaddameetingtothelist,findwhereitbelongsinthelistbyperformingabinarysearch.Onceyoufindtheindex,performtwocheckstoavoida
collisionconsiderthemeetingsimmediatelybeforeandafterthetobeinsertedmeeting(iftheyexist).
1. Assertthebeforemeeting'sstart_time+durationdoesnotexceedthenewmeeting'sstart_time.
2. Assertthenewmeeting'sstart_time+durationdoesnotexceedtheaftermeeting'sstart_time.
Iftheassertionsaresatisfied,addthemeetingtothelist.
upvote6
downvote ThisaddoperationtakesO(log(list_size))time.
Note:Thisapproachassumesthataddingameetingwithanoverlapisaninvalidoperation.Ifoverlapsareallowedtoexist,youwouldhavetocheck
beyondthemeetingsimmediatelypreceding/subsequentthenewmeeting.
answeredMar1'13at3:53
editedMar1'13at4:15
share|improvethisanswer
cheeken
10.4k21626
Iguessthatiforgottomentionit.Idonthaveaccesstoallthemeetingsatfirst.user1540945Mar1'13at3:54
I'veamendedmyanswerbasedonyouredit.cheekenMar1'13at4:15
Thanks...Prettycoolapproach.SomethingsimilartoB+tree.:):)user1540945Mar1'13at22:52
AddinginasortedlistwouldtakeO(list_size)time.AmImissingsomething?damnedMar5'14at14:55
@damnedUsingabinarysearch,addoperationscanbeperformedinO(log(list_size))time.See:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_search_tree#InsertioncheekenMar5'14at15:29
|show2morecomments
WecanhaveaTreestructure(BST)forstoringtherequests(Requestobject:starttime/endtime/date/priorityetc.).Bydoingso,add/delete/search/update
operationscanbeachievedbyO(height_of_tree).Ifweuseabalancedtree,wecangettheoptimizedrunningtime.i.e.O(logn)foreachoftheabove
mentionedoperations.
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ThisapproachisbetterthanthesortedlistapproachasthelistisbackedbyanfixedsizedarrayincaseofArrayListwhichtakesO(n)forcopyingtheelements
upvote1 fromoldarraytonewarray.Ifweusealinkedlist,binarysearchisnotpossible.
down
vote Commentswelcome!
answeredFeb21at23:07
share|improvethisanswer
Vin
457
addacomment|
whiletheuseofasortedarrayandbinarysearchisefficient,pleasenotethatinsertwilltakeo(n)assumingnocollisionisfoundsincethearrayneedsto
slidethemeetingsover.Notsureifthisisthemostoptimalsolution.
upvote0 answeredJan9'14at8:32
downvote
share|improvethisanswer
Kelvin
5828
addacomment|
Ifthesortedlistisanarray,IbelievetheaddoperationwilltakeO(n)sinceyouhavetoshiftthemeetingthatstartafterthetobeinsertmeeting.
answeredJan13'14at23:03
upvote0downvote
share|improvethisanswer
Kelvin
5828
addacomment|
Hereismysolutionwhichinsertsusingbinarysearch
publicclassMeetingScheduler{
staticclassMeetingimplementsComparable<Meeting>{
DatestartTime;
DateendTime;
intduration;
publicstaticfinalintMINUTE=60000;
//durationinminutes
Meeting(DatestartTime,intduration){
this.startTime=startTime;
this.duration=duration;
this.endTime=newDate(startTime.getTime()+(MINUTE*duration));
@Override
publicintcompareTo(Meetingo){
if(this.endTime.compareTo(o.startTime)<0){
return1;
}//endtimeisbeforetheother'sstarttime
if(this.startTime.compareTo(o.endTime)>0){
return1;
}////starttimeisaftertheother'sendtime
return0;
}
@Override
publicStringtoString(){
return"meeting{"+
"from"+startTime+
",minutes="+duration+
'}';
}
}
privateList<Meeting>meetings=newArrayList<Meeting>();
publicMeetingbookRoom(Meetingmeeting){
if(meetings.isEmpty()){
meetings.add(meeting);
returnnull;
}else{
upvote0downvote intpos=Collections.binarySearch(meetings,meeting);
if(pos>0){
meetings.add(pos1,meeting);
returnnull;
}else{
returnmeetings.get(pos);
}
}
}
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
publicList<Meeting>getMeetings(){
returnmeetings;
}
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
MeetingSchedulermeetingScheduler=newMeetingScheduler();
Meeting[]meetingsToBook=newMeeting[]{
//October3rd2014
newMeeting(newDate(20141900,101,3,15,00),15),
newMeeting(newDate(20141900,101,3,16,00),15),
newMeeting(newDate(20141900,101,3,17,00),60),
newMeeting(newDate(20141900,101,3,18,00),15),
newMeeting(newDate(20141900,101,3,14,50),10),
newMeeting(newDate(20141900,101,3,14,55),10)
};
for(Meetingm:meetingsToBook){
MeetingoldMeeting=meetingScheduler.bookRoom(m);
if(oldMeeting!=null){
System.out.println("Couldnotbookroomfor"+m+"becauseitcollideswith"+oldMeeting);
}
}
System.out.println("meetingsbooked:"+meetingScheduler.getMeetings().size());
for(Meetingm:meetingScheduler.getMeetings()){
System.out.println(m.startTime+">"+m.duration+"mins");
}
}
}
answeredDec18'14at4:36
share|improvethisanswer
CarlosP
5911823
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
AmazonInterviewMaximumNumberofPeoplepresentatanEventatany
time
AssumeIhavealistofpeoplewiththeirarrivalanddeparturetimeataneventthathappenedinthepast.
Mytaskistofindoutthemaximumnumberofpeoplepresentintheeventatanytime?Iamnotgivenquerytime.
ai=Arrivaltimeofpersoni
di=Departuretimeofpersoni
Ihavealistofpairslike(a1,d1),(a2,d2),(a3,d3)....(an,dn)...It'snotinadatabase.
enterimagedescriptionhere
Inthisproblemwecanseethatthemaximumnumberofpeopleattheeventis3.
Sointhiseg.wehavetwosolutionstotheproblemwithsize3.{b,d,e},{j,h,i}.Ijustwanttoknowthenumber3.
MyApproaches:
i.Createanarrayofsize=LastDepartureTimeFirstarrivaltime.Andkeepincrementingthecountofthatarray.
ii.Itriedtosortthepeoplebytheirstarttimes.Andkeepjumpingtothestarttimeofthenextperson.AfterthatIamlost.HowshouldIproceed.
Thanks
upvote1down @ypnos://Sortedthedatabothontimestamps.
votefavorite
1 intcount=0;
intmax=0
char[]arr={a1,a2,d1,a3,a4,d3,d2,}likethis..
for(inti=0;i<arr.length;i++)
{
if(arr[i].startswith('a'))
{
count++;
if(count>max)
{
max=count;
}
}
else
{
count;
}
}
algorithmdesign
askedMar1'13at23:48
editedMar2'13at10:07
share|improvethisquestion
user1540945
2441214
Asegmenttree(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segment_tree)cansolvethisproblem,butyoumaynotbeinterestedinimplementingone...Omri
BarelMar1'13at23:54
Bytheway,thetitlesays"Maximum"butthequestiondoesn'tmentionthatareyouinterestedinageneralqueryoronlyinthemaximum?
2
OmriBarelMar1'13at23:55
Evenwithyourclarification,theanswerwouldn'tbedifficultifyousortyourdatabyarrivaltime.Ofcourse,itdependsonhowyourcodeis
called.DigCamaraMar1'13at23:56
IamjustinterestedintheMaximumpeopleattheeventatanytime.user1540945Mar1'13at23:56
Speakingofcode,isthereany?Thelanguagethatyouchoosetowritethisinisgoingtodrasticallyimpacttheanswer(suchaswhat
1
libraries/objecttypesareavailableNumPy,etc.)DaveLasleyMar1'13at23:57
|show3morecomments
4Answers
activeoldestvotes
Firstyoucreateasortedlistwitharrivalanddeparturetimes.Itisasinglelistforbothevents,andeacheventconsistsofatimestamp(whatisthesorting
key)andaboolean(arrivalordeparture).
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Newsolution(findthemaximum):
Thenyoucaniteratethroughyourlist,rememberthecurrentnumberateachentryandincrement/decrementitaccordingly,whilealsoupdatingyour
maximumnumberifappropriate.
Sorting:O(NlogN),findingthemax.number:O(N)
Oldsolutionduetobadwordinginthequestion(queryattimeX):
upvote4
downvote Afteryouhavethatlist,youcreateamapthathastimestampsaskeysandthenumberofpeopleatthatcurrenttimestampasdata.Tocreatethat,yougo
accepted throughyoursortedlist,rememberthecurrentnumberateachentryandincrement/decrementitaccordingly,whilealsoaddingtheelementtoyourmap.
Nowthatyouhavethemap,youcantriviallyfindtherightnumberbysearchingfortheelementinthemapleftofyourquerytimestamp.
WithamapImeanabinarytree,orwhatisthebaseofstd::map.Btw.std::mapprovidesyouwiththelower_bound()functiontodothat(ref).
However,itisnothardtoimplementabinarytreeyourself.Nowforthecostsoftheoperation:O(logN)perentry,O(logN)perquery.
answeredMar1'13at23:58
share|improvethisanswer
ypnos
24.8k55289
HowdoIkeepincrement/decrementit.Ineedtoscanthroughtheentirelisttofindoutifitisstillcollidingornot.user1540945Mar2'13at0:13
No,theideaisthatyouhavealistofincrementeventsanddecrementevents.Youdon'tcarewhichpersonisdeparting,onlythatanybodyisdeparting.
1 That'swhyyougofrom(a1,d1),(a2,d2),(a3,d3)....(an,dn)to(a1,d1,a2,d2,a3,d3,..,an,dn).Thenyousortthatarrayaccordingtotimestamps,so
youwillgetsthlikea1,a2,d1,a3,a4,d3,d2,...andsoon.ypnosMar2'13at0:25
SupercoolIdea.Thankssomuch.Finallysomebodywasabletounderstandmyquestionandnailthesolution:):)Justtoclarify,youaresayingthe
following:intcount=0intmax=0char[]arr={a1,a2,d1,a3,a4,d3,d2,}likethis..for(inti=0i<arr.lengthi++){if(arr[i].startswith('a')){
count++if(count>max){max=count}}{count}}user1540945Mar2'13at0:27
Ihavewrittenthecodeaboveinthequestion.Itwouldbegreatifyoucouldpleasehavealookintoit.user1540945Mar2'13at0:33
1 looksalright,withamissing"else".ypnosMar2'13at9:08
addacomment|
Iterateoverthelist,testifthegiventimetisbetweenarrivalanddepartureofthecurrentpairandincrementacounterifthatisthecase.Afterwardsyou
shouldhavethecorrectnumberinyourcounter.Pseudocode:
giventimeT
givenlistof(arrival,departure)pairsL
c=0
foreachpair(A,D)inL
upvote0 ifA<TandT<D
downvote c+=1
Notethatthisisnotthemostoptimalsolution...storingyourdatainastructuremoresuitableforqueryingwillenablemoreefficientsolutions.
answeredMar1'13at23:55
share|improvethisanswer
Korijn
716313
Overhere,IassumethatyouareclaimingthatyouknowthetimeT.Butwedon'tknowthat.user1540945Mar2'13at0:01
addacomment|
InSQL?
SELECTcount(id)FROMattendeeWHEREa_time<'2013030112:12'AND(d_time>'2013030112:12'ORd_timeISNULL)
upvote0downvote answeredMar1'13at23:55
share|improvethisanswer
edoceo
16615
ItsnotinSQL:(user1540945Mar2'13at0:22
addacomment|
Isthisinadatabase?Ifso,youjustselecttherowswitharrivaltime<now<departuretime.
Thisisasimplethingtodo,butweneedtoknowwhatdatastructureyouareusingtoholdthedatatogiveaspecificsolution.
Theapproachissimple:Anarrayofdictionarieswhereeachdictionaryconsistsofarrival:valueanddeparture:value.Thenatanygiventime,youiteratethe
upvote0 arrayandif:arrival<now<departure==TRUEyouincrementacounter.
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downvote Done.
answeredMar1'13at23:51
editedMar2'13at0:00
share|improvethisanswer
HackyStack
2,74521024
No.Thisisnotstoredinadatabase.Ihaveupdatedthequestion.Pleasehavealookatitonceagain.Thanks.user1540945Mar1'13at23:52
Seemyupdatedanswer.HackyStackMar2'13at0:01
@HackyStack:Whyhaveanarrayofdictionaries?Healreadyhasalistofpairsasinput,whichisexactlythesame.Yoursolutionhascomplexityof
O(n)foreachquery,buttheoptimalsolutionisO(logN)foreachquery.OmriBarelMar2'13at0:07
@HackyStack:Idon'thaveanyquerytime.Ihaverephrasedthequestiononceagainwithanexample.user1540945Mar2'13at0:21
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amazoninterviewprob
Thereisabigfileofwordswhichisdynamicallychanging.Wearecontinuouslyaddingsomewordsintoit.Howwouldyoukeeptrackoftop10trendingwords
ateachmoment?
upvote IfoundthisquestioninablogbutIcouldn'tunderstandtheanswer.Theansweris:hashtable+minheap
13
down Iunderstandwhyhashtablebutnotminheappart,cansomeonehelpme?
vote
favorite algorithm
9 editedAug28'12at0:13 askedAug26'12at19:04
share|improvethisquestion
Charles rplusg
36.6k105792 1,17431741
YouusuallywantaminheaptokeeptrackofthehighestNanswers,becauseateachstageyouhaveacandidateanswerandyouwanttoknowifitisbetter
thantheworstanswerintheminheapifitis,removetheworstanswerofthetopNfromtheminheapandinsertthecandidate.Havingtheintuitive
2 maxheapmakesitveryeasytopickouttheverybestanswer,butwhendecidingwhethertoacceptanewcandidateanswer,thisisnotwhatyouwant.(Just
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rememberthatwhenyouextractthetopNanswersattheend,theywillcomeoffwiththeworstofthoseNfirst).mcdowellaAug26'12at19:46
addacomment|
2Answers
activeoldestvotes
Ifit'stop10trendingwordsthenyoushoulduseamaxheapalongwithahashtable.
Whenanewwordisaddedtothefilethen:
Createanewelementxwithx.key=wordandx.count=1.
Addxtothehashtable.O(1).
Addxtothemaxheap.O(lgn).
Whenanexistingwordisaddedtothefilethen:
upvote7 Findxinthehashtable.O(1).
down Updatex.counttox.count++.
vote
accepted Whenthereisaneedtoretrievethetop10trendingwordsthen:
Extract10timesfromthemaxheap.10*O(lgn)=O(10*lgn)=O(lgn).
Asyoucansee,alltheneededoperationsaredoneinatmostO(lgn).
answeredAug27'12at5:38
editedNov11'13at7:04
share|improvethisanswer
AviCohen
1,2501819
youwouldwanttouseaminheap:whenanexistingwordthat'snotintop10becomesatop10,removingtheminwouldbeconsistenttime.aw626
4
Dec8'12at17:01
"Updatex.counttox.count++inthemaxheap"shouldn'tthatbeO(n)?Youhavetofirstfindxinthemaxheap,butyoudon'tknowwhereitis.Onceyou
1
findit,incrementingitandbubblingitupisaO(lgn)operation.BConNov10'13at20:13
@BCon:Sincemaxheapandhashtablepointtothesameelementxthenthereisnoneedtofinditagaininthehashtable.Iwillfixthat,thanks.Avi
CohenNov11'13at7:04
YouhavetouseaMinHeap,notMaxHeap.So,ifyouhavekitemsintheheap,thepeekoftheheapisthesmallestandeveryoneelse(k1)islarger
thanthepeek.Now,ifanewwordwithcount>peekcomesin,wewanttoextractthemin(O(logk))andinsertthenewitem(O(logk)).Ifnewitemhas
5
countsmallerthanpeek,thatmeansitissmallerthananyotheritemintheheap(asit'saMinHeap).Wejustdiscardthatwordasthatwillnotbeapartof
topk.AmitJan2'14at22:10
@Amit:Youareright.Whynotaddyoursolutionasanotherone?AviCohenJan3'14at8:00
|show2morecomments
Ifyouonlywanttokeepthetop10,usingamaxheapisoverkill.Keepingthe10entriesinasortedarraywillbesimplerandfaster.
Forsorting,justuseinsertionsortstartingfromthebottomofthearray.Youwillhavetocheckforthecasewherethecandidateisalreadyonthetopten
up updatingitspositionifrequired.
vote1
down answeredAug28'12at7:05
vote
share|improvethisanswer
salva
5,99321441
1 ifyoudon'tkeeptheotherentries,nonewentrywillevermakeittothetop10.KarolyHorvathSep16'13at14:33
@KarolyHorvath:obviouslyyoustillneedthehashtabletocountthehitsperentry.Mypointisthatusingaminheapformanagingthetop10entriesis
overkill.Asimplesortedarraywouldperformbetterandtheimplementationwouldbealsoquitesimpler.Actually,foranincrementallyupdatedtopN(and
unlessyouhavemassiveties)asortedarraywouldalwaysperformbetterthanaminheap.salvaSep17'13at7:53
addacomment|
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binarytreeconstructionfrompreorder
ThisisanAmazoninterviewquestion.Cananyonegiveanalgorithmtodothis?
Thereisabinarytreewiththefollowingproperties:
Allofitsinnernodehavethevalue'N',andalltheleaveshavethevalue'L'.
Everynodeeitherhastwochildrenorhasnochild.
upvote4down
votefavorite Givenitspreorder,constructthetreeandreturntherootnode.
5
algorithmbinarytree
editedMar16'11at3:38 askedMar16'11at2:54
share|improvethisquestion
TheVillageIdiot Nohsib
24.6k1073135 1,02632849
YoureallyshouldhaveknowledgeindatastructuresbutpreorderissimplyRoot,LeftNode,RightNode.TrevorArjeskiMar16'11at3:00
@TrevorMAThat'strue,butit'snotwhat'sbeingasked.Theideaishowtoreconstructthetreegiventhetraversal,whichrequiresyoutoknow
4
morethanjustwhatpreorderis.templatetypedefMar16'11at3:06
addacomment|
4Answers
activeoldestvotes
Sinceitisguaranteedthateachinternalnodehasexactly2children,wecansimplybuildthetreerecursivelyusingthat.
Wecallourfunctionwiththeinputprovided,anditexaminesthefirstcharacteritgot.Ifitisaleafnode,itjustreturnsaleaf.Ifitisaninternalnode,itjust
callsitselffortheleftandrightsubtreesandreturnsthetreeformedusingthenodeasrootandtheleftandrightsubtreesasitsleftandrightchildren.
Codefollows(inPython).Note,Iamusingtuplestorepresentnode,sothetreeisatupleoftuples.
#!/usr/bin/envpython
fromcollectionsimportdeque
defbuild_tree(pre_order):
root=pre_order.popleft()
ifroot=='L':
returnroot
else:
return(root,build_tree(pre_order),build_tree(pre_order))
if__name__=='__main__':
printbuild_tree(deque("NNLLL"))
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 24/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
Edit:CodeinJava
importjava.util.*;
classPreorder{
publicstaticNodebuildTree(List<Character>preorder){
chartoken=preorder.remove(0);
if(token=='L'){
returnnewNode(token,null,null);
}
else{
returnnewNode(token,buildTree(preorder),buildTree(preorder));
upvote3
down }
vote }
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[]){
List<Character>tokens=newLinkedList<Character>();
Stringinput="NNLLL";
for(inti=0;i<input.length();i++)tokens.add(input.charAt(i));
System.out.println(buildTree(tokens));
}
}
classNode{
charvalue;
Nodeleft,right;
publicNode(charvalue,Nodeleft,Noderight){
this.value=value;
this.left=left;
this.right=right;
}
publicStringtoString(){
if(left==null&&right==null){
return"("+value+")";
}
else{
return"("+value+","+left+","+right+")";
}
}
}
answeredMar16'11at5:14
editedMar16'11at6:45
share|improvethisanswer
MAK
13.9k53662
ifyoucouldprovidethecodeinjavaorc,itwouldbegreat.Thanksinadvance.NohsibMar16'11at6:14
@Nohsib:AddedcodeinJava.QuiteabitlongerthanPython(Javaissomewhatmoreverbose),butthesameidea.MAKMar16'11at6:41
:Thanksalot,willtryitout...NohsibMar16'11at22:03
addacomment|
Icanthinkofarecursivealgorithm.
head=newnode.removefirstcharacterinpreorderString
Invokef(head,preorderString)
Recursivefunctionf(node,s)
removefirstcharfroms,ifLthenattachtonodeasleaf.
upvote0downvote elsecreateanodeLeft,attachtonode,invokef(nodeLeft,s)
removefirstcharfroms,ifLthenattachtonodeasleaf.
elsecreateanodeRight,attachtonode,invokef(nodeRight,s)
answeredMar16'11at3:59
share|improvethisanswer
CMR
715514
addacomment|
Ithinkthekeypointistorealizethattherearethreepossibilitiesfortheadjacentnodes:NN,NL?,L?(``?''meanseitherNorL)
1. NN:thesecondNistheleftchildofthefirstN,butwedon'tknowwhattherightchildofthefirstNis
2. NL?:thesecondNistheleftchildofthefirstN,andtherightchildofthefirstNis?
3. L?:?istherightchildofSTACKtop
ASTACKisusedbecausewhenwereadanodeinapreordersequence,wedon'tknowwhereitsrightchildis(wedoknowwhereitsleftchildis,aslongas
ithasone).ASTACKstoresthisnodesothatwhenitsrightchildappearswecanpopitupandfinishitsrightlink.
NODE*preorder2tree(void)
{
NODE*head=next_node();
NODE*p=head;
NODE*q;
while(1){
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 25/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
q=next_node();
if(!q)
break;
/*possibilitiesofadjacentnodes:
*NN,NL?,L?
*/
upvote0 if(p>val=='N'){
downvote p>L=q;
if(q>val=='N'){/*NN*/
push(p);
p=q;
}else{/*NL?*/
q=next_node();
p>R=q;
p=q;
}
}else{/*L?*/
p=pop();
p>R=q;
p=q;
}
}
returnhead;
}
Thecodeabovewastestedusingsomesimplecases.Hopefullyit'scorrect.
answeredMar16'11at15:44
editedMar16'11at15:50
share|improvethisanswer
Forrest
413
addacomment|
Hereisthejavaprogram::
importjava.util.*
classpreorder_given_NNNLL{
staticStack<node>stk=newStack<node>();
staticnoderoot=null;
staticclassnode
{
charvalue;
nodeleft;
noderight;
publicnode(charvalue)
{
this.value=value;
this.left=null;
this.right=null;
}
publicstaticnodestkoper()
{
nodeposr=null,posn=null,posl=null;
posr=stk.pop();
if(stk.empty())
{
stk.push(posr);
returnnull;
}
else
posl=stk.pop();
if(stk.empty())
{
stk.push(posl);
stk.push(posr);
returnnull;
}
else
{
posn=stk.pop();
}
if(posn.value=='N'&&posl.value=='L'&&posr.value=='L')
{
root=buildtree(posn,posl,posr);
if(stk.empty())
{
returnroot;
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 26/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
}
else
{
upvote0downvoteaccepted
stk.push(root);
root=stkoper();
}
}
else
{
stk.push(posn);
stk.push(posl);
stk.push(posr);
}
returnroot;
publicstaticnodebuildtree(nodeposn,nodeposl,nodeposr)
{
posn.left=posl;
posn.right=posr;
posn.value='L';
returnposn;
publicstaticvoidinorder(noderoot)
{
if(root!=null)
{
inorder(root.left);
if((root.left==null)&&(root.right==null))
System.out.println("L");
else
System.out.println("N");
inorder(root.right);
}
}
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[]){
Stringinput="NNNLLLNLL";
char[]pre=input.toCharArray();
for(inti=0;i<pre.length;i++)
{
nodetemp=newnode(pre[i]);
stk.push(temp);
root=stkoper();
}
inorder(root);
answeredMar18'11at15:44
share|improvethisanswer
Nohsib
1,02632849
addacomment|
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binarytreeconstructionfrompreorder
ThisisanAmazoninterviewquestion.Cananyonegiveanalgorithmtodothis?
Thereisabinarytreewiththefollowingproperties:
Allofitsinnernodehavethevalue'N',andalltheleaveshavethevalue'L'.
Everynodeeitherhastwochildrenorhasnochild.
upvote4down
votefavorite Givenitspreorder,constructthetreeandreturntherootnode.
5
algorithmbinarytree
editedMar16'11at3:38 askedMar16'11at2:54
share|improvethisquestion
TheVillageIdiot Nohsib
24.6k1073135 1,02632849
YoureallyshouldhaveknowledgeindatastructuresbutpreorderissimplyRoot,LeftNode,RightNode.TrevorArjeskiMar16'11at3:00
@TrevorMAThat'strue,butit'snotwhat'sbeingasked.Theideaishowtoreconstructthetreegiventhetraversal,whichrequiresyoutoknow
4
morethanjustwhatpreorderis.templatetypedefMar16'11at3:06
addacomment|
4Answers
activeoldestvotes
Sinceitisguaranteedthateachinternalnodehasexactly2children,wecansimplybuildthetreerecursivelyusingthat.
Wecallourfunctionwiththeinputprovided,anditexaminesthefirstcharacteritgot.Ifitisaleafnode,itjustreturnsaleaf.Ifitisaninternalnode,itjust
callsitselffortheleftandrightsubtreesandreturnsthetreeformedusingthenodeasrootandtheleftandrightsubtreesasitsleftandrightchildren.
Codefollows(inPython).Note,Iamusingtuplestorepresentnode,sothetreeisatupleoftuples.
#!/usr/bin/envpython
fromcollectionsimportdeque
defbuild_tree(pre_order):
root=pre_order.popleft()
ifroot=='L':
returnroot
else:
return(root,build_tree(pre_order),build_tree(pre_order))
if__name__=='__main__':
printbuild_tree(deque("NNLLL"))
Edit:CodeinJava
importjava.util.*;
classPreorder{
publicstaticNodebuildTree(List<Character>preorder){
chartoken=preorder.remove(0);
if(token=='L'){
returnnewNode(token,null,null);
}
else{
returnnewNode(token,buildTree(preorder),buildTree(preorder));
upvote3
down }
vote }
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[]){
List<Character>tokens=newLinkedList<Character>();
Stringinput="NNLLL";
for(inti=0;i<input.length();i++)tokens.add(input.charAt(i));
System.out.println(buildTree(tokens));
}
}
classNode{
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 30/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
charvalue;
Nodeleft,right;
publicNode(charvalue,Nodeleft,Noderight){
this.value=value;
this.left=left;
this.right=right;
}
publicStringtoString(){
if(left==null&&right==null){
return"("+value+")";
}
else{
return"("+value+","+left+","+right+")";
}
}
}
answeredMar16'11at5:14
editedMar16'11at6:45
share|improvethisanswer
MAK
13.9k53662
ifyoucouldprovidethecodeinjavaorc,itwouldbegreat.Thanksinadvance.NohsibMar16'11at6:14
@Nohsib:AddedcodeinJava.QuiteabitlongerthanPython(Javaissomewhatmoreverbose),butthesameidea.MAKMar16'11at6:41
:Thanksalot,willtryitout...NohsibMar16'11at22:03
addacomment|
Icanthinkofarecursivealgorithm.
head=newnode.removefirstcharacterinpreorderString
Invokef(head,preorderString)
Recursivefunctionf(node,s)
removefirstcharfroms,ifLthenattachtonodeasleaf.
upvote0downvote elsecreateanodeLeft,attachtonode,invokef(nodeLeft,s)
removefirstcharfroms,ifLthenattachtonodeasleaf.
elsecreateanodeRight,attachtonode,invokef(nodeRight,s)
answeredMar16'11at3:59
share|improvethisanswer
CMR
715514
addacomment|
Ithinkthekeypointistorealizethattherearethreepossibilitiesfortheadjacentnodes:NN,NL?,L?(``?''meanseitherNorL)
1. NN:thesecondNistheleftchildofthefirstN,butwedon'tknowwhattherightchildofthefirstNis
2. NL?:thesecondNistheleftchildofthefirstN,andtherightchildofthefirstNis?
3. L?:?istherightchildofSTACKtop
ASTACKisusedbecausewhenwereadanodeinapreordersequence,wedon'tknowwhereitsrightchildis(wedoknowwhereitsleftchildis,aslongas
ithasone).ASTACKstoresthisnodesothatwhenitsrightchildappearswecanpopitupandfinishitsrightlink.
NODE*preorder2tree(void)
{
NODE*head=next_node();
NODE*p=head;
NODE*q;
while(1){
q=next_node();
if(!q)
break;
/*possibilitiesofadjacentnodes:
*NN,NL?,L?
*/
upvote0 if(p>val=='N'){
downvote p>L=q;
if(q>val=='N'){/*NN*/
push(p);
p=q;
}else{/*NL?*/
q=next_node();
p>R=q;
p=q;
}
}else{/*L?*/
p=pop();
p>R=q;
p=q;
}
}
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 31/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
returnhead;
}
Thecodeabovewastestedusingsomesimplecases.Hopefullyit'scorrect.
answeredMar16'11at15:44
editedMar16'11at15:50
share|improvethisanswer
Forrest
413
addacomment|
Hereisthejavaprogram::
importjava.util.*
classpreorder_given_NNNLL{
staticStack<node>stk=newStack<node>();
staticnoderoot=null;
staticclassnode
{
charvalue;
nodeleft;
noderight;
publicnode(charvalue)
{
this.value=value;
this.left=null;
this.right=null;
}
publicstaticnodestkoper()
{
nodeposr=null,posn=null,posl=null;
posr=stk.pop();
if(stk.empty())
{
stk.push(posr);
returnnull;
}
else
posl=stk.pop();
if(stk.empty())
{
stk.push(posl);
stk.push(posr);
returnnull;
}
else
{
posn=stk.pop();
}
if(posn.value=='N'&&posl.value=='L'&&posr.value=='L')
{
root=buildtree(posn,posl,posr);
if(stk.empty())
{
returnroot;
}
else
{
upvote0downvoteaccepted stk.push(root);
root=stkoper();
}
}
else
{
stk.push(posn);
stk.push(posl);
stk.push(posr);
}
returnroot;
publicstaticnodebuildtree(nodeposn,nodeposl,nodeposr)
{
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 32/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
posn.left=posl;
posn.right=posr;
posn.value='L';
returnposn;
publicstaticvoidinorder(noderoot)
{
if(root!=null)
{
inorder(root.left);
if((root.left==null)&&(root.right==null))
System.out.println("L");
else
System.out.println("N");
inorder(root.right);
}
}
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[]){
Stringinput="NNNLLLNLL";
char[]pre=input.toCharArray();
for(inti=0;i<pre.length;i++)
{
nodetemp=newnode(pre[i]);
stk.push(temp);
root=stkoper();
}
inorder(root);
answeredMar18'11at15:44
share|improvethisanswer
Nohsib
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checkingif2numbersofarrayadduptoI
Isawainterviewquestionasfollows:GiveanunsortedarrayofintegersAandandanintegerI,findoutifanytwomembersofAaddupto
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
I.
anyclues?
upvote7downvote timecomplexityshouldbeless
favorite
6 algorithm
editedFeb4'11at7:04 askedFeb4'11at7:03
share|improvethisquestion
SachinShanbhag mindtree
25.2k54579 113238
addacomment|
14Answers
activeoldestvotes
Ifyouhavetherangewhichtheintegersarewithin,youcanuseacountingsortlikesolutionwhereyouscanoverthearrayandcountanarrayup.Ex
youhavetheintegers
input=[0,1,5,2,6,4,2]
Andyoucreateanarraylikethis:
count=int[7]
which(inJava,C#etc.)aresuitedforcountingintegersbetween0and6.
foreachintegerininput
count[i]=count[i]+1
upvote7down
Thiswillgiveyouthearray[1,1,2,0,1,1,1].Nowyoucanscanoverthisarray(halfofit)andcheckwhetherthereareintegerswhichaddsuptoi
voteaccepted
like
forj=0tocount.length1
ifcount[j]!=0andcount[ij]!=0then//Checkforarrayoutofboundshere
WUHUU!theintegersjandijaddsup
OverallthisalgorithmgivesyouO(n+k)wherenisfromthescanovertheinputoflengthnandkisthescanoverthecountarrayoflengthk
(integersbetween0andk1).Thismeansthatifn>kthenyouhaveaguaranteedO(n)solution.
answeredFeb5'11at11:59
share|improvethisanswer
LasseEspeholt
12.7k33775
addacomment|
Inserttheelementsintohashtable.
Whileinsertingx,checkifIxalreadyexists.O(n)expectedtime.
Otherwise,sortthearrayascending(fromindex0ton1).Havetwopointers,oneatmaxandoneatmin(callthemMandmrespectively).
upvote17
downvote Ifa[M]+a[m]>IthenM
Ifa[M]+a[m]<Ithenm++
Ifa[M]+a[m]==Iyouhavefoundit
Ifm>M,nosuchnumbersexist.
answeredFeb4'11at7:08
share|improvethisanswer
Aryabhatta
HashMaphasverygoodbestcaseperformance.Butinworstcase(everynumberproducingthesamehash)youwon'tlikeit.yankeeFeb4'11at
7:14
@yankee:Canyoutellmethenameofalibrarythathasanexistingandpragmaticimplementationofahashtablethatproducesthesamehash
2
valueeachtime?GManNickGFeb4'11at7:17
@Moron:"Whileinsertingx,checkifIxalreadyexists."canactuallybeO(logn)forinstancewithasimpledichotomy,oraselfbalancing
binarysearchtree.EOLFeb4'11at7:53
@EOL:itwillbeO(logn)forEACHnumberyou'reinserting,sofornnumbersO(nlogn)...It'sjustlikesortingwhileinserting.YochaiTimmer
Feb4'11at9:30
1 @EOL:ItisO(n)expectedtimeforthewholearray,notjustoneelement.AryabhattaFeb4'11at16:53
|show4morecomments
1. sortthearray
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
2. foreachelementXinA,performabinarysearchforIX.IfIXisinA,wehaveasolution.
ThisisO(nlogn).
IfAcontainsintegersinagiven(smallenough)range,wecanuseatricktomakeitO(n):
upvote7down
vote 1. wehaveanarrayV.ForeachelementXinA,weincrementV[X].
2. whenweincrementV[X]wealsocheckifV[IX]is>0.Ifitis,wehaveasolution.
answeredFeb4'11at7:06
share|improvethisanswer
GabiPurcaru
17.1k43572
SortingthearrayusingwhichalgorithmyankeeFeb4'11at7:07
YoucanalsothrowoutanyitemsbiggerthanI1whilesortingthearraytomakethesearchfaster,thoughworstcaseperformanceisthesame.
DanGrossmanFeb4'11at7:08
@yankeeHeapSort,MergeSort,QuickSort(notworstcaseO(n*logn))LasseEspeholtFeb4'11at7:09
@Dan:Youcan'tdothis,becausetheremaybenegativeintegersinthelist.Negativeinteger+Integer>IcanwelladduptiI.yankeeFeb4'11
3
at7:10
afteryousort,thebetterwayisjusthave1pointerateachendandmovetheminward.lookatAryabhatta'ssolutionkharlesJul9'14at19:36
addacomment|
Forexample,loopandaddpossiblenumbertosetorhashandiffound,justreturnit.
>>>A=[11,3,2,9,12,15]
>>>I=14
>>>S=set()
>>>forxinA:
...ifxinS:
...printIx,x
...S.add(Ix)
upvote5downvote ...
113
212
>>>
answeredFeb4'11at7:17
share|improvethisanswer
YOU
51.1k12101159
ThisisinO(nlogn),whichisgood.EOLFeb4'11at7:57
ThisisO(n).xinSisO(1),S.add(Ix)isO(1),worstcasebeingO(n)wiki.python.org/moin/TimeComplexityRohitApr30'14at8:16
addacomment|
publicstaticbooleanfindSum2(int[]a,intsum){
if(a.length==0){
returnfalse;
}
Arrays.sort(a);
inti=0;
intj=a.length1;
while(i<j){
inttmp=a[i]+a[j];
if(tmp==sum){
System.out.println(a[i]+"+"+a[j]+"="+sum);
returntrue;
upvote3downvote }elseif(tmp>sum){
j;
}else{
i++;
}
}
returnfalse;
}
answeredNov12'11at20:33
share|improvethisanswer
naani
311
addacomment|
O(n)timeandO(1)space
IfthearrayissortedthereisasolutioninO(n)timecomplexity.
Supposearearrayisarray={0,1,3,5,8,10,14}
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
Andourx1+x2=k=13,sooutputshouldbe=5,8
1. Taketwopointersoneatstartofarray,oneatendofarray
upvote2down 2. Addboththeelementsatptr1andptr2array[ptr1]+array[ptr2]
vote 3. ifsum>kthendecrementptr2elseincrementptr1
4. Repeatstep2andstep3tillptr1!=ptr2
Samethingexplainedindetailhere.SeemslikeanAmazoninterviewQuestionhttp://indergnu.blogspot.com/2007/10/findtwonosinarraywhose
sumx.html
answeredOct18'11at12:54
share|improvethisanswer
EFreak
386619
Oops..readtheQuestionwrong!thought,itwassorted.ButanywayskeepingtheanswersinceitisincontextEFreakOct18'11at12:56
addacomment|
fornlogn:Sortthearrayandforeachelement[0<=j<lenA],subtractiA[j]anddoabinarysearchforthiselementinsortedarray.
hashmap(frequencyofno,number)shouldworkinO(n).
upvote0downvote answeredFeb4'11at7:07
share|improvethisanswer
ayush
7,21953160
addacomment|
foreacheleinthearray
if(sumele)ishashedandhashedvalueisnotequaltoindexofele
printele,sumele
endif
Hasheleaskeyandindexasvalue
endfor
upvote0downvote
answeredFeb4'11at7:10
editedFeb4'11at7:37
share|improvethisanswer
codaddict
192k38315400
addacomment|
PERLimplementationtodetectifasortedarraycontainstwointegerthatsumuptoNumber
my@a=(11,3,2,9,12,15);
my@b=sort{$a<=>$b}@a;
my%hash;
my$sum=14;
my$index=0;
foreachmy$ele(@b){
my$sum_minus_ele=$sum$ele;
print"Trace:$ele::$index::$sum_minus_ele\n";
upvote0downvote if(exists($hash{$sum_minus_ele})&&$hash{$sum_minus_ele}!=$index){
print"\tElement:".$ele."::Sumele:".$sum_minus_ele."\n";
}
$hash{$ele}=$index;
$index++;
}
answeredFeb20'11at5:00
share|improvethisanswer
Alexsea
1
addacomment|
Thismightbepossibleinthefollowingway:Beforeputtingtheelementsintothehashmap,youcancheckiftheelementisgreaterthantherequiredsum.Ifit
is,youcansimplyskipthatelement,elseyoucanproceedwithputtingitintothehashmap.Itsaslightimprovementonyouralgorithm,althoughtheoverall
timestillremainsthesame.
upvote0
down editedJul1'12at7:18 answeredJul1'12at0:32
vote
share|improvethisanswer
swiecki Setafire
2,05021218 13212
addacomment|
ThiscanbesolvedusingtheUNIONFINDalgorithm,whichcancheckinconstanttimewhetheranelementisintoaset.
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 38/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
So,thealgorithmwouldbeso:
foundsum0=false;
foreach(el:array){
iffind(x):foundsum0=true;
elseunion(x);
upvote0downvote }
FINDandUNIONareconstant,O(1).
answeredSep29'12at18:56
share|improvethisanswer
alinsoar
3,99011025
addacomment|
hereisaO(n)solutioninjavausingO(n)extraspace.ThisuseshashSettoimplementit
http://www.dsalgo.com/UnsortedTwoSumToK.php
upvote0downvote answeredJan30'13at13:27
share|improvethisanswer
parthapratimsirker
211
addacomment|
Hereisasolutionwitchtakesintoaccountduplicateentries.Itiswritteninjavascriptandassumesarrayissorted.ThesolutionrunsinO(n)timeanddoesnot
useanyextramemoryasidefromvariable.Chooseasortingalgorithmofchoice.(radixO(kn)!)andthenrunthearraythroughthisbaby.
varcount_pairs=function(_arr,x){
if(!x)x=0;
varpairs=0;
vari=0;
vark=_arr.length1;
if((k+1)<2)returnpairs;
varhalfX=x/2;
while(i<k){
varcurK=_arr[k];
varcurI=_arr[i];
varpairsThisLoop=0;
if(curK+curI==x){
//ifmidpointandequalfindcombinations
if(curK==curI){
varcomb=1;
while(k>=i)pairs+=(comb++);
break;
}
//countpairandkduplicates
pairsThisLoop++;
while(_arr[k]==curK)pairsThisLoop++;
//addksidepairstorunningtotalforeveryisidepairfound
pairs+=pairsThisLoop;
while(_arr[++i]==curI)pairs+=pairsThisLoop;
}else{
upvote0 //ifweareatamidpoint
downvote if(curK==curI)break;
vardistK=Math.abs(halfXcurK);
vardistI=Math.abs(halfXcurI);
if(distI>distK)while(_arr[++i]==curI);
elsewhile(_arr[k]==curK);
}
}
returnpairs;
}
Isolvedthisduringaninterviewforalargecorporation.Theytookitbutnotme.Sohereitisforeveryone.
Startatbothsideofthearrayandslowlyworkyourwayinwardsmakingsuretocountduplicatesiftheyexist.
Itonlycountspairsbutcanbereworkedto
findthepairs
findpairs<x
findpairs>x
Enjoyanddon'tforgettobumpifitsthebestsolution!
answeredMar29'13at14:40
share|improvethisanswer
dRoneBrain
16117
addacomment|
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Splitthearrayintotwogroups<=I/2and>I/2.Thensplitthoseinto<=I/4,>I/4and<=3I/4,>3I/4Andrepeatforlog(I)stepsandcheckthepairsjoining
fromtheoutsidee.g1I/8<=and>7I/8andiftheybothcontainatleastoneelementthentheyaddtoI.Thiswilltaken.Log(I)+n/2stepsandforI
upvote0
answeredMar12'14at9:36
downvote
share|improvethisanswer
JordanBrown
4251520
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Convertthestructureofthetreelikealeftalignedtreewhoseeachnode
containsadownpointerandarightpointer
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
ThisisaquestionaskedininterviewofAmazon.Givenabinarytreeasbelow
A
/\
BC
/\
DE
//\
FGH
Convertthestructureofthetreelikealeftalignedtreewhoseeachnodecontainsadownpointerandarightpointerandlookslikethebelowtree.
A
upvote0down |
votefavorite BC
|
DE
|
FGH
Cananyonehelpmehowtosolvethisquestion.Thanks.
algorithmdatastructurestreebinarytree
askedFeb27at12:35
share|improvethisquestion
ravi_rock
1
Haveyoutriedsomething?Itlooksthatforeveryleftmost(andtheroot)nodeyouarecreatingadownpointerwhichpointstotheleftmostnodefor
thenextlevelandarightpointerwhichlinkstoalistwithallthenodesinthesameleveligavriilFeb27at12:38
1 Whathaveyoutried?thisisjustamodifiedbreadthfirstsearch:)PhamTrungFeb27at12:55
addacomment|
1Answer
activeoldestvotes
Youcanusemodifiedbreadthfirstsearchtodothis.Youneedtokeeptrackofwhenyouswitchtonewlevelbyusingfrontier.
Somethinglikethisshouldwork.
Queuequeue=newqueue();
Queuefrontier=newqueue();
queue.enqeue(root.children);
newTree.add(root);
previousLevelParent=root;
addRightPointer=false;
while(!queue.isEmpty())
Nodetmp=queue.dequeue();
frontier.enqueue(tmp.children);
if(addRightPointer)
//Addthistotherightofcurrentlevel
upvote0downvote newTree.addRight(tmp);
else
//Createnewlevelinthenewtreewiththe
//previousLevelParentastheparent
newTree.createNewLevel(previousLevelParent,tmp);
previousLevelParent=tmp;
addRightPointer=true;
if(queue.isEmpty())
queue=frontier;
frontier=newqueue();
addRightPointer=false;
answeredFeb27at13:08
share|improvethisanswer
Mazvl
5851417
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Findthenumberofuniquelongestcommonsubsequences
For2strings,IwanttofindthenumberofdistinctLCS's.IreadonwikionhowtoprintallLCS'sbuthowtocheckthattheyaredistinct?Thehashtable
isnotfeasibleasmyinputstringeachcanbe15002000characterslongsomaximumnumberofLCS'scanbe2000choose1000
upvote1
downvote algorithmdatastructures
favorite askedNov2'09at11:09
1
share|improvethisquestion
Wifi
63
Sinceyoureonlyinterestedinthelongestcommonsubsequences,theirnumbershouldbequitesmall.Whatswrongwiththehashtableapproach?
1
KonradRudolphNov2'09at11:38
LikeIwrote,thenumberofLCScanbequitelarge,soitwouldbeinfeasibletostoretheminhashtable.(ifallaredistinct)WifiNov2'09at
11:47
Ihavejustgotapaper.Cansomeonedownloadthis?Iamnotabletodoit.Thetitleis:ComputingtheNumberofLongestCommonSubsequences
byRonaldIgreenbergWifiNov2'09at11:55
addacomment|
4Answers
activeoldestvotes
Canyouspecify.
Dosubstringshavetobeconsecutive,oranysubsequencewouldbeok?Forexample,in"abcde"would"abde"beavalidsubstring?
Whatdoyoumeanbydistinct?
upvote0
downvote answeredNov2'09at11:33
share|improvethisanswer
husayt
4,64641543
Notheydontneedtobeconsecutive.ItisthesamestandardLCSproblemofdp.ItsjustthattofindthenumberofdistinctLCSifmultipleLCSoccur
WifiNov2'09at11:35
Toansweryourfirstquestion:no.Thisisnotasubstringbydefinition.Rather,itisasubsequence(again,bydefinition).KonradRudolphNov2
'09at11:35
canyouexplainwhatdoyoumeanbydistinct?husaytNov2'09at11:37
Itwillalsobeagoodideatoshowwhatyouwantonexample.Asthereareanumberofsimilarproblems,withtinydiffs.Butthesediffstheyare
enoughtochangetheapproachdramatically.husaytNov2'09at11:41
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Youcanuseahashtable,butinsteadofstoringthewholesubstring,youjuststore(alistof)thebeginningandendofitrelativetotheoriginalstring.This
way,youcandoastringcompareintheoriginalstringifthereareanycollisions.
upvote0 answeredNov3'09at21:22
downvote
share|improvethisanswer
JohannesHoff
1,54611726
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Throwthetwostringstoasuffixtree.Thisistimeandspacelinearinlengthoftheconcatenationofthetwostrings.
upvote0 answeredNov4'09at5:42
down
vote share|improvethisanswer
DavidLehavi
982510
ThisistheanswerIwasthinkingofposting.Thisdatastructureisbestforfindingcommonsubsequenceswhenthemostflexibilityisneeded.For
example,iftherearelotsofduplicatedlongsubsequences,thisdatastructurewillhaveacceptableperformance.HeathHunnicuttNov5'09at20:58
I'mnotawarethatasuffixtreecanbeusedforlongestcommonsubsequences.Theycanhoweverbeusedtofindthelongestcommonsubstring.MAK
1
Feb6'10at16:25
addacomment|
GoodgodIfoundapostingonthistopic.Actually,IfacedthisprobleminAmazoninterviewrecentlyandIsentacodetothemforreview.Theydidnottellme
whetheritscorrectorwrongbutIdidnotgetanyfurtherinputsfromthem(soIassumedihaveerredsomewhere).Idontwanttheefficientimplementationas
youguysdiscuss.CananyonejustreviewthecodeI'vewrittentocheckitscorrectornot.
http://www.technicalypto.com/2010/02/findcommonsequencethatisoutof.html
upvote
0down Manythanks
vote
answeredFeb6'10at16:13
editedFeb17'10at21:29
share|improvethisanswer
bragboy
15.7k1461134
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Findtwolinesinfilethatarethesame
IwasaskedthisquestioninanAmazoninterview.
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 49/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
Youhaveafilewithmanylinesbuttwoofthelinesarethesame.Findthosetwolines.IgavetheobviousanswerthatraninN^2time.Ithencameupwithan
answerthatusedahashtable,buttheydidn'tlikethatanswereitherbecausetheysayitwouldn'tworkifthefilewasinthegigabytes.AnotheranswerIcameup
withwasinsteadofstoringthehashresultinmemory,createafilewiththesamenameasthehashvalue,andstorethelineswiththesamesamehashvaluein
thefile.Eithertheycouldn'tunderstandmysolutionortheydidn'tlikeit.
upvote
6down Anythoughts?
vote
favorite Thanks
1
algorithmsearch
editedDec6'12at21:46 askedDec6'12at21:31
share|improvethisquestion
Charles JohnSmith
36.6k105792 554
1 ForLinuxitiseasysort<filename>|uniqc|grep'^2'EdHealDec6'12at21:44
Ok,letmelookattheothersolutions,butwouldn'tthisslurpthefileintomemory?JohnSmithDec6'12at21:50
@JohnSmith:GNUsortknowshowtodoanexternalsortwhenthedatadoesn'tfitinmemory(vkundeti.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/).SteveJessopDec
6'12at22:09
addacomment|
3Answers
activeoldestvotes
Icanthinkoftwoessentialclassesofsolutionstothisproblem:
1. Probabilisticinmemorysolutions.Youcantrytosolvethisproblembystoringasummaryofthelinesofthefileinmainmemory.Youcanthendo
computationsinmainmemorytoidentifypossibleduplicates,thencheckeachpossibleduplicatebylookingbackondisk.Thesesolutionsareprobably
thebest,sincetheyhavelowmemoryusage,highefficiency,andmimizediskaccesses.Solutionsinthiscategoryinclude
1. Computeahashofeachlineofthefile,thenstorethehashes.Anylinesthathaveahashcollisionrepresentonepossiblepairoflinesthatmight
collide,andjustthoselinescanbeexplored.
2. UseaBloomFiltertostoreallthelinesofthefile,thencheckonlypairsthatcollideintheBloomFilter.Thisisessentiallyavariationof(1)that
ismorespaceefficient.
2. Deterministicondisksolutions.Youcantrytodocomputationswiththeentiredatasetondisk,usingmainmemoryastemporaryscratchspace.This
upvote4 wouldletyougetexactanswerswithouthavingtoholdthewholefileinmemory,butwouldprobablybeslowerunlessyouweredoingsomelater
downvote processingandcouldbenefitfromrestructuringthedata.Solutionsinthiscategoryinclude
accepted
1. Useanexternalsortingalgorithm(externalquicksort,externalradixsort,etc.)tosortthefile,thenlinearsearchitforapairofduplicateelements.
2. BuildanondiskdatastructurelikeaBtreeholdingallofthestrings,thenquerytheBtree.Thistakesalotofpreprocessingtime,butmakes
futureoperationsonthefilealotfaster.
3. Puteverythinginadatabaseandquerythedatabase.
Hopethishelps!
answeredDec6'12at21:40
share|improvethisanswer
templatetypedef
157k35389625
Externalsortseemslikethemoststraightforwardsolution.Oneoptimizationisthatwhileyouaresorting,youcoulddeterminetheduplicatesasyougo
alongandmergethechunks,thuspotentiallyhavingtosorttheentirefile.JohnSmithDec8'12at4:09
I'llmarkthisasthecorrectanswerbecauseithasmanycorrectanswers,answerswhereIlearnedsomethingnew,especiallyexternalsortandBloom
Filters.JohnSmithDec8'12at15:48
addacomment|
YoucanuseaBloomfilter:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_filter
up Thenyoucandetect(withfewfalsepositives)linesthatarerepeatedandstoretheninmemory,andthengothroughthefileonceagain.
vote2
down Twopassesthroughthefile,verylittlememoryusage,beautiful
vote
answeredDec6'12at21:35
share|improvethisanswer
user1816548
1,337315
Thesecondpassdoesnothavetobesequentialisn'tit?Itcanbedonewithabunchoffseek()callsifwestorethelocationofeachlinealongwiththehashI
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believe.AsiriRathnayakeDec6'12at22:06
No,thepointisthatifyoustorelocations,youarestoringalotmorethanthecoupleofbitsperentrythatBloomfiltersstore.user1816548Dec6'12at
22:08
Isee,IhavemisunderstoodtheBloomfilter.Thanks!AsiriRathnayakeDec6'12at22:19
AfterreadingaboutBloomfilters,here'showIthinkitwillwork:(1)Buildandmaintainthebitmapforeachline.(2)Ifforaline,ifallthebitsarealready
1 inthevector,addthelinetoalistinmemory.Savethatforlater,becausethatindicatesthelineisprobablyalreadytherebefore.(3)Afteryou'redonewith
onepassofthefile,gothroughthelistinmemoryanddeterminewhichlinesareduplicates.JohnSmithDec8'12at3:33
Correct,exactlylikethat.user1816548Dec8'12at9:12
addacomment|
Runthroughthelinesandcomputelengthsofeachline.You'llendupwithsomethinglike:
0:4
1:6
2:10
3:4
....
Compareonlythooselinesthathavethesamelength.Workingwithsuchindexcanbefurtheroptimized(e.g.notstoringeverythinginaflatarray,butin
upvote0 somekindoftree,orwhatever).
downvote
Bytheway,yousecondideawithfilemightbedeclinedduetoperformancereasons.It'sgenerallybadideatohavefrequentrandomIOwithharddisk:
trytostoreasmuchasyoucaninmemory.
answeredDec6'12at21:34
editedDec6'12at21:39
share|improvethisanswer
omnomnom
38.7k793148
Ithinkthisisanelegantsolution,buttheymightcomplainthatyou'rehavingtouseextramemory.Ofcourse,ifthefilehasmanylineswiththesame
size,you'llhaveaproblem.JohnSmithDec8'12at3:37
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
Findwinnerinlistoftournamentmatches
Icheckedforduplicatequestionsonstackoverflow.Thiscouldbeclose:findnumberoftennismatchesrequired
ThisisanAmazoninterviewquestion.Iwanttoknowif(logp)operationsoncriticalpathistherightanswertothis(Onthesamelinesas
tournamentbarrieralgorithm>JohnMellorCrummey),for'p'players.
Sayforexample,wehave4players1,2,3,4.Wecanschedulematchesbetween:
1)Between(1&2)
2)Between(3&4)
3)organizethethirdmatchbetweenwinnersofthesetwomatches.
upvote0down Similarlyfor5(oddnumberof)playerswecouldschedulematchesbetween:
votefavorite
1)(1&2)and(3&4)
2)Winnerfrom(1&2)ORwinnerfrom(3&4)against5
3)Winnerbetweenwinnerofnotchosengroupandwinnerfrompreviousmatch
algorithm
editedMar16'13at18:22 askedMar16'13at17:45
share|improvethisquestion
angelatlarge user1071840
2,8212525 95111230
Sothequestionis"Whatisminimalnumberofmatchestowinatournamentwithpplayersifeachmatchinvolvestwoopposingplayers?Isthat
numberlog(p)?".Isthatthequestion?angelatlargeMar16'13at17:57
Wedon'tknowwhatthequestionwas.Votingtoclose.KarolyHorvathMar16'13at18:02
Igotitfromglassdoor.com,IwishIknewthecompletequestiontoo.user1071840Mar16'13at18:04
addacomment|
1Answer
activeoldestvotes
Everymatcheliminatesexactlyoneplayer.Toreducefrompplayersto1playerrequriesp1matches..
Ifyouareschedulingamaximalnumberofmatchesconcurrently,withtheconstraintthataplayercanparticipateinonlyonematchatatime,and
wanttoknowhawmanyroundsarerequired,thatisceiling(logp).
upvote4downvote
accepted answeredMar16'13at18:00
share|improvethisanswer
PieterGeerkens
7,1181937
Thanksforclearingtheconfusion.Isawmanypostswheretheanswerfor(n1)forplayersbuttheconstraintwasn'tveryclear.user1071840
Mar16'13at18:07
BeinganAhHa!question(Obviousandimpossibletoforgetonceseenbuttrickytorecognizeinitially.),itmakesaverypoorinterview
question.PieterGeerkensMar16'13at18:09
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Givenanumber,howtofindaclosestnumberinaseriesoffloatingpointdata
IcameacrossthisquestionwhilelookingforAmazoninterviewquestionsandwantedtoask.
Givenanumber,howcanyoufindtheclosestnumberinaseriesoffloatingpointdata?
Ifeverythingisinteger,answerissubstractingthenumberfromeverynumberinthearray,thenlookfortheelementwithminimumabsolutevalueinthe
array.
upvote4
downvote Butwhenitcomestofloatingpoints,itshouldbehighlynontirival.
favorite
2 Aniideas??Thanks.
algorithmfloatingpointprecision
askedMay13at19:32
editedMay13at20:04
share|improvethisquestion
DogacanSbdb
242
2 Whydoyouthinkfloatingpointchangesthealgorithm?MarkRansomMay13at19:43
Whatexactlydoes"series"mean?Canyousortitandusebinarysearch?Binarysearchshouldn'thaveproblemswithfloatingpoint.KolmarMay13
1
at19:45
Ifeverythingisinteger,answerissubstractingthenumberfromeverynumberinthearray,thenlookfortheminimalelementofthe
array.don'tyoumeanminimalabsolutevalue(i.e.closesttozero)?OramIcompletelymisunderstandingwhatyouaretryingtoachieve?amitMay
13at19:47
@MarkRansomTheproblemwithfloatingpointislimitedprecision.Examples:1)x=1e100,arr=[1,1,0].Answershouldbe1,butallabsvaluesof
2 differencesareequalto1e1002)x=1;arr=[1e100,1e100].Thenanswershouldbe1e100butbothabsofdifferencesareequalto1e100.(and
binarysearchwon'thelpinthelattercaseaswell...)KolmarMay13at19:55
@amit,yougotitcompletelycorrect.Imeantabsolutevalue,mywritingwasn'tcorrect.DogacanSbdbMay13at20:03
|show4morecomments
1Answer
activeoldestvotes
Theproblemwithfloatsisroundingerrors.However,comparisonoffloatsisnotsubjecttoroundingerrors:therefore,youcancorrectlyfindthenumberjust
biggerandjustsmallerthanxinlineartime:
sm=inf;
bg=inf;
for(ifrom0ton)
if(arr[i]>x&&arr[i]<bg)
bg=arr[i];
if(arr[i]<x&&arr[i]>sm)
sm=arr[i];
upvote1
downvote Nowyouonlyneedtodeterminewhichofthesetwonumbersisclosertox.Sincebgisbiggerandsmissmaller,theonlytimeyoucanhaveroundingerroris
whenbg>>xorx>>smineitherofthesecases,itwillonlyincreasethemagnitudeoftheroundeddifference.
(Ifthemagnitudesarethesame,forinstanceifx=1andarr=[1e100,1e100],youcanknowthatxisclosertothevaluewiththesamesignasitself.)
answeredMay13at21:25
share|improvethisanswer
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Goodwaytostoredataaboutucustomerswhovisitedwwebpagesonddays
ThisisinterviewquestionfromAmazon.
Givenulistsofcustomerswhovisitedwwebpagesonddays,designadatastructuretogetcustomerswhohavevisitedthewebsiteonexactlykdaysand
shouldhavevisitedatleastmdistinctpagesaltogether.
upvote2 Assumeu,wanddarelargenumbers.
downvote
favorite Howdowestorethisinformation?Maybewecanusehashmaps,trees,etc.
4
algorithmdatastructurestree
editedJul8'13at14:29 askedJul8'13at10:09
share|improvethisquestion
Dukeling user1660982
33.2k83169 569512
2 Howcanthenumberofdaysbelarge,giventhatWWWhasbeenaroundforlessthan8,500days?dasblinkenlightJul8'13at10:19
@dasblinkenlightthisisthewayintervieweraskedsuchquestion..cantsaymuchaboutthatuser1660982Jul8'13at12:21
@dasblinkenlightGoodpoint,butIsupposethisismoreofatheoreticalquestion,testingtheknowledge/potentialoftheinterviewee.Forthesakeof
practicality,wecanprobablygeneralizetohours/minutesorassumethisdatastructurewillbeusedforthenextfewthousandyears.DukelingJul
8'13at13:32
Does"thewebsite"mean"anygivenwebsite"?AndIsupposeit'sncustomers,owebpagesandpdays(presumablydifferentnumbersn=n=n
whilen?=o?=p).DukelingJul8'13at13:34
@Dukelingyahcorrect.user1660982Jul9'13at7:11
addacomment|
3Answers
activeoldestvotes
Assumptions:
Wehavequerieswhichgivesomewebpagejandaskforalistofusersthathavevisitedthewebpagesonexactlykdaysandhavevisitedatleastmdistinct
pagesintotal.
Forthebelow,assume"map"="hashmap",whichwould,ideally,giveconstanttimequeries.Onecanalsouse"treemap"atalogarithmiccosti.t.othe
numberofelements.Similarlyfor"set","hashset","treeset".
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I'massumingtheinputisn'tstatic,butIwon'treallychangemyapproachifitis.
Basicidea:
Foreachuser,haveamapofwebpagestocountsandlastvisitedday.Wecanhaveamapofuseridentifierstothemapofwebpages.
Wheneverauservisitsapage:
Ifit'sanewpage,justcreateamapentrywiththepagetoacountof1andthelastvisitedday
otherwise,ifthedayisthesameasthelastvisitedday,donothing,
otherwise,incrementthecountandupdatethelastvisitedday.
Totaltimeperupdate=O(1)
Forqueries:
LoopthroughallusersO(u)
LookupthepageforthatuserandcheckthatthecountmatchesO(1)
Checkthatthecountofthemapis>=mO(1)
upvote3 Totaltimeperquery=O(n)
downvote
Improvements:
WecanhaveaseparatemapofwebpagetouniqueID(thenobviouslyusetheuniqueIDinsteadoftheURLfortheabovemap).Itwon'treallychange
thecomplexity,butshouldimproveboththespaceandtimecomplexitybyaconstantfactor.
Atthecostofquiteabitofspace,wecandothefollowing(inadditiontohavingthemapfromBasicidea):
Foreachwebpage,haveanarrayofsetsofuseridentifierswhereindexiinthearrayisasetofallusersthatvisitedthatpageonexactlyidays.
Wheneverauservisitsapage:
DothesameasinBasicidea
Movetheuserfromthecurrentnumberofvisitsforthatpagetothenewnumberofvisits(orinsertintothe1visitsetifnew).
Totaltimeperupdate=O(1)
Forqueries:
WecanfindallusersthatvisitedanygivenpageonexactlykdaysinO(1).
Fromherewerunthroughthissmallerlistofusers(saytherearepofthem)andcheckthecountsofthemapsofeachuser(inO(1)).
Totaltimeperquery=O(p)
FeelfreetopointoutifImissedanything.
answeredJul8'13at14:25
editedJul8'13at14:30
share|improvethisanswer
Dukeling
33.2k83169
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ThemoststraightforwardstructurewouldbetoemulatewhatanRDBMSwoulddo:
1.Haveanobjectthatcontainsallthebasicinfo:(Customer,DaysCount,DistinctPagesCount)
2.Then,addaTreethatfunctionsasanindextothis,using(DaysCount,DistinctPagesCount)asitskey(Btree,orsomethingsimilar)
3.YoucouldalsohaveanotherindextypestructurewithkeyofCustomer.Thatway,youcanupdatetheinformationquickly
upvote1
downvote 4.Finally,youwouldneedtohavemoredetailedinformationtofigureoutwhetherapagebeingvistedwasunique.ThiswouldinvolvestoringDistinctpage
informationunderthecustomer(notclearfromthequestionifthismeansdistinctonaparticularday,oracrossalldays)
answeredJul8'13at14:40
share|improvethisanswer
DariusX.
1,573821
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Implementusingtwohashmaps:
1. hashmap<customerId,HashSet<webpages>>
2. hashmap<customerId,HashSet<days>>
Ifnewcustomeridthencreatenewhashsetinsertinitelseputthatdayorwebpageinhashsetforexistingcustomer.
upvote1downvote
Foreachcustomeridseesetlength>=minfirsthashmapandinsecondhashmapsetlength=koutputthatcustomer.
editedDec1'13at15:20 answeredDec1'13at15:01
share|improvethisanswer
KonradKokosa cooldude
10.4k11133 111
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Howtofind3numbersinincreasingorderandincreasingindicesinanarrayin
lineartime
Icameacrossthisquestiononawebsite.Asmentionedthere,itwasaskedinamazoninterview.Icouldn'tfigureoutapropersolutioningiven
constraint.Pleasehelp.
Givenanarrayofnintegers,find3elementssuchthata[i]<a[j]<a[k]andi<j<kin0(n)time.
upvote7downvote
favorite arraysalgorithm
6 editedApr4'12at9:50 askedApr4'12at9:08
share|improvethisquestion
IvayloStrandjev rajneesh2k10
42.5k54692 168212
1 So,whathaveyoutried?HenkHoltermanApr4'12at9:12
@HenkHoltermanMythinkingtookmetosimilardirectionasoftwall'sapproachbelow.ButfinallyIendedupwithfindingoutbugsinmy
ownsolution...:(rajneesh2k10Apr4'12at15:57
addacomment|
8Answers
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activeoldestvotes
Sohereishowyoucansolvetheproblem.Youneedtoiterateoverthearraytwice.Onthefirstiterationmarkallthevaluesthathaveanelementgreater
thenthemontherightandontheseconditerationmarkalltheelementsmallerthenthemontheirleft.Nowyouranswerwouldbewithanelementthat
hasboth:
intgreater_on_right[SIZE];
intsmaller_on_left[SIZE];
memset(greater_on_rigth,1,sizeof(greater_on_right));
memset(smaller_on_left,1,sizeof(greater_on_right));
intn;//numberofelements;
inta[n];//actualelements;
intgreatest_value_so_far=a[n1];
intgreatest_index=n1;
for(inti=n2;i>=0;i){
if(greatest_value_so_far>a[i]){
greater_on_rigth[i]=greatest_index;
}else{
greatest_value_so_far=a[i];
greatest_index=i;
upvote17 }
downvote }
accepted
//Dothesameontheleftwithsmallervalues
for(inti=0;i<n;++i){
if(greater_on_rigth[i]!=1&&smaller_on_left[i]!=1){
cout<<"Indices:"<<smaller_on_left[i]<<","<<i<<","<<greater_on_rigth[i]<<endl;
}
}
Thissolutioniterates3timesoverthewholearrayandisthereforlinear.Ihavenotprovidedthewholesolutionsothatyoucantrainyourselfontheleft
toseeifyougetmyidea.Iamsorrynottogivejustsometipsbutcouldn'tfigureouthowtogiveatipwithoutshowingtheactualsolution.
Hopethissolvesyourproblem.
answeredApr4'12at9:40
share|improvethisanswer
IvayloStrandjev
42.5k54692
Greatthinking!Mywayofdoingithadtomanyflaws,Iadmit,Ishouldhavethoughtinabroadersense:lineardoesn'tatallmeaninoneiteration,
1
eventhoughIamquitesureitwouldbedoable.I'lltrytofindasolutionlater!devsndApr4'12at9:47
Awesomandperfect!!rajneesh2k10Apr5'12at2:23
CorrectmeifIamwrong,butiftheinputis{1,2,3,4}youarenotfindingallthetriplets,whichare[1,2,3][1,2,4][1,3,4][2,3,4]danieleSep26'13
at10:24
@danieleyouareonlyrequiredtofindonetriplet,notallofthem.Youcannotexpecttobeabletoprintalltripletsinlineartimeastheirnumber
maybecubic.IvayloStrandjevSep26'13at10:46
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Ipostedanotherapproachtoresolveithere.
#include<stdio.h>
//Afunctiontofundasortedsubsequenceofsize3
voidfind3Numbers(intarr[],intn)
{
intmax=n1;//Indexofmaximumelementfromrightside
intmin=0;//Indexofminimumelementfromleftside
inti;
//Createanarraythatwillstoreindexofasmaller
//elementonleftside.Ifthereisnosmallerelement
//onleftside,thensmaller[i]willbe1.
int*smaller=newint[n];
smaller[0]=1;//firstentrywillalwaysbe1
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
if(arr[i]<arr[min])
{
min=i;
smaller[i]=1;
}
else
smaller[i]=min;
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}
//Createanotherarraythatwillstoreindexofa
//greaterelementonrightside.Ifthereisnogreater
//elementonrightside,thengreater[i]willbe1.
int*greater=newint[n];
greater[n1]=1;//lastentrywillalwaysbe1
for(i=n2;i>=0;i)
{
if(arr[i]>arr[max])
{
upvote2downvote max=i;
greater[i]=1;
}
else
greater[i]=max;
}
//Nowfindanumberwhichhasbothagreaternumberon
//rightsideandsmallernumberonleftside
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(smaller[i]!=1&&greater[i]!=1)
{
printf("%d%d%d",arr[smaller[i]],
arr[i],arr[greater[i]]);
return;
}
}
//Ifwereachnumber,thentherearenosuch3numbers
printf("Nosuchtripletfound");
return;
}
//Driverprogramtotestabovefunction
intmain()
{
intarr[]={12,11,10,5,6,2,30};
intn=sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]);
find3Numbers(arr,n);
return0;
}
editedJun8'12at21:10 answeredJun8'12at20:35
share|improvethisanswer
nickb Pramod
39.7k53674 211
1 exactlysameasthesolutiongivenby@IvayloStrandjev.TryingAug1'13at2:51
addacomment|
Justforfun:InJAVA:
List<Integer>OrderedNumbers(int[]nums){
List<Integer>res=newLinkedList<>();
intn=nums.length;
//iflessthen3elements,returntheemptylist
if(n<3)returnres;
//run1forlooptodeterminelocalminandlocalmaxforeachindex
int[]lMin=newint[n],lMax=newint[n];
lMin[0]=nums[0];lMax[n1]=nums[n1];
for(inti=1;i<n1;i++){
lMin[i]=Math.min(lMin[i1],nums[i]);
lMax[ni1]=Math.max(lMax[ni],nums[ni1]);
}
upvote1downvote //ifaconditionismetwheremin(whichalwayscomesbeforenums[i]andmax)<nums[i]<max,addtoresultsetandreturn;
for(inti=1;i<n1;i++){
if(lMin[i]<nums[i]&&nums[i]<lMax[i]){
res.add(lMin[i]);
res.add(nums[i]);
res.add(lMax[i]);
returnres;
}
}
returnres;
}
answeredJun2at21:12
share|improvethisanswer
so_jin_ee
45416
addacomment|
Trytocreatetwovariables:
1.index_sequence_length_1=indexisuch
a[i]isminimalnumber
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 66/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
2.index_sequence_length_2=indexjsuch
Thereisindexi<jsuchthata[i]<a[j]anda[j]isminimal
upvote0down Iterateoverwholearrayandupdatethisvariablesineachiteration.
vote
Ifyouiterateoverelementthatisgreaterthana[index_sequence_length_2],thanyoufoundyoursequence.
answeredApr4'12at9:18
share|improvethisanswer
JarosawGomuka
2,448519
Ithinkthedescriptionisincomplete!Lotsofcaseshavenotbeenconsideredandtheapproachisnotleadingtotoacorrectsolution.
rajneesh2k10Apr14'12at13:46
addacomment|
Sorry,icouldn'tresistbuttosolvethepuzzle...Hereismysolution.
//arrayindices
inti,j,k=1;
//valuesatthoseindices
intiv,jv,kv=0;
for(intl=0;l<a.length();l++){
//ifthereisavaluegreaterthanthebiggestvalue
//shiftallvaluesfromktoi
if(a[l]>kv||j==1||i==1){
i=j;
iv=jv;
upvote0 j=k;
jv=kv
downvote kv=a[l]
k=l
}
if(iv<jv&&jv<kv&&i<j&&j<k){
break;
}
}
answeredApr4'12at9:16
editedApr4'12at9:41
share|improvethisanswer
devsnd
3,08311429
+1.Nice.:)Iwouldn'thaveusediv,jv,andkvthough,butIguessit'smoreefficientthatwaysoIcan'tcomplain.Howwouldyouknowyou've
foundit?Checkifi!=j&&j!=k.NeilApr4'12at9:19
Whatisthissupposedtodo?Fortheinput"100,1,2,3"youwillonlysetkv=100andthatisit,whilethereisavalidsetofthreenumbers.Ivaylo
2
StrandjevApr4'12at9:23
@izomorphius,goodpoint.Iwouldaddif(a[l]>kv||k<2)NeilApr4'12at9:27
Iupdatedmyanswer,thanksfortheinput,izomorphius&NeildevsndApr4'12at9:29
OKandnowwhatwouldyoudofortheinput"1001,100,200,1,2,3"?Idonotthinkyourapproachisinthecorrectdirection.IvayloStrandjevApr
4'12at9:31
addacomment|
Iterateonceanddone:
publicstaticint[]orderedHash(int[]A){
intlow=0,mid=1,high=2;
for(inti=3;i<A.length;i++){
if(A[high]>A[mid]&&A[mid]>A[low])
break;
if(A[low]>A[i])
low=mid=high=i;
elseif(low==mid&&mid==high)
mid=high=i;
elseif(mid==high){
if(A[high]<A[i])
high=i;
else
mid=high=i;
}
elseif(A[mid]<A[i])
high=i;
elseif(A[high]<A[i]){
mid=high;
high=i;
upvote0 }
down else
vote mid=high=i;
}
returnnewint[]{A[low],A[mid],A[high]};
}//
Thentestwithmain:
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
int[][]D={{1,5,5,3,2,10},
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 67/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
{1,5,5,6,2,10},
{1,10,5,3,2,6,12},
{1,10,5,6,8,12,1},
{1,10,5,12,1,2,3,40},
{10,10,10,3,4,5,7,9}};
for(int[]E:D){
System.out.format("%sGIVES%s%n",Arrays.toString(E),Arrays.toString(orderedHash(E)));
}
}
answeredApr4'12at19:16
share|improvethisanswer
kasavbere
2,77021949
Thanksforreply,butitsalwaysgoodtowritealgorithmforbetterunderstandingofothersratherthanjustbombardingyourcode.Evenifyouaredoing
1
so,itshouldbewellcommented.:)Codesarewelcomeincasetheideacannotbeexpressedwellinalgorithms...rajneesh2k10Apr12'12at9:20
ThisisjustaforloopandafewifelsesoIfiguredthiswaseasytofollow.Anyspecificsyoudon'tunderstand?Iwillbehappytohelp.kasavbereApr
12'12at18:47
NowIlookedatyourcodeandI'mafraiditsnotproducingcorrectresult!Trythistestcase:3,10,5,1,11rajneesh2k10Apr14'12at2:51
addacomment|
WhatifyoubuildamaxheapO(n)andthendoExtractMaxO(1)3times?
upvote0down answeredApr10'12at20:59
vote
share|improvethisanswer
barefootshoes
415
Itdoesn'tfulfiltheconstraintsmentioned!!Moreoveryouneedtocheckthecomplexitiesyoumentioned...:)rajneesh2k10Apr12'12at
16:46
addacomment|
StartcreatingabinarySearchTree,eachNodewillcontainaintegercounttotracknoofrightchilds.
eachweareinsertingarightchildweincrementthecountofitsparent.
Ifcountofanynodereaches2,thenthatnodeanditsnodesintherightsubtreewillgiveyoutheresult
upvote0downvote Complexityofthissollutionnlog(n)
answeredJun19'12at13:39
share|improvethisanswer
Tejas
194
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Howtofindthedeepestpathfromrootmadeupofonly1'sinabinarysearch
tree?
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
Wehaveabinarytree(notaBST)madeupofonly0sand1s.weneedtofindthedeepest1withapathfromrootmadeuponlyof1's
Source:AmazoninterviewQ
upvote5downvotefavorite algorithmdatastructuresbinarytree
4 editedMay13'13at5:27 askedMay24'11at12:52
share|improvethisquestion
TheIndependentAquarius kc3
3,5981774166 7213913
2 findthelastnodeofthelongestsequenceof1s?MarinoimiMay24'11at12:54
@MarinoSimicYeskc3May24'11at12:57
Isrootshouldbe1?ILLUMINATI7590May24'11at13:15
addacomment|
1Answer
activeoldestvotes
publicstaticintfindMaxOnesDepth(Noderoot){
if(root!=null&&root.getValue()==1){
returnMath.max(1+findMaxOnesDepth(root.getLeft()),
1+findMaxOnesDepth(root.getRight());
}
else{
return0;
}
}
Ifthenodeyouareonisa'0',thenthedepthof'1'sis0.Otherwise,ifthenodeyouareonisa'1',thenadd1tothemaximum'one'sdepth'ofbothyour
leftandrightchildrenandreturnthemaximumofthose.
Theabovecodefindsthelength,tofindtheactualnodesalongthepath,youcouldusealisttokeeptrackofthis
publicstaticArrayList<Node>findLongestOnesPath(Noderoot){
ArrayList<Node>currStack=newArrayList<Node>();
if(root!=null&&root.getValue()==1){
upvote9
downvote currStack.add(root);
ArrayList<Node>leftStack=findLongestOnesPath(root.getLeft());
ArrayList<Node>rightStack=findLongestOnesPath(root.getRight());
if(leftStack.size()>rightStack.size()){
currStack.addAll(leftStack);
}
else{
currStack.addAll(rightStack);
}
returncurrStack;
}
answeredMay24'11at13:01
editedMay24'11at18:20
share|improvethisanswer
Shafeen
1613
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Iwasaskedthisinarecentinterview
IwasaskedtostayawayfromHashMaporanysortofHashing.
Thequestionwentsomethinglikethis
LetssayyouhavePRODUCTIDsofupto20decimals,alongwithProductDescriptions.WithoutusingMapsoranysortofhashingfunction,what'sthe
best/mostefficientwaytostore/retrievetheseproductIDsalongwiththeirdescriptions?
upvote4
downvote WhyisusingMapsabadideaforsuchascenario?
favorite
6 WhatchangeswouldyoumaketosellyoursolutiontoAmazon?
algorithmdatastructures
editedOct11'09at16:03 askedOct11'09at15:17
share|improvethisquestion
JW. maximus
21.9k166992 234
Upto20PRODUCTID's,oruptoPRODUCTID'swith20digits?SedatKapanogluOct11'09at15:23
Thissoundslikeapureinterviewquestiontoallowtheinterviewersto"seehowyouthink."In"therealworld"ProductIdandDescriptionwouldjust
1 betwocolumnsofadatabasetable.Andifyouonlyneededtotrack20products,well,thatjustsoundslikeashoppingcartandwhocaresifyouusea
hashmaporacommadelimitedlist?PaulSasikOct11'09at15:50
ProductIDcouldbeupto20decimaldigitsmaximusOct11'09at15:52
2 20decimalproductIDs,not20decimalproductIDs.kentlaw.edu/academics/lrw/grinker/LwtaCompound_Adjectives.htmindivOct11'09at16:03
SinceIamnewtothiscommunity,isitpossibletochoosemultiplecorrectanswers?maximusOct11'09at19:35
|show1morecomment
14Answers
activeoldestvotes
Amapisgoodtousewheninsert/remove/lookupoperationsareinterleaved.EveryoperationsareamortizedinO(logn).
Inyourexempleyouareonlydoingsearchoperation.Youmayconsiderthatanydatabaseupdate(inserting/removingaproduct)won'thappensomuchtime.
Thereforeprobablytheinterviewerwantyoutogetthebestdatastructureforlookupoperations.
InthiscaseIcanseeonlysomeasalreadyproposedinotheranswers:
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 74/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
Sortedarray(doingabinarysearch)
Hasmap
trie
Withatrie,ifproductidsdonotshareacommonprefix,thereisgoodchancetofindtheproductdescriptiononlylookingatthefirstcharacteroftheprefix(or
onlytheveryfirstcharacters).Forinstance,let'stakethatproductidlist,with125products:
"1"
"2"
"3"
upvote ...
11down "123"
vote "124"
accepted "1234567"
Let'sassumeyouarelookingfortheproductidtitled"1234567"inyourtrie,onlylookingtothefirstletters:"1"then"2"then"3"then"4"willleadtothegood
productdescription.Noneedtoreadtheremainingoftheproductidasthereisnootherpossibilities.Consideringtheproductidlengthasn,yourlookupwill
beinO(n).Butasintheexempleexplaineditaboveitcouldbeevenfastertoretreivetheproductdescription.AstheprocductIDislimitedinsize(20
characters)thetrieheightwillbelimitedto20levels.Thatactuallymeansyoucanconsiderthelookupoperationswillnevergoesbeyondaconstanttime,as
yoursearchwillnevergoesbeyongthetrieheight=>O(1).WhileanyBSTlookupsareatbestamortizedO(logN),Nbeingthenumberofitemsinyour
tree.
Whileanhashmapcouldleadyoutoslowerlookupasyou'llneedtocomputeanindexwithanhashfunctionthatisprobablyimplementedreadingthewhole
productidlength.Plusbrowsingalistincaseofcollisionwithotherproductids.
Doingabinarysearchonasortedarray,andperformanceinlookupoperationswilldependsonthenumberofitemsinyourdatabase.
answeredOct11'09at16:15
editedOct11'09at17:02
share|improvethisanswer
yvesBaumes
4,92222353
Noticethatinspiteofthecorrectpointsyouraiseinfavorofthetrie,themainreasonhashesarechosenovertriesarecachelocality.AnnaOct12'09at
19:22
@Annatrue,Iexpectanhashtablenottohavetoomuchcollisionthushavingveryshortlist.Inpracticeitisworthtotestboth.yvesBaumesOct12'09
at20:28
+1Crystalclear...YanfleaFeb20'12at23:00
addacomment|
ABTreeinmyopinion.DoesthatstillcountasaMap?
up Mostlybecauseyoucanhavemanyitemsloadedatonceinmemory.Searchingtheseitemsinmemoryisveryfast.
vote6
down answeredOct11'09at15:23
vote
share|improvethisanswer
EdisonGustavoMuenz
3,17022034
BSTwasmyanswertoobuttheinterviewertoldmethateveryoneguessesBSTwhenaskednottousemaps.IstherereallyabettersolutionthanBSTor
wasIjustBSed?maximusOct11'09at15:25
IvoteforBSed.BSTworksextremelywellwithnumbers,becauseallit'sdoingislessthan/greaterthan.Ithinkhe'sjustgotafavoritealgorithmandwants
1 youtoguessit,sinceBSTisaperfectlyvalid(andrealworld)answer.Funfact:std::mapisusuallyimplementedasaBST.Sodoesthatmakeita"Map?"
TojiOct11'09at15:39
Oh,andwhatintheworldishelookingforwhenasking:"WhatchangeswillyoudotosellyoursolutiontoAmazon?"Doeshemean"Wouldyoudoit
differentlyifsellingittoathirdparty?"or"Wouldyoudoitdifferentlyifsellingtoathirdpartywithextremeneeds?"Ifthelatter,theansweris:Don'thave
meimplementit,useadatabaseinstead!:)I'mnotsureIreallyfollowthisguy'strainoflogic.TojiOct11'09at15:43
6 BST(BinarySearchTree)!=BTreeFogleBirdOct11'09at16:13
IagreewithTojiwhenhetoldheguessestheinterviewerwantedmaximustoavoidtofocusonmap,oranyotherkindofBinarysearchtreetofindthe
1 solutionhetoughwasthebest.SGI'sSTLMapareimplementedusingredblacktreeasfarasIknow,whichisaBSTamongstothers.yvesBaumesOct
11'09at16:58
|show3morecomments
Consecutiveintegernumbersgiveperfectchoiceforthehashmapbutitonlyhasoneproblem,asitdoesnothavemultithreadedaccessbydefault.Alsosince
AmazonwasmentionedinyourquestionImaythinkthatyouneedtotakeintoaccountconcurencyandRAMlimitationissues.
Whatyoumightdointheresponsetosuchquestionistoexplainthatsinceyouaredissallowedtouseanybuiltindatastorageschemes,allyoucandoisto
"emulate"one.
So,let'ssayyouhaveM=10^20productswiththeirnumbersanddescriptions.YoucanpartitionthissettothegroupsofNsubsets.ThenyoucanorganizeM/N
containerswhichhavesugnificantlyreducednumberofelements.Usingthisidearecursivelywillgiveyouawaytostorethewholesetincontainerswithsuch
propertythataccesstothemwouldhaveacceptedperformancerate.
Toillustratethisidea,considerasmallerexampleofonly20elements.Iwouldlikeyoutoimagivethefilesystemwithdirectories"1","2","3","4".Ineach
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 75/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
directoryyoustoretheproductdescriptionsasfilesinthefollowingway:
up
vote folder1:files1to5
folder2:files6to10
4 ...
down folder4:files16to20
vote
Thenyoursearchwouldonlyneedtwostepstofindthefile.First,yousearchforacorrectfolderbydividing20/5(yourM/N).Then,youusethegivenIDtoread
theproductdescriptionstoredinafile.
Thisisjustaveryroughdescription,however,theideaisveryintuitive.So,perhapsthisiswhatyourinterviewerwantedtohear.
Asformyself,whenIfacesuchquestionsoninterview,evenifIfailtogetthequestioncorrectly(whichistheworstcase:))Ialwaystrytogetthecorrectanswer
fromtheinterviewer.
answeredOct11'09at16:19
editedOct11'09at17:04
share|improvethisanswer
alexkr
3,14611220
Thatsagoodtaketoo.Solocatingthecorrectfolderwillbeinconstanttimebutlocatingthefilewillbeo(n)wherenrepresentsthenumberoffilesstoredin
everyfolder.maximusOct11'09at16:26
@AlexyourideaisclosetotheTriedatastructure(seemyanswer).ButaccordingtomeusingaTrieisbetterchoice:inyourexempleyoudeepenthefolder
leveluptoapointthereisonlyonefileperfolder.HavealooktothewikipediapageforTrieimplementation.Nicereading:)yvesBaumesOct11'09at
16:36
Theideaofmypostingwastointroducethewayofstoringdatawithoutuseofanydatastructureatall.TrieisgoodbutasfarasIunderstandtheoriginal
posterhadrestrictionofnotabletouseanydatastructures.ThedisadvantageoftheTrieaswellasanyMaporHashTableisthatyouneedtostorethisina
distributedway(IthinkthatswhyAmazonwasmentioned).Inmypostyouseethatallyouneedtohaveisadistributedfilesystem.So,abouttheO(n)inthe
folder,youareright,youcanpartitionyoursetasdeepaspossibleuntilyouhave1fileonly.alexkrOct11'09at16:48
+1:ThisisthefirstsolutionthatcametomindwhenIreadtheproblem,andprobablywhatIwouldgivetopcreditforinaninterviewusethefilesystem.
JohnPirieOct11'09at17:26
theinterviewerprobablywantedtohaveaalgorithmickindofanswer.Iwouldn'texpectsuchanswerifIwereaninterviewerforadeveloperjob.Butwho
1
knows.yvesBaumesOct11'09at17:36
|show1morecomment
Best/efficientforwhat?Wouldhavebeenmyanswer.
E.g.forstoringthem,probablythefastthingtodoaretwoarrayswith20elementseach.Onefortheids,onforthedescription.Iteratingoverthoseis
prettyfastto.Anditisefficientmemorywise.
upvote2down Ofcoursethesolutionisprettyuselessforanyrealapplication,butsoisthequestion.
vote
answeredOct11'09at15:38
share|improvethisanswer
JensSchauder
27.4k865145
addacomment|
ThereisaninterestingalternativetoBTree:RadixTree
upvote1 answeredOct11'09at15:43
down
vote editedOct11'09at16:00
share|improvethisanswer
Kamarey
5,12713154
Kamareyyoursolutionisclosetomine.Thewikipediapageyouarepointingoutexplainwellwhyapatriciatrie(orradixtree)iswelcomedhere,
providedthattheproductIDisboundedto20characters.Seethesectiontitled"Comparisontootherdatastructures"onthewikipedia'sradixtreepage.
yvesBaumesOct11'09at17:11
addacomment|
Ithinkwhathewantedyoutodo,andI'mnotsayingit'sagoodidea,istousethecomputermemoryspace.
Ifyouusea64bit(virtual)memoryaddress,andassumingyouhavealltheaddressspaceforyourdata(whichisneverthecase)youcanstoreaonebytevalue.
YoucouldusetheProductIDasanaddress,castingittoapointer,andthengetthatbyte,whichmightbeanoffsetinanothermemoryforactualdata.
upvote Iwouldn'tdoitthisway,butperhapsthatistheanswertheywerelookingfor.
1down
vote Asaf
answeredOct11'09at16:16
share|improvethisanswer
AsafR
3,59843158
Thatsaninterestingapproach.maximusOct11'09at16:21
Idon'tseehowthiscouldworkreliablyingeneral...whatiftheproductID,whencasttoapointer,pointstosomeothercriticalpieceof(nonproduct)data
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 76/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
thatyourappisusing?Ifyouthenwriteproductinfotothatlocation,yourappwillbecorruptedifyoudon't,youcan'tstoreinformationforthatproduct
ID.JeremyFriesnerOct11'09at17:38
@JeremyIt'snotaveryfeasiblesolution,butwith20decimaldigitsanda64bitaddressspaceyouareleftwithsome"extraspace".Makeahandcrafted
processthatfulfillsrequestsforIDresolutionandhavenootherappactivityinthatprocess.It'spossibletocreatehierarchiestohavelessmemoryineach
process.Iwouldn'tdoitifIwerepaidto,maybeifmylifedependedonit.Maybe.AsafROct11'09at19:35
addacomment|
Iwonderiftheywantedyoutonotethatinanecommerceapplication(suchasAmazon's),acommonusecaseis"reverselookup":retrievetheproductIDusing
thedescription.Forthis,aninvertedindexisused,whereeachkeywordinadescriptionisanindexkey,whichisassociatedwithalistofrelevantproduct
identifiers.Binarytreesorskiplistsaregoodwaystoindexthesekeywords.
Regardingtheproductidentifierindex:Inpractice,BTrees(whicharenotbinarysearchtrees)wouldbeusedforalarge,diskbasedindexof20digit
upvote identifiers.However,theymayhavebeenlookingforatoysolutionthatcouldbeimplementedinRAM.Sincethe"alphabet"ofdecimalnumbersissosmall,it
1down lendsitselfverynicelytoatrie.
vote
answeredOct11'09at22:01
share|improvethisanswer
erickson
149k31231342
addacomment|
Thehashmapsworkreallywellifthehashingfunctiongivesyouaveryuniformdistributionofthehashvaluesoftheexistingkeys.Withreallybadhash
functionitcanhappensothathashvaluesofyour20valueswillbethesame,whichwillpushtheretrievaltimetoO(n).Thebinarysearchontheotherhand
guarantiesyouO(logn),butinsertingdataismoreexpensive.
upvote Allofthisisveryincremental,thebiggeryourdatasetisthelessarethechancesofabadkeydistribution(ifyouareusingagood,provenhashalgorithm),and
0down onsmallerdatasetsthedifferencebetweenO(n)andO(logn)isnotmuchtoworryabout.
vote
answeredOct11'09at15:31
share|improvethisanswer
mfeingold
5,41111736
addacomment|
Ifthesizeislimitedsometimesit'sfastertouseasortedlist.
WhenyouuseHashanything,youfirsthavetocalculateahash,thenlocatethehashbucket,thenuseequalsonallelementsinthebucket.Soitalladdsup.
OntheotherhandyoucouldusejustasimpleArrayList(oranyotherListflavorthatissuitablefortheapplication),sortitwithjava.util.Collections.sort
andusejava.util.Collections.binarySearchtofindanelement.
upvote0 ButasArtyomhaspointedoutmaybeasimplelinearsearchwouldbemuchfasterinthiscase.
down
vote Ontheotherhand,frommaintainabilitypointofview,IwouldnormallyuseHashMap(orLinkedHashMap)here,andwouldonlydosomethingspecialhere
whenprofilerwouldtellmetodoit.Alsocollectionsof20haveatendencytobecomecollectionsof20000overtimeandallthisoptimizationwouldbe
wasted.
answeredOct11'09at15:44
share|improvethisanswer
AlexanderPogrebnyak
28.7k54880
addacomment|
There'snothingwrongwithhashingorBtreesforthiskindofsituationyourinterviewerprobablyjustwantedyoutothinkalittle,insteadofcomingoutwith
theexpectedanswer.It'sagoodsign,wheninterviewerswantcandidatestothink.Itshowsthattheorganizationvaluesthought,asopposedtomerelyparroting
outsomethingfromthelecturenotesfromCS0210.
Incidentally,I'massumingthat"20decimalproductids"means"alargecollectionofproductids,whoseformatis20decimalcharacters"....becauseifthere's
only20ofthem,there'snovalueinconsideringthealgorithm.Ifyoucan'tusehashingorBtreescodealinearsearchandmoveon.Ifyoulike,sortyourarray,
anduseabinarysearch.
upvote Butifmyassumptionisright,thenwhattheinterviewerisaskingseemstorevolvearoundthetime/spacetradeoffofhashmaps.It'spossibletoimproveonthe
0down time/spacecurveofhashmapshashmapsdohavecollisions.Soyoumightbeabletogetsomeimprovementbyconvertingthe20decimaldigitstoanumber,
vote andusingthatasanindextoasparselypopulatedarray...areallybigarray.:)
SellingittoAmazon?Goodluckwiththat.Whateveryoucomeupwithwouldhavetobepatentable,andnothinginthisdiscussionseemstorisetothatlevel.
answeredOct11'09at15:47
share|improvethisanswer
CPerkins
5,72121840
IalsotoldhimaboutconvertingtheDecimalnumber(upto20digits)tosomethingsmallerandthenstoringtheminanarrayindexonwhichtheresponseI
gotwas"Howisthisnothashing"?maximusOct11'09at15:56
Becauseconvertingadecimalnumbertoabinarynumberisreversiblewhereashashfunctionsloseinformationandthusarenotreversible.PaulOct11
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 77/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
'09at16:09
addacomment|
20decimalPRODUCTIDs,alongwithProductDescription
Simplelinearsearchwouldbeverygood...
Iwouldcreateonesimplearraywithids.Andotherarraywithdata.
upvote0down
vote Linearsearchforsmallamountofkeys(20!)ismuchmoreefficientthenanybinarytreeorhash.
editedOct11'09at16:17 answeredOct11'09at15:36
share|improvethisanswer
JimFerrans Artyom
15.2k63464 19.1k1281164
Andwhenis2432902008176640000=20!consideredsmallamountofkeysforalinearsearch?:)Thatsatotaloverkill.alexkrOct11'09at
2
16:02
@AlexYepIguesstoo.yvesBaumesOct11'09at16:33
addacomment|
Ihaveafeelingbasedontheiransweraboutproductidsandtwodigitstheanswertheywerelookingforistoconvertthenumericproductidsintoa
differentbasesystemorpackedform.
Theymadeapointtoindicatetheproductdescriptionwaswiththeproductidstotellyouthatahigherbasesystemcouldbeusedwithinthecurrent
upvote0down fieldsdatatype.
vote
answeredOct11'09at16:40
share|improvethisanswer
Einstein
3,16411217
addacomment|
Yourinterviewermightbelookingforatrie.Ifyouhavea[small]constantupperboundonyourkey,thenyouhaveO(1)insertandlookup.
answeredOct11'09at16:56
upvote0downvote
share|improvethisanswer
ElleryNewcomer
779418
addacomment|
Ithinkwhathewantedyoutodo,andI'mnotsayingit'sagoodidea,istousethecomputermemoryspace.
Ifyouusea64bit(virtual)memoryaddress,andassumingyouhavealltheaddressspaceforyourdata(whichisneverthecase)youcan
storeaonebytevalue.
Unfortunately2^64=approx=1.8*10^19.Justslightlybelow10^20.Coincidence?
log2(10^20)=66.43.
Here'saslightlyevilproposal.
OK,2^64bitscanfitinsideamemoryspace.
AssumeaboundofNbytesforthedescription,sayN=200.(whowantstodownloadAnnaKareninawhenthey'relookingfortoasters?)Commandeer
upvote0 8*N64bitmachineswithheavyRAM.Amazoncanswingthis.
downvote
Everymachineloadsintheir(verysparse)bitmaponebitofthedescriptiontextforalldescriptions.LettheMMU/virtualmemoryhandlethesparsity.
Broadcasttheproducttagasa59bitnumberandthebitmaskforonebyte.(59=ceil(log2(10^20))8)
Everymachinereturnsonebitfromtheproductdescription.Lookupsareavirtualmemorydereference.Youcaneveninsertanddelete.
Ofcoursepagingwillstarttobeabitchatsomepoint!
Oddlyenough,itwillworkthebestifproductid'sareasclumpyandungoodahashaspossible.
answeredOct12'09at8:50
editedOct12'09at9:02
share|improvethisanswer
MattKennel
1142
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Iwasaskedthisinarecentinterview
IwasaskedtostayawayfromHashMaporanysortofHashing.
Thequestionwentsomethinglikethis
LetssayyouhavePRODUCTIDsofupto20decimals,alongwithProductDescriptions.WithoutusingMapsoranysortofhashingfunction,what'sthe
best/mostefficientwaytostore/retrievetheseproductIDsalongwiththeirdescriptions?
upvote4
downvote WhyisusingMapsabadideaforsuchascenario?
favorite
6 WhatchangeswouldyoumaketosellyoursolutiontoAmazon?
algorithmdatastructures
editedOct11'09at16:03 askedOct11'09at15:17
share|improvethisquestion
JW. maximus
21.9k166992 234
Upto20PRODUCTID's,oruptoPRODUCTID'swith20digits?SedatKapanogluOct11'09at15:23
Thissoundslikeapureinterviewquestiontoallowtheinterviewersto"seehowyouthink."In"therealworld"ProductIdandDescriptionwouldjust
1 betwocolumnsofadatabasetable.Andifyouonlyneededtotrack20products,well,thatjustsoundslikeashoppingcartandwhocaresifyouusea
hashmaporacommadelimitedlist?PaulSasikOct11'09at15:50
ProductIDcouldbeupto20decimaldigitsmaximusOct11'09at15:52
2 20decimalproductIDs,not20decimalproductIDs.kentlaw.edu/academics/lrw/grinker/LwtaCompound_Adjectives.htmindivOct11'09at16:03
SinceIamnewtothiscommunity,isitpossibletochoosemultiplecorrectanswers?maximusOct11'09at19:35
|show1morecomment
14Answers
activeoldestvotes
Amapisgoodtousewheninsert/remove/lookupoperationsareinterleaved.EveryoperationsareamortizedinO(logn).
Inyourexempleyouareonlydoingsearchoperation.Youmayconsiderthatanydatabaseupdate(inserting/removingaproduct)won'thappensomuchtime.
Thereforeprobablytheinterviewerwantyoutogetthebestdatastructureforlookupoperations.
InthiscaseIcanseeonlysomeasalreadyproposedinotheranswers:
Sortedarray(doingabinarysearch)
Hasmap
trie
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Withatrie,ifproductidsdonotshareacommonprefix,thereisgoodchancetofindtheproductdescriptiononlylookingatthefirstcharacteroftheprefix(or
onlytheveryfirstcharacters).Forinstance,let'stakethatproductidlist,with125products:
"1"
"2"
"3"
upvote ...
11down "123"
vote "124"
accepted "1234567"
Let'sassumeyouarelookingfortheproductidtitled"1234567"inyourtrie,onlylookingtothefirstletters:"1"then"2"then"3"then"4"willleadtothegood
productdescription.Noneedtoreadtheremainingoftheproductidasthereisnootherpossibilities.Consideringtheproductidlengthasn,yourlookupwill
beinO(n).Butasintheexempleexplaineditaboveitcouldbeevenfastertoretreivetheproductdescription.AstheprocductIDislimitedinsize(20
characters)thetrieheightwillbelimitedto20levels.Thatactuallymeansyoucanconsiderthelookupoperationswillnevergoesbeyondaconstanttime,as
yoursearchwillnevergoesbeyongthetrieheight=>O(1).WhileanyBSTlookupsareatbestamortizedO(logN),Nbeingthenumberofitemsinyour
tree.
Whileanhashmapcouldleadyoutoslowerlookupasyou'llneedtocomputeanindexwithanhashfunctionthatisprobablyimplementedreadingthewhole
productidlength.Plusbrowsingalistincaseofcollisionwithotherproductids.
Doingabinarysearchonasortedarray,andperformanceinlookupoperationswilldependsonthenumberofitemsinyourdatabase.
answeredOct11'09at16:15
editedOct11'09at17:02
share|improvethisanswer
yvesBaumes
4,92222353
Noticethatinspiteofthecorrectpointsyouraiseinfavorofthetrie,themainreasonhashesarechosenovertriesarecachelocality.AnnaOct12'09at
19:22
@Annatrue,Iexpectanhashtablenottohavetoomuchcollisionthushavingveryshortlist.Inpracticeitisworthtotestboth.yvesBaumesOct12'09
at20:28
+1Crystalclear...YanfleaFeb20'12at23:00
addacomment|
ABTreeinmyopinion.DoesthatstillcountasaMap?
up Mostlybecauseyoucanhavemanyitemsloadedatonceinmemory.Searchingtheseitemsinmemoryisveryfast.
vote6
down answeredOct11'09at15:23
vote
share|improvethisanswer
EdisonGustavoMuenz
3,17022034
BSTwasmyanswertoobuttheinterviewertoldmethateveryoneguessesBSTwhenaskednottousemaps.IstherereallyabettersolutionthanBSTor
wasIjustBSed?maximusOct11'09at15:25
IvoteforBSed.BSTworksextremelywellwithnumbers,becauseallit'sdoingislessthan/greaterthan.Ithinkhe'sjustgotafavoritealgorithmandwants
1 youtoguessit,sinceBSTisaperfectlyvalid(andrealworld)answer.Funfact:std::mapisusuallyimplementedasaBST.Sodoesthatmakeita"Map?"
TojiOct11'09at15:39
Oh,andwhatintheworldishelookingforwhenasking:"WhatchangeswillyoudotosellyoursolutiontoAmazon?"Doeshemean"Wouldyoudoit
differentlyifsellingittoathirdparty?"or"Wouldyoudoitdifferentlyifsellingtoathirdpartywithextremeneeds?"Ifthelatter,theansweris:Don'thave
meimplementit,useadatabaseinstead!:)I'mnotsureIreallyfollowthisguy'strainoflogic.TojiOct11'09at15:43
6 BST(BinarySearchTree)!=BTreeFogleBirdOct11'09at16:13
IagreewithTojiwhenhetoldheguessestheinterviewerwantedmaximustoavoidtofocusonmap,oranyotherkindofBinarysearchtreetofindthe
1 solutionhetoughwasthebest.SGI'sSTLMapareimplementedusingredblacktreeasfarasIknow,whichisaBSTamongstothers.yvesBaumesOct
11'09at16:58
|show3morecomments
Consecutiveintegernumbersgiveperfectchoiceforthehashmapbutitonlyhasoneproblem,asitdoesnothavemultithreadedaccessbydefault.Alsosince
AmazonwasmentionedinyourquestionImaythinkthatyouneedtotakeintoaccountconcurencyandRAMlimitationissues.
Whatyoumightdointheresponsetosuchquestionistoexplainthatsinceyouaredissallowedtouseanybuiltindatastorageschemes,allyoucandoisto
"emulate"one.
So,let'ssayyouhaveM=10^20productswiththeirnumbersanddescriptions.YoucanpartitionthissettothegroupsofNsubsets.ThenyoucanorganizeM/N
containerswhichhavesugnificantlyreducednumberofelements.Usingthisidearecursivelywillgiveyouawaytostorethewholesetincontainerswithsuch
propertythataccesstothemwouldhaveacceptedperformancerate.
Toillustratethisidea,considerasmallerexampleofonly20elements.Iwouldlikeyoutoimagivethefilesystemwithdirectories"1","2","3","4".Ineach
directoryyoustoretheproductdescriptionsasfilesinthefollowingway:
up folder1:files1to5
vote folder2:files6to10
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
4 ...
down folder4:files16to20
vote
Thenyoursearchwouldonlyneedtwostepstofindthefile.First,yousearchforacorrectfolderbydividing20/5(yourM/N).Then,youusethegivenIDtoread
theproductdescriptionstoredinafile.
Thisisjustaveryroughdescription,however,theideaisveryintuitive.So,perhapsthisiswhatyourinterviewerwantedtohear.
Asformyself,whenIfacesuchquestionsoninterview,evenifIfailtogetthequestioncorrectly(whichistheworstcase:))Ialwaystrytogetthecorrectanswer
fromtheinterviewer.
answeredOct11'09at16:19
editedOct11'09at17:04
share|improvethisanswer
alexkr
3,14611220
Thatsagoodtaketoo.Solocatingthecorrectfolderwillbeinconstanttimebutlocatingthefilewillbeo(n)wherenrepresentsthenumberoffilesstoredin
everyfolder.maximusOct11'09at16:26
@AlexyourideaisclosetotheTriedatastructure(seemyanswer).ButaccordingtomeusingaTrieisbetterchoice:inyourexempleyoudeepenthefolder
leveluptoapointthereisonlyonefileperfolder.HavealooktothewikipediapageforTrieimplementation.Nicereading:)yvesBaumesOct11'09at
16:36
Theideaofmypostingwastointroducethewayofstoringdatawithoutuseofanydatastructureatall.TrieisgoodbutasfarasIunderstandtheoriginal
posterhadrestrictionofnotabletouseanydatastructures.ThedisadvantageoftheTrieaswellasanyMaporHashTableisthatyouneedtostorethisina
distributedway(IthinkthatswhyAmazonwasmentioned).Inmypostyouseethatallyouneedtohaveisadistributedfilesystem.So,abouttheO(n)inthe
folder,youareright,youcanpartitionyoursetasdeepaspossibleuntilyouhave1fileonly.alexkrOct11'09at16:48
+1:ThisisthefirstsolutionthatcametomindwhenIreadtheproblem,andprobablywhatIwouldgivetopcreditforinaninterviewusethefilesystem.
JohnPirieOct11'09at17:26
theinterviewerprobablywantedtohaveaalgorithmickindofanswer.Iwouldn'texpectsuchanswerifIwereaninterviewerforadeveloperjob.Butwho
1
knows.yvesBaumesOct11'09at17:36
|show1morecomment
Best/efficientforwhat?Wouldhavebeenmyanswer.
E.g.forstoringthem,probablythefastthingtodoaretwoarrayswith20elementseach.Onefortheids,onforthedescription.Iteratingoverthoseis
prettyfastto.Anditisefficientmemorywise.
upvote2down Ofcoursethesolutionisprettyuselessforanyrealapplication,butsoisthequestion.
vote
answeredOct11'09at15:38
share|improvethisanswer
JensSchauder
27.4k865145
addacomment|
ThereisaninterestingalternativetoBTree:RadixTree
upvote1 answeredOct11'09at15:43
down
vote editedOct11'09at16:00
share|improvethisanswer
Kamarey
5,12713154
Kamareyyoursolutionisclosetomine.Thewikipediapageyouarepointingoutexplainwellwhyapatriciatrie(orradixtree)iswelcomedhere,
providedthattheproductIDisboundedto20characters.Seethesectiontitled"Comparisontootherdatastructures"onthewikipedia'sradixtreepage.
yvesBaumesOct11'09at17:11
addacomment|
Ithinkwhathewantedyoutodo,andI'mnotsayingit'sagoodidea,istousethecomputermemoryspace.
Ifyouusea64bit(virtual)memoryaddress,andassumingyouhavealltheaddressspaceforyourdata(whichisneverthecase)youcanstoreaonebytevalue.
YoucouldusetheProductIDasanaddress,castingittoapointer,andthengetthatbyte,whichmightbeanoffsetinanothermemoryforactualdata.
upvote Iwouldn'tdoitthisway,butperhapsthatistheanswertheywerelookingfor.
1down
vote Asaf
answeredOct11'09at16:16
share|improvethisanswer
AsafR
3,59843158
Thatsaninterestingapproach.maximusOct11'09at16:21
Idon'tseehowthiscouldworkreliablyingeneral...whatiftheproductID,whencasttoapointer,pointstosomeothercriticalpieceof(nonproduct)data
thatyourappisusing?Ifyouthenwriteproductinfotothatlocation,yourappwillbecorruptedifyoudon't,youcan'tstoreinformationforthatproduct
ID.JeremyFriesnerOct11'09at17:38
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
@JeremyIt'snotaveryfeasiblesolution,butwith20decimaldigitsanda64bitaddressspaceyouareleftwithsome"extraspace".Makeahandcrafted
processthatfulfillsrequestsforIDresolutionandhavenootherappactivityinthatprocess.It'spossibletocreatehierarchiestohavelessmemoryineach
process.Iwouldn'tdoitifIwerepaidto,maybeifmylifedependedonit.Maybe.AsafROct11'09at19:35
addacomment|
Iwonderiftheywantedyoutonotethatinanecommerceapplication(suchasAmazon's),acommonusecaseis"reverselookup":retrievetheproductIDusing
thedescription.Forthis,aninvertedindexisused,whereeachkeywordinadescriptionisanindexkey,whichisassociatedwithalistofrelevantproduct
identifiers.Binarytreesorskiplistsaregoodwaystoindexthesekeywords.
Regardingtheproductidentifierindex:Inpractice,BTrees(whicharenotbinarysearchtrees)wouldbeusedforalarge,diskbasedindexof20digit
upvote identifiers.However,theymayhavebeenlookingforatoysolutionthatcouldbeimplementedinRAM.Sincethe"alphabet"ofdecimalnumbersissosmall,it
1down lendsitselfverynicelytoatrie.
vote
answeredOct11'09at22:01
share|improvethisanswer
erickson
149k31231342
addacomment|
Thehashmapsworkreallywellifthehashingfunctiongivesyouaveryuniformdistributionofthehashvaluesoftheexistingkeys.Withreallybadhash
functionitcanhappensothathashvaluesofyour20valueswillbethesame,whichwillpushtheretrievaltimetoO(n).Thebinarysearchontheotherhand
guarantiesyouO(logn),butinsertingdataismoreexpensive.
upvote Allofthisisveryincremental,thebiggeryourdatasetisthelessarethechancesofabadkeydistribution(ifyouareusingagood,provenhashalgorithm),and
0down onsmallerdatasetsthedifferencebetweenO(n)andO(logn)isnotmuchtoworryabout.
vote
answeredOct11'09at15:31
share|improvethisanswer
mfeingold
5,41111736
addacomment|
Ifthesizeislimitedsometimesit'sfastertouseasortedlist.
WhenyouuseHashanything,youfirsthavetocalculateahash,thenlocatethehashbucket,thenuseequalsonallelementsinthebucket.Soitalladdsup.
OntheotherhandyoucouldusejustasimpleArrayList(oranyotherListflavorthatissuitablefortheapplication),sortitwithjava.util.Collections.sort
andusejava.util.Collections.binarySearchtofindanelement.
upvote0 ButasArtyomhaspointedoutmaybeasimplelinearsearchwouldbemuchfasterinthiscase.
down
vote Ontheotherhand,frommaintainabilitypointofview,IwouldnormallyuseHashMap(orLinkedHashMap)here,andwouldonlydosomethingspecialhere
whenprofilerwouldtellmetodoit.Alsocollectionsof20haveatendencytobecomecollectionsof20000overtimeandallthisoptimizationwouldbe
wasted.
answeredOct11'09at15:44
share|improvethisanswer
AlexanderPogrebnyak
28.7k54880
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There'snothingwrongwithhashingorBtreesforthiskindofsituationyourinterviewerprobablyjustwantedyoutothinkalittle,insteadofcomingoutwith
theexpectedanswer.It'sagoodsign,wheninterviewerswantcandidatestothink.Itshowsthattheorganizationvaluesthought,asopposedtomerelyparroting
outsomethingfromthelecturenotesfromCS0210.
Incidentally,I'massumingthat"20decimalproductids"means"alargecollectionofproductids,whoseformatis20decimalcharacters"....becauseifthere's
only20ofthem,there'snovalueinconsideringthealgorithm.Ifyoucan'tusehashingorBtreescodealinearsearchandmoveon.Ifyoulike,sortyourarray,
anduseabinarysearch.
upvote Butifmyassumptionisright,thenwhattheinterviewerisaskingseemstorevolvearoundthetime/spacetradeoffofhashmaps.It'spossibletoimproveonthe
0down time/spacecurveofhashmapshashmapsdohavecollisions.Soyoumightbeabletogetsomeimprovementbyconvertingthe20decimaldigitstoanumber,
vote andusingthatasanindextoasparselypopulatedarray...areallybigarray.:)
SellingittoAmazon?Goodluckwiththat.Whateveryoucomeupwithwouldhavetobepatentable,andnothinginthisdiscussionseemstorisetothatlevel.
answeredOct11'09at15:47
share|improvethisanswer
CPerkins
5,72121840
IalsotoldhimaboutconvertingtheDecimalnumber(upto20digits)tosomethingsmallerandthenstoringtheminanarrayindexonwhichtheresponseI
gotwas"Howisthisnothashing"?maximusOct11'09at15:56
Becauseconvertingadecimalnumbertoabinarynumberisreversiblewhereashashfunctionsloseinformationandthusarenotreversible.PaulOct11
'09at16:09
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20decimalPRODUCTIDs,alongwithProductDescription
Simplelinearsearchwouldbeverygood...
Iwouldcreateonesimplearraywithids.Andotherarraywithdata.
upvote0down
vote Linearsearchforsmallamountofkeys(20!)ismuchmoreefficientthenanybinarytreeorhash.
editedOct11'09at16:17 answeredOct11'09at15:36
share|improvethisanswer
JimFerrans Artyom
15.2k63464 19.1k1281164
Andwhenis2432902008176640000=20!consideredsmallamountofkeysforalinearsearch?:)Thatsatotaloverkill.alexkrOct11'09at
2
16:02
@AlexYepIguesstoo.yvesBaumesOct11'09at16:33
addacomment|
Ihaveafeelingbasedontheiransweraboutproductidsandtwodigitstheanswertheywerelookingforistoconvertthenumericproductidsintoa
differentbasesystemorpackedform.
Theymadeapointtoindicatetheproductdescriptionwaswiththeproductidstotellyouthatahigherbasesystemcouldbeusedwithinthecurrent
upvote0down fieldsdatatype.
vote
answeredOct11'09at16:40
share|improvethisanswer
Einstein
3,16411217
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Yourinterviewermightbelookingforatrie.Ifyouhavea[small]constantupperboundonyourkey,thenyouhaveO(1)insertandlookup.
answeredOct11'09at16:56
upvote0downvote
share|improvethisanswer
ElleryNewcomer
779418
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Ithinkwhathewantedyoutodo,andI'mnotsayingit'sagoodidea,istousethecomputermemoryspace.
Ifyouusea64bit(virtual)memoryaddress,andassumingyouhavealltheaddressspaceforyourdata(whichisneverthecase)youcan
storeaonebytevalue.
Unfortunately2^64=approx=1.8*10^19.Justslightlybelow10^20.Coincidence?
log2(10^20)=66.43.
Here'saslightlyevilproposal.
OK,2^64bitscanfitinsideamemoryspace.
AssumeaboundofNbytesforthedescription,sayN=200.(whowantstodownloadAnnaKareninawhenthey'relookingfortoasters?)Commandeer
upvote0 8*N64bitmachineswithheavyRAM.Amazoncanswingthis.
downvote
Everymachineloadsintheir(verysparse)bitmaponebitofthedescriptiontextforalldescriptions.LettheMMU/virtualmemoryhandlethesparsity.
Broadcasttheproducttagasa59bitnumberandthebitmaskforonebyte.(59=ceil(log2(10^20))8)
Everymachinereturnsonebitfromtheproductdescription.Lookupsareavirtualmemorydereference.Youcaneveninsertanddelete.
Ofcoursepagingwillstarttobeabitchatsomepoint!
Oddlyenough,itwillworkthebestifproductid'sareasclumpyandungoodahashaspossible.
answeredOct12'09at8:50
editedOct12'09at9:02
share|improvethisanswer
MattKennel
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LCAproblematinterview
SometimesIcomeacrossinterviewquestionslikethis:"Findthecommonparentofany2nodesinatree".InoticedthattheyaskLCAquestionsalsoat
Google,Amazon,etc.
AswikipediasaysLCAcanbefoundbyintersectionofthepathsfromthegivennodestotherootandittakesO(H),whereHistheheightofthetree.
Besides,therearemoreadvancedalgorithmsthatprocesstreesinO(N)andanswerLCAqueriesinO(1).
upvote3 IwonderwhatexactlyinterviewerswanttolearnaboutcandidatesaskingthisLCAquestion.Thefirstalgorithmofpathsintersectionseemstrivial.Do
downvote theyexpectthecandidatestorememberpreprocessingalgorithms?Dotheyexpectthecandidatestoinventthesealgorithmsanddatastructuresonthefly
favorite ?
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algorithmleastcommonancestor
askedDec26'10at14:05
editedDec26'10at19:35
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Michael
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itsnottrivialquestionifudontknowitalready.restrictionssuchasnotallowedtostoreparentandstoringadditionalnodesfor"general"treemakes
itbitdifficult.Iflunkedmyinterviewbcozofthisquestion:(PranaleeFeb18'13at15:25
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2Answers
activeoldestvotes
Theywanttoseewhatyou'remadeof.Theywanttoseehowyouthink,howyoutackleonproblem,andhandlestressfromdeadline.Isupposethatifyou
solvetheproblembecauseyoualreadyknowthesolutionthentheywilljustposeyouanotherproblem.It'snotthesolutiontheywant,it'syourbrainz.
upvote8
down answeredDec26'10at14:14
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Dialecticus
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2 +1forgettingtotherootofthecompaniesdesire:smartpeople.DavidannDec26'10at16:03
+1,but@David,It'snotjustforIQtest,theywillseeyourmannerinhardsituationandyourreactionwhennewproblemcomestoyou.SaeedAmiri
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Withmanyalgorithmsquestionsinaninterview,Idon'tcare(orwant)youtoremembertheanswer.Iwantyoutobeabletoderivetheanswerfromthemain
principlesyouknow.
Realistically:Icouldgivetwocareslessifyoualreadyknowtheanswerto"howtodoX",ifyouareabletoquicklyconstructanansweronthefly.Ultimately:
intherealworld,Ican'tnecessarilyassumeyouhaveexperiencetacklingproblemsofdomainX,butifyourunacrossaprobleminsaiddomain,Iwillcertainly
up hopeyou'llhavetheanalyticalabilitytofigureoutareasonableanswer,basedonthegeneralknowledgeyouhold.
vote2
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down Atreeisacommondatastructureit'ssafetoassumemostwillknowifyouknowtheansweroffhand,youshouldbeabletoexplainit.Ifyoudon'tknowthe
vote answer,butunderstandthedatastructure,youshouldbeabletofairyeasilyderivetheanswer.
answeredDec30'10at2:32
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James
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IconcurthatitisprettyeasytoderiveO(H)solution.Howeveritisprettydifficult(IMO)toderivethepreprocessingsolution.So,Iwonderifoneexpect
candidatestoderiveit.MichaelDec30'10at16:57
@MichaelIthinkallofthisappliesmoretothecasewhereyoudon'thaveparentpointers.ThatmakesitmoresuitablefortheprocessJamesisdescribing.
keyserSep27'14at16:43
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Longestchainofpairs
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Youaregivennpairsofnumbers.Ineverypair,thefirstnumberisalwayssmallerthanthesecondnumber.Apair(c,d)canfollow(a,b)
ifandonlyifbislessthanc.Chainsofpairscanbeformedinthismanner.Findthelongestchainofpairsformed.
IgotthisquestioninaninterviewwithAmazonbutcouldn'tfigureouttheanswer,justthatitisrelatedtotheLISproblem.
upvote9down
votefavorite algorithmlis
3 editedJul8'13at15:24 askedJul8'13at15:20
share|improvethisquestion
arshajii user2467973
71k13102160 515
Istheinitialorderingofpairsimportant?I.e.,inLIS,itemsinsubsequencehavetobeinsameorderanintheoriginalsequence.Isthisthecase
1
here,too?tobias_kJul8'13at15:28
Initiallyorderedinrandomorderuser2467973Jul8'13at15:30
Areyouallowedtosortthepairs?arunmoezhiJul8'13at15:40
Ithinkthequestionistoconsiderthegivenpermutationofnpairsandfindthelargestchainofpairsforthatgivenpermutation.Soweshouldn'tbe
1
sorting.arunmoezhiJul8'13at15:50
3 It'saclassicaldatastructureproblem.ThisproblemisavariationoftheproblemOPasks.FallenJul8'13at15:52
|show8morecomments
4Answers
activeoldestvotes
Becausethetwovaluesofeach(X,Y)pairmustbeinorder(X<Y),andtheYvalueofonepairmustbelessthantheXvalueofthenextpair,youare
essentiallybuildingonecontinuouschainofvaluesalongonedimension.YoujustneedtosortbytheYvalues.
Giventhissampledata:
(15,40)(5,8)(1,10)(6,8)(9,20)(2,4)(36,37)(34,35)(9,14)(30,31)
SortbyYtoget:
(2,4)(6,8)(5,8)(1,10)(9,14)(9,20)(30,31)(34,35)(36,37)(15,40)
Thenloopthrough,addingapairtothechainifitsXisgreaterthanthelastYinthechain,andignoringitotherwise.
Noticethatinthisexample,(6,8)happenedtobesortedbefore(5,8).Itdoesn'tmatterwhichpairischosenforthechainwhentheirYvaluesareequal,as
longastheXvaluesatisfiestheconditionofbeinggreaterthanthepreviousY.
upvote6 Here'sadiagramshowingthesortedpairsasbarsaboveanumberline.Startingatthefirstpair,(2,4),eachonethatisaddedtothechainatthebottomis
downvote coloredyellow.Visually,thegrayonesareskippedbecausethere'sayellowone"intheway"ofitbeingdroppedintothechain(overlappingvalues).
accepted
diagramofsortedpairs
Proof:TheonlywaytoincludemorepairsinthechainistoreplaceapairwithonewithasmallerYvalue,toallowforthenextpairtohaveasmallerX
value,potentiallyfittinganotherpairwhereitcouldn'tfitbefore.IfyoureplaceapairwithonewiththesameYvalue,yougainnothing.Ifthereplacement
hasalargerYvalue,allyou'vedoneispotentiallyblocksomepairsthatwould'vefitbefore.
BecausethepairshavebeensortedbyYvalues,youwillneverfindareplacementwithasmallerY.Looking"forward"inthesortedpairs,theywillallhave
thesameorgreaterYvalue.Looking"backward",anythatwereeliminatedfromthechaininitiallywerebecausetheXvaluewasn'thighenough,whichwill
stillbethecase.
answeredJul8'13at19:03
editedJul11'13at12:18
share|improvethisanswer
BrianStephens
2,625417
Canyouprovethatthiswillbethelongestchainpossible?Thanks!!user2467973Jul10'13at18:59
OK,Iaddedanexplanationthathopefullyprovesmypoint.BrianStephensJul11'13at12:19
Youjustdiscoveredtheactivityselectionproblem'ssolution!!Excellentanswer!!user2467973Jul25'13at17:54
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First,thisproblemcanbeviewedasplottingpointsonatwodimensionalgridwherexcoordinateofeachpointislessthanycoordinateofthatpoint.Now
you'reaskedtofindthelongestchainsuchthateveryi+1thpointisbothaboveandtotherightoftheithpoint(andtheycoordinateoftheithpointislessthanx
coordinateofi+1thpoint).
nowlet'ssortthepointsfirstbasedontheirxcoordinate.Thenwestartvisitingthesortedpointsfromlowestxcoordinate,ifthere'satieforxcoordinatethen
we'llvisitpointswithhigherycoordinatefirst.nowforanexampleifwe'reworkingontheithpoint,weknowthatallpointsalreadyvisitedhaveloweror
similarxcoordinateoftheithone.Sothelongestchainendatpointiwillbethelongestchainthatwe'vealreadygotwithycoordinate<=xcoordinateofthe
up currentpoint.
vote1
down WecandoitefficientlywithanefficientdatastructurelikesegmenttreeorBinaryindexedtree.
vote
Runtimeofthissolutionis:O(NlgN)whereNisthenumberofpoints(pairsinthegivenproblem).
answeredJul8'13at16:05
editedJul8'13at18:06
share|improvethisanswer
Fallen
2,2341724
+1:However,notethattheconditionisnotquitethatpointsareupandtotheright.Consider(3,10)and(4,11).Thesecondpointisupandtotheright,but
2 thisisnotanadmissiblechainbecauseb=10isnotlessthanc=4.Nevertheless,Ithinkthisalgorithmworksifyousimplychangeittosearchforthelongest
chainwithycoordinate<xcoordinateofthecurrentpoint.PeterdeRivazJul8'13at18:01
Thanks!Nicecatch:)Edited...FallenJul8'13at18:06
addacomment|
Abasicwaytosolvingthisproblemwouldbetocreateatree,whereeachnodeisapair,andconstructdirectededgesfromonenodetoanotherwhenitislegal
(ie,"Apair(c,d)canfollow(a,b)ifandonlyifbislessthanc").Youcandoamodifiedbreadthfirsttraversalfromeachnodethatkeepstrackofthelengthof
up thelongestpathfromthatnode,andwhenyouarefinishedwiththatcanjustlookoverallthenodestofindthelongestpath.
vote0
down answeredJul8'13at17:06
vote
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EricKim
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Itseemstomethatonecharacteristicofthelongestchainisthatitminimizesthetotalspanofanytwoadjacenttuples(tomaximizethenumberofpossibletuples
foranyrange).
Inthatcase,asBrianStephenssuggested,weneedonlysortbythesecondnumber,ascending(toguaranteethesmallestspanwhensearchingforthenexttuple),
andbuildthechainstartingwiththefirsttupleinthesortedlist.
up
vote WecanprovethatthissolutionisoptimalbypositingthatifS(0)isthechainstartingonthefirsttuple,thereexistsanS(i),whereiisnotinS(0),thatislonger
0 thanS(0)andthereforealsoachainS(i+1)thatislongerthanS(1).Weknowthatthestartofimustbebeforetheendofi1oritwouldhavebeenincludedin
down S(0).Nowiftheendofi1wereequaltotheendofi,S(i+1)wouldbepartofS(0),whichcontradictsourpremise.Alternatively,iftheendofiweregreaterthan
vote theendofi1,againS(i+1)wouldbeincludedinS(0).Theendoficouldnotbelessthantheendofi1sincethelistissortedbythisproperty.
answeredJul9'13at21:14
editedJul10'13at3:44
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Maximumnonsegmentsum
Wehavealist/arrayofnumbers(positivesandnegativesareallpossible).
Asegmentisdefinedascontiguoussubsequenceofthenumbers.Forexample,[12345]isthearrayandasegmentofitis[123]or[234],etc.All
numbersinasegmentmustbecontiguous.
Anonsegmentisdefinedasallsubsequencesofthearray,exceptallsegments.Socontiguousnumbersarepossibleinanonsegment,buttheremust
beatleasttwonumberswhicharenotcontiguous.
Forexample,[134]isanonsegment,[1235]isalsoanonsegmentbecause3and5arenotcontiguous(thereisa'4'betweenthemintheoriginal
array).
Thequestioniswhatisthenonsegmenthavingthemaximumsum?
upvote0 Note
downvote
favorite 1. Numberscanbemixofpositivesandnegatives
2. Itisnottheproblemofhttp://algorithmsbyme.wordpress.com/2012/07/29/amazoninterviewquestionmaximumpossiblesumwithnon
consecutivenumbers/orMaximumsumofnonconsecutiveelements.Inthoseproblems,nonumberscanbecontiguousandallnumbersare
positive.
Thisisproblem11inthebookPearlsoffunctionalalgorithmdesignanditsaysthereisalinearwaytosolveit.
ButIcan'tunderstandnorfindoutalinearway.SoItrymyluckhere.
algorithmfunctionalprogramming
askedJan9'14at23:42
share|improvethisquestion
JacksonTale
8,0501257141
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Here'sasolutionbettersuitedtothefunctionalprogrammingidiom.Onecanimagineafourstatefiniteautomatonthatacceptsstringshavingtwonon
adjacent1s.
0100,1
____________
v/1v/0v/1v/
>(q0)>(q1)>(q2)>((q3))
WhattheHaskellprogrambelowdoesisessentiallytoscanthenumbersoneatatimeandrememberthemaximumvaluesthatcanbemadeviachoicesthat,
wheninterpretedas0sand1s,puttheautomatoninstateq1(segmentEndingHere),stateq2(segmentNotEndingHere),orstateq3(nonSegment).Thistechniqueis
asledgehammerthatworksonmanyoftheseproblemsaboutoptimizationonasequence.
maximumNonSegmentSum::(Numa,Orda)=>[a]>Maybea
maximumNonSegmentSum=mnssNothingNothingNothing
upvote0 where
downvote (^+)::(Numa)=>a>Maybea>Maybea
accepted (^+)=liftM.(+)
+50
mnss::
(Numa,Orda)=>Maybea>Maybea>Maybea>[a]>Maybea
mnsssegmentEndingHeresegmentNotEndingHerenonSegmentxs
=casexsof
[]>nonSegment
x:xs'
>mnss((x^+segmentEndingHere)`max`Justx)
(segmentNotEndingHere`max`segmentEndingHere)
(((x`max`0)^+nonSegment)`max`(x^+segmentNotEndingHere))
xs'
answeredJan13'14at16:40
share|improvethisanswer
DavidEisenstat
21.2k51139
Ifiguredoutthewayfromthatbookjustbeforeyouranswer.thanks.Alsoithinkthisfunctionalwayisthebestthinkingandwillhelpimperativeway
aswell.Haveyoureadthatbook?JacksonTaleJan14'14at12:06
addacomment|
Takeallofthepositivenumbers.Iftheyformasegment,checkifyoucanaddinsomethingnotadjacenttoit.Alsocheckifyoucanpicksomethingoffinthe
middle.Alsocheckifyoucanpickoffanendandputinthenumbernexttoit.It'snottoohardtoprovethatoneoftheseleadstothebestnonsegment.
upvote0
down answeredJan10'14at0:33
vote
share|improvethisanswer
tmyklebu
9,60931141
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Thereare2possibilities:
Thereexistsatmost2nonnegativenumbers,and,inthecaseof2existing,they'reneighbouring.
Inthiscasewepickthelargestpairofnonneighbouringnumbers.Thiscanbedoneinlineartimebyfindingthelargestnumberandthesumofthat
withthelargestnonneighbouringnumber,andthenthesumofbothitsneighbouringnumbers.
Example:
Input:[5,10,6,2,1,2,10]
Thelargestnumberis1,sowesum1andthelargestnonneighbouringnumber(5),whichgives6.Thenwealsotry2and2,giving4.Sothe
largestnonsegmentsumis4.
Thereexistsatleasttwononneighbouringnonnegativenumbers.
Wepickallpositivenumbers.Ifthelargestnumberiszero(i.e.therearenopositivenumbers),pickallthezero'sinstead.
Ifallthepickednumbersareconsecutive,tryto:
Excludethesmallestonethat'snotononeoftheends.
Includethelargest(i.e.closestto0)nonpositivenumberthat'snotneighbouringtothepickednumbers(ifthereexistssucha0,thiswouldbe
thebestoption).
Inturn,trytoexcludethenumbersfromtheendsofthesequence,thenincludethenonpositivenumbernexttoit(dothisonlyifthereexistsa
numbernexttoit).
upvote0 Picktheoptionheregivingthelargestsum.
downvote
Clearlyallofthiscanhappeninlineartime.
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
Example:
Input:[5,1,5,7,9,11,1,10]
Sofirstwepickallpositivenumbers5,7,9,11,butthey'reconsecutive.
Sowetrytoexcludethesmallestnonendnumber(7),
givingussum(5,9,11)=25.
Thenwetrytoincludethelargestnonneighbouringnegativenumber(5),
givingussum(5,5,7,9,11)=27.
Thenwetrytoexcludetheleftedge(5)andincludethenumbernexttoit(1),
givingussum(1,7,9,11)=26.
Thenwetrytoexcludetherightedge(11)andincludethenumbernexttoit(1),
givingussum(1,5,7,9)=20.
Clearlythemaximumsumis27.
Notehowwecanmakeanyoftheconditionsthemaximumsumbyjustchangingavalue,thusalltheconditionsareneeded.
answeredJan10'14at0:40
editedJan10'14at1:00
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mergencoinswithminimumcosttocreateonesinglecoin
Fromhttp://www.geeksforgeeks.org/amazoninterviewset89/
Wehavengoldcoins.Weneedtoamalgamateallthencoinstocreateonesinglecoin,wecanmergetwocoinsatonce.Thecostof
mergingtwocoinsisequaltothevalueofthosecoins.Howdoweensurethatthecostofmergingncoinsinminimum.
Ex:5,8,4,3,9,6
Wewillmerge3and4,cost=7{Remainingcoins:5,8,9,6,7}
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Thenwemerge5and6,cost=11{Remainingcoins:11,8,9,7}
Thenwemerge7and8,cost=15{Remainingcoins:11,15,9}
Thenwemerge9and11,cost=20{Remainingcoins:20,15}
Thenwemerge20and15,cost=35{Remainingcoins:35}
Totalcost:7+11+15+20+35=88
Ifwehadmergedthecoinarray{5,8,4,3,9,6}indifferentfashion:
upvote9down
votefavorite Merging5and8,cost=13{Remainingcoins:13,4,3,9,6}
2 Merging13and4,cost=17{Remainingcoins:17,3,9,6}
Merging17and3,cost=20{Remainingcoins:20,9,6}
Merging20and9,cost=29{Remainingcoins:29,6}
Merging29and6,cost=35{Remainingcoins:35}
Totalcost:114
Aswecanseethatthecostislessinthefirstcase.howtogettheminimumcostofmergingallthencoins??
thisisjustanexample,numberofcoinsmayoftherange10^9
algorithm
editedJul7'14at13:41 askedJul1'14at17:51
share|improvethisquestion
ColonelPanic Guru
35.2k22153207 966
1 @FrdricHamidithisisjustanexample,coinsmayoftherange10^9GuruJul1'14at17:55
UnlessIseeacounterexampleI'dassumethatalwaysmergingthesmallestcoinsisbest.Becauseyoualwayshavetodothesamenumberof
5
mergers,andbythiswaythecostpermergershouldbelowest.Can'tprooveit,though.tobias_kJul1'14at17:56
@tobias_ktakeforexample3489asperyouralgorithmanswewrshouldbe7+15+24=46butanswershouldbe24GuruJul1'14at18:03
Howdoyouget24?24isthesumofthosecoins,butifyoucanmergeonlytwocoinsatonce,thatcan'tbe.OrmaybeImisunderstoodthe
2
question?tobias_kJul1'14at18:05
@tobias_ksorrymybadletmethinkoncemoreGuruJul1'14at18:09
|show4morecomments
2Answers
activeoldestvotes
I'venotgiventhisalotofthought,butoffthetopofmyhead,itseemsprettylikelythatagreedyapproachwillwork:sortthecoinsandalwaysmergethe
smallestonesfirst.Theintuitionbehindthisisthatyouwantto"merge"themostexpensivecoinasinfrequentlyaspossible.
Ifyouhaveonecoin,you'redone.Ifyouhavetwocoins,youhaveonlyonechoice.Considerthecasewiththreecoins:A<B<C.Wecanmergethesein
threeways:
A+B,(A+B)+C=>2A+2B+C
A+C,(A+C)+B=>2A+2C+B
B+C,(B+C)+A=>2B+2C+A
upvote7
Weseethatthefirstoption,mergingthesmallestcoins,isbest.SeeBill'sanswerforavaluableinsightontakingtheproofallthewayacommentI
down
contributediscopiedhere:
vote
accepted Youcanthinkofthecoins'valuesasbeingtokenfrequenciesusedinHuffmanencoding.Forveryfrequenttokens,youwantashortcodepath.IthinkBill's
pointingoutthatthe"merging"canbethoughtofassortofmovinguptheHuffmantree:thenumberoftimesacoingetsmergedisitsdistancefromtheroot.
Therefore,theproofofcorrectnessforHuffman'salgorithmshouldapplytothe(also)greedyalgorithmIdescribe,whichisbasicallyHuffman's,thoughnot
forencoding.
answeredJul1'14at18:03
editedJul1'14at18:40
share|improvethisanswer
Patrick87
10.7k1137
Don'tknowwhetherthiscountsasaproof,butitseemsplausibletome.+1tobias_kJul1'14at18:08
@Patrick87givemesometimetothinkacounterexampleGuruJul1'14at18:10
Sir,canwedoitinO(n)time?JerkyJul1'14at20:25
@AyushJainIthinkO(nlogn)isabetterguess.Youhavetosortthecoinsandkeeptheminsortedorder,maybeusingapriorityqueue.tobias_kJul1
1
'14at20:32
@AyushJainIfthecoinscanonlyassumearelativelysmallnumberofvaluesfromafiniteset,thenit'spossibletosortthembyvalueinO(n)usingany
1
ofthecommonlineartimesortingalgorithms.Thesewouldnotapplyifcoinscanassumeanynonnegativeintegervalue.Patrick87Jul1'14at20:59
addacomment|
LetC_sbetheoptimalcostofmergingS=[s_1,s_2,...,s_n].
ThenifPandQdifferentonlyinoneelement(i.e.p_i=q_i,exceptforexactlyonei),atindexj,andp_j<q_j.ThenwehavethatC_P<=C_Q.
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Basically,PandQdifferonlyinasinglecoinwithPhavingthesmallerone.ThenoptimalmergeforPwillhavelowercostthanoptimalmergeforQ.
up
vote Thisprovesthat@Patrick87'sgreedyalgorithmiscorrect.
1
down btw,thisisbasicallyaUnaryHuffmanencoding!
vote
editedJul1'14at18:52 answeredJul1'14at18:29
share|improvethisanswer
MichaelPaulukonis BillGates
5,42021950 111
Couldyoupleaseenlargeabitonthe"UnaryHuffmanencoding"part?CodorJul1'14at18:36
@CodorYoucanthinkofthecoins'valuesasbeingtokenfrequenciesusedinHuffmanencoding.Forveryfrequenttokens,youwantashortcodepath.I
thinkBill'spointingoutthatthe"merging"canbethoughtofassortofmovinguptheHuffmantree:thenumberoftimesacoingetsmergedisitsdistance
2
fromtheroot.Therefore,theproofofcorrectnessforHuffman'salgorithmshouldapplytothe(also)greedyalgorithmIdescribe,whichisbasically
Huffman's,thoughnotforencoding.Patrick87Jul1'14at18:39
@Patrick87SoundsinteresingIhavetogiveitsomemorethought.CodorJul1'14at18:40
@Patrick87yourcommentshouldbeanswer.aksamDec30'14at18:56
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mergingsortedarrays[duplicate]
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 104/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
PossibleDuplicates:
Mergingtwosortedlists
AlgorithmforNwaymerge
Givenksortedarrayseachoflengthn,constructasinglemergedandsortedarray.focusonrunningtimeandspacecomplexity.
upvote17downvotefavorite Source:Amazoninterviewquestion.
9 Anythoughts?thanks
algorithm
editedMar21'11at6:56 askedMar21'11at6:47
share|improvethisquestion
Aadith JoshMorrison
2,40382860 2,41284368
markedasduplicatebyNoelM,templatetypedef,marcog,codaddict,GravitonMar25'11at7:58
Thisquestionhasbeenaskedbeforeandalreadyhasananswer.Ifthoseanswersdonotfullyaddressyourquestion,pleaseaskanewquestion.
1 @NoelM:Notaduplicateofthat,thisoneisaboutmerging(possibly)morethantwosortedlists.NullSetMar21'11at7:12
Yeahyou'reright,sorry.IwasstillhalfasleepNoelMMar21'11at7:14
addacomment|
1Answer
activeoldestvotes
Makeaheapfromthefirstelementineacharray.Poptheheadelementfromtheheap,insertitintotheresultarray,andthentakethenextelementfromthe
arraytheheadoftheheapcamefrom,andinsertthatintotheheap.Repeatuntilyouconsumeallofthearrays.
upvote
21down answeredMar21'11at6:52
vote
accepted share|improvethisanswer editedMar21'11at7:00
NullSet
4,4141232
Isn'tthisextremelyinefficientsincetheconditionsdescribedintheOPdescribeamergesortthat'spartofthewaydone?Thinkaboutit.Youhavesome
3 numberofsortedarraysthatyou'regoingtomergeintoasortedarray.Youalreadyhavetheconditionsforamergesort.I'mnottryingtopickholesinyour
idea,it'sjustthatI'mjustdiggingdeeperintosortingalgorithmsandtryingtolearnasmuchasIcan.MichaelMcTiernanMar21'11at7:00
@MichaelThisbasicallyisamergesort.I'vejustextendedittomergingmorethantwosortedlists.Thepointoftheheapisthatitcanfindtheminimum
4
oftheupdatedsetofcandidatesinsublineartime,O(log(n)).Atleastthatwastheidea.NullSetMar21'11at7:05
@MichaelMcTiernan:No.Youmisunderstood.NullSetisnotproposingdumpingalltheinputarrayelementsontoaheapthatwouldindeedbevery
inefficient.WhatNullSetisproposingisbuildingaheapthatcontainsonlykelements:itincludesthefirst(minimal)elementfromeachsortedarray.Just
4
oneelementfromeacharray.Whenyouremovetheminimumelementfromtheheap(andsendittooutput),youaddthenextelementfromthesamearray
totheheapandrebuildtheheap.Thiswaythesizeoftheheapisalwaysonlyk.AnTMar21'11at7:15
Thisisbasicallythatschoolbookapproachtomergingtwosortedarrays,butextendedfromtwoarraystokarraysbyusingaheapforchoosingthe
1
minimumfromkelements.Inthisapproachthefactthatthesortingispartiallydoneisintensivelyusedbythisalgorithm.AnTMar21'11at7:19
notethatthissolutionisoptimal.assumeyoucoulddoitbetterthenO(nlogk(k))inthiscaseyouwouldbeabletospliteveryarrayintonsortedsub
4 arraysofsize1,andsortit,withabettercomplexitythenO(nlog(n)).sincesortingisprovenomega(n*logn),yougetacontradiction.amitMar22'11at
18:29
|show4morecomments
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PassingBinaryTreeonanetworkwithminimumspace
IrecentlycameacrossaninterviewquestionaskedbyAmazon:
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Givenabinarytreetobepassedthroughanetwork.Howtopassthistreeinminimumspace?
Ok,my2approachestoabovequestionare:
1. Wecanstoretheinorderoftreeinanarrayalongwithpreorder(orpostorderorlevelorder)inanotherarrayandthenpassthe2arraysintothe
network.Thisconsumesalotofspace.Sorejectingit,Icameupwithothersolution.
2. Wewillpasseachnodeofthetreelevelwisealongwithsomeinformationaboutit'sleftandrightchild.
Method2
AdditionalInformationalongwithnodes:
ifleftchild==NULL&&rightchild==NULLpass00alongwithnode
ifleftchild!=NULL&&rightchild==NULLpass10alongwithnode
ifleftchild==NULL&&rightchild!=NULLpass01alongwithnode
ifleftchild!=NULL&&rightchild!=NULLpass11alongwithnode
Letuslookatanexamplefor2ndmethod
upvote3 enterimagedescriptionhere
downvote
favorite
LevelWise
1. Passnode(2)and11
2. Passnode(7)and11
3. Passnode(5)and11
4. Passnode(2)and00
5. Passnode(6)and11
6. Passnode(9)and10
7. Passnode(5)and00
8. Passnode(11)and00
9. Passnode(4)and00
IfIamcorrect,theninthisway,youcandoreconstructionofthetreeontheothersideofthenetworkalsobycheckingtheadditionalinformationeasily
and(pardonmeifIamwrongthen)youareusinglessmemorybecauseyouareonlypassingnode'svalueandadditionalinformationatatimeinsteadof
passingthewholetree.
Ok,nowIhave2questions:
1. IsmyMethod2correctorarethereanyexceptionalcasesforthatwhichImayhavemissed.
2. Isthereanymoreefficientwayotherthanthe2describedtosendthetreeontothenetwork?
algorithmnetworkingdatastructurestreebinarytree
askedJul13'14at21:39
editedJul14'14at12:29
share|improvethisquestion
Jerky
973624
3 possibleduplicateofEfficientArrayStorageforBinaryTreeJasonMArcherJul14'14at2:28
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1Answer
activeoldestvotes
Thisismoreofakindofquestionyouarenotexpectedtocomeupwithanexactsolution.Alluneedistoreasonoutsoundly.
Abetterandefficientapproachforpassingthebinarytreetoanetworkwouldbetosenditspreordertraversalalone.Sinceumighthavereadthat
usingapreorertraversalalone(ifwehavetheentireinfoofatree)issufficenttocreateatree.Youcanpasstheentirebinarytreeviaasingle
preordertraversal.
Foreg.ifurtreeis
/\
23
Thenifuwanttosendthistreetoanetworkdoitspreordertraversalas
upvote 12##3##...storeitanarrayandsenditviapacketspreferablypacketswitching.
1down
vote whatIhavedoneisthatforeverynullleftorrightchild(i.eifitsleftorrightchildorbothisnotpresent),Ihaveputa'#'sentinel.Nowtheuseron
theothersideofthenetworkwoulddecodeiteasilyusingastackbasedapproachwhichumighthavelearntinyourbasicdatastructurecourse.
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ThesolutionugaveisalsocorrectandIdontthinkthereisanycornercaseforitbutitalsoisnotveryspaceefficient
1.First,whetherusendatreelevelbylevelorin2arraysasusaidabove,uwillbepassingthemaspacketsonanetworkandnotasentire
arrays(sosendingisnotabigconcernwhensizeofasinglepackethasalimit.Ucansenditviamultiplepackets).Butforgettingtheinfoabouta
nodeanditschildren,uwouldrequireadditonalspacetostoreuranswerwhichisanoverhead..
2.uwouldbedoingalevelordertraversalwhichonanaverageismorespaceconsumingthanastackbasedo(height)spaceappraoch.
BTW,useemtobepreparingforamazon.Allthebest.
answeredJul14'14at18:59
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printallnodesatadistanceof'x'fromagivennodeinBST
Thedetailedquestionistofindallthenodeswithdistancex(i.e.numberofedges=x)fromagivennode.
IwasaskedinanAmazonInterviewtoday,
voidfindNodeWithDistanceX(structnode*root,structnode*qnode,intvalue)
{
//rootisrootNode,qnodeisquestionnodefromwhichdistancetobecalculated,valueisthe
//distancetobecalculated
//findingdistancebetweenrootandqnode
intdistance=findDistancefromRoot(root,qnode);
if(distance>value)
{
traverseDistancedown(root,distancevalue);
}
if(distance==value){
printf("%d",root>value);
upvote1downvotefavorite }
//Traverseandfindallnodeswithdistancevaluefrom'qnode'downthetree
traverseDistancedown(qnode,value);
NowIncaseoffindingthedistance"value"fromqnode.
IdidnotgettheanswerhowtotraverseuptheTreeandsatisfytheconditionofdistancewithvalue.
Althoughmanycasesariseshere.
ItriedbacktrackingfromqnodebuttonoavailIwasunabletoimpresshimandunabletowritetheCode.
AnyDiscussionregardingimplementingthetraversalupthetreewillbehelpfultome.
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algorithmdatastructurestreebinarysearchtree
editedMar23'14at15:21 askedMar22'14at19:34
share|improvethisquestion
JimMischel Hitesh
77.6k566158 246
1 breadthfirstsearch?NiklasB.Mar22'14at19:57
1 Bytheway,pleaseformatyourcode...IhopethisisnottheversionyoupresentedintheinterviewNiklasB.Mar22'14at20:16
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2Answers
activeoldestvotes
Thesimplestwayiswithadepthfirstsearch,keepingtrackofthedistanceasyougoalong.It'sasimplepreordertraversalstartingatthe"questionnode".
voidnodesAtDistance(structnode*qnode,intrequestedDistance,intcurrentDistance)
{
if(qnode==null)return;
if(currentDistance==requestedDistance)
{
//outputqnode
//andthenreturnbecausechildrenarefurtheraway
return;
}
//visitleftandthenright
nodesAtDistance(qnode>left,requestedDistance,currentDistance+1);
nodesAtDistance(qnode>right,requestedDistance,currentDistance+1);
}
Soifyoucallthiswith:
upvote1
downvote nodesAtDistance(myNode,5,0);
Itwilloutputallnodesthatare5levelsbelowmyNode.
Now,ifIweretowritethisasanAPIfunction,Iwouldprovideanoverloadthatdoesn'trequiretheclienttopassthatcurrentDistanceparameter.Becauseif
somebodyweretowritenodesAtDistance(myNode,5,1),you'dgetthingsatdistance4.So,createthisoverload:
voidnodesAtDistance(node*qnode,intrequestedDistance)
{
nodesAtDistance(qnode,requestedDistance,0);
}
Makethatfunctionpubliclyvisible,andmaketheotheroneprivate.
answeredMar23'14at15:33
editedMar24'14at14:09
share|improvethisanswer
JimMischel
77.6k566158
addacomment|
trythiscode,althoughthiscodechecksonlyforchildrennodesanddoesnotgobacktocheckonancestorsnodesatgivendistance
#include<stdio.h>
#include<malloc.h>
structtreenode
{
unsignedintdata;
structtreenode*left;
structtreenode*right;
};
structtreenode*treeptr,*sourcenode,*quesnode,*quesleftnode,*quesrightnode,*root=NULL;
structnode*treeptrinsert_node(unsignedinttreedata)
{
treeptr=(structnode*)(malloc(sizeof(treenode)));
treeptr>data=nodevalue;
treeptr>left=NULL;
treeptr>right=NULL;
returntreeptr;
}
printnodesdistancek(structtreenode*quesnode,unsignedcharreqdist)
{
unsignedcharcurdist=0;
do
{
if(quesnode==null)
return;
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
quesleftnode=quesnode>left;
if(curdist==reqdist)
{
printf("%d",quesleftnode>data);
upvote0downvote }
else
{
quesnode=quesnode>left;
}
quesrightnode=quesnode>right;
if(curdist==reqdist)
{
printf("%d",quesrightnode>data);
}
else
{
quesnode=quesnode>right;
}
}while(quesnode!=NULL);
//mainfunction
voidmain(void)
{
//createtree
*root=insert_node(1);
root>left=insert_node(1);
root>right=insert_node(2);
root>left>left=insert_node(2);
root>left>right=insert_node(3);
root>right>left=insert_node(3);
root>right>right=insert_node(4);
sourcenode=root>left;
printnodesdistancek(sourcenode,1);
answeredApr20'14at10:56
editedApr20'14at18:26
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RearrangingarraywithO(1)extramemoryinfasterthanO(n^2)time
SupposeIhavethefollowingarray:
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1,4,5,2,3
Ineedtorearrangeitto
5,1,4,2,3
Thereisonlyonextraspaceoneint.
Ifiguredonesolutiontosolveit.ButitisO(n^2)complexity.
Cananyoneofferafastersolution?
Thanks
Edited:sorry,notrotatingarray.
upvote3down Ineedtochangeoriginalarraytoresultarray.Theordercanbearbitrary.IjustneedtomakeA>B.Bisbeentoldtome.
votefavorite
thanks
Edited2"
Makeitclearer.ArrayBisnotfixed.Weneedtofindageneralsolutionforthis.
Updated:
Thankyouall.Seemslikethisisabrainteaserquestion.haha:D
MyfriendbeenaskedbyAmazoninterviewerforthis.LOL
algorithm
askedApr3'12at23:02
editedApr4'12at0:25
share|improvethisquestion
AndersLind
1,0211838
Whatisthetransformationthere?It'snotanykindofsortingthatIcansee.Howdoyougetfromtheoriginaltotheoutput?(Iunderstandthe
1
spaceremoval,justtheorderingIdon't.)CorbinApr3'12at23:04
Areyourotatingthearray?ShahbazApr3'12at23:05
Asmyunderstanding,needtoachievecertainaddrstorecertainvaluebasedonrequirement.AndersLindApr3'12at23:06
Ithinkyoucan'tgetbetterthanO(n^2)SaeedAmiriApr3'12at23:17
2 IfBisknown,thenthere'snoworkinvolved,soofcoursethisisO(1).OliverCharlesworthApr3'12at23:38
|show2morecomments
4Answers
activeoldestvotes
ThissolutionworksusingO(1)space.
>>>defarrayswap(source,dest):
...foriinrange(len(dest)):
...source[source.index(dest[i])],source[i]=source[i],source[source.index(dest[i])]
...
>>>a=[1,4,5,2,3]
>>>b=[5,1,4,2,3]
>>>arrayswap(a,b)
upvote1downvote >>>a
accepted [5,1,4,2,3]
Withoutusingpython'stuplepacking,thevalueofoneofsource[i]orsource[source.index(dest[i])]couldbestoredinanint.
answeredApr3'12at23:48
share|improvethisanswer
fwenom
745
1 bysource.index(dest[i])youmeanalinearsearch?ThatwouldgiveO(n^2)performanceShahbazApr3'12at23:50
Ah,Ididn'treadthefullproblem.JustreadthepartaboutO(1)space.Well,atleastitisaworkingsolutionforotherstoseeandimprove.Too
badIcan'tjustdoa,b=b,afwenomApr3'12at23:51
addacomment|
Itseemstomethatthisisjustaspecialcaseofsortingthearray,wherethesortorderisratherarbitrary.So,anoptimalalgotithmwouldhavetimecomplexity
O(nlogn),andusingonethatdoesinplacesorting(attheexpenseofnotbeingastablesort)wouldhavespacecomplexityO(1).Aninplacemergesortwould
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upvote fitthebill,aswouldaninplacequicksortifaverageO(nlogn)isOK.
2down
vote answeredApr3'12at23:21
share|improvethisanswer
MPD
2,54721837
1 Indeed,O(1)spaceletsyouperformaswap(a,b)operation.ninjageckoApr3'12at23:32
@ninjageckoyoucanevenswap(a,b)withO(0)spaceShahbazApr3'12at23:44
1 @ninjagecko,readuponthexorswapMPDApr3'12at23:48
@Esailija,0isO(0)becausethereexistsac>0(say1)where0<c*0forallinputsizesn>0.Notethatwearetalkingaboutmemory,nottime.
1
ShahbazApr3'12at23:59
@ninjagecko,that'snotentirelytrue.Evenifa+boverflows,theunderflowfromabfixesit.Afterall,additionandsubtractionarecongruentmodulo2^32
1 (if32bit)andintheendthenumberswouldberight.Still,that'sanotherreasonforpeopletochoosexortootheroperators.(P.S.BugFix:inmyfirst
comment,a$b=b$a(samewith#)doesn'tneedtohold)ShahbazApr4'12at8:39
|show10morecomments
Itseemslikeyouarejustmovingthefirstthreeelementstotheleft(withawraparound).
So,ignoretheindex3and4.
inttemp=array[0]
array[0]=array[1]
upvote0downvote array[1]=array[2]
array[2]=temp
answeredApr3'12at23:21
share|improvethisanswer
Justin
2,81821131
addacomment|
Youcanjustdo:
temp=arr[0];
arr[0]=arr[2];
arr[2]=arr[4];
arr[4]=arr[1];
arr[1]=arr[3];
arr[3]=temp;
Edit:
Torearrangearrayatobeasarrayb,youcanjustdolikethis:
for(vari=0;i<a.length;i++){
for(varj=i+1;a[i]!=b[i];j++){
vartemp=a[i];
upvote1 a[i]=a[j];
downvote a[j]=temp;
}
Demo:http://jsfiddle.net/Guffa/5sKdM/
I'mnotsurewhatthebigOisonthisone,butwiththeexampledataitdoes7comparisonsand2swaps,sothatisdefinitelybetterthanO(n2).
Also,I'mnotsureexactlywhatcountsasan"extraspace",soIdon'tknowifthisfulfillstherequirementoftheoneextraspace,butifitdoesn't,neitherdoes
thecurrentlyacceptedanswer...
answeredApr3'12at23:07
editedApr4'12at6:24
share|improvethisanswer
Guffa
372k47322612
4 Ifthisisindeedtheintendedanswer,thatwouldmakeitthesilliestinterviewquestionIheardtodate:):):)dasblinkenlightApr3'12at23:10
sorry,clarifiedmyquestion.notrotatingarrayAndersLindApr3'12at23:10
ThisisaspecialcaseofthecoderequiredtoimplementthePostScriptrollcommand,whichtakestwoargumentsthenumberofelementsfromthe
1
topofthestacktoroll,andthenumberofpositionsforward(back)torollthem.DRVicApr3'12at23:10
@AndersLind:Updatedmyanswerreflectingyourupdate.:)GuffaApr4'12at6:07
addacomment|
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Reversealternateelementsandappendtoendofthelist
Givenalinkedlistasa>x>b>y>c>z,weneedtoreversealternateelementandappendtoendoflist.Thatis,outputitasa>b>c>z>y>x.
IhaveanO(n)solutionbutittakesextramemory,wetake2listsandfillitwithalternateelementsrespectively,sothetwolistsareabcandxyzand
thenwewillreversethesecondlistandappendittothetailoffirstsothatitbecomesabczyx.
upvote1down Myquestioniscanwedoitinplace?Oristhereanyotheralgorithmforthesame?
votefavorite
algorithmpointerslanguageagnosticlinkedlist
askedFeb7'14at8:11
share|improvethisquestion
h4ck3d
1,66331744
addacomment|
4Answers
activeoldestvotes
Thebasicidea:
Storex.
Makeapointtob.
Makeypointtothestoredelement(x).
Makebpointtoc.
etc.
Attheend,makethelastelementatanoddpositionpointtothestoredelement.
Pseudocode:(simplifiedendoflistcheckforreadability)
current=startOfList
stored=NULL
while!endOfList
upvote3downvoteaccepted temp=current.next
current.next=current.next.next
temp.next=stored
stored=temp
current=current.next
current.next=stored
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Complexity:
O(n)time,O(1)space.
answeredFeb7'14at8:22
editedFeb7'14at11:24
share|improvethisanswer
Dukeling
33.2k83169
addacomment|
Thisisarecentquestionfromamazoninterview,theIdealooksgoodandthereseemstobenotrickinit.
answeredFeb9'14at18:48
upvote0downvote
share|improvethisanswer
SetuPoddar
318
addacomment|
Javacodewithcomments:
staticvoidchange(Noden)
{
if(n==null)
return;
Nodecurrent=n;
Nodenext=null,prev=null;
while(current!=null&¤t.next!=null)
{
//Oneofthealternatenodewhichistobereversed.
Nodetemp=current.next;
current.next=temp.next;
//Reversethealternatenodebychangingitsnextpointer.
temp.next=next;
upvote0downvote next=temp;
//Thisnodewillbeusedinthefinalstep
//outsidethelooptoattachreversednodes.
prev=current;
current=current.next;
}
//Ifthereareoddnumberofnodesinthelinkedlist.
if(current!=null)
prev=current;
//Attachthereversedlisttotheunreversedlist.
prev.next=next;
answeredFeb11'14at17:12
share|improvethisanswer
ShirishMishra
615
addacomment|
heretheccodewhichdon'tusesanyextraspacefordoingthis..enjoyandhavefunincaseofanydoubtfeelfreetoask
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
intn;
structlink
{
intval;
structlink*next;
};
voidshow(structlink*);
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voidaddatbeg(structlink**p,intnum)
{
structlink*temp,*help;
help=*p;
temp=(structlink*)malloc(sizeof(structlink));
temp>val=num;
temp>next=NULL;
if(help==NULL)
{
*p=temp;
}
else
{
temp>next=help;
*p=temp;
}
n++;
show(*p);
}
voidrevapp(structlink**p)
{
structlink*temp,*help,*q,*r;
r=NULL;
temp=*p;
help=*p;
while(temp>next!=NULL)
{
temp=temp>next;
q=r;//thisportionwillrevrsetheevenpositionnumbers
r=temp;
temp=temp>next;
//formakingaconnectionbetweenoddplacenumbers
if(help>next>next!=NULL)
{
help>next=temp;
help=help>next;
r>next=q;
upvote0downvote }
else
{
r>next=q;
help>next=r;
show(*p);
return;
}
}
voidshow(structlink*q)
{
structlink*temp=q;
printf("\t");
while(q!=NULL)
{
printf("%d>",q>val);
q=q>next;
if(q==temp)
{
printf("NULL\n");
return;
}
}
printf("NULL\n");
}
intmain()
{
n=0;
structlink*p;
p=NULL;
//youcantakeuserdefinedinputbuthereiamsolvingitonpredefinedlist
addatbeg(&p,8);
addatbeg(&p,7);
addatbeg(&p,6);
addatbeg(&p,5);
addatbeg(&p,4);
addatbeg(&p,3);
addatbeg(&p,2);
addatbeg(&p,1);
revapp(&p);
return0;
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}`
answeredSep30'14at9:38
share|improvethisanswer
abhishekkumarsrivastava
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Smallestnumberthatcannotbeformedfromsumofnumbersfromarray
ThisproblemwasaskedtomeinAmazoninterview
Givenaarrayofpositiveintegers,youhavetofindthesmallestpositiveintegerthatcannotbeformedfromthesumofnumbersfromarray.
Example:
Array:[413231]
result=11{Since11wassmallestpositivenumberwhichcannotbeformedfromthegivenarrayelements}
Whatididwas:
upvote13down
1. sortedthearray
votefavorite
2. calculatedtheprefixsum
8
3. Treversethesumarrayandcheckifnextelementislessthan1greaterthansumi.e.A[j]<=(sum+1).Ifnotsothenanswerwouldbesum+1
Butthiswasnlog(n)solution.
InterviewerwasnotsatisfiedwiththisandaskedasolutioninlessthanO(nlogn)time.
algorithmdatastructuresdynamicprogrammingsubsetsum
editedJan12'14at21:59 askedJan12'14at17:19
share|improvethisquestion
templatetypedef user3187810
157k35389625 6816
AreyousayingthattheintervieweraskedforaO(logn)solution?That'sobviouslynotpossiblebecauseyouhavetolookateacharrayvalue
1
once,whichwouldtakeatleastO(n).interjayJan12'14at17:23
Probablyneedtobemorespecifichere:Smallestintegergreaterthanzerowhichcannotbecreatedbysumminganycombinationofthe
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3 elementsofthearray,perhaps?DavidOJan12'14at17:24
1 Arethearrayelementsallpositiveintegers?Cantherebeduplicates?interjayJan12'14at17:29
1 Doestheproblem'sspecguaranteeamaximumpossibleintegervaluesubstantiallylessthanINT_MAX?DavidOJan12'14at17:35
Isn'tthiscoincidentlyverysimilartothisquestionthatwasaskedyesterday?stackoverflow.com/questions/21060873/user1990169Jan
2
12'14at17:41
|show14morecomments
3Answers
activeoldestvotes
Considerallintegersininterval[2i..2i+11].Andsupposeallintegersbelow2icanbeformedfromsumofnumbersfromgivenarray.Alsosupposethatwe
alreadyknowC,whichissumofallnumbersbelow2i.IfC>=2i+11,everynumberinthisintervalmayberepresentedassumofgivennumbers.Otherwise
wecouldcheckifinterval[2i..C+1]containsanynumberfromgivenarray.Andifthereisnosuchnumber,C+1iswhatwesearchedfor.
Hereisasketchofanalgorithm:
1. Foreachinputnumber,determinetowhichintervalitbelongs,andupdatecorrespondingsum:S[int_log(x)]+=x.
2. ComputeprefixsumforarrayS:foreachi:C[i]=C[i1]+S[i].
3. FilterarrayCtokeeponlyentrieswithvalueslowerthannextpowerof2.
4. Scaninputarrayoncemoreandnoticewhichoftheintervals[2i..C+1]containatleastoneinputnumber:i=int_log(x)1;B[i]|=(x<=C[i]+
1).
5. Findfirstintervalthatisnotfilteredoutonstep#3andcorrespondingelementofB[]notsetonstep#4.
Ifitisnotobviouswhywecanapplystep3,hereistheproof.Chooseanynumberbetween2iandC,thensequentiallysubtractfromitallthenumbersbelow2i
indecreasingorder.Eventuallywegeteithersomenumberlessthanthelastsubtractednumberorzero.Iftheresultiszero,justaddtogetherallthesubtracted
numbersandwehavetherepresentationofchosennumber.Iftheresultisnonzeroandlessthanthelastsubtractednumber,thisresultisalsolessthan2i,soit
is"representable"andnoneofthesubtractednumbersareusedforitsrepresentation.Whenweaddthesesubtractednumbersback,wehavetherepresentation
ofchosennumber.Thisalsosuggeststhatinsteadoffilteringintervalsonebyonewecouldskipseveralintervalsatoncebyjumpingdirectlytoint_logofC.
Timecomplexityisdeterminedbyfunctionint_log(),whichisintegerlogarithmorindexofthehighestsetbitinthenumber.Ifourinstructionsetcontains
integerlogarithmoranyitsequivalent(countleadingzeros,ortrickswithfloatingpointnumbers),thencomplexityisO(n).Otherwisewecouldusesomebit
hackingtoimplementint_log()inO(loglogU)andobtainO(n*loglogU)timecomplexity.(HereUislargestnumberinthearray).
upvote
4down Ifstep1(inadditiontoupdatingthesum)willalsoupdateminimumvalueingivenrange,step4isnotneededanymore.WecouldjustcompareC[i]to
vote Min[i+1].Thismeansweneedonlysinglepassoverinputarray.Orwecouldapplythisalgorithmnottoarraybuttoastreamofnumbers.
accepted
Severalexamples:
Input:[413231][1239][1129]
int_log:2311001130013
int_log:012301230123
S:1541315092209
C:1610231661524413
filtered(C):nnnnnnnnnnnn
numberin
[2^i..C+1]:2422
C+1:1175
FormultiprecisioninputnumbersthisapproachneedsO(n*logM)timeandO(logM)space.WhereMislargestnumberinthearray.Thesametimeis
neededjusttoreadallthenumbers(andintheworstcaseweneedeverybitofthem).
StillthisresultmaybeimprovedtoO(n*logR)whereRisthevaluefoundbythisalgorithm(actually,theoutputsensitivevariantofit).Theonly
modificationneededforthisoptimizationisinsteadofprocessingwholenumbersatonce,processthemdigitbydigit:firstpassprocessestheloworderbitsof
eachnumber(likebits0..63),secondpassnextbits(like64..127),etc.Wecouldignoreallhigherorderbitsafterresultisfound.Alsothisdecreasesspace
requirementstoO(K)numbers,whereKisnumberofbitsinmachineword.
answeredJan12'14at20:24
editedJan12at17:54
share|improvethisanswer
EvgenyKluev
17.6k62654
Canyoupleaseexplainhowthisworksfor{1239}and{1129}user3187810Jan13'14at7:02
OK.Severalexamplesadded.EvgenyKluevJan13'14at7:37
@EvgenyKluevI'mlookingatyourexamplesIcan'tfigureouthowyour"S:"lineisbeingcalculated.Inyourdescriptionyoumentionprefixsum,butthat
iscertainlynotprefixsum.JonathanMeeJan9at15:21
@JonathanMee:actually,"C"isprefixsum,not"S"."S[i]"issumofvaluesfrominputarrayhavingintegerlogarithmequalto"i".And"C[i]"issumof
valueshavingintegerlogarithmlessorequalto"i".EvgenyKluevJan9at16:10
@EvgenyKluevThanksfortheexplanationInowunderstandCandS.ButI'mstuckagainonStep3.Idon'tunderstandwhatyoumeanby"nextpowerof
2".JonathanMeeJan9at16:28
|show9morecomments
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There'sabeautifulalgorithmforsolvingthisproblemintimeO(n+Sort),whereSortistheamountoftimerequiredtosorttheinputarray.
Theideabehindthealgorithmistosortthearrayandthenaskthefollowingquestion:whatisthesmallestpositiveintegeryoucannotmakeusingthefirstk
elementsofthearray?Youthenscanforwardthroughthearrayfromlefttoright,updatingyouranswertothisquestion,untilyoufindthesmallestnumberyou
can'tmake.
Here'showitworks.Initially,thesmallestnumberyoucan'tmakeis1.Then,goingfromlefttoright,dothefollowing:
Ifthecurrentnumberisbiggerthanthesmallestnumberyoucan'tmakesofar,thenyouknowthesmallestnumberyoucan'tmakeit'stheoneyou'vegot
recorded,andyou'redone.
Otherwise,thecurrentnumberissmallerthanthesmallestnumberyoucan'tmake.Theclaimisthatyoucanindeedmakethisnumber.Rightnow,you
knowthesmallestnumberyoucan'tmakewiththefirstkelementsofthearray(callitcandidate)andarenowlookingatvalueA[k].Thenumbercandidate
A[k]thereforemustbesomenumberthatyoucanindeedmakewiththefirstkelementsofthearray,sinceotherwisecandidateA[k]wouldbeasmaller
numberthanthesmallestnumberyouallegedlycan'tmakewiththefirstknumbersinthearray.Moreover,youcanmakeanynumberintherangecandidate
tocandidate+A[k],inclusive,becauseyoucanstartwithanynumberintherangefrom1toA[k],inclusive,andthenaddcandidate1toit.Therefore,
setcandidatetocandidate+A[k]andincrementk.
Inpseudocode:
Sort(A)
candidate=1
forifrom1tolength(A):
ifA[i]>candidate:returncandidate
else:candidate=candidate+A[i]
up returncandidate
vote
22 Here'satestrunon[4,13,2,1,3].Sortthearraytoget[1,2,3,4,13].Then,setcandidateto1.Wethendothefollowing:
down
vote A[1]=1,candidate=1:
A[1]candidate,sosetcandidate=candidate+A[1]=2
A[2]=2,candidate=2:
A[2]candidate,sosetcandidate=candidate+A[2]=4
A[3]=3,candidate=4:
A[3]candidate,sosetcandidate=candidate+A[3]=7
A[4]=4,candidate=7:
A[4]candidate,sosetcandidate=candidate+A[4]=11
A[5]=13,candidate=11:
A[4]>candidate,soreturncandidate(11).
Sotheansweris11.
TheruntimehereisO(n+Sort)becauseoutsideofsorting,theruntimeisO(n).YoucanclearlysortinO(nlogn)timeusingheapsort,andifyouknowsome
upperboundonthenumbersyoucansortintimeO(nlogU)(whereUisthemaximumpossiblenumber)byusingradixsort.IfUisafixedconstant,(say,109),
thenradixsortrunsintimeO(n)andthisentirealgorithmthenrunsintimeO(n)aswell.
Hopethishelps!
answeredJan12'14at17:52
editedJan12'14at18:10
share|improvethisanswer
templatetypedef
157k35389625
Itshouldbecandidate=candidate+A[i]intheelse,withoutthe1.ThisisexactlythesamealgorithmasgivenbyOP,buttheexplanationisveryhelpful.
1
interjayJan12'14at18:00
thisgoestonlognsolution..iknewedthisonebutcouldyouprovideanythingbetterthanthisone?user3187810Jan12'14at18:00
@user3187810ThissolutionisprettyfastitrunsinnoworsethanO(nlogn)timeandpossiblyalotbetterifyoucansorttheintegersusingsomethinglike
1
radixsort.templatetypedefJan12'14at18:02
@interjay:Iupdatedtheanswer.Ididn'trealizewhenIwaswritingthisthatitendedupbeingidenticaltotheOP'sanswer.NowthatIrealizethis,Ithinkthe
1 answerisstillusefulinthatitprovidesajustificationfortheanswerandalsoshowshowtospeeditup(namely,improvingthesortingstep).Ifyouthinkthis
isn'tnecessary,though,Icandeletethisanswer.templatetypedefJan12'14at18:04
@user3187810Iftheintegershavesomefixedupperbound(say,10^9),youcansortthemintimeO(n)byusingcountingsortorradixsort.Thatwouldthen
3
dropthetotalruntimetoO(n).templatetypedefJan12'14at18:10
|show3morecomments
Usebitvectorstoaccomplishthisinlineartime.
Startwithanemptybitvectorb.Thenforeachelementkinyourarray,dothis:
b=b|b>>k|k
Tobeclear,thei'thelementissetto1torepresentthenumberi,and|kissettingthekthelementto1.
Afteryoufinishprocessingthearray,thefirstzeroinbisyouranswer.
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
E.g.,(hereIstartwithanindex1fromtheleftsideofthebitvector)
upvote
5down 1. b=0
vote 2. process4:b=b|b>>4|0001=0001
3. process13:b=b|b>>13|0000000000001=00010000000010001
4. process2:b=b|b>>2|01=0101010000001010101
5. process3:b=b|b>>3|001=0111111010001011111101
6. process1:b=b|b>>1|1=11111111110011111111111
Firstzero:position11.
editedApr20at12:25 answeredJan12'14at20:50
share|improvethisanswer
aka.nice DaveGalvin
3,6371923 955410
2 NotethatthisislineartimeIFthebitvectoroperationsareconstanttime,whichtheymightnotbe.DaveGalvinJan12'14at21:34
Tothebestofmyknowledge,therearen'tanycomputersthatsupportbitwiseoperationsonarbitrarywidthnumbersinconstanttime.Thisisdefinitelya
coolidea,butIdon'tthinkit'sreallyO(n).templatetypedefJan12'14at21:58
@templatetypedef:Fairpoint.OPansweredincommentsthattheintegerswereguaranteedtobeintherangeof[1,10^9],soasufficientlylargebitvectorto
occupythatentirespacecouldbereservedinconstanttimeatthestart.Evenwithoutthatallowance,doublingreservedsizeeverytimeallocatedspacewas
exceededshouldconstrainyoutoO(lgn)allocations.ConspicuousCompilerJan15'14at8:54
@DaveGalvinIs>>ashift?Causethat'sashiftrightnotashiftleft.Evenifitisashiftleft,Imustnotbeunderstandingsomething,causeinyourstep3:
1
1|8192|1doesnotequal8209.JonathanMeeJan9at14:59
@JonathanMeeassaidinanswer,index1isatleft...Ifyouwanttoconvertthatwithlowbitatrightlikewithintegerarithmetic(andyouhavelarge
integers),itissomethinglikeSmalltalkcode:(#(413231)inject:0into:[:b:k|bbitOr:(b<<kbitOr:(1<<(k1)))])bitInvertlowBit11aka.niceApr
20at10:07
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Solutiontofindingpositionof1insortedarrayof0and1
IgotacallfromAmazontoattendoneoftheirinterviewandgivenatesttowritemostefficientsolutiontothebelowproblem.
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Tofindsmallestpositionof1insortedarrayof0and1.e.g.inarray0000001111outputshouldbe6.
Itriedbinary_searchonthisbutthatdoesnotutilizepropertythatarrayhasonly0and1.Canyougivemesomebettersolution.
upvote0downvote ThanksNirajRathi
favorite
arraysalgorithm
askedSep16'13at7:02
editedSep16'13at8:26
share|improvethisquestion
anonymous
620515
1 Anyspecificprogramminglanguage?user1907906Sep16'13at7:03
Whyistheoutput1for0000001111?Where'stheposition1inthis"array"?Countingfrom0fromtheleft,thesmallestpositionis6.Where
4
did1comefrom?AnTSep16'13at7:05
1 Canyouexplainwhatyoumeanbysmallestposition?Tomeitseemsthatthesmallestpositionis6Smac89Sep16'13at7:05
Ifyou'recountingfromtherightandit'ssorted,theanswerwillalwaysbeeither1oranotfounderrorofsomesort.pandubearSep16'13
1
at7:08
3 Iamfairlycertainthatbinarysearchistheoptimalsolution.MarcClaesenSep16'13at8:37
|show5morecomments
2Answers
activeoldestvotes
Youcouldusethefactthatthevaluesare0and1towriteastandardbinarysearchinamorecompactway:
intfirstOne(int[]arr){
int[]a=newint[2];
a[0]=0;
a[1]=arr.length;
while(a[1]a[0]>1){
intm=(a[1]+a[0])/2;
a[arr[m]]=m;
}
upvote5down
voteaccepted returna[1];
}
Becauseoftheuseofthearraya,wehavetheinvariantthatarr[a[0]]=0andarr[a[1]]=1.Iftheloopends,a[0]anda[1]pointtotwoconsecutive
arrayelements,soa[1]isthefirst1.NotethatIignoredspecialcases(all0,all1,oranemptyinput).
answeredSep16'13at9:56
share|improvethisanswer
VincentvanderWeele
8,47611340
addacomment|
sameasbinarytrythis..
while
{
ifarray[array.length/2]==1
{
ifarray[array.length/21]==0
return
array=1sthalfofarray
}
up else
{
vote2 ifarray[array.length/2+1]==0
down return
vote array=2ndhalfofarray
}
}
ItmightbeyoulookingforIfthereisanyideabetterthanthisiamreallyintrestedtolearn
answeredSep16'13at7:11
share|improvethisanswer
AntoVinish
40028
ItriedthesimilarapproachbutwhatkeptmethinkingisthatIamnotatallusingpropertyofarraythatitissortedbinaryarray.Ithinksinceitisarray,so
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elementswillbeatconsecutivelocation.SothinkofitatmemoryareapartofwhichiscompletelyzeroandotherhalfhasLSBsetto1.Somaybewecan
usethistocomeupwithefficientsolution.memcmpisnotthatefficientasitisdoneoutsideprocessorcache.anonymousSep16'13at8:32
@NIRAJRATHIIdon'tthinkbinarycanbeimprovedhere.ThearrayisoftheformAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBandyouneedtofindtheborder
betweenAandB,whichcanbeanywhereinthearray.Binaryreallycan'tbeimprovedherebecausethereisnoextrainformationtohelpyoufindthat
borderinafasterway.DanielDaranasSep16'13at8:35
zerodoesn'tmeannomemoryforthat...both1and0takessamesizeinmemoryAntoVinishSep16'13at9:11
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Createnumbersequenceoflengthxwithonlydifferenceof1bitinsuccessive
numbers
WasaskedthisAmazonTelephonicInterviewRound1
SoforLength=1
01(01)
Length=2
00011110(0,1,3,2)
upvote0downvotefavorite
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1 andsoon
writefunctionforlengthxthatreturnsnumbersindigit(base10)form
amazonbitmanipulationnumbersequence
askedMay20'14at14:21
editedMay20'14at14:29
share|improvethisquestion
rishabhmonga
63
addacomment|
2Answers
activeoldestvotes
That'scalledgraycode,thereareseveraldifferentkinds,someofwhichareeasiertoconstructthanothers.Thewikipediaarticleshowsavery
simplewaytoconvertfrombinarytograycode:
unsignedintbinaryToGray(unsignedintnum)
{
return(num>>1)^num;
}
upvote3downvote
accepted Usingthat,youonlyhavetoiterateoverallnumbersofacertainsize,putthemthroughthatfunction,andprintthemhoweveryouwant.
answeredMay20'14at15:14
share|improvethisanswer
harold
21k22765
addacomment|
Thisisonewaytodoit:
intnval=(int)Math.Pow(2,n);
intdivisor=nval/2;
for(inti=0;i<nval;i++)
{
intnb=(int)(i%divisor);
if(nb==2)Console.WriteLine(i+1);
upvote0downvote elseif(nb==3)Console.WriteLine(i1);
elseConsole.WriteLine(i);
}
answeredMay20'14at14:55
editedMay20'14at15:08
share|improvethisanswer
mrida
5611410
addacomment|
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AmazonInterviewaboutSuccessprobability[duplicate]
PossibleDuplicate:
Failurerateofasystem
Ifasystemhasa10%independentchanceoffailinginanygivenhour,whatarethechancesofitfailinginagiven2hourperiodornhoursperiod?Note:
10%failureprobabilityin1hourhasnothingtodowith10%ofthetime.It'sjustthatasystemhasa10%independentchanceoffailinginanygiven
upvote1 hour
downvote
favorite probability
askedDec1'12at6:09
editedDec3'12at21:38
share|improvethisquestion
sammy123
13
markedasduplicatebyMattBall,MichaelPetrotta,DonalFellows,evilone,AtanasKorchevDec1'12at
8:37
Thisquestionhasbeenaskedbeforeandalreadyhasananswer.Ifthoseanswersdonotfullyaddressyourquestion,pleaseaskanewquestion.
1 Thisquestionisprobablyabetterfitformath.stackexchange.comcegfaultDec1'12at6:12
sorryaboutthat..!!sammy123Dec1'12at6:15
1 Thismighthelpstackoverflow.com/a/6819375/1791606QoopDec1'12at6:17
@QoopYa,Icheckedthatbutinthatquestion,failingprobabilityis10%ofthetimebutinthisquestion,failingprobabilityof10%isnot10%of
thetime,it'sjustrelatedtothesystem.IhopeyouunderstandwhatImean.Thanksforyourhelp.Iappreciatethat.sammy123Dec1'12at6:22
addacomment|
1Answer
activeoldestvotes
LetPfailbetheprobabilitythatthesystemfailsinanygivenhour.
ThenPnofail,theprobabilitythatthesystemdoesnotfailinanygivenhour,is1Pfail.
Thechanceofitnotfailingin2hoursis(Pnofail)2,sinceitmustindependentlynotfailineachofthosehours,andthejointprobabilityoftwo
independenteventsistheproductoftheprobabilityofeachevent(thatis,P(AB)=P(A)*P(B)).
Moregenerally,then,thechanceofitnotfailinginnhoursis(Pnofail)n.
upvote3 Thechanceofitfailinginnhoursis1(chanceofnotfailinginnhours).
downvote
Youshouldbeabletoworkitoutfromthere.
answeredDec1'12at6:19
editedDec1'12at6:39
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MattBall
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AMAZONInterviewQuestion
GivenanNarraysofsizeKeach..eachoftheseKelementsintheNarraysaresorted,eachoftheseN*Kelementsareunique.Chooseasingleelement
fromeachoftheNarrays,fromthechosensubsetofNelements.Subtracttheminimumandmaximumelement.Now,thisdifferenceshouldbeleast
possibleMinimum..Hopetheproblemisclear:):)
Sample:
N=3,K=3
upvote18 N=1:6,16,67
downvote N=2:11,17,68
N=3:10,15,100
favorite
24
hereif16,17,15arechosen..wegettheminimumdifferenceas1715=2.
amazon
editedMay23'11at8:05 askedMay23'11at7:48
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share|improvethisquestion
SachinShanbhag ManjunathManoharan
25.2k54579 1,92431330
2 whathaveyoutriedsofar?ManojRMay23'11at8:05
thisisactuallyprettydifficultquestionforaninterview,especiallyifitwasa30or45minonsiteorphoneinterview.goodforAMAZON:)
zviadmMay25'11at18:02
6 Youactuallydon'taskaquestion...I'msurprisedeveryonejustassumedyouwantedbigOnotation.RussellAsherSep4'12at23:15
What'sthequestion?Howtopicktherightnumberswhichhavearequireconstraint(i.e.theirdifferencebetheminimumpossible?)Lorenzo
1
DemattFeb28'13at15:58
1 After3years,Istilldon'tgetthequestionMatiCiceroOct28'14at12:41
addacomment|
7Answers
activeoldestvotes
IcanthinkofO(N*K*N)(editedaftercorrectlypointedoutbyzivo,notagoodsolutionnow:()solution.
1.TakeNpointerinitiallypointingtoinitialelementeachofNarrays.
6,16,67
^
11,17,68
^
10,15,100
^
2.FindoutthehighestandlowestelementamongthecurrentpointerO(k)(6and11)andfindthedifferencebetweenthem.(5)
3.Incrementthepointerwhichispointingtolowestelementby1inthatarray.
6,16,67
^
11,17,68
^
10,15,100(difference:5)
^
4.Keeprepeatingstep2and3andstoretheminimumdifference.
6,16,67
^
11,17,68
^
10,15,100(difference:5)
^
6,16,67
^
11,17,68
^
10,15,100(difference:2)
^
Abovewillbetherequiredsolution.
6,16,67
^
upvote9 11,17,68
downvote ^
accepted 10,15,100(difference:84)
^
6,16,67
^
11,17,68
^
10,15,100(difference:83)
^
Andsoon......
EDIT:
Itscomplexitycanbereducedbyusingaheap(assuggestedbyUri).Ithoughtofitbutfacedaproblem:Eachtimeanelementisextractedfromheap,its
arraynumberhastobefoundoutinordertoincrementthecorrespondingpointerforthatarray.Anefficientwaytofindarraynumbercandefinitely
reducethecomplexitytoO(K*Nlog(K*N)).Onenaivewayistouseadatastructurelikethis
Struct
{
intelement;
intarraynumer;
}
andreconstructtheinitialdatalike
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6|0,16|0,67|0
11|1,17|1,68|1
10|2,15|2,100|2
Initiallykeepthecurrentmaxforfirstcolumnandinsertthepointedelementsinheap.Noweachtimeanelementisextracted,itsarraynumbercanbefound
out,pointerinthatarrayisincremented,thenewlypointedelementcanbecomparedtocurrentmaxandmaxpointercanbeadjustedaccordingly.
editedMar30'12at16:37 answeredMay25'11at19:04
share|improvethisanswer
VijayDev Terminal
7,424144985 1,1081124
thisisactuallyNKNsolution.Ifiamnotmistaken.becauseyouchangpointersn*ktimesandeachtimeyouneedO(N)operationszviadmMay25
'11at19:11
@zvio:Right!!Thanksforpointingitout.Ioverlookedit.TerminalMay25'11at19:20
MaybeyoucanoptimizetoNKlog(N),ifyoukeeptheNpointersinaheap,whichwillfindtheminimumelement.Theextractminimum,andinsert
newelementarebothlog(N)operations.Forthemaximumelement,youjustneedtokeepwhichpointeristhemaximumandcompareiteverytimeyou
advanceapointer.Nicesolution.UriMay25'11at21:21
@Uri:thanks!!ihaveupdatedthesolution.TerminalMay26'11at7:09
Interestingsolution.Couldweoptimizebyusingbinarysearchononearrayandincrementsontheother?karthikrSep26'14at1:23
addacomment|
Sohereisanalgorithmtodosolvethisproblemintwosteps:
Firststepistomergeallyourarraysintoonesortedarraywhichwouldlooklikethis:
combined_val[]whichholdsallnumbers
combined_ind[]whichholdsindexofwhicharraydidthisnumberoriginallybelongedto
thisstepcanbedoneeasilyinO(K*N*log(N))butithinkyoucandobetterthanthattoo(maybenot,youcanlookupvariantsofmergesortbecausetheydostep
similartothat)
Nowsecondstep:
itiseasiertojustputcodeinsteadofexplainingsohereisthepseduocode:
intcount[N]={0}
inthead=0;
intdiffcnt=0;
//mindiffisinitializedtooverallmaximumvalueoverallminimumvalue
intmindiff=combined_val[N*K1]combined_val[0];
for(inti=0;i<N*K;i++)
{
count[combined_ind[i]]++;
if(count[combined_ind[i]]==1){
//diffcntcountshowmanyarrayshaveatleastoneelementbetween
//indexesof"head"and"i".OncediffcntreachesNitwillstayNand
//notincreaseanymore
diffcnt++;
upvote }else{
4down while(count[combined_ind[head]]>1){
//Wetrytomoveheadindexasforwardaspossiblewhilekeepingdiffcntconstant.
vote //i.e.ifcount[combined_ind[head]]is1,thenifwewouldmoveheadforward
//diffcntwoulddecrease,thatissomethingwedontwanttodo.
count[combined_ind[head]];
head++;
}
}
if(diffcnt==N){
//i.e.wegotatleastoneelementfromallarrays
if(combined_val[i]combined_val[head]<mindiff){
mindiff=combined_val[i]combined_val[head];
//ifyouwanttosaveactualnumberstoo,youcansavethis(i.e.iandhead
//andthenextractdatafromthat)
}
}
}
theresultisinmindiff.
TheruningtimeofsecondstepisO(N*K).Thisisbecause"head"indexwillmoveonlyN*Ktimesmaximum.sotheinnerloopdoesnotmakethisquadratic,it
isstilllinear.
SototalalgorithmrunningtimeisO(N*K*log(N)),howeverthisisbecauseofmergingstep,ifyoucancomeupwithbettermergingstepyoucanprobably
bringitdowntoO(N*K).
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answeredMay25'11at17:53
editedMay25'11at18:42
share|improvethisanswer
zviadm
81768
Hey..youhaveforgottentoaddthesnippetformindiffinitialization..IalsothinkIunderstoodbutamnotveryclear.couldyoualsoaddasmallcomment
inyourcode,especiallyinthehead++ManjunathManoharanMay25'11at18:25
mindiffisinitializedtolargestpossiblevaluewhichisoverallmaximumnumberoverallminimumnumber.Mainpointofthisalgorithmistofind
minimumandmaximumvalues.Index"i"pointstomaximumvalue.Index"head"pointstominimumvalue.Everytimeweincrease"i"wetrytomove
index"head"asfartheraspossiblewhilewestillkeepatleastoneelementfromeveryarray.zviadmMay25'11at18:44
Thisisabriliantsolution.Yourcommentaboutmyalgorithmbeingfalseisinplace.Idon'tthinkyoucandobetterthanO(NKlog(N)),atleastnotinthe
worsecase,atleastnotthe'N'parts,otherwise,inthespecialcaseofK=1you'llbeabletosortanarrayinatimebetterthanN*Log(N)UriMay25'11at
18:49
Thanks@Uri.Yourobservationmakessenseaboutthemergestep.ThusmergingarraystrulytakesO(N*K*log(N))inworstcasescenario.zviadm
May25'11at18:55
addacomment|
Thisproblemisformanagers
Youhave3developers(N1),3testers(N2)and3DBAs(N3)Choosethelessdivergentteamthatcanrunaprojectsuccessfully.
int[n]result;//whereresult[i]keepstheelementfrombucketN_i
int[n]latest;//wherelatest[i]keepsthelatestelementvisitedfrombucketN_i
Iterateelementsin(N_1+N_2+N_3)insortedorder
{
KeeptrackoflatestelementvisitedfromeachbucketN_ibyupdating'latest'array;
ifboundary(latest)<boundary(result)
upvote3downvote {
result=latest;
}
}
intboundary(int[]array)
{
returnMax(array)Min(array);
}
answeredNov25'12at0:03
share|improvethisanswer
random
312
addacomment|
I'veO(K*N*log(K)),withtypicalexecutionmuchless.Currentlycannotthinkanythingbetter.I'llexplainfirsttheeasiertodescribe(somewhatlonger
execution):
1. Foreachelementfinthefirstarray(loopthroughKelements)
2. Foreacharray,startingfromthesecondarray(loopthroughN1arrays)
3. Doabinarysearchonthearray,andfindelementclosesttof.Thisisyourelement(Log(K))
up
vote1 Thisalgorithmcanbeoptimized,ifforeacharray,youaddanewFloorIndex.Whenperformentthebinarysearch,searchbetween'Floor'to'K1'.InitiallyFloor
down indexis0,andforfirstelementyousearchthroughtheentirearrays.Onceyoufindanelementclosestto'f',updatetheFloorIndexwiththeindexofthat
vote element.Worsecaseisthesame(Floormaynotupdate,ifmaximumelementoffirstarrayissmallerthananyotherminimum),butaveragecasewillimprove.
answeredMay23'11at8:12
share|improvethisanswer
Uri
5,50722143
HeyNicesolution,Iwasthinkingofworkingonasolutionthatusesminheapandamaxheap..anysuggestionsonthatManjunathManoharanMay23
'11at8:22
thisalgorithmisnotcompleteorcorrect.Letssayyouchose10fromN=1.(firstarray)N=2:115N=3:516youwillchoose15and5soyourdifferenceis
1
10,butifyouchose15and16yourdifferencewouldbe6.zviadmMay25'11at17:01
@zviadmSamesolutionIcameupwithin~10secondsafterlookingattheproblem,andimmediatelyIstartedwonderingifitiscorrect...still,Ithinkitis
headingintherightdirectionLorenzoDemattFeb28'13at16:06
solutioniscorrect.onlyfindtheceilandfloorofminimumelementfoundsofar.andkeeptheonewhichisclosertotheminimum.1.takefirstelementfrom
firstarrayandconsideritasminimum.2.findceilandfloorofminimuminsecondarrayandchoosetheonewhichisclosertominimum.3.updatethe
minimum4.searchinsubsequentrows.5.dothisforallelemntsofrow1shiviJan4'14at4:41
addacomment|
Correctnessprooffortheacceptedanswer(Terminal'ssolution)
AssumethatthealgorithmfindsaseriesA=<A[1],A[2],...,A[N]>whichisn'ttheoptimalsolution(R).
ConsidertheindexjinR,suchthatitemR[j]isthefirstitemamongRthatthealgorithmexaminesandreplacesitwiththenextiteminitsrow.
up
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vote LetA'denotethecandidatesolutionatthatphase(priortothereplacement).SinceR[j]=A'[j]istheminimumvalueofA',it'salsotheminimumofR.Now,
1 considerthemaximumvalueofR,R[m].IfA'[m]<R[m],thenRcanbeimprovedbyreplacingR[m]withA'[m],whichcontradictsthefactthatRisoptimal.
down Therefore,A'[m]=R[m].Inotherwords,RandA'sharethesamemaximumandminimum,thereforetheyareequivalent.Thiscompletestheproof:ifRisan
vote optimalsolution,thenthealgorithmisguaranteedtofindasolutionasgoodasR.
answeredFeb28'13at15:52
share|improvethisanswer
EyalSchneider
13k22040
addacomment|
foreveryelementin1starray
choosetheelementin2ndarraythatisclosesttotheelementin1starray
current_array=2;
do
{
upvote0downvote choosetheelementincurrent_array+1thatisclosesttotheelementincurrent_array
current_array++;
}while(current_array<n);
complexity:O(k^2*n)
answeredFeb28'13at15:05
share|improvethisanswer
user2120127
addacomment|
1. CreateaobjofNarrays.LetKbethenumberofitemsineachofN
2. YoucangeneratearandomarraypickingonerandomelementfromeachofNarrays.
3. Sortthegeneratedrandomarray
4. Findthedifferenceoflastfirsthttp://jsfiddle.net/enbdrekj/7/
ThatshowIunderstoodthisquestion.Timetakenroughly50mins
varArrObj={
n1:[6,16,67],
upvote0downvote n2:[11,17,68],
n3:[10,15,100],
n4:[12,18,101]
answeredApr9at10:35
share|improvethisanswer
SrikanthKondaparthy
615169
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MinimumvalueofmaximumvaluesinsubsegmentsinO(n)complexity
IinterviewedwithAmazonafewdaysago.Icouldnotansweroneofthequestionstheaskedmetotheirsatisfaction.Ihavetriedtogettheanswerafterthe
interviewbutIhavenotbeensuccessfulsofar.Hereisthequestion:
Youhaveanarrayofintegersofsizen.Youaregivenparameterkwherek<n.Foreachsegmentofconsecutiveelementsofsizekinthearrayyouneedto
calculatethemaximumvalue.Youonlyneedtoreturntheminimumvalueofthesemaximumvalues.
Forinstancegiven123112111andk=3theansweris1.
Thesegmentswouldbe123,231,311,112,121,211,111.
Themaximumvaluesineachsegmentare3,3,3,2,2,2,1.
upvote Theminimumofthesevaluesare1thustheansweris1.
10down
vote ThebestanswerIcameupwithisofcomplexityO(nlogk).WhatIdoistocreateabinarysearchtreewiththefirstkelements,getthemaximumvalueinthe
favorite treeandsaveitinvariableminOfMax,thenlooponeelementatatimewiththeremainingelementsinthearray,removethefirstelementintheprevioussegment
7 fromthebinarysearchtree,insertthelastelementofthenewsegmentinthetree,getthemaximumelementinthetreeandcompareitwithminOfMaxleavingin
minOfMaxtheminvalueofthetwo.
TheidealanswerneedstobeofcomplexityO(n).Thankyou.
arraysalgorithmdatastructuresbigo
editedMay5'13at15:08 askedDec14'11at3:37
share|improvethisquestion
templatetypedef DavidF
157k35389625 635
addacomment|
2Answers
activeoldestvotes
Thereisaverycleverwaytodothisthat'srelatedtothisearlierquestion.Theideaisthatit'spossibletobuildaqueuedatastructurethatsupportsenqueue,
dequeue,andfindmaxinamortizedO(1)time(therearemanywaystodothistwoareexplainedintheoriginalquestion).Onceyouhavethisdatastructure,
beginbyaddingthefirstkelementsfromthearrayintothequeueinO(k)time.SincethequeuesupportsO(1)findmax,youcanfindthemaximumofthesek
elementsinO(1)time.Then,continuouslydequeueanelementfromthequeueandenqueue(inO(1)time)thenextarrayelement.YoucanthenqueryinO(1)
whatthemaximumofeachofthesekelementsubarraysare.Ifyoutracktheminimumofthesevaluesthatyouseeoverthecourseofthearray,thenyouhave
upvote anO(n)time,O(k)spacealgorithmforfindingtheminimummaximumofthekelementsubarrays.
9down
vote Hopethishelps!
accepted
answeredDec14'11at4:11
share|improvethisanswer
templatetypedef
157k35389625
Nicesolution,butterribleinterviewquestion.Eitheryouarefamiliarwiththisdatastructure,andtheproblemistrivialoryouarenot,andtheproblemis
impossible.(Unlessyouwanttopretendyoucameupwithitduringtheinterview?)Iwonderwhetherthereisamoredirectapproach,orifthisisjusta
crappyinterviewquestion.NemoDec14'11at4:44
@NemoIonlyknewhowtosolvethisbecauseIknewabouttheminqueuedatastructure,whichIonlyknewaboutbecauseIspentfourhourstryingto
1 figureouthowtomakeitbeforeseeingthetwostackimplementationbasedoffoftheminstack,whichitselfisahardinterviewquestion.Ithinkthere
maybeaneasierwaytosolvethis,buthonestlyIhavenoideahowtoapproachthisproblemanyotherway.templatetypedefDec14'11at4:47
Ihavethoughtaboutitabit,andIdon'tseeit,either.Thefactthatyouonlywantonevalueattheend(notevenitslocation)istantalizing,butIjustdonot
seehowtoexploitit.NemoDec14'11at4:49
OKIthinkIfoundit:)NemoDec14'11at5:05
+1Nicesolution.TryingJul19'13at6:00
|show1morecomment
@templatetypedef'sanswerworks,butIthinkIhaveamoredirectapproach.
Startbycomputingthemaxforthefollowing(closed)intervals:
[k1,k1]
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
[k2,k1]
[k3,k1]
...
[0,k1]
Notethateachofthesecanbecomputedinconstanttimefromthepreceedingone.
Next,computethemaxfortheseintervals:
[k,k]
[k,k+1]
[k,k+2]
...
[k,2k1]
Nowtheseintervals:
[2k1,2k1]
upvote8 [2k2,2k1]
[2k3,2k1]
downvote ...
[k+1,2k1]
Nextyoudotheintervalsfrom2kto3k1("forwardsintervals"),thenfrom3k1downto2k+1("backwardsintervals").Andsoonuntilyoureachtheendof
thearray.
Putalloftheseintoabigtable.Notethateachentryinthistabletookconstanttimetocompute.Observethatthereareatmost2*nintervalsinthetable
(becauseeachelementappearsonceontherightsideofa"forwardsinterval"andonceontheleftsideofa"backwardsinterval").
Now,if[a,b]isanyintervalofwidthk,itmustcontainexactlyoneof0,k,2k,...
Sayitcontainsm*k.
Observethattheintervals[a,m*k1]and[m*k,b]arebothsomewhereinourtable.Sowecansimplylookupthemaxforeach,andthemaxofthosetwo
valuesisthemaxoftheinterval[a,b].
Soforanyintervalofwidthk,wecanuseourtabletogetitsmaximuminconstanttime.WecangeneratethetableinO(n)time.Resultfollows.
answeredDec14'11at5:05
share|improvethisanswer
Nemo
37.5k659103
+1Thisisabeautifulsolution.ThisremindsmeoftheO(n)/O(1)solutiontotherangeminimumqueryproblem.Though,Imustadmit,mysolution
2
usesonlyO(k)memory,whilethisusesO(n).:)templatetypedefDec14'11at5:23
@templatetypedefIwaswonderingifyouweregoingtopointthatout:)NemoDec14'11at5:53
@NemoThisparticularstrategyforsolvingthisproblemseemslikeitshouldbeaspecialcaseofamuchmoregeneraltechniqueforreasoningabout
rangesinarrays.Isthereanameforthistechnique?Canitbegeneralizedtootherproblems?templatetypedefDec14'11at6:06
@templatetypedefIfyousquint,it'sasegmenttreewithcarefullychosenparameters.ThespaceusagecanbereducedtoO(k)bycomputingthebig
1
tableincrementally.PerDec14'11at16:05
@NemoHiNemo.CouldyoupleasestatehowthistablelookslikeI.e.howmanyrowsandcolumnsitcontainsandsomesamplevaluesonitforthe
exampleIprovidedintheproblem?Thanks.DavidFDec15'11at18:46
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StackOverflowisaquestionandanswersiteforprofessionalandenthusiastprogrammers.It's100%free.
Findatargetvalueinanunsortedarrayofintegersbyperformingadditionsof
integers
Followingisaninterviewquestionaskedby'Amazon'tome.Istillhaven'tcomeupwithaoptimizedsolution.
ProblemStatement:
Givenanunsortedarrayofintegersn.Return'true'iftheadditionofanyintegersfromthatarraymatcheswiththetargetvalueelsereturnfalse.
Note:
1)'n'couldbe1000or10,000.
2)Targetvaluecouldbe'negative'
3)Itmaybeadditionofany'k'integers(notonlytwo),wherek<=n.
TestCondition:
upvote3down i/p:ArrayA[]={6,7,3,0,12,5,6,100}
votefavorite Target=8
3 o/p:TRUE
As,6+7+(5)=8
IfwetrytodoitlinearlyornormallyitwilltakeO(2^n)timecomplexity.
SoIamlookingforanymethodoralgorithmwhichwilloptimizedthisproblemmore.
Thankyouinadvance!
calgorithmoptimization
askedFeb1'13at3:40
editedFeb2'13at17:05
share|improvethisquestion
SRJ
4781727
2 "AdditionofanyTWOintegers"doyoumean?oranynumber?KarthikTFeb1'13at3:42
IfI'mhearingyouright,youwereaskedtosolvethesubsetsumproblem,whichisNPcomplete.Soyoucan'treasonablybeexpectedtodoalot
3
betterthanexponentialtimeorpseudopolynomialtime.nneonneoFeb1'13at3:43
1 Ifitisapairofintegers,IthinkyoumeanO(n^2)time,notO(2^n).HewWolffFeb1'13at3:59
It'ssadthatonlytwopeopleunderstandsuchaclearquestion.Everybodybesides@nneonneoandkasavbereiswayoff.Dopeoplereadquestions
3
anymore?Ordotheysimplythinktheyknowsomuchbetter?KonsolLabapenFeb1'13at17:20
1 @KarthikTNo.Itmaybetheadditionof'k'numbers,wherek<=nSRJFeb2'13at0:05
|show1morecomment
3Answers
activeoldestvotes
ThesubsetsumproblemisawellknownNPcompleteproblem.Here,I'mgoingtoassumethatyouarelookingforanysetofnumberstosumtothetarget(if
you'reactuallylookingforonlytwonumbers,there'safivelinesolutionusingacountinghashtablewhichrunsinO(n)time).
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Therearetwobasicapproaches.Thefirstisjusttotesteverypossiblesubsequence.Asyou'vealreadyobserved,thattakesO(2n)time(exponential),whichis
intractableifnis1000.
Thesecondistokeeptrackofwhatsumsareobtainablefromprefixesofthelist.Thisisaverysimpleapproach,andworkswelliftheintegersarebounded.By
wayofexample,iftheinputisnkbitintegers,ithascomputationalcomplexityO(2kn2)(pseudopolynomial):thebiggestthesumscangetis2kn,sothetable
hasatmost2kn2entries.Thisisatypicaldynamicprogrammingapproach,wherethesubproblemisT[s][k]=(A[1..k]hasasubsequencesummingtos),
andthefinalsolutionisgivenbyT[target][n].
Here'sasolutioninPythonimplementingthis:
defsubset_sum(A,target):
T={0}#T[s][0]=(TRUEiffs==0)
foriinA:
T|={x+iforxinT}
returntargetinT
Examples:
>>>subset_sum([5,6,7,1,0,12,5,6,100],13)
True
upvote >>>subset_sum([95,120,22,14491],13)
5down False
vote
accepted
Bonus:Ifyou'recurious,here'sasolutiontothepairsumproblem.ItrunsinO(n)timeandtellsyouifthearrayhastwonumberssummingtothetarget.
fromcollectionsimportCounter
defpair_sum(A,t):
C=Counter(A)
fork,vinC.iteritems():
ift==k+kandv>1:returnTrue#kisinthearraytwice
elift!=k+kandtkinC:returnTrue
returnFalse
Examples:
>>>pair_sum([3,3,3,4],13)
False
>>>pair_sum([3,3,3,10],13)
True
>>>pair_sum([7,7,2],14)
True
>>>pair_sum([7,14,2],14)
False
answeredFeb1'13at18:26
editedFeb1'13at18:32
share|improvethisanswer
nneonneo
77.9k1386162
Excellentanswer.NikBougalisFeb1'13at18:42
@nneonneoThanksforsuchawonderfulexplanation.SRJFeb2'13at0:10
addacomment|
Whataboutsortthearray,andforeachelementcalculatethepairnecessarytothetargetvalueandsearchforit?thatwouldmakethecostofsorting+
pluseachbinarysearch.
upvote0down answeredFeb1'13at3:52
vote
share|improvethisanswer
hamilton.lima
588415
SothatwouldbeO(nlogn)time.HewWolffFeb1'13at3:58
addacomment|
NOTEThisanswerisstillinformativesoI'mkeepingit,butafterOP'sedititislessrelevant.
HereishowIwouldsolveitinO(n)runtimecomplexityandO(n)spacecomplexityusingaconceptcalled'Hashing'.(Wherenisthesizeofthearray)
Let'scallthenumberI'dliketogetd
FirstIwouldcreatesomesortofHashTable(akeyvaluestore).HashMapshaveO(1)insert,getandcontains.Youcanreadaboutthemhere
ThenIwouldputeveryobjectinthecelldobjectinthehashmap.BeforeIcheckthenextnumberxI'dcheckifthehashmapcontainsavalueatcellx.Ifitdoes
we'vefoundourmatch.
up
vote Hereissomepseudocode(IthinkthisisbetterforageneralanswerthanCcode)
0
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
down CheckIfTwoNumbersComplementTo(d,arr)
vote map<newHashTable
foreachnumberxinArr
if(mapcontainsakeyforx)
returntrue
else
adddxtomapifitisnotalreadyinmap
returnfalse
answeredFeb1'13at3:46
editedMar21'13at1:45
share|improvethisanswer
BenjaminGruenbaum
77.3k22160246
Nice,butIbetyourhashtableisgoingtotakeupmorethanO(n)space.Togeteffectivelyconstanttimeoperations,you'llneedtoallocatespaceformany
hashbuckets,won'tyou?HewWolffFeb1'13at3:55
MyHashTablecanbeimplementedinexactlyO(n)space.Icansimplyallocateanarrayofsize[n]andusetheindexesdirectlyaskeys:)Ididnotwantto
specificallysuggestthatintheanswerbecauseIwantedtokeepthesolutionasgeneralaspossible.BenjaminGruenbaumFeb1'13at3:56
Thisworksonlyifthequestioniscorrectedtosay:"..iftheadditionof/two/integers..".Furthermore,exactlyO(n)doesn'tmakeanysense,didyoumean
exactlynspace?Butthenthatisplainfalse,givenyourownexample.Arrayallowsforduplicates,sosupposewewanttofindthesum1000,andwehavean
2
arrayofonethousand1s.Madcollisionwithyourschemehappens(andthealgorithmdoesn'tworkinthiscaseeither,sinceitisnolongeraboutsumming
twointegerstofindagivenvalue).mmgpFeb1'13at4:01
IassumedOPwastalkingaboutanytwointegers.Imeantnspaceandnsteps.TheminuteIgetaduplicateI'mdonesoIdon'tcareaboutduplicates
BenjaminGruenbaumFeb1'13at4:04
Again,IdonotunderstandwhyIshouldcareaboutduplicates,Idon'treallyhavetostore1amilliontimes,I'lleditmyanswertoclarifythoughthat'sagood
1
point.BenjaminGruenbaumFeb1'13at4:13
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Howtodesignstrategyandalgorithmforgoldboxgame
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Goldboxproblem(Approach)
Therearengoldboxesplacedinarow,eachhavingdifferentnumberofgoldcoins.2playersplayagame,wherethemotiveistocollectthemaximum
numberofgoldcoins.Eachplayercanseehowmanycoinsarepresentineachbox,butcangetaboxfromeitherendonly,onhisturn.Designastrategy
suchthatPlayer1wins(Assumingbothplayersplaysmartly)
Thisproblemwasaskedinanamazoninterview.Itriedthisapproach:
#include<stdio.h>
intmax(inta,intb){
returna>b?a:b;
}
intmaxCoins(intarr[],inti,intj,intturn){
if(i==j){
if(turn==1)returnarr[i];
elsereturn0;
}
if(turn){
upvote2 returnmax(arr[i]+maxCoins(arr,i+1,j,0),arr[j]+maxCoins(arr,i,j1,0));
downvote }else{
favorite if(arr[i]>arr[j])
returnmaxCoins(arr,i+1,j,1);
else
returnmaxCoins(arr,i,j1,1);
}
}
intmain(){
intarr[10]={6,7,4,1,10,5,4,9,20,8};//{2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11};
printf("%d\n",maxCoins(arr,0,9,1));
}
ButIthinkthisisnotright,asplayer2alsoplayssmartly.KindlyhelpwithwhatIammissing.
calgorithmdynamicprogramminggametheory
editedMar22'14at14:22 askedMar22'14at14:16
share|improvethisquestion
YuHao SanjayVerma
64.7k1485142 98113
1 SameproblemUnderstandingsolutiontofindingoptimalstrategyforgameinvolvingpickingpotsofgoldDukelingMar22'14at14:37
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1Answer
activeoldestvotes
Igottothesolution,justwasclose.HereiswhatImissed:
"Theopponentintendstochoosethecoinwhichleavestheuserwithminimumvalue."
Hereisupdatedsolution:
#include<stdio.h>
intmax(inta,intb){
returna>b?a:b;
}
intmin(inta,intb){
returna<b?a:b;
}
intmaxCoins(intarr[],inti,intj,intturn){
inta,b;
if(i==j){
if(turn==1)returnarr[i];
elsereturn0;
}
if(turn){
upvote0downvoteaccepted
a=arr[i]+maxCoins(arr,i+1,j,0);
b=arr[j]+maxCoins(arr,i,j1,0);
returnmax(a,b);
}else{
returnmin(maxCoins(arr,i+1,j,1),maxCoins(arr,i,j1,1));
}
}
intmain(){
intarr[4]={8,15,3,7};//{6,7,4,1,10,5,4,9,20,8};//{2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11};
printf("%d\n",maxCoins(arr,0,3,1));
}
Thislinkdiscussesthestrategy:http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/dynamicprogrammingset31optimalstrategyforagame/
answeredMar22'14at14:25
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editedMar22'14at15:40
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SanjayVerma
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Matchsubstringwithinastringwithtoleranceof1charactermismatch
IwasgoingthroughsomeAmazoninterviewquestionsonCareerCup.com,andIcameacrossthisinterestingquestionwhichIhaven'tbeenabletofigure
outhowtodo.Ihavebeenthinkingonthissince2days.EitherIamtakingawayoffapproach,oritsagenuinelyhardfunctiontowrite.
Questionisasfollows:
WriteafunctioninCthatcanfindifastringisasubstringofanother.Notethatamismatchofonecharactershouldbeignored.
Amismatchcanbeanextracharacter:dogmatchesxxxdoogyyyy
Amismatchcanbeamissingcharacter:dogmatchesxxxdgyyyy
Amismatchcanbeadifferentcharacter:dogmatchesxxxdigyyyy
Thereturnvaluewasn'tmentionedinthequestion,soIassumethesignatureofthefunctioncanbesomethinglikethis:
char*MatchWithTolerance(constchar*str,constchar*substr);
upvote4 Ifthereisamatchwiththegivenrules,returnthepointertothebeginningofmatchedsubstringwithinthestring.Elsereturnnull.
downvote
favorite Bonus
8
Ifsomeonecanalsofigureoutagenericwayofmakingthetolerancetoninsteadof1,thenthatwouldbejustbrilliant.Inthatcasethesignaturewould
be:
char*MatchWithTolerance(constchar*str,constchar*substr,unsignedinttolerance=1);
Thankstoallthosewhowouldattemptthisandsharetheirsuccessfulsolution.
cstringamazon
askedJul24'10at17:52
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share|improvethisquestion
bits
2,95462745
doesdogalsomatchxxxdogyyy?IVladJul24'10at17:58
YesitdoesMatch.bitsJul24'10at18:08
(removedasetofcommentsthatwereunrelatedtothequestion)MarcGravellJul25'10at15:18
addacomment|
5Answers
activeoldestvotes
Thisseemstowork,letmeknowifyoufindanyerrorsandI'lltrytofixthem:
intfindHelper(constchar*str,constchar*substr,intmustMatch=0)
{
if(*substr=='\0')
return1;
if(*str=='\0')
return0;
if(*str==*substr)
returnfindHelper(str+1,substr+1,mustMatch);
else
{
if(mustMatch)
return0;
if(*(str+1)==*substr)
returnfindHelper(str+1,substr,1);
elseif(*str==*(substr+1))
returnfindHelper(str,substr+1,1);
elseif(*(str+1)==*(substr+1))
returnfindHelper(str+1,substr+1,1);
elseif(*(substr+1)=='\0')
return1;
else
upvote4down return0;
voteaccepted }
}
intfind(constchar*str,constchar*substr)
{
intok=0;
while(*str!='\0')
ok|=findHelper(str++,substr,0);
returnok;
}
intmain()
{
printf("%d\n",find("xxxdoogyyyy","dog"));
printf("%d\n",find("xxxdgyyyy","dog"));
printf("%d\n",find("xxxdigyyyy","dog"));
}
Basically,Imakesureonlyonecharactercandiffer,andrunthefunctionthatdoesthisforeverysuffixofthehaystack.
answeredJul24'10at18:52
share|improvethisanswer
IVlad
26.5k844121
+1!!Thatworksbrilliantly.Iamsurewecanmakethisreturnpointertothebeginningofthematchedstring.AndThiscanbemadegenerictoo.
Thanksalot!IfIcomeacrossanyunmatchingscenarios,Iwillreplyback.bitsJul24'10at19:17
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ThisisrelatedtoaclassicalproblemofIT,referredtoas
subscription.
Levenshteindistance.SeeWikibooksforabunchof
up implementationsindifferentlanguages.
vote
4 answeredJul24'10at19:47
down
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vote
share|improvethisanswer
Pumbaa80
40.6k96092
+1fornotwritingcodethat'sclearlygoingtobeplagiarized
andsubmitashisown.StefanKendallJul24'10at20:14
No,thishasnothingtodowiththelevenshteindistanceas
farasIcansee.Thisasksforsubstringmatchingwhere1
characterisallowednottomatch.Howdoyouproposewe
usethelevenshteindistanceforthis?IVladJul24'10at
20:31
Ishouldhavebeenalittleclearer.TheLevenshtein
implementationsdonotsolvetheoriginalproblem.But,
lookingatthealgorithmyou'llrealizethatonlyaslight
changeisneededtoachievefuzzysubstringmatching.
Again,theinternetshasanimplementationready:
ginstrom.com/scribbles/2007/12/01/Pumbaa80Jul24
'10at20:54
@StefanWhyareyoupickingonmeineverydamn
comment?Iamnotsubmittingthiscodeanywhere!You
didn'tevenreadmyquestionproperly.Iwrote,thatIwas
goingthroughinterviewquestionsandfoundthis
interesting.AndItriedtosolveit,butfailedsomehow.Why
doyouthinkthatIamplanningtoplagiarizethis?This
1
meansyoudon'tevenunderstandhowinterviewsinreal
worlstakeplace.Nocompanywouldaskyoutowritethat
bigafunctiononphone.Theywillonlyaskyoutowrite
suchacodeonface2faceinterview,whereyouclearly
cannotcopypastefromStackOverflow.bitsJul24'10at
23:47
@PumbaaThanksforyourinputs.Iappreciateit.+1bits
Jul24'10at23:57
|show3morecomments
Thisisslightlydifferentthantheearliersolution,butIwasintriguedbytheproblemandwantedtogiveitashot.Obviouslyoptimizeifdesired,Ijust
wantedasolution.
char*match(char*str,char*substr,inttolerance)
{
if(!*substr)returnstr;
if(!*str)returnNULL;
while(*str)
{
char*str_p;
char*substr_p;
char*matches_missing;
char*matches_mismatched;
str_p=str;
substr_p=substr;
while(*str_p&&*substr_p&&*str_p==*substr_p)
{
str_p++;
substr_p++;
}
if(!*substr_p)returnstr;
upvote2down if(!tolerance)
vote {
str++;
continue;
}
if(strlen(substr_p)<=tolerance)returnstr;
/*missedduetoamissingletter*/
matches_missing=match(str_p,substr_p+1,tolerance1);
if(matches_missing==str_p)returnstr;
/*missedduetoamismatchofletters*/
matches_mismatched=match(str_p+1,substr_p+1,tolerance1);
if(matches_mismatched==str_p+1)returnstr;
str++;
}
returnNULL;
}
answeredJul24'10at19:28
editedJul24'10at19:36
share|improvethisanswer
BrandonHorsley
4,3511223
+1foractuallyattemptingtheproblem.IVladJul24'10at20:27
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Ihaven'ttriedoutyoursolutionyet,butNonrecursiveapproachissupposedlyverydifficult.+1forAttempting.bitsJul24'10at23:20
addacomment|
Istheproblemtodothisefficiently?
Thenaivesolutionistoloopovereverysubstringofsizesubstrinstr,fromlefttoright,andreturntrueifthecurrentsubstringifonlyoneofthe
charactersisdifferentinacomparison.
Letn=sizeofstrLetm=sizeofsubstr
upvote0down
vote ThereareO(n)substringsinstr,andthematchingsteptakestimeO(m).Ergo,thenaivesolutionrunsintimeO(n*m)
answeredJul24'10at18:24
share|improvethisanswer
StefanKendall
31.5k38143301
Iguess,efficiencywouldn'tbetheprimarythingtheyaretestinginthequestion.StillIwouldsay,letstrytodoitinO(n*m).bitsJul24'10at
18:28
ThatsolutionISO(n*m)StefanKendallJul24'10at18:52
1ThisapproachisnotevenclosetotheactualsolutionpostedbyIVlad.bitsJul24'10at23:40
addacomment|
Witharbitaryno.oftolerancelevels.
WorkedforallthetestcasesIcouldthinkof.Looselybasedon|/|ad'ssolution.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
report(intx,char*str,char*sstr,int[]t){
if(x)
printf("%sisasubstringof%sforatolerance[%d]\n",sstr,str[i],t[i]);
else
printf("%sisNOTasubstringof%sforatolerance[%d]\n",sstr,str[i],t[i]);
}
intfind_with_tolerance(char*str,char*sstr,inttol){
if((*sstr)=='\0')//endofsubstring,andmatch
return1;
if((*str)=='\0')//endofstring
if(tol>=strlen(sstr))//buttolsavestheday
return1;
else//there'snothingeventhepoortolcando
return0;
if(*sstr==*str){//currentcharmatch,smooth
returnfind_with_tolerance(str+1,sstr+1,tol);
}else{
if(tol<=0)//that'sit.nomorepatience
return0;
for(inti=1;i<=tol;i++){
if(*(str+i)==*sstr)//insertioanofaforeigncharacter
returnfind_with_tolerance(str+i+1,sstr+1,toli);
if(*str==*(sstr+i))//dealwithdletion
upvote0downvote returnfind_with_tolerance(str+1,sstr+i+1,toli);
if(*(str+i)==*(sstr+i))//dealwithriplacement
returnfind_with_tolerance(str+i+1,sstr+i+1,toli);
if(*(sstr+i)=='\0')//substrends,thankstotol&thisloop
return1;
}
return0;//whenallfails
}
}
intfind(char*str,char*sstr,inttol){
intw=0;
while(*str!='\0')
w|=find_with_tolerance(str++,sstr,tol);
return(w)?1:0;
}
intmain(){
constintn=3;//nooftestcases
char*sstr="dog";//thesubstr
char*str[n]={"doox",//thosecases
"xxxxxd",
"xxdogxx"};
intt[]={1,1,0};//tolerancelevelsforthosecases
for(inti=0;i<n;i++){
report(find(*(str+i),sstr,t[i]),*(str+i),sstr,t[i]);
}
return0;
}
answeredJul27'10at16:41
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editedApr7'14at12:35
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ignoramous
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modifieddepthfirsttraversaloftree
Igotthisquestioninaninterviewwithamazon.Iwasaskedtoperformadepthfirsttraversalofatree,withoutusingrecursionorstack.Icouldusea
parentpointerforeachnode,asapartofthestructure,butnothingelseotherthanthat.(forex,a"visited"variable"oranything).Pleasesuggestmean
algorithm.
upvote8
downvote cdatastructures
favorite askedAug8'10at18:02
2
editedAug8'10at18:12
share|improvethisquestion
Aryabhatta
wordwiz
7017
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5Answers
activeoldestvotes
Theparentpointerisactuallyallyouneed.Thetrickistoconsumethetreeasyoutraverseit.
Uglypseudocode:
cur=treeroot;
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while(1){//Gettobottomoftree
if(cur.hasLeft){
cur=left;
}elseif(cur.hasRight){
cur=right;
}else{
break;
}
//curisnowthebottomnode
while(1){
doStuff(cur);//outputcur,performoponit,whatever
if(!cur.hasParent){//Donewithtraversal
break;
}
prev=cur;//Sowecantellwhichwaywecameuptotheparent.
cur=cur.parent;
if(cur.hasLeft&&cur.left==prev){//Deleteleftchild;it'sdone
cur.hasLeft=false;
}elseif(cur.hasRight&&cur.right==prev){//Deleterightchild;it'sdone
//Note:"else"notdesirableifanodeshouldnotbeabletohavethesamechildintwospots
cur.hasRight=false;
upvote5 }
downvote if(cur.hasLeft){//Goallthewaytothebottomoftheleftchild
accepted cur=cur.left;
while(1){
if(cur.hasLeft){
cur=cur.left;
}elseif(cur.hasRight){
cur=cur.right;
}else{
break;
}
}
}elseif(cur.hasRight){//Goallthewaytothebottomoftherightchild
cur=cur.right;
while(1){
if(cur.hasLeft){
cur=cur.left;
}elseif(cur.hasRight){
cur=cur.right;
}else{
break;
}
}
}
}
answeredAug8'10at18:16
editedAug8'10at18:22
share|improvethisanswer
Borealid
40.4k66293
Wheredoesthequestionsayitisabinarytree?OrthatyoucandestroythetreeorthatthereareflagslikehasRight/hasLeft?AryabhattaAug8'10at
18:58
@Moron:thissolutionextendsfinetoarbitrarynumbersofchildren,solongasthereisadefinedtraversalorder.Thequestiondoesn'tsayyoucan
destroythetree.Italsodoesn'tsayyoucan't.hasRight/hasLeftisshorthandfor.left==NULL,orwhatever.Ifyoudon'thaveawaytotellifanodehas
aleftchild,youcannottraversethetreesafely.BorealidAug8'10at19:14
Frankly,ifsomeonegaveasolutiontotraversethetreewhichdestroysit,Iwouldgivethemahardlookingover)Ofcourse,Iprobablywouldn'tbe
askingsuchastupidquestioninthefirstplace.AryabhattaAug8'10at20:16
thanks.thiscodeseemstobeworkingfine.andtheinterviewerdidmentionthaticouldassumethetreetobebinary.sorryfornotbeingspecificabout
thatpart.nyes,ididgivetheinterviewerasternlook,sincehekeptmodifyingthequestiontillheendedupwidthisnicudntansweranymore.istill
wannaknwthough,ificouldperformthis,withouthavingtodestroythetree.wordwizAug9'10at7:49
Inmyopinion,destructionofthetreecountsasthe"oranything"inforex,a"visited"variable"oranything.R..Aug11'10at7:54
addacomment|
up Fora'hacky'solutionyoucanusethefactthatpointersareusually4bytealigned(i.e,lasttwobitsare0)andusethosetwobitsasyourvisitedflag.
vote1
down editedAug8'10at18:13 answeredAug8'10at18:07
vote share|improvethisanswer Aryabhatta
Clever,butifsomeonepresentedthatinaninterviewI'dgivethemaprettyhardlookingover.BorealidAug8'10at18:20
@Bore:Iwouldgivethesamelooktosomeoneaskingsuchasillyquestion)AryabhattaAug8'10at18:44
@moron:inevahadanideaicoulduseapointerthatway.couldyoupleaseelaboratehowicanimplementthis?wordwizAug9'10at7:51
@word:Basicallyforanode,sayyouusedtheparentpointertostorethevisitedflag,thenyoucoulddosomethinglike:intvisited=(node>parent)
&0x01orsetvisitedflaglikenode>parent=node>parent|0x01.HereyouareusingthelastbitasthevisitedflagandsettingitusingbitwiseORand
1
retreivingitusingbitwiseAND.Iwouldnotrecommendthisinproductioncodethough,onlyinresponsetosomesmartalecinterviewer.AryabhattaAug
9'10at14:34
addacomment|
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
Hereismypropositionforabinarytree.ThelanguageisC#.It'saprivatemethodofabinarTreeclassthatholdsints
privateNodeDFS(intvalue)
{
Nodecurrent=this.root;
if(current.data==value)returncurrent;
while(true)
{
//godownleftasfaraspossible
while(current.leftChild!=null)
{
current=current.leftChild;
if(current.data==value)returncurrent;
}
//leftChildisnull,butmaybeIcangorightfromhere
while(current.leftChild==null&¤t.rightChild!=null)
{
current=current.rightChild;
if(current.data==value)returncurrent;
}
if(current.leftChild==null&¤t.rightChild==null)
{
//Ok,Igottoaleaf.NowIhavetogetbacktothelast"crossroads"
//Iwentdownleftfrom,buttherewasalsodownrightoption
while(current.parent!=null&&
(current==current.parent.rightChild||
current.parent.rightChild==null))
{
current=current.parent;
}
if(current.parent==null)returnnull;
//OkIfI'mhere,thatmeansIfoundthecrossroadsmentionedbefore
//I'llgodownrightonceandthenIshouldtrydownleftagain
current=current.parent.rightChild;
if(current.data==value)returncurrent;
}
}
}
Ifit'snotabinarytree,thenthingsgetmorecomplicatedofcourse,butthelogicissimilar.Godowntotheleaftakingthefirstpossiblechildateachlevel.Once
youreachaleafyougoup.Everytimeyoulookupataparentyoucheckifthechildyouaresupposedtocomefromwasthelastinparent'slist.Ifnot,youtake
nextchildandgodownagain.Ifyes,yougoupandcheckthefollowingparent.Ifyougetbacktotherootyousearchedthewholetree.
EDIT
Oksearchandtraversalsaredistinctthings,mybad.Hereissomemodifiedcodefortraversals
preorder:
publicvoidpreorderTraversal()
{
Nodecurrent=this.root;
Console.WriteLine("item:{0}",current.data);
while(true)
{
while(current.leftChild!=null)
{
current=current.leftChild;
Console.WriteLine("item:{0}",current.data);
}
while(current.leftChild==null&¤t.rightChild!=null)
{
current=current.rightChild;
Console.WriteLine("item:{0}",current.data);
}
if(current.leftChild==null&¤t.rightChild==null)
{
while(current.parent!=null&&
(current==current.parent.rightChild||
current.parent.rightChild==null))
{
current=current.parent;
}
if(current.parent==null)
{
return;
}
else
{
current=current.parent.rightChild;
Console.WriteLine("item:{0}",current.data);
}
}
up }
}
vote1
down inorder:
vote
publicvoidinorderTraversal()
{
Nodecurrent=this.root;
while(true)
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 167/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
{
while(current.leftChild!=null)
{
current=current.leftChild;
}
Console.WriteLine("item:{0}",current.data);
while(current.leftChild==null&¤t.rightChild!=null)
{
current=current.rightChild;
Console.WriteLine("item:{0}",current.data);
}
if(current.leftChild==null&¤t.rightChild==null)
{
while(current.parent!=null&&
(current==current.parent.rightChild||
current.parent.rightChild==null))
{
current=current.parent;
if(current.rightChild==null)
{
Console.WriteLine("item:{0}",current.data);
}
}
if(current.parent==null)
{
return;
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("item:{0}",current.parent.data);
current=current.parent.rightChild;
}
}
}
}
postorder:
publicvoidpostorderTraversal()
{
Nodecurrent=this.root;
while(true)
{
while(true)
{
if(current.leftChild!=null)
{
current=current.leftChild;
}
elseif(current.rightChild!=null)
{
current=current.rightChild;
}
else
{
break;
}
}
while(current.parent!=null&&
(current==current.parent.rightChild||
current.parent.rightChild==null))
{
Console.WriteLine("item:{0}",current.data);
current=current.parent;
}
Console.WriteLine("item:{0}",current.data);
if(current.parent==null)
{
return;
}
else
{
current=current.parent.rightChild;
}
}
}
answeredAug8'10at19:03
editedAug9'10at17:32
share|improvethisanswer
MaciejHehl
5,24011021
itisabinarytree,butitsnotasearchingopeartion.iwasaskedtotraversethetree.icouldntreallyget,whatthis"value"thingisallabout.wordwizAug
9'10at7:55
@wordwizOkmybad.Ireaddepthfirstandthattriggeredsearchinmyheadinstantly.FortraversalI'dratherexpectpre,postorinorder.Changingmy
codetogetpreordertraversalistrivial.Justreplacechecksifvaluewasfoundwithsomeactionperformedoneveryvisit.Inorderandpostordertraversals
requiremorechanges.MaciejHehlAug9'10at16:06
addacomment|
Ifyouhaveaparentpointer,thenyoucanunwindupthetreewithoutastack.Theonlyotherproblemduringunwindis"doIneedtovisittheother
child(ren)?"Thiscanbeansweredsimplybycomparingpointervaluestoworkoutifyou'vejustreturnedfromtheleftchildortherightchild(orgeneraliseto
Nchildren).
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
EDIT
Pseudocode(untested):
p_last=NULL;
p=p_head;
descend=true;
while(NULL!=p)
{
p_tmp=p;
if(descend)
{
//...Nodeprocessinghere...
if(0==p>num_children)
{
//Nochildren,sounwind
p=p_parent;
descend=false;
}
else
{
//Visitfirstchild
upvote0 p=p>child[0];
}
down }
vote else
{
//Findthechildwejustvisited
for(i=0;i<p>num_children;i++)
{
if(p_last==p>child[i])
{
break;
}
}
if(i==num_children1)
{
//Processedlastchild,sounwind
p=p_parent;
}
else
{
//Visitnextchild
p=p>p_child[i+1];
descend=true;
}
}
p_last=p_tmp;
}
answeredAug8'10at18:07
editedAug8'10at19:29
share|improvethisanswer
OliverCharlesworth
163k15298460
Showsomecode?I'mnotsurethisactuallyworks,becausevisitingtherightchildrequiresstorageoutsideofthetree.BorealidAug8'10at18:19
Can'tbebotheredtothinkofthecode!Everytimeyoucomebackuptoanode,comparetheaddressofthechildyoujustcamefromwiththepointerfor
therightchild.Ifthey'reequal,thencontinuetounwind,otherwisevisittherightchild.SonotsurewhatyoumeanOliverCharlesworthAug8'10at
18:31
Thiscodedoesn'twork.Somenodeswon'tgetvisitedifthetreestructurecontainssomenodeswhichonlyhaverightchildreninsomeplaces.Also,you
don'tmarkwhereanodeishandledimportant,sinceyourcodeisalmostatopdowntraversal.BorealidAug8'10at18:55
Thequestionjustsaystree.Whyareyouassumingbinarytree?AryabhattaAug8'10at18:59
@Borealid:fairpoint,butasIsaid,"untested!".Idon'tthinkitbreakstheprinciple(butI'lltrytofixit).OliverCharlesworthAug8'10at19:02
|show10morecomments
ThisshowshowI'ddoitinC.Itdemonstratesbothpreorderandpostordertraversal,andisgeneralisedfor0..Nchildrenofeachnode.
structnode{
structnode*parent;
structnode*child[NCHILD];
};
voiddfs(structnode*head,void(*visit_preorder)(structnode*n),void(*visit_postorder)(structnode*n))
{
structnode*current=head;
structnode*prev=head;
while(current)
{
inti;
/*preordertraversal*/
if(prev==current>parent)
visit_preorder(current);
/*Findfirstchildtovisit*/
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
for(i=NCHILD;i>0;i)
{
if(prev==current>child[i1])
break;
upvote0downvote }
while(i<NCHILD&¤t>child[i]==NULL)
i++;
prev=current;
if(i<NCHILD)
{
/*Descendtocurrent>child[i]*/
current=current>child[i];
}
else
{
/*Postordertraversal*/
visit_postorder(current);
/*Ascendbacktoparent*/
current=current>parent;
}
}
}
answeredAug9'10at1:49
share|improvethisanswer
caf
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wanttoknowaboutinformativewebsiteormaterialonALGORITHMSrelated
topics[closed]
Withtheproblemandsuggestedsolution?suchas:forvarious/graphnetworkbasedproblems,comparisonadvancedsortingalgorithm,dynamic
algorithmforvariousproblemsandoptimisedbstreesandtheirimplementationforsolvingvariousproblems..
upvote1down calgorithmsearchdictionarypseudocode
votefavorite editedNov30'11at11:14 askedNov30'11at10:36
share|improvethisquestion
niko userKP
3,843154784 21
closedasnotarealquestionbyJoachimPileborg,dmckee,OliverCharlesworth,AlexeyFrunze,Jakub
KoneckiNov30'11at14:46
It'sdifficulttotellwhatisbeingaskedhere.Thisquestionisambiguous,vague,incomplete,overlybroad,orrhetoricalandcannotbereasonablyansweredinitscurrent
form.Forhelpclarifyingthisquestionsothatitcanbereopened,visitthehelpcenter.Ifthisquestioncanberewordedtofittherulesinthehelpcenter,pleaseeditthe
question.
HaveyoutriedsearchingWikipediaforanyalgorithmyouarecuriousabout?Theyareusuallyverygood,ifsometimesalittletheoretical.
JoachimPileborgNov30'11at10:40
searchedsomeofthembutnotthatapproriateintermsofprob.&solutionuserKPNov30'11at10:45
SeethisSOquestionforbooks:stackoverflow.com/questions/302270/.ProjectEuler&Topcoderaresomeofthepopularwebsitestosharpen
yourskillsanother.anon.cowardNov30'11at11:02
addacomment|
3Answers
activeoldestvotes
CheckouttheAlgorithmDesignManualbyStevenSkiena.Thefirsthalfisatutorialwith"warstories"interspersedthroughout(reallifeproblemsand
solutions),whilethesecondhalfisacomprehensivereferenceofvariousproblems,knownalgorithms,andtheirimplementations.
It'shelpfulwhetheryou'retryingtoprepareforjobinterviews,learnalgorithms,orjustasareference.
OnAmazon:http://www.amazon.com/AlgorithmDesignManualSteveSkiena/dp/0387948600
upvote3
downvote There'sanonlinePDFversion.
answeredNov30'11at10:41
editedNov30'11at10:48
share|improvethisanswer
DavidHu
2,052921
addacomment|
AlsochecktheTopCodercompetitions.Inadditiontolettingyouparticipateandsolvethepuzzlestheypropose,youcanalsohavealookatotherpeople's
solutions.It'salsoafunwaytogetinvolvedinthecommunity.
upvote0 answeredNov30'11at10:45
downvote
share|improvethisanswer
Miquel
8,14012358
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Thiscourseonalgorithmsofadunicanalsohelp
answeredNov30'11at11:22
upvote0downvote
share|improvethisanswer
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AnybodyKnowstheLogicToFindOutaNumberisPerfectSquareornot?
[duplicate]
PossibleDuplicate:
Fastestwaytodetermineifaninteger'ssquarerootisaninteger
DoesAnybodyKnowstheLogicToFindOutaNumberisPerfectSquareornot?(OtherthanNewtonsMethodorSyntheticDivisionMethod)
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ForEg:4,16,36,64arePerfectSquares.
Iwillbegivingtheinputas441,logicshouldsaywhetheritsaPerfectSquareornot.
upvote2downvote
favorite ItwasaquestionaskedinAmazonInterview.
5
Iwouldliketodoitwithoutanybuiltinfunctions
c#
askedJun30'11at12:36
share|improvethisquestion
Dotnet
4,3631371154
markedasduplicatebyDanielHilgarth,RobertHarveyJun30'11at16:53
Thisquestionhasbeenaskedbeforeandalreadyhasananswer.Ifthoseanswersdonotfullyaddressyourquestion,pleaseaskanewquestion.
4 What'sagoodalgorithmtodetermineifaninputisaperfectsquare?PaoloMorettiJun30'11at12:40
Ifthetrickwereontheinputitselfthen,Becauseof441hasoneintherightthennowayitcouldbeaPerfectSquares.JalalAldeenSaa'd
1
Jun30'11at12:40
@Jalal:What,like81isn't?:)regularfryJun30'11at12:51
@Jalal441=21^2.Atleastcheck...Besides,takeanynumberthatendswith1,eg,52941,multiplyitbyitself,andyougetasquarethat
endswith1.KobiJun30'11at12:52
@regularfry:@Kobi:Ithoughtthatwasjustfor2tothepowern.JalalAldeenSaa'dJun30'11at12:54
addacomment|
3Answers
activeoldestvotes
NoMath.Sqrt,notevenmultiplication:
staticboolIsSquare(intn)
{
inti=1;
for(;;)
{
if(n<0)
returnfalse;
if(n==0)
upvote7downvoteaccepted returntrue;
n=i;
i+=2;
}
}
answeredJun30'11at12:58
share|improvethisanswer
Henrik
18k42471
Nowtryitwithoutadditionormultiplication:)KibbeeJun30'11at13:15
1 Havetosay,Ireallylikethisalgorithm.KibbeeJun30'11at13:18
1 Eventhoughfromaquickbenchmark,itseemsthatusingmultiplicationisfaster.KibbeeJun30'11at13:26
Amazingalgorithm,hatsoffdude.iregretwhyihatemaths:)AnoopJul21'11at5:48
IwishIcouldofferyoubountyofMillions..reallyappreciated...PilotJan29'14at13:11
addacomment|
ThefirstquestionIwouldasktheintervieweris,"Whataretheproblemconstraints?"Thatis,howbigcantheinputnumberbe?Ifit'ssmallenough,then
youcouldjustprecalculatealltheperfectsqauresandstoretheminadictionary:
IDictionary<long,bool>squares=newDictionary<long,bool>;
for(longi=1;i*i<=MAX_NUM;++i){
squares[i*i]=true;
}
upvote3
downvote Then,tofindoutifanumberxisaperfectsquare,youjustchecksquares[x]toseeifit'strue.
answeredJun30'11at12:42
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share|improvethisanswer
dcp
29.6k778109
addacomment|
Somethingalongthelinesofthiswouldwork.
publicBooleanIsSquare(doubleinput)
{
doubleroot,product;
BooleanisSquare,isGTInput;
root=1;
product=0;
isSquare=false;
isGTInput=false;
while(!isSquare&&!isGTInput)
{
product=root*root;
upvote0down if(product==input)
vote isSquare=true;
elseif(product>input)
isGTInput=true;
root+=1;
}
returnisSquare;
answeredJun30'11at12:46
editedJun30'11at13:10
share|improvethisanswer
Kibbee
39.9k24110155
willthiscomeunderasperiaskedDotnetJun30'11at12:55
Sorry,Idon'tunderstandwhatyou'reasking.KibbeeJun30'11at13:00
Asyouusedroot*rootwillthiscomeunderasperiaskedDotnetJun30'11at13:03
Idon'tthinkmultiplicationwouldcountasa"builtinfunction".Ifyoucan'tusemultiplicationoperators,it'sprobablyimpossible.KibbeeJun
30'11at13:08
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Invertingalistofnumbersandskipothers[closed]
Givenalistandanumberk,invertfirstkelementsandleavenextkelements.Repeatthisthroughoutthelist.ByinvertingImean,changingthesign
ofthenumber.
ThiswasanInterviewquestionatAmazon,thatIcamacrossonawebsite,andIwastryingtoapproachitjustbythinkingonhowtosolveit,sureI
wouldalsoliketoknowthefastestalgorithmforsolvingitandyourideas.
upvote0down IthoughtaboutpartitioningthearrayintotheKSteps,theninvert,skip.Thenmergethearrayslikeinmergesorting.
votefavorite
c++algorithm
askedOct5'13at13:34
share|improvethisquestion
AhmedSaleh
7591039
closedasofftopicbystefan,Mat,EdChum,SteveBarnes,gltsOct5'13at17:47
Thisquestionappearstobeofftopic.Theuserswhovotedtoclosegavethisspecificreason:
"Questionsaskingforcodemustdemonstrateaminimalunderstandingoftheproblembeingsolved.Includeattemptedsolutions,whytheydidn'twork,and
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Whatinvertmean??hasan83Oct5'13at13:35
changethesignofthenumberAhmedSalehOct5'13at13:36
@iccthedralwhatotherapproachestosolveit:)?inbettercomplexity?AhmedSalehOct5'13at13:37
addacomment|
2Answers
activeoldestvotes
for(inti=0;i<size;i+=k*2)
for(intj=0;j<k&&i+j<size;j++)
arr[i+j]=arr[i+j];
ifyouaresurethatarraysizeismultipleof2*korequaltox*2*kk,then:
for(inti=0;i<size;i+=k*2)
upvote2downvoteaccepted for(intj=0;j<k;j++)
arr[i+j]=arr[i+j];
answeredOct5'13at13:38
editedOct5'13at13:43
share|improvethisanswer
hasan83
6,81631332
Dothinkthatthereissimplerthanthis?hasan83Oct5'13at13:40
Whymultiplicationratherthanunarynegation?pjsOct5'13at13:41
Ihaveverifiedthissolutionanditworks.MaximeOct5'13at13:42
Likethisone?hasan83Oct5'13at13:43
Thisisabruteforcesolution,Iwouldliketogetabettercomplexity.AhmedSalehOct5'13at13:44
|show7morecomments
Complexityofhasan'ssolution:
Becauseyousaidyouthinkthathasan'ssolutionisO(N^2),I'dliketoexplainwhyyouarewrong.So,hehassuggested:
for(inti=0;i<size;i+=k*2)
for(intj=0;j<k&&i+j<size;j++)
arr[i+j]=arr[i+j];
upvote2
downvote Thenumberofiterationsforthefirstloopissize/(k*2)andthenumberofiterationsforthesecondloopisk.Hense,thetotalnumberofiterationsis
size/2.Whichisalsothenumberofelementsinthearraythatshouldbemodified.Youcan'tdobetterthanthat.
answeredOct5'13at13:56
share|improvethisanswer
Maxime
4,555837
Youcandobetterthanthat.ThecomplexityisO(1)onaquantumcomputer.aboaboOct5'13at14:21
IassumedaVonNeumannmachineorsimilar:).YoucanalsodobetterwithaFPGAandafixedsize.MaximeOct5'13at17:20
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The2lowestnumbersofanarray
Thequestionissimple(theanswertooprobably):HowcanIfindthe2lowestnumbersofanarray?
for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
if(v[i]<maxim)
maxim=v[i];
}
cout<<maxim;
upvote2down
votefavorite thisistheonlythingthatcomestomindtomebutitonlyshowsmethelowestnumber,notthe2lowestnumbers
2
c++arrays
askedMay24at13:02
share|improvethisquestion
griffinwish
246
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geeksforgeeks.org/KamleshAryaMay24at13:05
Theeasyapproachistosortthearrayandthencanaccessthelowestnitemsfairlyeasy.Youcouldalsointroduceanextravariabletostorethe
2ndlowestnumber.martijnn2008May24at13:05
sortingthearraytakeskindalotoflinecodesandhowcouldiintroduceasecondvariablegriffinwishMay24at13:07
Callingstd::sortcanbedoneinasingleline,sothatisevenlesscode:)cplusplus.com/articles/NhA0RXSzThatsecondvariableisexactlywhat
@KamleshAryahasproposedwithhislink(seethecommentabove).martijnn2008May24at13:09
NotethatC/C++arraysare0indexbased,Soyourloopshouldbefor(inti=0;i<n;i++).Jarod42May24at13:17
|show1morecomment
6Answers
activeoldestvotes
Anothersimplewaywouldbe..
intv[]={33,11,22,3};
intsecmaxim=INT_MAX1;
intmaxim=INT_MAX;
for(inti=0;i<4;i++){
if(v[i]<maxim)
{
secmaxim=maxim;
upvote2downvote maxim=v[i];
}
accepted elseif(v[i]<secmaxim&&v[i]!=maxim)
secmaxim=v[i];
}
cout<<maxim<<secmaxim;
answeredMay24at13:16
editedMay24at13:50
share|improvethisanswer
HadeS
1,115217
brilliant!easyandlogicalgriffinwishMay24at13:16
Ok@OliverCharlesworthontoit..HadeSMay24at13:17
@griffinwish:Thismethodisalsofasterthansorting.Asabeginneryoumaynotcareaboutthatyet,butintimeyouwill.BetaMay
3
24at13:20
@OliverCharlesworthcodeformattingdone..HadeSMay24at13:23
1 Anygoodreasonforpunishment(downvote)..HadeSMay24at13:45
|show9morecomments
Ifyourarraymaybechanged,youcanusestd::partial_sort:
std::partial_sort(v,v+2,v+n);
Then,v[0]andv[1]arethetwosmallestvaluesofv.
Ifchangingthearrayisnotintended,orshouldbeavoided,std::partial_sort_copyisyourfriend.Introduceanewarrayoftwoelementsintowhich
theminimashouldbewritten:
intminima[2];
upvote4down std::partial_sort_copy(v,v+n,minima,minima+2);
vote
(Pleasechangethetypeofthearrayminimaaccordingly.Idon'tknowthetypeofyourarrayv.)
Tomakethesefunctionsavailable,youhavetoincludethefollowingfile:
#include<algorithm>
answeredMay24at13:05
editedMay24at13:10
share|improvethisanswer
leemes
22.6k751109
Iamnotfamiliarwithwhatstd::meansandnotevenfamiliarwiththat(function?)partial_sort_copygriffinwishMay24at13:09
use"usingnamespacestd"afterheader,ifyoudon'twanttousingstd::.BaTmaNMay24at13:11
Yesitisafunction.std::means,thatitispartoftheC++standardlibrary,whichhasalotofusefulbuildingblocks.leemesMay24at13:11
@griffinwishwouldn'titbetterifyoustartwithbasicslikehelloworld?sam2090May24at13:12
@martijnn2008Nope.STListhepredecessorofwhatisnowpartofthestandardlibrary.Itisthenameofadifferentlibrary.leemesMay24at
13:12
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|show4morecomments
HowtofindtheksmallestelementsofanarrayinC++.
Naivemethod:Callstd::sortlookatfirstkelements.RunningtimeO(nlogn).
Interviewquestionmethod:Loopthrougharray,usingastd::set(orstd::push_heapandpop_heap)withkelementstokeeptrackofthelowestk.Runningtime
O(nlogk).Alsodoesnotmodifythearray,returnstheresultsinorder,andonlyusesO(k)additionalspace.
Bestmethod:#include<algorithm>.std::nth_element(&a[0],&a[k],&a[n]).Lookatfirstkelements.RunningtimeO(n),whichisoptimal.
up
vote2 [Update]
down
vote IfeellikeIshouldexplainwhatImeanby"interviewquestionmethod".Ifyouareactuallyaskedthisquestioninaninterview,youareprobablyatGoogleor
Amazonorsomeotherbigdatayaddayaddaenvironment,andtheinterviewersaidsomethinglike,"Ihave100billionintegersondiskandIwanttoknowthe
smallest1000ofthem."Inthatcontext,solutionsthatmodifythearrayorthatrequireO(n)additionalspaceareprobablynotthebestidea.
answeredMay24at13:21
editedMay24at16:28
share|improvethisanswer
Nemo
37.5k659103
addacomment|
Youcanusestd::sort()tosorttheelements
Hereisasmallexampletodisplayhowsortworks?
#include<iostream>
#include<array>
#include<algorithm>
intmain(){
std::array<int,5>arr{5,3,24,9,7};
std::sort(arr.begin(),arr.end());
std::cout<<arr[0]<<std::endl<<arr[1];
return0;
}
upvote0downvote
Incodeabove,std::sortwillsortthearrayarrinascendingorder.<algorithm>isheaderisrequiredforusingsort.
Theoutputwouldbe
Hereislinktotheworkingversionofcodeabove.
editedMay24at13:21 answeredMay24at13:16
share|improvethisanswer
BillLynch sam2090
43.4k854100 33818
wow...sortedthearraythatquickly?griffinwishMay24at13:19
@griffinwishonelineofcodeandyoucanseethemagic:)sam2090May24at13:20
Thisisunnecessarilyinefficient.juanchopanzaMay24at13:29
@juanchopanzaAgreedthatitsO(nlog(n))butOPdidn'taskforfastestsoIpostedanalternatesolution:)sam2090May24at13:33
addacomment|
Withoutchangingtheorderofthearray,
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
#include<algorithm>
intmain()
{
std::vector<int>v{9,8,7,6,5,1,2,3,4};
intsmallest=*std::min_element(v.begin(),v.end());
intsecond_smallest=*std::min_element(v.begin(),v.end(),[&smallest](inti,intj){returni<j&&i>=smallest;});
std::cout<<"smallest:"<<smallest<<std::endl;
upvote0downvote std::cout<<"secondsmallest:"<<second_smallest<<std::endl;
}
Output:
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smallest:1
secondsmallest:2
answeredMay24at13:51
share|improvethisanswer
AchillesRasquinha
12718
addacomment|
Adaptedfrom@leemesanswer(usingmoremodernsyntax),seehisanswerforanexplanation.
constautotopVals=2;
std::array<int,topVals>minima;
upvote1downvote std::partial_sort_copy(std::begin(v),std::end(v),minima.begin(),minima.end());
answeredMay24at13:21
editedMay24at16:03
share|improvethisanswer
WesleyShillingford
1194
Thisisnotananswer.juanchopanzaMay24at13:27
Iknow...itwouldhavebeenacommentto@leemesanswer,butIdon'thaveenoughreputation....WesleyShillingfordMay24at13:29
Thatdoesn'tmatter.Itdoesn'tchangethefactthatthisisn'tananswer.juanchopanzaMay24at13:30
Fine...it'sananswernow...WesleyShillingfordMay24at13:41
Again,std::nth_elementismoreappropriate(andfaster)forthisquestion.NemoMay24at13:57
|show4morecomments
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Googlesearchsuggestionimplementation
InarecentamazoninterviewIwasaskedtoimplementGoogle"suggestion"feature.Whenauserenters"AenifferAninston",Googlesuggests"Didyou
meanJenifferAninston".Itriedtosolveitbyusinghashingbutcouldnotcoverthecornercases.Pleaseletmeknowyourthoughtonthis.
upvote3
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favorite askedAug14'13at8:26
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1Answer
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Thereare4mostcommontypesoferros
1. Omittedletter:"stck"insteadof"stack"
2. Onelettertypo:"styck"insteadof"stack"
3. Extraletter:"starck"insteadof"stack"
4. Adjacentlettersswapped:"satck"insteadof"stack"
BTW,wecanswapnotadjacentlettersbutanylettersbutthisisnotcommontypo.
Initialstatetypedword.RunBFS/DFSfrominitialvertex.Depthofsearchisyourownchoice.Rememberthatincreasingdepthofsearchleadstodramatically
increasingnumberof"probablecorrections".Ithinkdepth~45isagoodstart.
Aftergenerating"probablecorrections"searcheachgeneratedwordcandidateinadictionarybinarysearchinsorteddictionaryorsearchinatriewhichpopulated
withyourdictionary.
TrieisfasterbutbinarysearchallowssearchinginRandomAccessFilewithoutloadingdictionarytoRAM.Youhavetoloadonlyprecomputedintegerarray[].
Array[i]givesyounumberofbytestoskipforaccesingithword.WordsinRandomAccesFileshouldbewritteninasortedorder.IfyouhaveenoughRAMto
storedictionaryusetrie.
Beforesuggestingcorrectionschecktypedwordifitisinadictionary,providenothing.
UPDATE
GeneratecorrectionsshouldbedonebyBFSwhenItriedDFS,entrieslike"Jeniffer"showed"editdistance=3".DFSdoesn'tworks,sinceitmakealotofchanges
whichcanbedoneinonestepforexample,Jniffer>nJiffer>enJiffer>eJniffer>JenifferinsteadofJniffer>Jeniffer.
SamplecodeforgeneratingcorrectionsbyBFS
staticclassPair
{
privateStringword;
privatebytedist;
//distisbytebecausedist<=128.
//Moreover,dist<=6inrealapplication
publicPair(Stringword,bytedist)
{
this.word=word;
this.dist=dist;
}
publicStringgetWord()
{
returnword;
}
publicintgetDist()
{
returndist;
}
}
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args)throwsException
{
HashSet<String>usedWords;
HashSet<String>dict;
ArrayList<String>corrections;
ArrayDeque<Pair>states;
usedWords=newHashSet<String>();
corrections=newArrayList<String>();
dict=newHashSet<String>();
states=newArrayDeque<Pair>();
//populatedictionary.Inrealusageshouldbepopulatedfrompreparedfile.
dict.add("Jeniffer");
dict.add("Jeniffert");//depth2test
usedWords.add("Jniffer");
states.add(newPair("Jniffer",(byte)0));
while(!states.isEmpty())
up {
vote Pairhead=states.pollFirst();
2 //System.out.println(head.getWord()+""+head.getDist());
if(head.getDist()<=2)
down {
vote //checkingreacheddepth.
//4isthefirstdepthwherewedon'tgenerateanything
//swapadjacentletters
for(inti=0;i<head.getWord().length()1;i++)
{
//swapithandi+1thletters
StringnewWord=head.getWord().substring(0,i)+head.getWord().charAt(i+1)+head.getWord().charAt(i)+head.getWord().substring(i+2);
//evenifi==curWord.length()2andtheni+2==curWord.length
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 188/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
//substring(i+2)doesn'tthrowexceptionandreturnsemptystring
//thesameforsubstring(0,i)wheni==0
if(!usedWords.contains(newWord))
{
usedWords.add(newWord);
if(dict.contains(newWord))
{
corrections.add(newWord);
}
states.addLast(newPair(newWord,(byte)(head.getDist()+1)));
}
}
//insertletters
for(inti=0;i<=head.getWord().length();i++)
for(charch='a';ch<='z';ch++)
{
StringnewWord=head.getWord().substring(0,i)+ch+head.getWord().substring(i);
if(!usedWords.contains(newWord))
{
usedWords.add(newWord);
if(dict.contains(newWord))
{
corrections.add(newWord);
}
states.addLast(newPair(newWord,(byte)(head.getDist()+1)));
}
}
}
}
for(Stringcorrection:corrections)
{
System.out.println("Didyoumean"+correction+"?");
}
usedWords.clear();
corrections.clear();
//helperdatastructuresmustbeclearedaftereachgenerateCorrectionscallmustbeemptyforthefutureusage.
WordsinadictionaryJeniffer,Jeniffert.Jeniffertisjustfortesting)
Output:
DidyoumeanJeniffer?
DidyoumeanJeniffert?
Important!
Ichoosedepthofgenerating=2.Inrealapplicationdepthshouldbe46,butasnumberofcombinationsgrowsexponentially,Idon'tgosodeep.Therearesome
optomizationsdevotedtoreducenumberofbranchesinasearchingtreebutIdon'tthinkmuchaboutthem.Iwroteonlymainidea.
Also,IusedHashSetforstoringdictionaryandforlabelingusedwords.ItseemsHashSet'sconstantistoolargewhenitcontaintmillionobjects.Maybeyoushould
usetriebothforwordinadictionarycheckingandforiswordlabeledchecking.
Ididn'timplementeraselettersandchangelettersoperationsbecauseIwanttoshowonlymainidea.
answeredAug14'13at10:37
editedAug15'13at5:54
share|improvethisanswer
Baurzhan
9171419
Thanksfortheexplanation.ButIcouldnotunderstandthe"generatingprobablecorrection"part.Ithinkyouaretalkingaboutallpossiblecombinations.For
exampleifsomeonetypes"JnifferAninston",whatwillbetheprobablecorrectionsandhowitwillmaptooriginalword"JenifferAninston"user2032118
Aug14'13at18:38
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SQLQueryforStudentmarkfunctionality
GotthisasaninterviewquestionfromAmazontotestbasicSQLskillsandIkindoffloppedit.Considerthefollowingtables:
StudentStid,Stname,Details
SubjectSubid,Subname
MarksStid,Subid,mark
Writeaquerytoprintthelistofnamesofstudentswhohavescoredthemaximummarkineachsubject.
ThewronganswerwhichIgavewas:
selectA.StnamefromAasStudent,Bas
(selectStid,Subid,max(mark)fromMarksgroupbySubid)whereA.Stid=B.Stid
upvote0 IwasthinkingyoucanhaveatableBinwhichyoucangetthetopmarksaloneandmatchitwiththenamesinthestudenttableA.Butturnsoutmy
downvote "groupby"iswrong.
favorite
OnemorevariationofthequestionwhichIfeltwascanbeaskedisthat,ifthereismorethanonestudenthavingthehighestmarkinasubject,eventheir
namesshouldbeincluded.
Canyoupleasehelpsolvethesequeries.Theyseemtobesimple,butIamnotabletogetahangofit.
Thanks!
sqldatabase
askedMay13'12at7:19
editedMay13'12at8:56
share|improvethisquestion
Maverickgugu
1993520
IamnotabletotagitasAmazoninterviewquestionorinterviewquestionasbothseemtobea"DONOTUSE"tagsforsomecleanupprocessin
StackOverflow.@Mods:Feelfreetoeditifanyinconsistenciesinquestionortagging.Iwilldeletethiscommentoncerectified.Thanks.
MaverickguguMay13'12at7:21
addacomment|
5Answers
activeoldestvotes
Youjusthavetopartitiontheproblemintosomebitesizedstepsandsolveeachonebyone
First,getthemaximumscoreineachsubject:
selectSubjectID,max(MarkRate)
fromMark
groupbySubjectID;
ThenquerywhoarethosethathasSubjectIDwithmaxMarkRate:
selectSubjectID,MarkRate,StudentID
fromMark
where(SubjectID,MarkRate)
in
(
selectSubjectID,max(MarkRate)
fromMark
groupbySubjectID
)
orderbySubjectID,StudentID;
ThenobtaintheStudent'sname,insteadofdisplayingjusttheStudentID:
selectSubjectName,MarkRate,StudentName
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 192/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
fromMark
joinStudentusing(StudentID)
joinSubjectusing(SubjectID)
where(SubjectID,MarkRate)
in
(
selectSubjectID,max(MarkRate)
fromMark
groupbySubjectID
)
orderbySubjectName,StudentName
Databasevendors'artificialdifferencesasidewithregardstojoiningandcorrelatingresults,thebasicstepisthesamefirst,partitiontheprobleminabitesized
parts,andthenintegratethemasyousolvedeachoneofthem,soitwon'tbeasconfusing.
Sampledata:
CREATETABLEStudent
(StudentIDint,StudentNamevarchar(6),Detailsvarchar(1));
INSERTINTOStudent
(StudentID,StudentName,Details)
VALUES
(1,'John','X'),
(2,'Paul','X'),
(3,'George','X'),
(4,'Paul','X');
CREATETABLESubject
(SubjectIDvarchar(1),SubjectNamevarchar(7));
INSERTINTOSubject
(SubjectID,SubjectName)
VALUES
('M','Math'),
('E','English'),
('H','History');
CREATETABLEMark
(StudentIDint,SubjectIDvarchar(1),MarkRateint);
INSERTINTOMark
(StudentID,SubjectID,MarkRate)
VALUES
(1,'M',90),
(1,'E',100),
(2,'M',95),
up (2,'E',70),
vote3 (3,'E',95),
down (3,'H',98),
(4,'H',90),
vote (4,'E',100);
Livetesthere:http://www.sqlfiddle.com/#!1/08728/3
INtupletestisstillajoinbyanyothername:
Convertthis..
selectSubjectName,MarkRate,StudentName
fromMark
joinStudentusing(StudentID)
joinSubjectusing(SubjectID)
where(SubjectID,MarkRate)
in
(
selectSubjectID,max(MarkRate)
fromMark
groupbySubjectID
)
orderbySubjectName,StudentName
..toJOIN:
selectSubjectName,MarkRate,StudentName
fromMark
joinStudentusing(StudentID)
joinSubjectusing(SubjectID)
join
(
selectSubjectID,max(MarkRate)asMarkRate
fromMark
groupbySubjectID
)asxusing(SubjectID,MarkRate)
orderbySubjectName,StudentName
Contrastthiscodewiththecodeimmediateit.SeehowJOINonindependentquerylooklikeanINconstruct?Theyalmostlookthesame,andINwasjust
replacedwithJOINkeywordandthereplacedINkeywordwithJOINisinfactlonger,youneedtoaliastheindependentquery'scolumnresult(max(MarkRate)AS
MarkRate)andalsothesubqueryitself(asx).Anyway,thisarejustmatterofstyle,IpreferINclause,astheintentisclearer.UsingJOINsmerelytoreflectthe
datarelationship.
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 193/349
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Anyway,here'sthequerythatworksonalldatabasesthatdoesn'tsupporttupletest(IN):
selectsb.SubjectName,m.MarkRate,st.StudentName
fromMarkasm
joinStudentasstonst.StudentID=m.StudentID
joinSubjectassbonsb.SubjectID=m.SubjectID
join
(
selectSubjectID,max(MarkRate)asMaxMarkRate
fromMark
groupbySubjectID
)asxonm.SubjectID=x.SubjectIDANDm.MarkRate=x.MaxMarkRate
orderbysb.SubjectName,st.StudentName
Livetest:http://www.sqlfiddle.com/#!1/08728/4
answeredMay13'12at7:52
editedMay13'12at11:58
share|improvethisanswer
MichaelBuen
23k14580
addacomment|
MyattemptI'dstartwiththemaxmarkandbuildfromthere
Schema:
CREATETABLEStudent(
StudentIdint,
Namenvarchar(30),
Detailsnvarchar(30)
)
CREATETABLESubject(
SubjectIdint,
Namenvarchar(30)
)
CREATETABLEMarks(
StudentIdint,
SubjectIdint,
Markint
)
Data:
INSERTINTOStudent(StudentId,Name,Details)
VALUES(1,'Alfred','AA'),(2,'Betty','BB'),(3,'Chris','CC')
INSERTINTOSubject(SubjectId,Name)
VALUES(1,'Maths'),(2,'Science'),(3,'English')
INSERTINTOMarks(StudentId,SubjectId,Mark)
VALUES
(1,1,61),(1,2,75),(1,3,87),
(2,1,82),(2,2,64),(2,3,77),
(3,1,82),(3,2,83),(3,3,67)
GO
Myquerywouldhavebeen:
upvote2downvote ;WITHMaxMarksAS(
SELECTSubjectId,MAX(Mark)asMaxMark
FROMMarks
GROUPBYSubjectId
)
SELECTs.Nameas[StudentName],sub.NameAS[SubjectName],m.Mark
FROMMaxMarksmm
INNERJOINMarksm
ONm.SubjectId=mm.SubjectId
ANDm.Mark=mm.MaxMark
INNERJOINStudents
ONs.StudentId=m.StudentId
INNERJOINSubjectsub
ONsub.SubjectId=mm.SubjectId
SQLFiddleExample
1. Findthemaxmarkforeachsubject
2. JoinMarks,StudentandSubjecttofindtherelevantdetailsofthathighestmark
Thisalsotakecareofduplicatestudentswiththehighestmark
Results:
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 194/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
STUDENTNAMESUBJECTNAMEMARK
AlfredEnglish87
BettyMaths82
ChrisMaths82
ChrisScience83
answeredMay13'12at7:24
editedMay13'12at7:53
share|improvethisanswer
Paddy
1,2961722
addacomment|
Iwouldhavesaid:
selects.stname,s2.subname,highmarks.mark
fromstudentss
joinmarksmons.stid=m.stid
joinSubjects2onm.subid=s2.subid
join(selectsubid,max(mark)asmark
frommarksgroupbysubid)ashighmarks
onhighmarks.subid=m.subidandhighmarks.mark=m.mark
orderbysubname,stname;
SQLFiddlehere:http://sqlfiddle.com/#!2/5ef84/3
upvote Thisisa:
2down
vote selectonthestudentstabletogetthepossiblestudents
ajointothemarkstabletomatchupstudentstomarks,
ajointothesubjectstabletoresolvesubjectidsintonames.
ajointoaderivedtableofthemaximummarksineachsubject.
Onlythestudentsthatgetmaximummarkswillmeetallthreejoinconditions.Thislistsallstudentswhogotthatmaximummark,soifthereareties,bothget
listed.
answeredMay13'12at7:43
editedMay13'12at8:00
share|improvethisanswer
MikeRyan
2,009916
Thanks@Ryan.Thisqueryisprettyconciseandnice..but,mayIknowwhetherthethirdconditionwhereyoujointhesubjectstabletoresolveittotheir
namesisjusttoprintthesubjectnameintheoutput?MaverickguguMay13'12at8:40
Andonemoredoubt,iswhythe"orderby"..Didyouaddthatwithanymotive?Because,Iamgettingthesameoutput.MaverickguguMay13'12at
8:51
Botharetomaketheresultmorereadable.Youdon'tactuallysaywhetherornotyouwanttoresolvethesubid'stothesubjectnames.Butsincethetableis
supplied,andyouhavetodisplayeitherthesubidorthesubname,Itookitasimplied.Andtheorderbyistomaketheoutputnice.(Usuallythecasew/
orderby.)InanyrealsituationI'dask.MikeRyanMay13'12at14:08
addacomment|
Ilikethesimplesolutionusingwindowsfunctions:
selectt.*
from(selectstudent.*,su.subname,max(mark)over(partitionbysubid)asmaxmark
frommarksmjoin
studentsst
onm.stid=st.stidjoin
subjectsu
onm.subid=su.subid
)t
wheret.mark=maxmark
Or,alternatively:
upvote0downvote selectt.*
from(selectstudent.*,su.subname,rank(mark)over(partitionbysubidorderbymarkdesc)asmarkseqnum
frommarksmjoin
studentsst
onm.stid=st.stidjoin
subjectsu
onm.subid=su.subid
)t
wheremarkseqnum=1
answeredMay13'12at13:47
share|improvethisanswer
GordonLinoff
311k1779132
addacomment|
Justforfun,considerthedifferentquestiononewouldgetwithaveryliteralinterpretationoftheOP'sdescription:"Writeaquerytoprintthelistofnamesof
studentswhohavescoredthemaximummarkineachsubject."
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 195/349
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Thosewho'veansweredherehavewrittenqueriestolistastudentifheorshescoredthemaximummarkinanyonesubject,butnotnecessarilyinallsubjects.
SincethequestionposedbytheOPdoesnotaskforsubjectnamesintheoutput,thisisaplausibleinterpretation.
Tolistthenamesofstudents(ifany)whohavescoredthemaximummarkinallsubjects(excludingsubjectswithnomarks,sincearguablythereisthenno
maximummarkthen),Ithinkthisworks,usingcolumnnamesfromMichael'sSQLFiddle,whichI'veadaptedhere.
selectStudentName
fromStudent
wherenotexists(
select*fromSubject
whereexists(
select*fromMarkasM1
upvote0 whereM1.SubjectID=Subject.SubjectID
andM1.StudentID<>Student.StudentID
down andnotexists(
vote select*fromMarkasM2
whereM2.StudentID=Student.StudentID
andM2.SubjectID=M1.SubjectID
andM2.MarkRate>=M1.MarkRate
)
)
)
Inotherwords,selectastudentX'snameifthereisnosubjectinwhichsomeone'smarkforthatsubjectisnotmatchedorexceededbysomemarkbelongingto
Xforthesamesubject.(Thisqueryreturnsastudent'snameifthestudenthasreceivedmorethanonemarkinasubject,solongasoneofthosemarksisthe
highestforthesubject.)
answeredMay14'12at0:18
editedMay14'12at3:17
share|improvethisanswer
SteveKass
5,030515
addacomment|
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Whatarebestpracticesforcollecting,maintainingandensuringaccuracyofa
hugedataset?
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Iamposingthisquestionlookingforpracticaladviceonhowtodesignasystem.
Siteslikeamazon.comandpandorahaveandmaintainhugedatasetstoruntheircorebusiness.Forexample,amazon(andeveryothermajorecommerce
site)hasmillionsofproductsforsale,imagesofthoseproducts,pricing,specifications,etc.etc.etc.
Ignoringthedatacominginfrom3rdpartysellersandtheusergeneratedcontentallthat"stuff"hadtocomefromsomewhereandismaintainedby
someone.It'salsoincrediblydetailedandaccurate.How?Howdotheydoit?Istherejustanarmyofdataentryclerksorhavetheydevisedsystemsto
handlethegruntwork?
Mycompanyisinasimilarsituation.Wemaintainahuge(10ofmillionsofrecords)catalogofautomotivepartsandthecarstheyfit.We'vebeenatitfora
whilenowandhavecomeupwithanumberofprogramsandprocessestokeepourcataloggrowingandaccuratehowever,itseemsliketogrowthe
upvote8 catalogtoxitemsweneedtogrowtheteamtoy.
downvote
favorite IneedtofiguresomewaystoincreasetheefficiencyofthedatateamandhopefullyIcanlearnfromtheworkofothers.Anysuggestionsareappreciated,
1 morethoughwouldbelinkstocontentIcouldspendsomeserioustimereading.
THANKS!
Kyle
databasedata
askedDec22'10at1:38
share|improvethisquestion
KyleWest
4,84854684
addacomment|
7Answers
activeoldestvotes
Usevisitors.
1. Evenifyouhaveonepersonperitem,therewillbewrongrecords,andcustomerswillfindit.So,letthemmarkitemsas"inappropiate"andmakea
shortcomment.Butdon'tforget,they'renotyouremployees,don'taskthemtoomuchseeFacebook's"like"button,it'seasytouse,andrequiresnottoo
muchenergyfromtheuser.Goodperformance/price.IftherewouldbeamandatoryfieldinFacebook,whichasks"whydoyoulikeit?",nooneshould
upvote5 usethatfunction.
down
vote 2. Visitorsalsohelpsyouimpliciteway:theyvisititempages,andusesearchfunction(Imeanbothinternalsearchengineandexternalones,likeGoogle).
accepted Youcangaininformationfromvisitors'activity,say,setuptheorderofthemostvisiteditems,thenyoushouldconcentratemorehumanforcesonthe
+125 topofthelist,andlessforthe"longtail".
answeredJan1'11at14:52
share|improvethisanswer
ern0
2,3661229
addacomment|
Sincethisismoreaboutmanagingtheteam/code/dataratherthanimplementationandsinceyoumentionedAmazonIthinkyou'llfindthisuseful:
http://highscalability.com/amazonarchitecture.
Inparticular,clickthelinktoWernerVogelsinterview.
upvote3down
vote answeredDec22'10at1:50
share|improvethisanswer
slebetman
35.3k55076
thanks,Iamcheckingitoutnow.KyleWestDec22'10at2:12
addacomment|
Builditrightinthefirstplace.Ensurethatyouuseeveryintegritycheckingmethodavailableinthedatabaseyou'reusing,asappropriatetowhatyou're
storing.Betterthatanuploadfailthanbaddatagetsilentlyintroduced.
Then,figureoutwhatyou'regoingtodointermsofyourownintegritychecking.DBintegritychecksareagoodstart,butrarelyareallyouneed.Thatwill
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 199/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
alsoforceyoutothink,fromthebeginning,aboutwhattypeofdatayou'reworkingwith,howyouneedtostoreit,andhowtorecognizeandflagorrejectbad
orquestionabledata.
upvote3 Ican'ttellyoutheamountofpainI'veseenfromtryingtorework(orjustdaytodayworkwith)oldsystemsfullofgarbagedata.Doingitrightandtestingit
down thoroughlyupfrontmayseemlikeapain,anditcanbe,buttherewardishavingasystemthatforthemostparthumsalongandneedslittletonointervention.
vote
Asforalink,ifthere'sanyonewho'shadtothinkaboutanddesignforscalability,it'sGoogle.Youmightfindthisinstructive,it'sgotsomegoodthingstokeep
inmind:http://highscalability.com/googlearchitecture
answeredDec22'10at2:15
share|improvethisanswer
ToddAllen
318317
addacomment|
MasterDataManagementisanotheralternativetowhathasbeenproposed.HereisMicrosoft'sarticle"TheWhat,Why,andHowofMasterData
Management".Datastewardsaregiventherights/responsibilitytomaintaintheaccuracyofthedatafortheenterprise.
Themainabilitytoscalecomesfromaligningthetechnologywiththebusinesssothatthedatapersonnelarenottheonlypeoplewhocanmanagethe
upvote2 information.Toolsandprocesses/proceduresenablebusinessownerstohelpmanageenterprisedata.
downvote
answeredJan3'11at22:25
editedJan3'11at22:35
share|improvethisanswer
Suirtimed
6151416
addacomment|
Sharedatewithyoursuppliers.Thenthedataisenteredonce.
Ifitisimportantitshouldbedoneonce,elsenotatall.
upvote1down
vote answeredJan1'11at0:01
share|improvethisanswer
richard
2,4262730
Ifwedidthis,we'dbeoutofbusiness.We'reinthebusinessofmanagingtheirdata(andsendingittoeveryoneelsesoitisonlydoneonce).
KyleWestJan4'11at7:24
addacomment|
Iwouldinvestheavilyindatamining.Getasmanyfeedsaspossibleabouttheproductsyouaretryingtosell.Getfeedsaboutthevehicle'sdirectlyfrom
vendors,aswellasfromautomotiverepaircompanieslikeMitchellandHaynes.
Onceyouknowthepartsthatyouneed,crosscorrelatethosepartnumberswithpartnumbersthatareavailableontheinterenet.AlsoCrosscorrelatethosepart
numberswithimages,reviews,andarticles.Attempttoaggregateasmuchinformationaspossibleinonepage,andeventuallyallowthatpagetobeindexedby
google.
Basedontheresultsofyourdataaggregation,assignaseriesofweightstoeachproducts.Basedonthevalueofyourweightseitherpassontheresultstoan
employeeandhavethemnegotiatepricewithsuppliers,createapageasisandlinktothesources(assumingyouwouldreceiveacommission),or,don'tsellthe
part.
upvote
1down Onceyouhaveenoughproductsinoneplace,youcanthensupportotherpeoplewhowouldliketoaddadditionalproductstoyourwebsite.Thebreadthof
vote resourcesavailableonAmazonisinalargepartduetosupportingthirdpartysellersandallowingthosesellerstolistonAmazon'swebsite.
Especiallyintheautoindustry,Ithinktheirisagreatvalueinhighqualityindexingwhichisbothgooglefindableaswellaslogicallyfindablebypeople
lookingtoreplaceaspecificcomponent.Youmayalsowanttolookintoselling/providinglocationspecificservicesthroughIPgeolocationbasedonthe
componenttheyareinterestedinpurchasing.
answeredJan2'11at7:51
share|improvethisanswer
Claris
1,322615
addacomment|
MuchofthedatamanagedbySitelikegooglecomesfromusers.Ientermydataandanresponsibleforitsaccuracy.Siteshavetheirdata,anditiscaptured
fromtheweb.Searchdataiscapturedfromasearch.Thisislikelysignificantlydifferentfromwhatyourareattempting.ThereislittlerequirementforGoogle
stafftodoanythingwithit.
Workingwithmanufacturersfeedscouldmakeyoureffortslessmanpowerintensive.Thetradeoffisinvestinginthedatatransformationsoftware.Youmay
wanttocapturethesourceforeachcrossreference.Thiswilleasereloadswhenyougetupdates.
Frommyexperienceyoualsohavetheissuethatcrossreferencesmaybeunidirectional.AcanreplaceB,butBcannotreplaceA.
upvote1 Aslongasyouhavemanualentry,youwillhaveerrors.Anythingyoucandoinyourinterfacetodetecttheseerrorsislikelyworththeeffort.Inputvolumeto
down staffshouldscalelinearly.
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vote Reviewtheresearchonattentioncyclestodetermineifyoucandosomethingtoincreasequalityofinputandverificationprocesses.Recentresearchin
securityscanningindicatesthatyoumaywanttogenerateperiodicerrorsintheverificationdata.
Asotherhavenoted,makingiteasierforuserstoflagerrorsisagoodidea.
answeredJan4'11at0:45
share|improvethisanswer
BillThor
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Howtowriteasqlquerytomultiplytwovalueswhicharenotpresentinany
table?
ThisisaninterviewquestionaskedatAmazon.Helpmeguys!!!
sql
upvote7downvote askedMar5at16:37
favorite
share|improvethisquestion
SolaiRajan
1
4 select3*5asresult?juergendMar5at16:39
Althoughthequestionisnotwellformattedbecauseyourjusttryingtogetaninterviewquestionanswered.Thequestionitselfisn'tbad.
KalelWadeMar5at16:46
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1Answer
activeoldestvotes
Youcansavethevaluesasavariableandthenuseit.
DECLARE@XASINT
DECLARE@YASINT
SET@X=3
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SET@Y=4
upvote0downvote SELECT@X*@Y
answeredMar5at17:01
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wpa81
414
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Checkastringforconsecutiverepeatedcharacters[closed]
ItisaskedinaninterviewtowritethecodeinJavatodisplaythestringwhichdoesn'thaveconsecutiverepeatedcharacters.
E.g.:Google,Apple,AmazonItshoulddisplay"Amazon"
Iwrotecodetofindcontinuesrepeatingchar.Isthereanyalgorithmorefficientwaytofindit?
upvote0downvotefavorite
javastringcharacter
editedJun26'14at18:47 askedJun26'14at16:27
share|improvethisquestion
KevinPanko Venki
5,20483044 383
closedastoobroadbyMena,T.S.,gnat,EdChum,gotqnJul6'14at9:56
Thereareeithertoomanypossibleanswers,orgoodanswerswouldbetoolongforthisformat.Pleaseadddetailstonarrowtheanswersetortoisolateanissuethatcan
beansweredinafewparagraphs.Ifthisquestioncanberewordedtofittherulesinthehelpcenter,pleaseeditthequestion.
2 Ifyoualreadywrotethecode,trypostingitoveratCodeReviewifyouwantpeopletolookatit.KeppilJun26'14at16:28
2 Whatdoes"continuesrepeatedcharacter"mean?DonBransonJun26'14at16:30
3 @DonBransonIthinkhemeansooinGoogle,ppinAppleandsoon.RafaelOsipovJun26'14at16:33
1 RafaelisrightVenkiJun26'14at16:33
1 "Consecutiverepeatedcharacters"mightbeabetterwaytophraseit.DavidConradJun26'14at16:43
|show2morecomments
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1Answer
activeoldestvotes
classreplace
{
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[])
{
Stringarr[]=newString[3];
arr[0]="Google";
arr[1]="Apple";
arr[2]="Amazon";
for(inti=0;i<arr.length;i++)
{
intj;
for(j=1;j<arr[i].length();j++)
{
if(arr[i].charAt(j)==arr[i].charAt(j1))
{
break;
upvote1down }
voteaccepted }
if(j==arr[i].length())
System.out.println(arr[i]);
}
}
}
Logic:MatchthecharactersinaStringwiththepreviouscharacter.
1. Ifyoufindstring[i]==string[i1].Breaktheloop.Choosethenextstring.
2. Ifyouhavereachedtilltheendofthestringwithnomatchhavingcontinuousrepeatedcharacter,thenprintthestring.
answeredJun26'14at16:44
editedJun26'14at17:30
share|improvethisanswer
Jerky
973624
Thanksforthesolution@AyushJainVenkiJun26'14at16:47
Iamnotabletodothatasisshowingup"VoteUprequire15reputation"VenkiJun26'14at16:50
whatistheuseofinitializingjtwicewithvalue1?SparkOnJun26'14at17:23
Correctedthecode.@M.SharmaJerkyJun26'14at17:38
YoucanjustwriteString[]names={"Google","Apple","Amazon"};andfor(Stringname:names).Itwouldmakethecodealotclearer
withoutallthemanualmuckingaroundwitharrays.DavidConradJun26'14at19:07
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Daolayerandwebserviceintegration[closed]
I'mdevelopingarestfulwebservicethatwillsavedatainadatabaseandretrivedatafromadatabase.SoI'mplanningtoimplementwebservicelogic
anddatataaccesslogicastwodifferentprojects.Itwouldbegreatifyoucoulddiscussprosandconsinthisapproach.
upvote0down javadatabasewebservices
votefavorite editedJun25'12at12:08 askedJun25'12at12:05
share|improvethisquestion
duffymo abc123
207k14217392 3,64831637
closedasnotarealquestionbyJigarJoshi,duffymo,npinti,artbristol,kapaJun25'12at12:31
It'sdifficulttotellwhatisbeingaskedhere.Thisquestionisambiguous,vague,incomplete,overlybroad,orrhetoricalandcannotbereasonablyansweredinitscurrent
form.Forhelpclarifyingthisquestionsothatitcanbereopened,visitthehelpcenter.Ifthisquestioncanberewordedtofittherulesinthehelpcenter,pleaseeditthe
question.
addacomment|
1Answer
activeoldestvotes
Iwouldrecommendjustoneproject.ThewebservicewillowntheDAOandthedatabase.Noneedfortwo.
Asforpros,readWernerVogel'sACMinterviewaboutwebservicesatAmazon.Payspecialattentiontohisstatementabout"services
owningtheirdata."
upvote1downvote Cons?Yourwayaddscomplexitywithoutbenefit.ItwouldencouragereusingthatDAOsomewhereelse.
accepted
answeredJun25'12at12:08
editedNov11'12at4:08
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GivenanunsortedArrayfindmaximumvalueofA[j]A[i]wherej>i..inO(n)
time
ThisisanAmazoninterviewQuestion.IhavesolvedthisprobleminO(n)usingdynamicprogramming.ButIwanttoknowcantherebemore
optimizationthanO(n)
fore.g.supposebelowisthearray
371424returns4
upvote8downvote 54321returnsNothing
favorite
43223returns1
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6 ThisisthecodeihavewrittenCode
javacarraysalgorithm
editedApr3'12at11:23 askedApr3'12at6:39
share|improvethisquestion
SaeedAmiri Algorithmist
17.1k42062 3,02321644
8 Idon'tseehowgoingfromO(n)toO(nlogn)wouldbeanoptimization.aioobeApr3'12at6:41
2 ButO(nlogn)isworsethanO(n)...DanielKamilKozarApr3'12at6:41
2 YousayyoualreadyhaveanO(n)solution.Bydefinition,anyO(n)isalsoO(nlogn).NPEApr3'12at6:41
3 YoucannotbeanAlgorithmist:(DhruvPathakApr3'12at6:42
BetterthanO(n)here?)Idon'tthinkyoucanescapeexaminingeachelementatleastonce,especiallygiventhatsamplearraysareunsorted.
1
gorlum0Apr3'12at7:45
|show4morecomments
4Answers
activeoldestvotes
Letssayyou'vegotintA[N].
intres=1;
intmin_value=A[0];
for(inti=1;i<N;i++){
//A[i]A[j]ismaximal,whenA[j]isminimalvaluefrom{A[0],A[1],..,A[i1]}
res=max(res,A[i]min_value);
min_value=min(min_value,A[i]);
}
upvote13downvote returnres;
accepted
ComplexityO(N).
YouneedtoexamineNelementssoO(N)isbestwhatyoucanget.
answeredApr3'12at6:42
editedApr3'12at7:13
share|improvethisanswer
JarosawGomuka
2,448519
1 Doyoumean=min(min_value,A[i])?BlackJackApr3'12at6:44
You'reright.I'vecorrectedit.JarosawGomukaApr3'12at6:48
@Algorithmist,Don'tknowwhythislookssomuchlikethisproblem,whichisfromanongoingcontest.>.<PriyankBhatnagarApr
3'12at11:29
addacomment|
ButIwanttoknowcantherebemoreoptimizationthenO(n)
Anyofthenelementscanbepartofthesolution,andthereforeeachneedstobeexamined.Thus,O(n)cannotbeimprovedupon.
Forcompleteness,hereisasolutionthattakesO(n)timeandrequiresO(1)memory:
A=[1,10,20,10,3,4,18,42,15]
smallest=A[0]
upvote6down maxdiff=float('inf')
vote forxinA[1:]:
maxdiff=max(maxdiff,xsmallest)
smallest=min(smallest,x)
printmaxdiff
answeredApr3'12at6:45
editedApr3'12at6:58
share|improvethisanswer
NPE
209k25432641
imsorryforthetypomistake...Iwassolvingsomeotherproblemalso,anditgotmixed.AlgorithmistApr3'12at6:56
@Algorithmist:No,youcan'tdobetterthanO(n).Anyelementcanbepartofthesolutionandthereforeneedstobeexamined.ThereareO(n)
1
elements.NPEApr3'12at6:59
addacomment|
Itcan'tbedonebetterthanO(n)becausewhateverapproachyouuse,youwillhavetoiterateoverthearrayatleastonceandthatstepinitselfisO(n).
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Restthefightremainsonlytominimizetheconstants.
upvote4
answeredApr3'12at6:59
downvote
share|improvethisanswer
ManojGumber
1,740930
addacomment|
publicstaticintmaxOrderedDiff(int[]A){
//A[x]A[y]|x>y
intmin=0,max=0;
intless=0;
for(inti=1;i<A.length;i++){
if(A[less]>A[i]){
less=i;
}
if(A[i]A[min]>A[max]A[min]||A[i]A[less]>A[max]A[min]){
max=i;
if(A[less]<A[min])
min=less;
}
}
returnmax>min?A[max]A[min]:1;
upvote0downvote }//maxOrderedDiff
TESTWITH:
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
int[][]A={{3,7,1,4,2,4},{5,4,3,2,1},{4,3,2,2,3}};
for(int[]B:A)
System.out.format("%s::%d%n",Arrays.toString(B),maxOrderedDiff(B));
}
answeredApr4'12at1:28
share|improvethisanswer
kasavbere
2,77021949
addacomment|
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howdoesFloat.toString()andInteger.toString()works?
Howcaniimplementanalgorithmtoconvertfloatorinttostring?Ifoundonelinkhttp://geeksforgeeks.org/forum/topic/amazoninterview
questionforsoftwareengineerdeveloper02yearsaboutalgorithms13
buticantunderstandthealgorithmgiventhere
upvote0down
votefavorite javaarrayalgorithms
askedMay12'11at14:38
editedMay12'11at14:45
share|improvethisquestion
ako
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Whathaveyoutriedsofar?RachelShallitMay12'11at14:40
1 Areyouaskinghowonemightimplementit,orhowtheJDKactuallyimplementsit?DilumRanatungaMay12'11at14:40
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integertostringismoresimple.fordoubletostringthisguidlinesmightbehelpful:javaDocszviadmMay25'11at19:27
addacomment|
4Answers
activeoldestvotes
thenumbers09aresequentialinmostcharacterencodingsotwiddlingwiththeintegralvalueofitwillhelphere:
intval;
Stringstr="";
while(val>0){
str=('0'+(val%10))+str;
upvote4down val/=10;
vote }
answeredMay12'11at14:52
share|improvethisanswer
ratchetfreak
28.2k21860
Thisexempleisfarbetterthantheother.Itissimple,itfocusandtheproblemandiseasytounderstand.NicolasBousquetMay12'11at
15:37
addacomment|
Here'sasampleofhowtodotheintegertostring,fromitIhopeyou'llbeabletofigureouthowtodothefloattostring.
publicStringintToString(intvalue){
StringBufferbuffer=newStringBuffer();
if(value<0){
buffer.append("");
}
//MAX_INTisjustover2billion,sostartbyfindingthenumberofbillions.
intdivisor=1000000000;
while(divisor>0){
intdigit=value/divisor;//integerdivision,sonoremainder.
if(digit>0){
buffer.append('0'+digit);
value=valuedigit*divisor;//subtractoffthevaluetozerooutthatdigit.
}
divisor=divisor/10;//thenextloopiterationshouldbeinthe10'splacetotheright
}
upvote }
3down
vote Thisisofcourse,veryunoptimized,butitgivesyouafeelforhowthemostbasicformattingisaccomplished.
Notethatthetechniqueof""+xisactuallyrewrittentobesomethinglike
StringBufferbuffer=newStringBuffer();
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buffer.append("");
buffer.append(String.valueOf(x));
buffer.toString();
Sodon'tthinkthatwhatiswrittenis100%exactlyHOWitisdone,lookatisaswhatmusthappeninalargerviewofthings.
answeredMay12'11at14:51
share|improvethisanswer
EdwinBuck
38.6k14173
Intheeventthatsomeonetriestoswapoutcharactersetswithonethatdoesn'thaveit'sdigitssequentially(rememberthisisaninterviewquestion,nota
realworldproblem)youcanalwaysimplementthebuffer.append('0'+digit)withaswitchstatement,likesoswitch(digit){case0:
buffer.append("0");break;case1:buffer.append("1");break;...}EdwinBuckMay12'11at14:58
UsingStringBufferistotallyuselessasthejavacompilerwillreplacestringconcatenationwithoneanyway.NicolasBousquetMay12'11at15:36
@Nicolas,ThecompileronlyreplacesStringconcatenationwithaStringBufferintheeventthatalloftheconcatenationsoccurwithinthesamelocalized
1 block.So,System.out.println("("+x+","+y+")");worksjustfinebut,Stringx="";for(inti=0;i<5;i++){x=x+'0'+i;}won't
maintainabufferbetweenloopiterations.EdwinBuckMay12'11at19:34
addacomment|
Thegeneralideaistopickofftheleastsignificantdigitbytakingthenumberremainderten.Thendividethenumberby10andrepeat...untilyouare
leftwithzero.
Ofcourse,itisabitmorecomplicatedthanthat,especiallyinthefloatcase.
ifihaveasingledigitinintfomratthenineedtoinsertitintochar,howtoconvertinttochar?
upvote1down
Easy:
vote
intdigit=.../*0to9*/
charch=(char)('0'+digit);
answeredMay12'11at14:45
share|improvethisanswer
StephenC
311k25281588
1 agreed,butifihaveasingledigitinintfomratthenineedtoinsertitintochar,howtoconvertinttochar?akoMay12'11at14:46
thanks.........................................akoMay12'11at14:51
addacomment|
Well,youcanreadthecodeyourself.
answeredMay12'11at14:57
upvote1downvote
share|improvethisanswer
MikeBaranczak
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Howtorepresentatriangleofintegers?
Thisaddresses"aspecificprogrammingproblem"fromOnTopic
IamworkingonaninterviewquestionfromAmazonSoftwareInterview
Thequestionis"Givenatriangleofintegers,findthepathofthelargestsumwithoutskipping."
Myquestionishowwouldyourepresentatriangleofintegers?
IlookedthisuponTriangleofIntegersandsawthatatriangleofintegerslookedsomethinglike
1
23
456
78910
1112131415
upvote4downvote Whatisthebestway(datastructure)torepresentsomethinglikethis?Myideawashavingsomethinglike
favorite
int[]r1={1};
int[]r2={2,3};
int[]r3={4,5,6};
int[]r4={7,8,9,10};
int[]r5={11,12,13,14,15};
Isthisthebestwaytorepresentthistriangleintegerstructure?Ithoughtaboutusinga2dimensionalmatrixstructurebutthosehavetohave
arraysofthesamesize.
javapythonalgorithmintegerint
askedFeb21at4:03
share|improvethisquestion
committedandroider
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4 wellyoucanuseaList<Integer[]>BabyFeb21at4:06
1 Ifyouwanttogetfancyandstupidatthesametime,youcouldusealeaningtree.JonFeb21at4:07
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JustjavafornowcommittedandroiderFeb21at4:16
@Jonjongotthanksthatmakessense.committedandroiderFeb21at4:17
|show3morecomments
4Answers
activeoldestvotes
Youshouldputtheminlinearmemoryandaccessthemas:
inttriangular(introw){
returnrow*(row+1)/2+1;
}
int[]r={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15};
for(inti=0;i<n_rows;i++){
for(intj=0;j<=i;j++){
System.out.print(r[triangular(i)+j]+"");
}System.out.println("");
}
upvote1downvoteaccepted
row,column
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ifrow>column:
index=triangular(row)+column
Sinceit'sapredictablestructurethere'sanexpressionfortheoffsetofthebeginningofeachrow.Thiswillbethemostefficientway.
answeredFeb21at4:07
editedFeb21at13:21
share|improvethisanswer
ChristianSarofeen
1,53516
Solinearmemorymeaningarray?committedandroiderFeb21at4:26
Updatedforafullexample.ChristianSarofeenFeb21at13:21
addacomment|
Ithoughtaboutusinga2dimensionalmatrixstructurebutthosehavetohavearraysofthesamesize.
Notcorrect.
InJavayoucanusearraystorepresentnonrectangulardatastructurese.g.
int[][]triangle={{1},
{2,3},
upvote2 {4,5,6},
down {7,8,9,10},
vote {11,12,13,14,15}};
Itisanoption,thoughnotnecessarilythemostconvenientoption.
answeredFeb21at4:51
share|improvethisanswer
StephenC
311k25281588
Whatwouldbemoreconvenient?committedandroiderFeb21at7:32
Possiblyoneoftheothersolutionsproposedbytheotheranswers.Youcanmakeupyourownmind.StephenCFeb21at8:25
IcannotgiveyouaspecificansweronthatbecauseIhavenotconsideredtheimplicationsforthealgorithms,andtheireaseofimplementation.However,
I'mprettysurethatanyofthealternativeswillbeeasiertodealwiththanNdifferentnamed1Darrays...asinyoursamplecode.StephenCFeb22at
9:08
addacomment|
I'dusea2Darraywithguardbands.Intheexamplebelow,the0'srepresentinvalidentriesinthearray.Thetopandbottomrows,aswellastheleftmostand
rightmostcolumnsaretheguardbands.Theadvantageisthatyourpathfindingalgorithmcanwanderaroundthearraywithouthavingtoconstantlycheckfor
outofboundsarrayindices.
int[][]array=
{
{0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
{0,1,0,0,0,0,0},
upvote {0,2,3,0,0,0,0},
1down {0,4,5,6,0,0,0},
{0,7,8,9,10,0,0},
vote {0,11,12,13,14,15,0},
{0,0,0,0,0,0,0}
};
answeredFeb21at4:54
share|improvethisanswer
user3386109
12k21227
butwoudn'tallthose0stakeuptoomuchspace?committedandroiderFeb21at7:32
Howbigisthebiggesttriangle?user3386109Feb21at7:47
Questiondoesn'tsay.Sonostatedlimit,IguesscommittedandroiderFeb21at7:52
@committedandroiderWell,ifyougobeyond10,000rows,thenmaybetheextraspacetakenupbythe0smatters,otherwiseno.user3386109Feb21
at7:54
WhatIwasthinkingaboutwasjustusingonearrayandusingsomeformulalikewhatduskwuffsuggestedtoidentifythedifferentrowsofthetriangle.
Thatwayyousavespace?committedandroiderFeb21at8:00
|show4morecomments
Youdon'tneedtorepresentitatall!Thestartingnumberofrowr(startingat0)isgivenbytheexpression:
r*(r+1)/2+1
upvote0
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downvote answeredFeb21at4:11
share|improvethisanswer
duskwuff
86.1k1187126
Soyourepresentthiswithonearray?committedandroiderFeb21at4:24
Ifyourarrayisliterallyjustthesenumbers,youdon'tneedanarrayatall.Youcanjustcalculatewhatthenumberatagivenpositionwillbewithout
storingitanywhere.duskwuffFeb21at4:40
@duskwuffhisarrayisnotjustthosenumbers.immibisFeb21at5:14
@duskwuffthatarraywasjustanexamplefromanotherthread.Isupposethearrayforthisproblemcantakeanyvalueincommittedandroider
Feb21at7:31
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NumberFormatExceptioninmycode
IwassolvingtheConnectedSetsproblemonAmazon'sInterviewStreetsitehttps://amazon.interviewstreet.com/challengesandmycodeworkedperfectlyfor
thepublicsampletestcasesprovidedbythesite,butI'mgettingaNumberFormatExceptionforthehiddentestcasesonline25.Hereisthepartofmycode
thatparsestheinput:
publicclassSolution
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{
staticint[][]arr;
staticintnum=2;
staticintN;
staticStringoutput="";
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args)throwsIOException
{
intT;
BufferedReaderreader=newBufferedReader(newInputStreamReader(System.in));
T=Integer.parseInt(reader.readLine());
inti,j,k;
for(i=0;i<T;i++)//theloopforeachofthe'T'testcases
{
N=Integer.parseInt(reader.readLine());//line25
arr=newint[N][N];
for(j=0;j<N;j++)//theloopsforstoringtheinput2Darray
{
for(k=0;k<N;k++)
{
arr[j][k]=Character.getNumericValue(reader.read());
reader.read();
}
}
Ispentalotoftimetryingtofindwhattheproblemis,butI'vebeenunsuccessfulatit.Thanksforyourhelpinadvance.
EDIT:Theproblemstatementisgivenasfollowsonthesite:
Givena2dmatrix,whichhasonly1sand0sinit.Findthetotalnumberofconnectedsetsinthatmatrix.
Explanation:Connectedsetcanbedefinedasgroupofcell(s)whichhas1mentionedonitandhaveatleastoneothercellinthatsetwithwhichtheysharethe
neighborrelationship.Acellwith1initandnosurroundingneighborhaving1initcanbeconsideredasasetwithonecellinit.Neighborscanbedefinedas
allthecellsadjacenttothegivencellin8possibledirections(i.eN,W,E,S,NE,NW,SE,SWdirection).Acellisnotaneighborofitself.
Inputformat:FirstlineoftheinputcontainsT,numberoftestcases.ThenfollowTtestcases.Eachtestcasehasgivenformat.N[representingthedimension
ofthematrixNXN].FollowedbyNlines,withNnumbersoneachline.
Outputformat:Foreachtestcaseprintoneline,numberofconnectedcomponentithas.
SampleInput:
0010
1010
0100
1111
4
upvote0
down 1001
vote
favorite 0000
0110
1001
10011
00100
00000
11111
00000
00100100
10000001
00100101
01000100
10000000
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
00110110
10110110
00000000
Sampleoutput:
Constraint:
0<T<6
0<N<1009
Notethattheabovesampletestcasesworkedonmycode.Thehiddentestcasesgavetheexception.
javanumberformatexception
askedMar14'14at13:05
editedMar14'14at13:34
share|improvethisquestion
Ricky
377
addacomment|
4Answers
activeoldestvotes
Okay,soImodifiedmyprogramtoincorporateLeosLiterak'ssuggestiontousetrim()andthenewcodeisasfollows:
publicclassSolution
{
staticint[][]arr;
staticintnum=2;
staticintN;
staticStringoutput="";
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args)throwsIOException
{
intT;
BufferedReaderreader=newBufferedReader(newInputStreamReader(System.in));
T=Integer.parseInt(reader.readLine().trim());
inti,j,k;
for(i=0;i<T;i++)
{
N=Integer.parseInt(reader.readLine().trim());
upvote1down arr=newint[N][N];
voteaccepted
for(j=0;j<N;j++)
{
String[]temp=reader.readLine().trim().split("");
for(k=0;k<N;k++)
{
arr[j][k]=Integer.parseInt(temp[k]);
}
}
Soinsteadofreadingeachcharacterintheinputmatrixandconvertingittoanintegerandstoring,Inowreadtheentirelineandtrimandsplitthe
stringandconverteachsubstringintoanintegerandstoreinmyarray.
answeredMar14'14at14:33
editedMar14'14at14:39
share|improvethisanswer
Ricky
377
addacomment|
Copiedfromcomments:trytoremoveallwhitecharacterslikespaces,tabulatorsetc.Thesecharactersarenotprohibitedbygoaldefinitionbutthey
cannotbeparsedtonumber.Youmusttrimthemfirst.
upvote1
answeredMar14'14at15:32
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downvote
share|improvethisanswer
LeosLiterak
2,55441646
addacomment|
Checkifitsnumberbeforeparsetoint.
Character.isNumber()
upvote0downvote answeredMar14'14at14:47
share|improvethisanswer
MSr
100111
addacomment|
T=Integer.parseInt(reader.readLine())Thiswheretheproblem.whenusertrytogivestringanditconvertintointegerandrunthroughloop?Foreg:if
usergives'R'ascharthanhowtheintegerconversioncanhappenandwillthelooprunfurther??Noright.
upvote0 editedJun17'14at9:16 answeredMar14'14at13:25
downvote
share|improvethisanswer
Benjamin Prabhu
9,0321371131 1138
DidyouevenopenthelinkIputonmyquestionorreadthecommentsonmyquestion?Secondly,theerrorisnotevenonthelineT=
Integer.parseInt(reader.readLine()).Itsonline25,whichisappropriatelycommented.RickyMar14'14at13:29
Well,IopenedthelinkbutitrequestedregistrationandIamnotinterestedinAmazoninterview.Itwouldbegoodtopostcompletequestion.Leos
LiterakMar14'14at13:30
@LeosLiterakI'lleditmyquestiontoputthequestion.Pleasewaitforamoment.RickyMar14'14at13:31
@LeosLiterakEditsmade.RickyMar14'14at13:36
Whataboutspaces?Trytotrimthemfirst.LeosLiterakMar14'14at13:58
|show4morecomments
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Quickestwaytofindmissingnumberinanarrayofnumbers
Ihaveanarrayofnumbersfrom1to100(bothinclusive).Thesizeofthearrayis100.Thenumbersarerandomlyaddedtothearray,butthereisone
randomemptyslotinthearray.Whatisthequickestwaytofindthatslotaswellasthenumberthatshouldbeputintheslot?AJavasolutionis
preferable.
upvote41
downvote javaarraysalgorithm
favorite editedOct16'12at14:08 askedJan21'10at23:27
26
share|improvethisquestion
SchmitzIT Thunderhashy
4,77892648 1,69092743
There'snowaythisisn'thomework.Attheleast,it'salittlebrainteaserwhosepurposeistomakeyouthinkandlearn,soIneverunderstandwhywe
9
thinkithelpspeopleforustojusthandthemthecompleteanswersonsilverplatter.KevinBourrillionJan22'10at0:34
ActuallyIwasknowingonesolutionfindthesumofnumbersfrom1100andthensubtractitfromthesumofnumbersinarraytogetthemissing
3
number.Iaminterestedtoseeiftherecanbeanyotherinterestingsolutions.ThunderhashyJan22'10at0:44
2 Whatisthevalueof'empty'?0?1?MAKJan25'10at21:02
Emptyslotcontainsnull.ThunderhashyJan25'10at22:15
2 IwasaskedthisonaninterviewFooBahJul20'11at18:39
|show2morecomments
21Answers
activeoldestvotes
YoucandothisinO(n).Iteratethroughthearrayandcomputethesumofallnumbers.Now,sumofnaturalnumbersfrom1toN,canbeexpressedas
Nx(N+1)/2.InyourcaseN=100.
SubtractthesumofthearrayfromNx(N+1)/2,whereN=100.
Thatisthemissingnumber.Theemptyslotcanbedetectedduringtheiterationinwhichthesumiscomputed.
//willbethesumofthenumbersinthearray.
intsum=0;
intidx=1;
for(inti=0;i<arr.length;i++){
if(arr[i]==0){
upvote70 idx=i;
downvote }else{
accepted sum+=arr[i];
}
}
//thetotalsumofnumbersbetween1andarr.length.
inttotal=(arr.length+1)*arr.length/2;
System.out.println("missingnumberis:"+(totalsum)+"atindex"+idx);
answeredJan21'10at23:32
editedJan22'10at1:16
share|improvethisanswer
Arnkrishn
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10.6k3275106
Youcouldmakeanoteofanyindexbeingzerowhileiterationthroughthefirsttime.ThorbjrnRavnAndersenJan21'10at23:39
Summationisprimetointegeroverflow,thefollowingapproachshouldtakecareofthat:XORallthegivennumbers,callthisX1XORall
14 numbersfrom1to100,callthisX2X1XORX2shouldbethemissingnumber,sincealltherepeatednumbersXORaway.AbhinavSharma
Aug5'11at9:23
@AbhinavSharmaTrue,butitalsoworkswithsummationifoverflowoccurs,providedthatoverflowwrapsnicely,whichisguaranteedinJava,
8
andinCforunsignedtypes.DanielFischerDec16'11at11:47
1 @DanielFischerVerycoolresponse!Ilikeyourthinking.)brimboriumNov14'12at11:13
inthiscase,totalshouldbe(arr.length+1)*(arr.length+2)/2tosatisfyn*(n+1)/2becauseformostlanguage,arrayindexstartsfrom0,and
1
weneedtoincrementlengthby1dvlimanJan6'14at2:07
|show2morecomments
longn=100;
inta[]=newint[n];
//XORofallnumbersfrom1ton
//n%4==0>n
//n%4==1>1
//n%4==2>n+1
//n%4==3>0
longxor=(n%4==0)?n:(n%4==1)?1:(n%4==2)?n+1:0;
upvote13down for(longi=1;i<=n;i++)
vote {
xor=xor^a[i];
}
//Missingnumber
System.out.println(xor);
answeredJan27'12at9:14
share|improvethisanswer
prabhakcv
13113
5 Thisanswerlooksinteresting,butitneedsabitmoreexplanation.gsingh2011Jan27'13at6:36
Xorofnumberwithitselfiszero.Soifwetakexorofallnumbersinarraywithallnumberfrom1ton,wewillbeleftwithonlythemissing
2
numberadiJul6'13at7:56
4 Please,cansomeoneexplainwhytheinitialvalueneedstoinvolveamoduloby4?jschankApr23'14at1:55
addacomment|
ThiswasanAmazoninterviewquestionandwasoriginallyansweredhere:Wehavenumbersfrom1to52thatareputintoa51numberarray,what's
thebestwaytofindoutwhichnumberismissing?
Itwasanswered,asbelow:
1)Calculatethesumofallnumbersstoredinthearrayofsize51.
upvote11 2)Subtractthesumfrom(52*53)/2Formula:n*(n+1)/2.
downvote
Itwasalsobloggedhere:SoftwareJobInterviewQuestion
editedJul6'13at6:33 answeredDec16'11at11:34
share|improvethisanswer
Frxstrem bchetty
7,19512158 1,5521719
Itriedthiswith1,2,3and5asthesequence.(i.e.4isthemissingnumber).Thesumofthevaluesis11soidid((11*12)/2)11andiget55.Why
aminotgetting4?ziggyAug5'12at20:32
nisthenumberofnumbers.So,itshouldbe5*(5+1)/2=15...and15(1+2+3+5)=4.bchettyAug6'12at8:46
ahok..gotit.Thanks:)ziggyAug6'12at11:51
addacomment|
WecanuseXORoperationwhichissaferthansummationbecauseinprogramminglanguagesifthegiveninputislargeitmayoverflowandmay
givewronganswer.
BeforegoingtothesolutionAxorA=0soifwexortwoidenticalnumberthevalueisZero.
//Assumingthatthearraycontains99distinctintegersbetween1..99andemptyslotvalueiszero
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
for(inti=0;i<100;i++)
{
if(ARRAY[i]!=0)
upvote8down XOR^=ARRAY[i];
vote XOR^=(i+1);
}
returnXOR;
Xoring[1..n]withtheelementspresentinthearraycancelstheidenticalnumbersattheendwewillgetthemissingnumber.
answeredJul6'13at6:18
share|improvethisanswer
dungeonHunter
3,78672955
addacomment|
5050(sumofallvaluesinthearray)=missingnumber
intsum=0;
intidx=1;
for(inti=0;i<arr.length;i++){
if(arr[i]==0)idx=i;elsesum+=arr[i];
upvote4 }
downvote System.out.println("missingnumberis:"+(5050sum)+"atindex"+idx);
answeredJan21'10at23:32
editedJan21'10at23:46
share|improvethisanswer
jspcal
23.5k33549
1 whatis5050?thiscodedoesn'tseemtoworkgivenanarraycontaining1,2,0,4,5.core_proSep19'12at17:19
@core_proThesizeofyourexamplearrayis5,not100astheOPspecified.5050isthesumofallintegersfrom1to100andworksforarrayswith
4
100elements.Sotheequivalentwouldbe15foranarrayofsize5.CodesInChaosFeb5'13at17:08
addacomment|
Hereisasimpleprogramtofindthemissingnumbersinanintegerarray
ArrayList<Integer>arr=newArrayList<Integer>();
inta[]={1,3,4,5,6,7,10};
intj=a[0];
for(inti=0;i<a.length;i++)
{
if(j==a[i])
{
j++;
continue;
}
else
{
arr.add(j);
upvote3downvote i;
j++;
}
}
System.out.println("missingnumbersare");
for(intr:arr)
{
System.out.println(""+r);
}
editedFeb25at2:02 answeredMay9'13at8:30
share|improvethisanswer
abatishchev Beena
48.9k45181311 311
addacomment|
Thisisc#butitshouldbeprettyclosetowhatyouneed:
intsumNumbers=0;
intemptySlotIndex=1;
for(inti=0;i<arr.length;i++)
{
if(arr[i]==0)
emptySlotIndex=i;
upvote2downvote sumNumbers+=arr[i];
}
intmissingNumber=5050sumNumbers;
answeredJan21'10at23:34
share|improvethisanswer
MartinBooth
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 232/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
5,8641320
addacomment|
Well,useabloomfilter.
intfindmissing(intarr[],intn)
{
longbloom=0;
inti;
for(i=0;i<;n;i++)bloom+=1>>arr[i];
for(i=1;i<=n,(bloom<<i&1);i++);
upvote2downvote returni;
}
answeredJan13'12at7:18
share|improvethisanswer
user1147136
312
addacomment|
Thesolutionthatdoesn'tinvolverepetitiveadditionsormaybethen(n+1)/2formuladoesn'tgettoyouataninterviewtimeforinstance.
Youhavetouseanarrayof4ints(32bits)or2ints(64bits).Initializethelastintwith(1&~(1<<31))>>3.(thebitsthatareabove100aresetto1)Oryoumaysetthebit
usingaforloop.
1. Gothroughthearrayofnumbersandset1forthebitpositioncorrespondingtothenumber(e.g.71wouldbesetonthe3rdintonthe7thbitfromlefttoright)
2. Gothroughthearrayof4ints(32bitversion)or2ints(64bitversion)
publicintMissingNumber(inta[])
{
intbits=sizeof(int)*8;
inti=0;
intno=0;
while(a[i]==1)//thismeansa[i]'sbitsareallsetto1,thenumbersisnotinsidethis32numberssection
up {
vote no+=bits;
1 i++;
down }
returnno+bitsMath.Log(~a[i],2);//applyNOT(~)operatortoa[i]toinvertallbits,andgetanumberwithonlyonebitset(2atthepowerof
vote }
Example:(32bitversion)letssaythatthemissingnumberis58.Thatmeansthatthe26thbit(lefttoright)ofthesecondintegerissetto0.
Thefirstintis1(allbitsareset)so,wegoaheadforthesecondoneandaddto"no"thenumber32.Thesecondintisdifferentfrom1(abitisnotset)so,byapplyingtheNO
operatortothenumberweget64.Thepossiblenumbersare2atthepowerxandwemaycomputexbyusinglogonbase2inthiscasewegetlog2(64)=6=>32+32
Hopethishelps.
answeredJan1'11at4:59
editedJan1'11at6:05
share|improvethisanswer
MARIU5
112
addacomment|
Ithinktheeasiestandpossiblythemostefficientsolutionwouldbetoloopoverallentriesanduseabitsettorememberwhichnumbersareset,andthen
testfor0bit.Theentrywiththe0bitisthemissingnumber.
upvote0 answeredOct19'10at5:02
downvote
share|improvethisanswer
TusharGupta
990819
addacomment|
//ArrayisshortedandifwritinginC/C++thinkofXORimplementationsinjavaasfollows.
intnum=1;
for(inti=1;i<=100;i++){
num=2*i;
if(arr[num]==0){
System.out.println("index:"+i+"Arrayposition:"+num);
break;
}
elseif(arr[num1]==0){
System.out.println("index:"+i+"Arrayposition:"+(num1));
upvote0downvote break;
}
}//useRabbitandtortoiserace,movethedanglingindexfaster,
//learntfromAlogithimica,Ameerpet,hyderbad**
answeredDec12'10at12:33
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
share|improvethisanswer
AshisKumar
91
addacomment|
Ifthearrayisrandomlyfilled,thenatthebestyoucandoalinearsearchinO(n)complexity.However,wecouldhaveimprovedthecomplexitytoO(logn)
bydivideandconquerapproachsimilartoquicksortaspointedbygirigiventhatthenumberswereinascending/descendingorder.
upvote0 answeredJun15'11at19:32
downvote
share|improvethisanswer
Moses
91
Thatdoesn'tanswerhowtofindoutwhichnumberismissing.SentryMay9'13at8:42
addacomment|
ThisProgramfindsmissingnumbers
<?php
$arr_num=array("1","2","3","5","6");
$n=count($arr_num);
for($i=1;$i<=$n;$i++)
{
if(!in_array($i,$arr_num))
{
upvote0down array_push($arr_num,$i);print_r($arr_num);exit;
vote }
}
?>
answeredJul19'11at13:14
share|improvethisanswer
Nitesh
91
ThisanswershouldhavebeenfiledunderPHP.ThequestionisfiledunderJAVA.Yetitcanstayheresinceatruealgorithmisalwayssyntax
independent:)AnkurKumarMar1'13at19:33
addacomment|
Onethingyoucoulddoissortthenumbersusingquicksortforinstance.Thenuseaforlooptoiteratethroughthesortedarrayfrom1to100.Ineachiteration,
youcomparethenumberinthearraywithyourforloopincrement,ifyoufindthattheindexincrementisnotthesameasthearrayvalue,youhavefoundyour
missingnumberaswellasthemissingindex.
upvote
0down answeredFeb5'13at17:02
vote
share|improvethisanswer
Stranger
3441729
addacomment|
NowI'mnowtoosharpwiththeBigOnotationsbutcouldn'tyoualsodosomethinglike(inJava)
for(inti=0;i<numbers.length;i++){
if(numbers[i]!=i+1){
System.out.println(i+1);
}
}
wherenumbersisthearraywithyournumbersfrom1100.Frommyreadingofthequestionitdidnotsaywhentowriteoutthemissingnumber.
upvote0downvote
AlternativelyifyouCOULDthrowthevalueofi+1intoanotherarrayandprintthatoutaftertheiteration.
Ofcourseitmightnotabidebythetimeandspacerules.AsIsaid.IhavetostronglybrushuponBigO.
answeredFeb20'13at22:21
share|improvethisanswer
Sayro
91
TheOPsaidthatthenumbersinthearraycanbeunsortedSentryMay9'13at8:41
addacomment|
Belowisthesolutionforfindingallthemissingnumbersfromagivenarray:
publicclassFindMissingNumbers{
/**
*Thefunctionprintsallthemissingnumbersfrom"n"consecutivenumbers.
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
*Thenumberofmissingnumbersisnotgivenandallthenumbersinthe
*givenarrayareassumedtobeunique.
*
*Asimilarapproachcanbeusedtofindallnounique/uniquenumbersfrom
*thegivenarray
*
*@paramn
*totalcountofnumbersinthesequence
*@paramnumbers
*isanunsortedarrayofallthenumbersfrom1nwithsome
*numbersmissing.
*
*/
publicstaticvoidfindMissingNumbers(intn,int[]numbers){
if(n<1){
return;
}
byte[]bytes=newbyte[n/8];
intcountOfMissingNumbers=nnumbers.length;
if(countOfMissingNumbers==0){
return;
}
for(intcurrentNumber:numbers){
intbyteIndex=(currentNumber1)/8;
intbit=(currentNumberbyteIndex*8)1;
//Updatethe"bit"inbytes[byteIndex]
intmask=1<<bit;
bytes[byteIndex]|=mask;
}
for(intindex=0;index<bytes.length2;index++){
if(bytes[index]!=128){
for(inti=0;i<8;i++){
upvote0downvote if((bytes[index]>>i&1)==0){
System.out.println("Missingnumber:"+((index*8)+i+1));
}
}
}
}
//Lastbyte
intloopTill=n%8==0?8:n%8;
for(intindex=0;index<loopTill;index++){
if((bytes[bytes.length1]>>index&1)==0){
System.out.println("Missingnumber:"+(((bytes.length1)*8)+index+1));
}
}
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
List<Integer>arrayList=newArrayList<Integer>();
intn=128;
intm=5;
for(inti=1;i<=n;i++){
arrayList.add(i);
}
Collections.shuffle(arrayList);
for(inti=1;i<=5;i++){
System.out.println("Removing:"+arrayList.remove(i));
}
int[]array=newint[nm];
for(inti=0;i<(nm);i++){
array[i]=arrayList.get(i);
}
System.out.println("Arrayis:"+Arrays.toString(array));
findMissingNumbers(n,array);
}
editedOct26'14at22:24 answeredOct26'14at17:17
share|improvethisanswer
bummi BhumikThakkar
21.2k82756 312
addacomment|
Letssayyouhavenas8,andournumbersrangefrom08forthisexamplewecanrepresentthebinaryrepresentationofall9numbersasfollows000000010010
001101000101011001111000
intheabovesequencethereisnomissingnumbersandineachcolumnthenumberofzerosandonesmatch,howeverassoonasyouremove1valueletssay3we
getainbalanceinthenumberof0'sand1'sacrossthecolumns.Ifthenumberof0'sinacolumnis<=thenumberof1'sourmissingnumberwillhavea0atthis
bitposition,otherwiseifthenumberof0's>thenumberof1'satthisbitpositionthenthisbitpositionwillbea1.Wetestthebitslefttorightandateachiteration
wethrowawayhalfofthearrayforthetestingofthenextbit,eithertheoddarrayvaluesortheevenarrayvaluesarethrownawayateachiterationdependingon
whichbitwearedeficienton.
ThebelowsolutionisinC++
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intgetMissingNumber(vector<int>*input,intbitPos,constintstartRange)
{
vector<int>zeros;
vector<int>ones;
intmissingNumber=0;
//basecase,assumeemptyarrayindicatingstartvalueofrangeismissing
if(input>size()==0)
returnstartRange;
//ifthebitpositionbeingtestedis0addtothezero'svector
//otherwisetotheonesvector
for(unsignedinti=0;i<input>size();i++)
{
intvalue=input>at(i);
if(getBit(value,bitPos)==0)
zeros.push_back(value);
else
up ones.push_back(value);
vote }
0
down //throwawayeithertheoddorevennumbersandtest
//thenextbitposition,buildthemissingnumber
vote //fromrighttoleft
if(zeros.size()<=ones.size())
{
//missingnumberiseven
missingNumber=getMissingNumber(&zeros,bitPos+1,startRange);
missingNumber=(missingNumber<<1)|0;
}
else
{
//missingnumberisodd
missingNumber=getMissingNumber(&ones,bitPos+1,startRange);
missingNumber=(missingNumber<<1)|1;
}
returnmissingNumber;
}
Ateachiterationwereduceourinputspaceby2,i.eN,N/2,N/4...=O(logN),withspaceO(N)
//Testcases
[1]whenmissingnumberisrangestart
[2]whenmissingnumberisrangeend
[3]whenmissingnumberisodd
[4]whenmissingnumberiseven
answeredJan16at17:04
editedJan16at17:25
share|improvethisanswer
gilla07
512
addacomment|
Onasimilarscenario,wherethearrayisalreadysorted,itdoesnotincludeduplicatesandonlyonenumberismissing,itispossibletofindthis
missingnumberinlog(n)time,usingbinarysearch.
publicstaticintgetMissingInt(int[]intArray,intleft,intright){
if(right==left+1)returnintArray[right]1;
intpivot=left+(rightleft)/2;
if(intArray[pivot]==intArray[left]+(intArray[right]intArray[left])/2(rightleft)%2)
returngetMissingInt(intArray,pivot,right);
else
returngetMissingInt(intArray,left,pivot);
upvote0 }
downvote publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[]){
int[]array=newint[]{3,4,5,6,7,8,10};
intmissingInt=getMissingInt(array,0,array.length1);
System.out.println(missingInt);//itprints9
}
answeredMay10at7:36
editedMay10at7:45
share|improvethisanswer
KonstantinosChalkias
1,04448
addacomment|
Thisisnotasearchproblem.Theemployeriswonderingifyouhaveagraspofachecksum.Youmightneedabinaryorforlooporwhateverifyouwerelooking
formultipleuniqueintegers,butthequestionstipulates"onerandomemptyslot."Inthiscasewecanusethestreamsum.Thecondition:"Thenumbersare
randomlyaddedtothearray"ismeaninglesswithoutmoredetail.Thequestiondoesnotassumethearraymuststartwiththeinteger1andsotoleratewiththe
offsetstartinteger.
int[]test={2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,13,14};
/*getthemissinginteger*/
intmax=test[test.length1];
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
intmin=test[0];
up intsum=Arrays.stream(test).sum();
vote0 intactual=(((max*(max+1))/2)min+1);
down //Find:
vote
//themissingvalue
System.out.println(actualsum);
//theslot
System.out.println(actualsummin);
Successtime:0.18memory:320576signal:0
answeredMay10at7:15
editedMay11at14:27
share|improvethisanswer
Radio
469212
addacomment|
Anotherhomeworkquestion.Asequentialsearchisthebestthatyoucando.AsforaJavasolution,considerthatanexerciseforthereader.:P
answeredJan21'10at23:31
upvote2downvote
share|improvethisanswer
MickSharpe
1,721198
addacomment|
Quicksortisthebestchoicewithmaximumefficiency....
answeredJan21'10at23:33
upvote5downvote
share|improvethisanswer
giri
7,3393592142
actuallyifyouusequicksortyougetO(nlogn).performingarealalgorithmwithyourmindgivesyouO(n)tXKMay2'12at13:01
1 Nopeit'snot.ThereisanO(n)solution...brimboriumNov14'12at11:19
addacomment|
protectedbyCommunityApr28'14at5:41
Thankyouforyourinterestinthisquestion.Becauseithasattractedlowqualityanswers,postingananswernowrequires10reputationonthissite.
Wouldyouliketoansweroneoftheseunansweredquestionsinstead?
Nottheansweryou'relookingfor?Browseotherquestionstaggedjavaarraysalgorithmoraskyourown
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Searchingtwoarraysformatches,noextramemory
IhadaninterviewtheotherdaywithAmazon,andaquestiontheyaskedmewaspertainingtothefollowingproblem.
Given2integerarrays,containinganynumberofelementsbothpositiveandnegative,findnumbersthatappearinbotharrays.
IwasabletosolvethisproblemveryeasilywithHashMapssoitwouldhaveO(n)computationalcomplexity,butunfortunatelythiswillalsohaveO(n)
spacecomplexity.Thiscouldbedonewithnoextramemorybyiteratingthroughallelementsineacharray,butthiswouldbeO(n^2).
Theinterviewer,afterIfinishedexplainingtheHashMapmethod,askedifIcouldthinkofamethodthatwouldbeO(n)computationally,butwouldnotuse
anyextramemory.Icouldnotthinkofanyonthefly,andhavenotbeenabletofindasolutionforthis.Isthereawayoffindingthesevalueswithout
usingextramemory,inlineartime?
Note:IhavepostedthisquestiononCareerCup,buteveryoneontheredoesnotseemtogettheconceptthatIneedittonotuseextraspace,andthatithas
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 239/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
tobeO(n)computationally.
HereisthecodeIusedduringtheinterview.Itworks,butjustisnotO(1)forspace.
importjava.util.*;
publicclassArrayFun{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
int[]a={1,2,3,4};
int[]b={2,5,6,7,3,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2};
ArrayList<Integer>matches=ArrayFun.findMatches(a,b);
for(inti=0;i<matches.size();++i){
System.out.println(matches.get(i));
}
upvote15 }
downvote
favorite publicstaticArrayList<Integer>findMatches(int[]a,int[]b){
6 HashMap<Integer,Integer>map=newHashMap<Integer,Integer>();
ArrayList<Integer>matches=newArrayList<Integer>();
for(inti=0;i<a.length;++i){
map.put(a[i],0);
}
for(inti=0;i<b.length;++i){
if(map.get(b[i])!=null&&map.get(b[i])==0){
map.put(b[i],1);
matches.add(b[i]);
}
}
returnmatches;
}
}
Thiscodewillreturn
1,2,3
EDIT:alsowhenIsaynoadditionalspace,andO(1),Iamkindofusingtheminterchangeably.BynoadditionalspaceImeansmallplaceholdervariables
arefinebutallocatingnewarraysisnot.
javaarraysalgorithm
askedNov8'12at21:27
editedNov8'12at23:33
share|improvethisquestion
MZimmerman6
3,50962052
YoucandoitinO(nlogn)withnoextraspacebysortingbotharraysinplace...that'sprobablynotwhattheywant,thoughdurron597Nov8'12at
6
21:31
Thisispossibleonlywhenthetwoarraysaresorted.Itisnotpossibleotherwise.dasblinkenlightNov8'12at21:32
Iassumethatbotharrayswerenotsorted.Isthisso?juan.facorroNov8'12at21:33
@durron597Thereisnosortingmethodthisefficientthatwon'tuseextraspace(eitherheaporstack).Also,O(nlogn)isthetypicalcase,butthe
worstcaseisusuallyO(n2).MarkoTopolnikNov8'12at21:40
@MarkoTopolnik:Randomizedquicksortisprettygood.ObviouslyallquicksortalgorithmshaveaworstcaseofO(n^2)durron597Nov8'12at
21:43
|show2morecomments
4Answers
activeoldestvotes
ThereisnoO(1)spacemethodforfindingtheintersectionoftwounsortedsetsinO(n)time.
Foradatatypewithanunlimitedrange,theminimumsortingpriceisO(nlnn).
ForadatatypewithalimitedrangeradixsortprovidestheabilitytodoaninplaceradixsortinO(nlnn'n")time,wherenisthesizeofthedata,n'isthe
numberofvaluesthatcanberepresented,andn"hastodowiththecostofcheckingwhethertwovaluesareinthesameradixgroup.Then"timepricecan
bedroppedinreturnforanO(lnn)spaceprice.
upvote7
downvote Inthespecialcaseof32bitintegers,n'is2^32andn"is1,sothiswouldcollapsetoO(n)andprovideawinningsolutionformultibillionrecordsets.
accepted
Forintegersofunlimitedsize,n'andn"precludeanO(n)timesolutionviaradix.
answeredNov8'12at21:33
editedNov20'12at19:37
share|improvethisanswer
MelNicholson
2,627321
thatiswhatmyconclusionwas.Butwhywouldtheyaskmetotryitiftherewasn't?MZimmerman6Nov8'12at21:35
7 Toseeifyouknewthatdurron597Nov8'12at21:35
MaybetheywantedtoseeifyouwouldtrytoB.S.whenyoudidn'tknowtheanswer,orwhetheryoucouldgiveadefinitive"impossible"answer.
2
MelNicholsonNov8'12at21:38
1 Iwouldagreeifanysortinghastobedonebycomparisonsort.However,ifthearraysareJavaintwearenotlimitedtocomparisonsort.Patricia
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
ShanahanNov9'12at2:17
@MZimmerman6Thequestionmayhavebeentoseeifyouknowthatthe\Omega(nlogn)minimumtimeforsortingonlyappliestocomparison
sorts.IfyouhavealimitedrangestructuredtypesuchasJavaint,thereareothersortsthatareO(n).Inparticular,seetheinplaceradixsortinmy
answer.PatriciaShanahanNov9'12at16:12
|show3morecomments
Thekeyistosortthetwoarraysinplace.Ididasearchfor"inplaceradixsort",andfoundInPlaceRadixSort.Ibelievetheproblemissolvable,atleast
forJavaint[],byapplyingthoseideastosorteacharray,bitbybit,thendoingtheobviousscan.
Incidentally,Ithinkthecorrectoutputfortheprobleminthequestioncodeis1,2,3.
Hereismyimplementation,basedontheanswerstothereferencedquestion:
publicclassArrayMatch{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
int[]a={4,1,2,3,4};
int[]b={2,5,6,7,3,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2};
System.out.print("Originalproblem");
printMatches(a,b);
System.out.println();
int[]a1={4,1,1234,2,3,4,Integer.MIN_VALUE};
int[]b1={1234,2,5,6,7,3,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,Integer.MIN_VALUE,Integer.MAX_VALUE};
System.out.print("Withnegatives");
printMatches(a1,b1);
System.out.println();
//Printallmatchingelementsbetweenthetwoarrays.
privatestaticvoidprintMatches(int[]a,int[]b){
if(a.length==0||b.length==0){
return;
}
sort(a);
sort(b);
inti=0;
intj=0;
while(true){
while(a[i]<b[j]){
i++;
if(i==a.length){
return;
}
}
while(a[i]>b[j]){
j++;
if(j==b.length){
return;
}
}
if(a[i]==b[j]){
System.out.print(""+a[i]);
do{
i++;
}while(i<a.length&&a[i1]==a[i]);
do{
j++;
}while(j<b.length&&b[j1]==b[j]);
}
if(i==a.length||j==b.length){
return;
}
}
}
//Inplaceradixsort.
privatestaticvoidsort(int[]in){
//Flipthesignbittoregularizethesortorder
upvote2 flipBit(in,31);
downvote sort(in,0,in.length,31);
//Flipbackthesignbitbacktorestore2'scomplement
flipBit(in,31);
}
/**
*Sortasubarray,elementsstartthroughend1ofin,accordingtothe
*valuesinfirstBitthrough0.
*
*@paramin
*@paramstart
*@paramend
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 241/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
*@paramfirstBit
*/
privatestaticvoidsort(int[]in,intstart,intend,intfirstBit){
if(start==end){
return;
}
intmask=1<<firstBit;
intzeroCount=0;
for(inti=start;i<end;i++){
if((in[i]&mask)==0){
zeroCount++;
}
}
intelements=endstart;
intnextZeroIndex=start;
intnextOneIndex=start+zeroCount;
intsplit=nextOneIndex;
if(zeroCount>0&&zeroCount<elements){
while(nextZeroIndex<split){
if((in[nextZeroIndex]&mask)!=0){
//Foundaonebitinthezeroarea,lookforitspartnerintheone
//area
while((in[nextOneIndex]&mask)!=0){
nextOneIndex++;
}
inttemp=in[nextZeroIndex];
in[nextZeroIndex]=in[nextOneIndex];
in[nextOneIndex]=temp;
nextOneIndex++;
}
nextZeroIndex++;
}
if(firstBit>0){
sort(in,start,split,firstBit1);
sort(in,split,end,firstBit1);
}
privatestaticvoidflipBit(int[]in,intbitNo){
intmask=1<<bitNo;
for(inti=0;i<in.length;i++){
in[i]^=mask;
}
}
}
answeredNov8'12at23:25
editedNov9'12at2:00
share|improvethisanswer
PatriciaShanahan
16.2k21343
addacomment|
OnepossibleanswerissimilartotheHashMapsolution...IFyouknowthattheintegersarewithinaverysmallwindow.Itwouldbesimilartothis:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_sort
Basically,iftheintegersareguaranteedtobewithinacertainconstantsizewindow(i.e.allofthemare11000)thenyoucandoitinconstantspaceby
up incrementingeachcellofindex=whateveryournumberis.ThisisexactlythesameastheHashMapsolution,exceptyoudon'tneedtobeabletoaccountforall
vote1 possibleintegerslikeaHashMapcan,whichletsyousaveonspace.IfthisisunclearletmeknowinthecommentsandI'llexplainfurther.
down
vote answeredNov8'12at21:39
share|improvethisanswer
durron597
12.8k23059
addacomment|
IbelievethisispossibletodoinplacewithO(1)extraspace.Imakeuseoftheadditionalassumptionthattheelementsinthearraysaremutableaswellas
swappable,butIbelievewithcarefulaccountingthemutabilityassumptioncouldberemovedforthisparticularproblem.
Thebasicideaistodoinplacehashing.Inplacehashingmaybeimplementedbypartitioningthearrayaroundasuitablepercentile,saythe90th,usingtheO(n)
medianofmediansselectionalgorithm.Thisdividesthearrayintoasmallportion(about10%)andalargeportion(about90%)whoseelementsare
distinguishablefromeachother(lessthanthepartitionelementornot).Youcanthenhashfromthe10%portionintothe90%portionbyswapping.Thishashing
up canbeusedtodetectduplicates.ThisisO(n)foreachprocessingof10%ofthearray,sodone10timesisstillO(n).Idescribedthisinmuchmoredetail,though
vote withsomehandwavingImeantocorrectoneday,overatthisrelatedquestion..
0 Forthisparticularproblem,youneedtodoinplacehashing3times.Firstoneachindividualarraytoremoveduplicates.Then,onawrapperrepresentingthe
down combinedarrays(ifindexislessthanlengthofarray1,indexintoarray1,elseindexintoarray2)toreportduplicates.
vote
answeredNov8'12at22:42
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A.Webb
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addacomment|
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WhatdatastructureshouldIuseforahighscorelist?[duplicate]
PossibleDuplicate:
HowtosortaMap<Key,Value>onthevaluesinJava?
howtosortMapvaluesbykeyinJava
IamtryingtokeeptrackofscoresandIneedtobeabletosortthescoresintononascendingorderwithoutgettingthekeysandvaluesoutofline.Myfirst
upvote4 thoughtwastouseamapbutI'mreallystrugglingtofindawaytokeepamapsortedbyvalue.ThevaluesareallIntegerobjects.HowwouldIgoabout
downvote sortingahighscorelistlikethis?
favorite
2 javasortingmap
askedJul14'12at23:28
share|improvethisquestion
SaxSalute
274
markedasduplicatebyBohemian,GeorgeStockerJul15'12at0:30
Thisquestionhasbeenaskedbeforeandalreadyhasananswer.Ifthoseanswersdonotfullyaddressyourquestion,pleaseaskanewquestion.
Thispostseemstodescribeyourissue:[stackoverflow.com/questions/109383/[1]:stackoverflow.com/questions/109383/EdgeCaseJul14'12
1
at23:39
addacomment|
1Answer
activeoldestvotes
ThisisaMicrosoft/Amazonjobinterviewtypeofquestion.Youcanuseapriorityqueue,inothertohavethehighestscoreasthefirstelementofthequeue.
Createanodeaskey|valuepair.Implementitinawaythekeyorderismaintainedbythescorevalue,andimplementthequeue.
Givingmoredetails
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ThisisyourNodeimplementation:
publicclassNode{
privateStringname;//thename
privatedoublescore;//assumingyou'reusingdouble
publicNode(Stringname,doublescore){
this.name=name;
this.score=score;//assumingnegativescoresareallowed
upvote1
}
downvote publicvoidupdateScore(doublescore){
this.score+=score;
}
}
AndwhenyouusePriorityQueue,maketheComparisonbasedonthescorevalue.Ifyouneedtosearch/update,itisO(1),accordingtotheJavaAPI:
Implementationnote:thisimplementationprovidesO(log(n))timefortheenqueinganddequeingmethods(offer,poll,remove()andadd)linear
timefortheremove(Object)andcontains(Object)methodsandconstanttimefortheretrievalmethods(peek,element,andsize).
ReadtheAPI,IguessyouprobablyneedtooverwritetheComparator<?superE>comparator(),oratleastmodifyitforyourneeds.Thatshoulddoit.
answeredJul14'12at23:33
editedJul15'12at0:17
share|improvethisanswer
philippe
2,39332471
Thisisaquestionaboutsortingmaps.HowisaPriorityQueuerelevant?BohemianJul14'12at23:37
@BohemianNo,it'snot.It'saquestionaboutwhichdatastructureisbestforthejob.OPsimplyexplainedthathetriedwithamap,notthathewantsa
mapbasedsolution.kbaJul14'12at23:39
I'mabitconfusedabouthowIwoulduseaPriorityQueueinordertosorttheIntegervalueswhilestillmaintainingthepositionoftheStrings.
SaxSaluteJul14'12at23:45
Couldyouwritemeasmallcodesnippetplease?SaxSaluteJul14'12at23:58
@SaxSaluteIgavemoredetailsabouttheimplementation.Whichprogramminglanguageareyouusing?philippeJul14'12at23:58
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Whatisthetimecomplexityandspacecomplexityofthisalgorithmtofind
Anagrams?
IamworkingonaninterviewquestionfromAmazonSoftware
Thequestionis
"Designanalgorithmtotakealistofstringsaswellasasingleinputstring,andreturntheindicesofthelistwhichareanagramsoftheinputstring,
disregardingspecialcharacters."
Iwasabletodesignthealgorithmfine,whatIdidinpsuedocodewas
1.Createanarraycharactercountofthesingleinputstring
2.Foreachstringthelist,constructtheanarraycharactercount
3.Comparethecharactercountofeachstringinlisttosingleoutputstring
4.Ifsame,addittoalistthatholdsalltheindexesofanagrams.
5.Returnthatlistofindices.
HereismyimplementationinJava(itworks,testedit)
publicstaticList<Integer>indicesOfAnag(List<String>li,Stringcomp){
List<Integer>allAnas=newArrayList<Integer>();
int[]charCounts=generateCharCounts(comp);
intlistLength=li.size();
for(intc=0;c<listLength;c++){
int[]charCountComp=generateCharCounts(li.get(c));
if(isEqualCounts(charCounts,charCountComp))
allAnas.add(c);
}
returnallAnas;
upvote0 }
privatestaticbooleanisEqualCounts(int[]counts1,int[]counts2){
downvote for(intc=0;c<counts1.length;c++){
favorite if(counts1[c]!=counts2[c])
returnfalse;
}
returntrue;
}
privatestaticint[]generateCharCounts(Stringcomp){
int[]charCounts=newint[26];
intlength=comp.length();
for(intc=0;c<length;c++){
charCounts[Character.toLowerCase(comp.charAt(c))'a']++;
}
returncharCounts;
}
WhatIamhavingtroublewithisanalyzingthespaceandtimecomplexityofthisalgorithmbecauseofbothofthesizesofthelistandofeachstring.
WouldthetimecomplexityalgorithmjustbeO(N)whereNisthesizeofthelist(processingeachStringonce)ordoIhavetotakeintoaccountthecomposite
complexityofthelengthofeachString,inthatcase,O(N*n)wherenisthelengthofthestring?IdidN*nbecauseyouwareprocessingnNtimes.And
wouldspacecomplexitybeO(N)becauseIamcreatingNcopiesofthe26lengtharray?
javaalgorithmdatastructurestimecomplexityspacecomplexity
askedMar2at4:30
share|improvethisquestion
committedandroider
1,817416
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Idontthinkitstoobroad.Theresoneanswerforspaceandtimecomplexity.....committedandroiderMar2at4:36
IftheunderlyingimplementationofList<String>passedintoindicesOfAnag(...)isaLinkedList,thentheli.get(c)willbeO(N)andthewholething
becomesquadraticinthesizeoftheinput.Betteroveralltouseaniteratortoavoidthis.msandifordMar2at5:05
@msandifordsothisisanexampleofO(N^2)?justwonderingbecauseimlearningaboutthisthissemester.JRowanMar2at5:14
@JRowanIfyouseetheanswerbelow,witharraylist,itshouldbeO(N)whereNisthesumofallthelengthsofstringscommittedandroiderMar2at
5:14
sothetimecomplexityislinear?JRowanMar2at5:15
|show7morecomments
1Answer
activeoldestvotes
AndwouldspacecomplexitybeO(N)becauseIamcreatingNcopiesofthe26lengtharray?
Yes.
WouldthetimecomplexityalgorithmjustbeO(N)whereNisthesizeofthelist
upvote2down
voteaccepted No.Timedependsonsizeofinputstrings,it'llbeO(comp.length+sum_of_li_lengths).
answeredMar2at4:38
editedMar2at5:01
share|improvethisanswer
Everv0id
555415
Wouldn'titjustbeN*n,wherenistheaveragelengthofastring?Idon'tgetwhyyouaddedcomp.lengthandsum_of_li_lengths.
committedandroiderMar2at4:40
Nope,itwouldn't.Stringsinlicanallcontainonlyonecharacter,butlicancontainmillionsofstrings.That'swhatcalledinputdatasizein
complexitytheory.Everv0idMar2at4:43
ohsoyouincludedtwovariablesinyouranalysisbecausetheruntimedependsonbothofthem?Butwhydothesumofallthelengths?Each
timeNruns,it'sjustgoingtolookatoneString.committedandroiderMar2at4:46
Sorry,imissedsmthinyourquestion.Inyourcasetimecomplexitydoesn'tdependonsizeofthelist.Itdependsonlyontotallengthofallyour
strings.Thisisbecauseeverysymbolishandledonce.Everv0idMar2at4:49
Iknowithastodependonthesizeofthelist.Theresaforloopthatendsatthesizeofthelist.Thealgorithmwillscaleuplinearlywithsize.
committedandroiderMar2at4:52
|show3morecomments
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Whystorethepointsinabinarytree?
Thisquestioncoversasoftwarealgorithm,fromOntopic
IamworkingonaninterviewquestionfromAmazonSoftwareQuestion,specifically
"Givenasetofpoints(x,y)andaninteger"n",returnnnumberofpointswhichareclosetotheorigin"
Hereisthesamplehighlevelpsuedocodeanswertothisquestion,fromSampleAnswer
Step1:Designaclasscalledpointwhichhasthreefieldsintx,inty,intdistance
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
Step2:Forallthepointsgiven,findthedistancebetweenthemandorigin
Step3:Storethevaluesinabinarytree
Step4:Heapsort
Step5:printthefirstnvaluesfromthebinarytree
Iagreewithsteps1and2becauseitmakessenseintermsofobjectorienteddesigntohaveonesoftwarebundleofdata,Point,encapsulateawaythe
fieldsofx,yanddistance.Ensapsulation
upvote3down
votefavorite Cansomeoneexplainthedesigndecisionsfrom3to5?
1
Here'showIwoulddostepsof3to5
Step3:Storeallthepointsinanarray
Step4:Sortthearraywithrespecttodistance(IusesomebuildinsortherelikeArrays.Sort
Step5:Withthearraysortedinascendingorder,Iprintoffthefirstnvalues
Whytheauthorofthatresponseuseamorecomplicateddatastructure,binarytreeandnotsomethingsimplerlikeanarraythatIused?Iknowwhata
binarytreeishierarchicaldatastructureofnodeswithtwopointers.Inhisalgorithm,wouldyouhavetouseaBST?
javaarraysalgorithmsortingtree
askedFeb20at21:35
share|improvethisquestion
committedandroider
1,817416
1 Perhapstheymeantheimplicitbinarytreethatheapsortusuallyworkswith?haroldFeb20at21:46
As@haroldsaid,itsoundsliketheymeanyouinsertandextractfromabinaryheap,whichhasaBigOoflog(n),whichisbetterthanthenlog
(n)youwouldgetwiththesortedarrayapproach.jpriebeFeb20at22:02
1 @jpriebebutyouhavetoinsertnitems...soitwillstillbenlognAdrianLeonhardFeb20at22:02
MaybebecausethetimeandspacecomplexityofArrays.sortismorethanwhenyoudoaheapsort(worstcasenlogn).
stackoverflow.com/a/22571601/2344337NeminFeb20at22:05
You'rerightAdrian,mymistakejpriebeFeb20at22:06
|show2morecomments
3Answers
activeoldestvotes
First,IwouldnotsaythathavingPoint(x,y,distance)isgooddesignorencapsulation.distanceisnotreallypartofapoint,itcanbecomputedfromx
andy.Intermofdesign,Iwouldcertainlyhaveafunction,i.e.astaticmethodfromPointoranhelperclassPoints.
doubledistance(Pointa,Pointb)
Thenforthespecificquestion,Iactuallyagreewithyoursolution,toputthedatainanarray,sortthisarrayandthenextracttheNfirst.Whattheexample
maybehintedatisthattheheapsortactuallyoftenusesabinarytreestructureinsidethearraytobesortedasexplainedhere:
Theheapisoftenplacedinanarraywiththelayoutofacompletebinarytree.
upvote1
downvote Ofcourse,ifthedistancetotheoriginisnotstoredinthePoint,forperformancereason,ithadtobeputwiththecorrespondingPointobjectinthearray,
accepted oranyinformationthatwillallowtogetthePointobjectfromthesorteddistance(reference,index),e.g.
List<Pair<Long,Point>>distancesToOrigin=newArrayList<>();
tobesortedwithaComparator<Pair<Long,Point>>
answeredFeb20at22:13
share|improvethisanswer
AbbRsina
3,2421420
Wouldn'titbebettertocalculatethedistanceonceandstoreitasafieldratherthanrecalculatingitfromxandyeachtimeyouneedit?
committedandroiderFeb21at2:41
Evenbetter,youcanusethesquareofthedistancetocomparetheirdistancefromtheorigin.Savesasquareroot.haroldFeb21at9:10
@committedandroider,thatisexactlythepurposeofsortingaPairofdistanceandPoint.ThedistanceisonlycomputedonceforeachPoint.And
thisway,youcanactuallydowhat@haroldsuggest:usethesquareddistanceinsteadofjustdistance.Itsavessomecomputing.AbbRsinaFeb
21at10:11
@AbbRsinaWhatdoesthatpairdo?committedandroiderFeb23at4:45
ThatisjustaconvenientwaytolinkadistancetoaPointforthetimeofsorting:theComparatorwillonlyusethedistancefield.Youcanalsohave
thecomputeddistancecachedasatransientfieldofPointandcomputed/accessedthroughadistanceFromOrigin()method.AbbRsinaFeb23
at10:20
addacomment|
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ItisnotnecessarytouseBST.However,itisagoodpracticetouseBSTwhenneedingastructurethatisselfsorted.IdonotseetheneedtobothuseBSTand
heapsortit(somehow).YoucouldusejustBSTandretrievethefirstnpoints.Youcouldalsouseanarray,sortitandusethefirstnpoints.Ifyouwanttosortan
up arrayoftypePoint,youcouldimplementtheinterfaceComparable(Pointwouldimolementthatinterface)andoverloadthedefaultmethod.Youneverhaveto
vote chooseanydatastructures,butbydeterminingtheneedsyouhave,youwouldalsoeasilydeterminetheoptimumstructure.
0
down answeredFeb20at22:03
vote
share|improvethisanswer
reaponja
12
Forperformancewise,wouldyougobinarysearchtreeorbinarytreeandheapsort?committedandroiderFeb21at2:31
IalmostalwaysimplementbinarytreesasBSTs,dependingonthecriteriaofsearch.BSTisadictionaryandassuchitisgoodfortheoperationsofinsertion,
deletionandsearchofdata.Inthiscase,thedilemmawouldratherbe(inmyopinion)betweenadictionaryandasequentialdatastructure,likearrayor
arraylist.Inthisinstance,I'duseanarraylist,sinceyoudonotknowtheexactnumberofpointsyou'llneedstored.reaponjaFeb21at7:37
addacomment|
Theapproachdescribedinthispostismorecomplexthanneededforsuchaquestion.Asyounoted,simplesortingbydistancewillsuffice.However,tohelp
explainyourconfusionaboutwhatyoursampleanswerauthorwastryingtogetat,maybeconsidertheknearestneighborsproblemwhichcanbesolvedwitha
kdtree,astructurethatappliesspacepartitioningtothekddataset.For2dimensionalspace,thatisindeedabinarytree.Thistreeisinherentlysortedanddoesn't
needany"heapsorting."
enterimagedescriptionhere
ItshouldbenotedthatbuildingthekdtreewilltakeO(nlogn),andisonlyworththecostifyouneedtodorepeatednearestneighborsearchesonthestructure.If
youonlyneedtoperformonesearchtofindknearestneighborsfromtheorigin,itcanbedonewithanaiveO(n)search.
Howtobuildakdtree,straightfromWiki:
Oneaddsanewpointtoakdtreeinthesamewayasoneaddsanelementtoanyothersearchtree.First,traversethetree,startingfromtherootand
movingtoeithertheleftortherightchilddependingonwhetherthepointtobeinsertedisonthe"left"or"right"sideofthesplittingplane.Onceyou
gettothenodeunderwhichthechildshouldbelocated,addthenewpointaseithertheleftorrightchildoftheleafnode,againdependingonwhich
sideofthenode'ssplittingplanecontainsthenewnode.
Addingpointsinthismannercancausethetreetobecomeunbalanced,leadingtodecreasedtreeperformance.Therateoftreeperformance
degradationisdependentuponthespatialdistributionoftreepointsbeingadded,andthenumberofpointsaddedinrelationtothetreesize.Ifatree
becomestoounbalanced,itmayneedtoberebalancedtorestoretheperformanceofqueriesthatrelyonthetreebalancing,suchasnearestneighbour
searching.
Oncehavehavebuiltthetree,youcanfindknearestneighborstosomepoint(theorigininyourcase)inO(klogn)time.
up StraightfromWiki:
vote
0 Searchingforanearestneighbourinakdtreeproceedsasfollows:
down
vote 1. Startingwiththerootnode,thealgorithmmovesdownthetreerecursively,inthesamewaythatitwouldifthesearchpointwerebeinginserted
(i.e.itgoesleftorrightdependingonwhetherthepointislesserthanorgreaterthanthecurrentnodeinthesplitdimension).
2. Oncethealgorithmreachesaleafnode,itsavesthatnodepointasthe"currentbest"
3. Thealgorithmunwindstherecursionofthetree,performingthefollowingstepsateachnode:
1. Ifthecurrentnodeiscloserthanthecurrentbest,thenitbecomesthecurrentbest.
2. Thealgorithmcheckswhethertherecouldbeanypointsontheothersideofthesplittingplanethatareclosertothesearchpointthanthe
currentbest.Inconcept,thisisdonebyintersectingthesplittinghyperplanewithahyperspherearoundthesearchpointthathasaradius
equaltothecurrentnearestdistance.Sincethehyperplanesareallaxisalignedthisisimplementedasasimplecomparisontoseewhether
thedifferencebetweenthesplittingcoordinateofthesearchpointandcurrentnodeislesserthanthedistance(overallcoordinates)from
thesearchpointtothecurrentbest.
1. Ifthehyperspherecrossestheplane,therecouldbenearerpointsontheothersideoftheplane,sothealgorithmmustmovedown
theotherbranchofthetreefromthecurrentnodelookingforcloserpoints,followingthesamerecursiveprocessastheentire
search.
2. Ifthehyperspheredoesn'tintersectthesplittingplane,thenthealgorithmcontinueswalkingupthetree,andtheentirebranchonthe
othersideofthatnodeiseliminated.
4. Whenthealgorithmfinishesthisprocessfortherootnode,thenthesearchiscomplete.
ThisisaprettytrickyalgorithmthatIwouldhatetoneedtodescribeasaninterviewquestion!Fortunatelythegeneralcasehereismorecomplexthanisneeded,
asyoupointedoutinyourpost.ButIbelievethisapproachmaybeclosetowhatyour(wrong)sampleanswerwastryingtodescribe.
answeredFeb20at22:09
editedFeb20at22:17
share|improvethisanswer
The111
3,22521435
FWIW,sincethequerypointisfixed,youdon'tneedanyofthat.NiklasB.Feb20at22:13
Right.AsInotedifkisalsofixedyoudon'tevenneedtodoanythingexceptanaivelinearsearch.ButIthinkkdtreesareinteresting,andmorepoignantly,I
thinktheymightbewhatthewronganswerintheOPwastryingtogetat.Forfixed"nearest"source(i.e.origin)andgeneralkthoughIagreeyourO(n)
quickselectisprobablyunbeatable.The111Feb20at22:14
addacomment|
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WhatisNode.js?[closed]
Idon'tfullygetwhatNode.jsisallabout.Maybeit'sbecauseIammainlyawebbasedbusinessapplicationdeveloper.Whatisitandwhatistheuse
ofit?
Myunderstandingsofaristhat:
1. Theprogrammingmodeliseventdriven,especiallythewayithandlesI/O.
2. ItusesJavaScriptandtheparserisV8.
3. Itcanbeeasilyusedtocreateconcurrentserverapplications.
upvote507down
votefavorite Aremyunderstandingscorrect?Ifyes,thenwhatarethebenefitsofeventedI/O,isitjustmorefortheconcurrencystuff?Also,isthedirectionof
892 Node.jstobecomeaframeworklike,JavaScriptbased(V8based)programmingmodel?
javascriptnode.jsv8eventedio
editedJun22'13at9:11 askedDec10'09at23:05
share
PeterMortensen Jeff
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8,445105794 5,131144682
lockedbyBilltheLizardJun26'13at12:14
Thisquestionexistsbecauseithashistoricalsignificance,butitisnotconsideredagood,ontopicquestionforthissite,sopleasedonotuseitasevidencethatyou
canasksimilarquestionshere.Thisquestionanditsanswersarefrozenandcannotbechanged.Moreinfo:helpcenter.
closedasnotconstructivebyBilltheLizardApr28'12at14:03
Asitcurrentlystands,thisquestionisnotagoodfitforourQ&Aformat.Weexpectanswerstobesupportedbyfacts,references,orexpertise,butthisquestionwill
likelysolicitdebate,arguments,polling,orextendeddiscussion.Ifyoufeelthatthisquestioncanbeimprovedandpossiblyreopened,visitthehelpcenterforguidance.
Ifthisquestioncanberewordedtofittherulesinthehelpcenter,pleaseeditthequestion.
commentsdisabledondeleted/lockedposts/reviews|
10Answers
activeoldestvotes
Ithinktheadvantagesare:
1. Webdevelopmentinadynamiclanguage(JavaScript)onaVMthatisincrediblyfast(V8).ItismuchfasterthanRuby,Python,orPerl.
2. Abilitytohandlethousandsofconcurrentconnectionswithminimaloverheadonasingleprocess.
3. JavaScriptisperfectforeventloopswithfirstclassfunctionobjectsandclosures.Peoplealreadyknowhowtouseitthiswayhavinguseditinthe
browsertorespondtouserinitiatedevents.
upvote213
downvote 4. AlotofpeoplealreadyknowJavaScript,evenpeoplewhodonotclaimtobeprogrammers.Itisarguablythemostpopularprogramminglanguage.
accepted
5. UsingJavaScriptonawebserveraswellasthebrowserreducestheimpedancemismatchbetweenthetwoprogrammingenvironmentswhichcan
communicatedatastructuresviaJSONthatworkthesameonbothsidesoftheequation.Duplicateformvalidationcodecanbesharedbetween
serverandclient,etc.
editedOct23'12at18:26 answeredDec14'09at19:37
share
lockedbyRobertHarveyOct23'12at18:31
RobertHarvey postfuturist
116k24191309 11.1k73866
Thisposthasbeenlockedwhiledisputesaboutitscontentarebeingresolved.Formoreinfovisitmeta.
Iwasabouttoaskthesamequestion.IamstillnotclearaboutthisbutIthinkIneedtoseeaworkingapplicationorbetteryetwriteone.Isit
1
possibletododatabaselookups?iJKMay14'10at14:47
Regarding#1,doyouhaveorknowofanyactualmetricsshowingthatcoderunningonV8isfasterthansimilarcodeinPython?Myintuitiontells
2
methatyouarecorrect,butsomeactualnumberswouldbeahugehelpininfluencingthedecisionmakers.AdamCrosslandJul9'10at16:39
@postfuturist:Itactuallyperformswellagainstlotsofalternatives.ItbeatsJava6prettyhandilyinlotsofcases,too.Neat!AdamCrosslandJul
1
11'10at22:45
1 @postfuturistIthinkyouhavecomparedagainstjava6Xint.Trycomparingwithjava6serverfedesilvaNov18'10at23:08
@Whydidyoueditthispostfor"Legacybullshit"only?Idon'tthink212peoplewouldhavevoteforthispostifyoudidwritethisfromthe
4
beginning.JulienFouilhOct19'12at16:38
commentsdisabledondeleted/lockedposts/reviews|show3morecomments
IuseNode.jsatwork,andfindittobeverypowerful.ForcedtochooseonewordtodescribeNode.js,I'dsay"interesting"(whichisnotapurelypositive
adjective).Thecommunityisvibrantandgrowing.JavaScript,despiteitsodditiescanbeagreatlanguagetocodein.Andyouwilldailyrethinkyourown
understandingof"bestpractice"andthepatternsofwellstructuredcode.There'sanenormousenergyofideasflowingintoNode.jsrightnow,andworkinginit
exposesyoutoallthisthinkinggreatmentalweightlifting.
Node.jsinproductionisdefinitelypossible,butfarfromthe"turnkey"deploymentseeminglypromisedbythedocumentation.WithNode.jsv0.6.x,"cluster"has
beenintegratedintotheplatform,providingoneoftheessentialbuildingblocks,butmy"production.js"scriptisstill~150linesoflogictohandlestufflike
creatingthelogdirectory,recyclingdeadworkers,etc.Fora"serious"productionservice,youalsoneedtobepreparedtothrottleincomingconnectionsanddoall
thestuffthatApachedoesforPHP.Tobefair,RubyonRailshasthisexactproblem.Itissolvedviatwocomplementarymechanisms:1)PuttingRubyon
Rails/Node.jsbehindadedicatedwebserver(writteninCandtestedtohellandback)likeNginx(orApache/Lighttd).Thewebservercanefficientlyservestatic
content,accesslogging,rewriteURLs,terminateSSL,enforceaccessrules,andmanagemultiplesubservices.Forrequeststhathittheactualnodeservice,the
webserverproxiestherequestthrough.2)UsingaframeworklikeUnicornthatwillmanagetheworkerprocesses,recyclethemperiodically,etc.I'veyettofinda
Node.jsservingframeworkthatseemsfullybakeditmayexist,butIhaven'tfoundityetandstilluse~150linesinmyhandrolled"production.js".
ReadingframeworkslikeExpressmakesitseemlikethestandardpracticeistojustserveeverythingthroughonejackofalltradesNode.jsservice...
"app.use(express.static(__dirname+'/public'))".Forlowerloadservicesanddevelopment,that'sprobablyfine.Butassoonasyoutrytoputbigtimeloadonyour
serviceandhaveitrun24/7,you'llquicklydiscoverthemotivationsthatpushbigsitestohavewellbaked,hardenedCcodelikeNginxfrontingtheirsiteand
handlingallofthestaticcontentrequests(...untilyousetupaCDN,likeAmazonCloudFront)).Forasomewhathumorousandunabashedlynegativetakeonthis,
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seethisguy.
Node.jsisalsofindingmoreandmorenonserviceuses.Evenifyouareusingsomethingelsetoservewebcontent,youmightstilluseNode.jsasabuildtool,
usingnpmmodulestoorganizeyourcode,Browserifytostitchitintoasingleasset,anduglifyjstominifyitfordeployment.Fordealingwiththeweb,JavaScript
isaperfectimpedancematchandfrequentlythatmakesittheeasiestrouteofattack.Forexample,ifyouwanttogrovelthroughabunchofJSONresponse
payloads,youshouldusemyunderscoreCLImodule,theutilitybeltofstructureddata.
Pros/Cons:
Pro:Foraserverguy,writingJavaScriptonthebackendhasbeena"gatewaydrug"tolearningmodernUIpatterns.Inolongerdreadwritingclientcode.
Pro:Tendstoencouragepropererrorchecking(errisreturnedbyvirtuallyallcallbacks,naggingtheprogrammertohandleitalso,async.jsandother
librarieshandlethe"failifanyofthesesubtasksfails"paradigmmuchbetterthantypicalsynchronouscode)
Pro:Someinterestingandnormallyhardtasksbecometriviallikegettingstatusontasksinflight,communicatingbetweenworkers,orsharingcachestate
Pro:Hugecommunityandtonsofgreatlibrariesbasedonasolidpackagemanager(npm)
Con:JavaScripthasnostandardlibrary.YougetsousedtoimportingfunctionalitythatitfeelsweirdwhenyouuseJSON.parseorsomeotherbuildin
methodthatdoesn'trequireaddingannpmmodule.Thismeansthattherearefiveversionsofeverything.EventhemodulesincludedintheNode.js"core"
havefivemorevariantsshouldyoubeunhappywiththedefaultimplementation.Thisleadstorapidevolution,butalsosomelevelofconfusion.
Versusasimpleoneprocessperrequestmodel(LAMP):
Pro:Scalabletothousandsofactiveconnections.Veryfastandveryefficient.Forawebfleet,thiscouldmeana10Xreductioninthenumberofboxes
requiredversusPHPorRuby
Pro:Writingparallelpatternsiseasy.Imaginethatyouneedtofetchthree(orN)blobsfromMemcached.DothisinPHP...didyoujustwritecodethe
fetchesthefirstblob,thenthesecond,thenthethird?Wow,that'sslow.There'saspecialPECLmoduletofixthatspecificproblemforMemcached,but
whatifyouwanttofetchsomeMemcacheddatainparallelwithyourdatabasequery?InNode.js,becausetheparadigmisasynchronous,havingaweb
requestdomultiplethingsinparallelisverynatural.
Con:Asynchronouscodeisfundamentallymorecomplexthansynchronouscode,andtheupfrontlearningcurvecanbehardfordeveloperswithoutasolid
understandingofwhatconcurrentexecutionactuallymeans.Still,it'svastlylessdifficultthanwritinganykindofmultithreadedcodewithlocking.
Con:Ifacomputeintensiverequestrunsfor,forexample,100ms,itwillstallprocessingofotherrequeststhatarebeinghandledinthesameNode.js
process...AKA,cooperativemultitasking.ThiscanbemitigatedwiththeWebWorkerspattern(spinningoffasubprocesstodealwiththeexpensivetask).
Alternatively,youcouldusealargenumberofNode.jsworkersandonlyleteachonehandleasinglerequestconcurrently(stillfairlyefficientbecausethere
isnoprocessrecycle).
Con:RunningaproductionsystemisMUCHmorecomplicatedthanaCGImodellikeApache+PHP,Perl,Ruby,etc.Unhandledexceptionswillbring
downtheentireprocess,necessitatinglogictorestartfailedworkers(seecluster).Moduleswithbuggynativecodecanhardcrashtheprocess.Whenevera
workerdies,anyrequestsitwashandlingaredropped,soonebuggyAPIcaneasilydegradeserviceforothercohostedAPIs.
Versuswritinga"real"serviceinJava/C#/C(C?really?)
Pro:DoingasynchronousinNode.jsiseasierthandoingthreadsafetyanywhereelseandarguablyprovidesgreaterbenefit.Node.jsisbyfartheleastpainful
asynchronousparadigmI'veeverworkedin.Withgoodlibraries,itisonlyslightlyharderthanwritingsynchronouscode.
Pro:Nomultithreading/lockingbugs.True,youinvestupfrontinwritingmoreverbosecodethatexpressesaproperasynchronousworkflowwithno
blockingoperations.Andyouneedtowritesometestsandgetthethingtowork(itisascriptinglanguageandfatfingeringvariablenamesisonlycaughtat
unittesttime).BUT,onceyougetittowork,thesurfaceareaforheisenbugsstrangeproblemsthatonlymanifestonceinamillionrunsthatsurface
areaisjustmuchmuchlower.ThetaxeswritingNode.jscodeareheavilyfrontloadedintothecodingphase.Thenyoutendtoendupwithstablecode.
Pro:JavaScriptismuchmorelightweightforexpressingfunctionality.It'shardtoprovethiswithwords,butJSON,dynamictyping,lambdanotation,
prototypalinheritance,lightweightmodules,whatever...itjusttendstotakelesscodetoexpressthesameideas.
Con:Maybeyoureally,reallylikecodingservicesinJava?
ForanotherperspectiveonJavaScriptandNode.js,checkoutFromJavatoNode.js,ablogpostonaJavadeveloper'simpressionsandexperienceslearning
Node.js.
ModulesWhenconsideringnode,keepinmindthatyourchoiceofJavaScriptlibrarieswillDEFINEyourexperience.Mostpeopleuseatleasttwo,an
asynchronouspatternhelper(Step,Futures,Async),andaJavaScriptsugarmodule(Underscore.js).
Helper/JavaScriptSugar:
Underscore.jsusethis.Justdoit.Itmakesyourcodeniceandreadablewithstufflike_.isString(),and_.isArray().I'mnotreallysurehowyoucouldwrite
safecodeotherwise.Also,forenhancedcommandlinefu,checkoutmyownUnderscoreCLI.
AsynchronousPatternModules:
Stepaveryelegantwaytoexpresscombinationsofserialandparallelactions.Mypersonalreccomendation.SeemypostonwhatStepcodelookslike.
Futuresmuchmoreflexible(isthatreallyagoodthing?)waytoexpressorderingthroughrequirements.Canexpressthingslike"starta,b,cinparallel.
WhenA,andBfinish,startAB.WhenA,andCfinish,startAC."Suchflexibilityrequiresmorecaretoavoidbugsinyourworkflow(likenevercallingthe
callback,orcallingitmultipletimes).SeeRaynos'spostonusingfutures(thisisthepostthatmademe"get"futures).
Asyncmoretraditionallibrarywithonemethodforeachpattern.Istartedwiththisbeforemyreligiousconversiontostepandsubsequentrealizationthat
allpatternsinAsynccouldbeexpressedinStepwithasinglemorereadableparadigm.
TameJSWrittenbyOKCupid,it'saprecompilerthataddsanewlanguageprimative"await"forelegantlywritingserialandparallelworkflows.The
patternlooksamazing,butitdoesrequireprecompilation.I'mstillmakingupmymindonthisone.
StreamlineJScompetitortoTameJS.I'mleaningtowardTame,butyoucanmakeupyourownmind.
Ortoreadallabouttheasynchronouslibraries,seethispanelinterviewwiththeauthors.
WebFramework:
ExpressGreatRubyonRailseskframeworkfororganizingwebsites.ItusesJADEasaXML/HTMLtemplatingengine,whichmakesbuildingHTMLfar
lesspainful,almosteleganteven.
jQueryWhilenottechnicallyanodemodule,jQueryisquicklybecomingadefactostandardforclientsideuserinterface.jQueryprovidesCSSlike
selectorsto'query'forsetsofDOMelementsthatcanthenbeoperatedon(sethandlers,properties,styles,etc).Alongthesamevein,Twitter'sBootstrap
CSSframework,Backbone.jsforanMVCpattern,andBrowserify.jstostitchallyourJavaScriptfilesintoasinglefile.Thesemodulesareallbecomingde
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factostandardssoyoushouldatleastcheckthemoutifyouhaven'theardofthem.
Testing:
up JSHintMustuseIdidn'tusethisatfirstwhichnowseemsincomprehensible.JSLintaddsbackabunchofthebasicverificationsyougetwithacompiled
vote languagelikeJava.Mismatchedparenthesis,undeclaredvariables,typeosofmanyshapesandsizes.YoucanalsoturnonvariousformsofwhatIcall"anal
620 mode"whereyouverifystyleofwhitespaceandwhatnot,whichisOKifthat'syourcupofteabuttherealvaluecomesfromgettinginstantfeedbackon
down theexactlinenumberwhereyouforgotaclosing")"...withouthavingtorunyourcodeandhittheoffendingline."JSHint"isamoreconfigurablevariant
vote ofDouglasCrockford'sJSLint.
MochacompetitortoVowswhichI'mstartingtoprefer.Bothframeworkshandlethebasicswellenough,butcomplexpatternstendtobeeasiertoexpressin
Mocha.
VowsVowsisreallyquiteelegant.Anditprintsoutalovelyreport(spec)showingyouwhichtestcasespassed/failed.Spend30minuteslearningit,and
youcancreatebasictestsforyourmoduleswithminimaleffort.
ZombieHeadlesstestingforHTMLandJavaScriptusingJSDomasavirtual"browser".Verypowerfulstuff.CombineitwithReplaytogetlightningfast
deterministictestsofinbrowsercode.
Acommentonhowto"thinkabout"testing:
Testingisnonoptional.WithadynamiclanguagelikeJavaScript,thereareveryfewstaticchecks.Forexample,passingtwoparameterstoamethod
thatexpects4won'tbreakuntilthecodeisexecuted.PrettylowbarforcreatingbugsinJavaScript.Basictestsareessentialtomakingupthe
verificationgapwithcompiledlanguages.
Forgetvalidation,justmakeyourcodeexecute.Foreverymethod,myfirstvalidationcaseis"nothingbreaks",andthat'sthecasethatfiresmostoften.
Provingthatyourcoderunswithoutthrowingcatches80%ofthebugsandwilldosomuchtoimproveyourcodeconfidencethatyou'llfindyourself
goingbackandaddingthenuancedvalidationcasesyouskipped.
Startsmallandbreaktheinertialbarrier.Wearealllazy,andpressedfortime,andit'seasytoseetestingas"extrawork".Sostartsmall.Writetest
case0loadyourmoduleandreportsuccess.Ifyouforceyourselftodojustthismuch,thentheinertialbarriertotestingisbroken.That's<30minto
doityourfirsttime,includingreadingthedocumentation.Nowwritetestcase1calloneofyourmethodsandverify"nothingbreaks",thatis,that
youdon'tgetanerrorback.Testcase1shouldtakeyoulessthanoneminute.Withtheinertiagone,itbecomeseasytoincrementallyexpandyourtest
coverage.
Nowevolveyourtestswithyourcode.Don'tgetintimidatedbywhatthe"correct"endtoendtestwouldlooklikewithmockserversandallthat.
Codestartssimpleandevolvestohandlenewcasestestsshouldtoo.Asyouaddnewcasesandnewcomplexitytoyourcode,addtestcasesto
exercisethenewcode.Asyoufindbugs,addverificationsand/ornewcasestocovertheflawedcode.Whenyouaredebuggingandloseconfidence
inapieceofcode,gobackandaddteststoprovethatitisdoingwhatyouthinkitis.Capturestringsofexampledata(fromotherservicesyoucall,
websitesyouscrape,whatever)andfeedthemtoyourparsingcode.Afewcaseshere,improvedvalidationthere,andyouwillendupwithhighly
reliablecode.
Also,checkouttheofficiallistofrecommendedNode.jsmodules.However,GitHub'sNodeModulesWikiismuchmorecompleteandagoodresource.
TounderstandNode,it'shelpfultoconsiderafewofthekeydesignchoices:
Node.jsisEVENTBASEDandASYNCHRONOUS/NONBLOCKING.Events,likeanincomingHTTPconnectionwillfireoffaJavaScriptfunctionthat
doesalittlebitofworkandkicksoffotherasynchronoustaskslikeconnectingtoadatabaseorpullingcontentfromanotherserver.Oncethesetaskshavebeen
kickedoff,theeventfunctionfinishesandNode.jsgoesbacktosleep.Assoonassomethingelsehappens,likethedatabaseconnectionbeingestablishedorthe
externalserverrespondingwithcontent,thecallbackfunctionsfire,andmoreJavaScriptcodeexecutes,potentiallykickingoffevenmoreasynchronoustasks(like
adatabasequery).Inthisway,Node.jswillhappilyinterleaveactivitiesformultipleparallelworkflows,runningwhateveractivitiesareunblockedatanypointin
time.ThisiswhyNode.jsdoessuchagreatjobmanagingthousandsofsimultaneousconnections.
Whynotjustuseoneprocess/threadperconnectionlikeeveryoneelse?InNode.js,anewconnectionisjustaverysmallheapallocation.Spinningupanew
processtakessignificantlymorememory,amegabyteonsomeplatforms.Buttherealcostistheoverheadassociatedwithcontextswitching.Whenyouhave10^6
kernelthreads,thekernelhastodoalotofworkfiguringoutwhoshouldexecutenext.AbunchofworkhasgoneintobuildinganO(1)schedulerforLinux,butin
theend,it'sjustwaywaymoreefficienttohaveasingleeventdrivenprocessthan10^6processescompetingforCPUtime.Also,underoverloadconditions,the
multiprocessmodelbehavesverypoorly,starvingcriticaladministrationandmanagementservices,especiallySSHD(meaningyoucan'tevenlogintotheboxto
figureouthowscreweditreallyis).
Node.jsisSINGLETHREADEDandLOCKFREE.Node.js,asaverydeliberatedesignchoiceonlyhasasinglethreadperprocess.Becauseofthis,it's
fundamentallyimpossibleformultiplethreadstoaccessdatasimultaneously.Thus,nolocksareneeded.Threadsarehard.Reallyreallyhard.Ifyoudon'tbelieve
that,youhaven'tdoneenoughthreadedprogramming.Gettinglockingrightishardandresultsinbugsthatarereallyhardtotrackdown.Eliminatinglocksand
multithreadingmakesoneofthenastiestclassesofbugsjustgoaway.Thismightbethesinglebiggestadvantageofnode.
ButhowdoItakeadvantageofmy16corebox?
Twoways:
1. Forbigheavycomputetaskslikeimageencoding,Node.jscanfireupchildprocessesorsendmessagestoadditionalworkerprocesses.Inthisdesign,you'd
haveonethreadmanagingtheflowofeventsandNprocessesdoingheavycomputetasksandchewinguptheother15CPUs.
2. Forscalingthroughputonawebservice,youshouldrunmultipleNode.jsserversononebox,onepercore,usingcluster(WithNode.jsv0.6.x,theofficial
"cluster"modulelinkedherereplacesthelearnboostversionwhichhasadifferentAPI).TheselocalNode.jsserverscanthencompeteonasockettoaccept
newconnections,balancingloadacrossthem.Onceaconnectionisaccepted,itbecomestightlyboundtoasingleoneofthesesharedprocesses.Intheory,
thissoundsbad,butinpracticeitworksquitewellandallowsyoutoavoidtheheadacheofwritingthreadsafecode.Also,thismeansthatNode.jsgets
excellentCPUcacheaffinity,moreeffectivelyusingmemorybandwidth.
Node.jsletsyoudosomereallypowerfulthingswithoutbreakingasweat.SupposeyouhaveaNode.jsprogramthatdoesavarietyoftasks,listensonaTCPport
forcommands,encodessomeimages,whatever.Withfivelinesofcode,youcanaddinanHTTPbasedwebmanagementportalthatshowsthecurrentstatusof
activetasks.ThisisEASYtodo:
varhttp=require('http');
http.createServer(function(req,res){
res.writeHead(200,{'ContentType':'text/plain'});
res.end(myJavascriptObject.getSomeStatusInfo());
}).listen(1337,"127.0.0.1");
NowyoucanhitaURLandcheckthestatusofyourrunningprocess.Addafewbuttons,andyouhavea"managementportal".IfyouhavearunningPerl/Python
/Rubyscript,just"throwinginamanagementportal"isn'texactlysimple.
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 259/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
Butisn'tJavaScriptslow/bad/evil/spawnofthedevil?JavaScripthassomeweirdoddities,butwith"thegoodparts"there'saverypowerfullanguagethere,
andinanycase,JavaScriptisTHElanguageontheclient(browser).JavaScriptisheretostayotherlanguagesaretargetingitasanIL,andworldclasstalentis
competingtoproducethemostadvancedJavaScriptengines.BecauseofJavaScript'sroleinthebrowser,anenormousamountofengineeringeffortisbeing
thrownatmakingJavaScriptblazingfast.V8isthelatestandgreatestjavascriptengine,atleastforthismonth.Itblowsawaytheotherscriptinglanguagesinboth
efficiencyANDstability(lookingatyou,Ruby).Andit'sonlygoingtogetbetterwithhugeteamsworkingontheproblematMicrosoft,Google,andMozilla,
competingtobuildthebestJavaScriptengine(It'snolongeraJavaScript"interpreter"asallthemodernenginesdotonsofJITcompilingunderthehoodwith
interpretationonlyasafallbackforexecuteoncecode).Yeah,weallwishwecouldfixafewoftheodderJavaScriptlanguagechoices,butit'sreallynotthatbad.
Andthelanguageissodarnflexiblethatyoureallyaren'tcodingJavaScript,youarecodingSteporjQuerymorethananyotherlanguage,inJavaScript,the
librariesdefinetheexperience.Tobuildwebapplications,youprettymuchhavetoknowJavaScriptanyway,socodingwithitontheserverhasasortofskillset
synergy.Ithasmademenotdreadwritingclientcode.
Besides,ifyouREALLYhateJavaScript,youcanusesyntacticsugarlikeCoffeeScript.OranythingelsethatcreatesJavaScriptcode,likeGoogleWebToolkit
(GWT).
SpeakingofJavaScript,what'sa"closure"?Prettymuchafancywayofsayingthatyouretainlexicallyscopedvariablesacrosscallchains.)Likethis:
varmyData="foo";
database.connect('user:pass',functionmyCallback(result){
database.query("SELECT*fromFoowhereid="+myData);
});
//NotethatdoSomethingElse()executes_BEFORE_"database.query"whichisinsideacallback
doSomethingElse();
Seehowyoucanjustuse"myData"withoutdoinganythingawkwardlikestashingitintoanobject?AndunlikeinJava,the"myData"variabledoesn'thavetobe
readonly.Thispowerfullanguagefeaturemakesasynchronousprogrammingmuchlessverboseandlesspainful.
Writingasynchronouscodeisalwaysgoingtobemorecomplexthanwritingasimplesinglethreadedscript,butwithNode.js,it'snotthatmuchharderandyou
getalotofbenefitsinadditiontotheefficiencyandscalabilitytothousandsofconcurrentconnections...
editedJun22'13at10:08 answeredJul21'11at20:37
share
PeterMortensen DaveDopson
8,445105794 20.3k96167
87 +1GreatexplanationcraftsmanJan31'12at8:18
1 @craftsmanThanks.I'vebeenusingthispost/wikitohelpcollectmyownthoughtsontheplatform.DaveDopsonFeb1'12at18:06
4 Fantasticwriteup.Iactuallyespeciallylikedyournotesontesting.Greatstuff.PhaedrusFeb18'12at9:11
@Nickthatisfalse."concurrencyissues"aremitigatedbythefactthatnodeissinglethreaded.Lockinginnodesimplydoesnotexistitisnotneededina
1
singlethreadedparadigm.DaveDopsonFeb22'12at23:24
9 +1.ThisiseasilythelongestpostI'vereadthatdidn'tresultinatl;drcomment.PhillipSchmidtAug9'12at14:42
|show17morecomments
V8isanimplementationofJavaScript.ItletsyourunstandaloneJavaScriptapplications(amongotherthings).
Node.jsissimplyalibrarywrittenforV8whichdoeseventedI/O.Thisconceptisabittrickiertoexplain,andI'msuresomeonewillanswerwithabetter
explanationthanI...Thegististhatratherthandoingsomeinputoroutputandwaitingforittohappen,youjustdon'twaitforittofinish.Soforexample,ask
forthelasteditedtimeofafile:
//Pseudocode
stat('somefile')
Thatmighttakeacoupleofmilliseconds,oritmighttakeseconds.WitheventedI/Oyousimplyfireofftherequestandinsteadofwaitingaroundyouattacha
callbackthatgetsrunwhentherequestfinishes:
upvote //Pseudocode
86down stat('somefile',function(result){
vote //Usetheresulthere
});
//...morecodehere
ThismakesitalotlikeJavaScriptcodeinthebrowser(forexample,withAjaxstylefunctionality).
Formoreinformation,youshouldcheckoutthearticleNode.jsisgenuinelyexcitingwhichwasmyintroductiontothelibrary/platform...Ifounditquitegood.
editedJun22'13at9:17 answeredDec10'09at23:19
share
PeterMortensen rfunduk
8,445105794 17.9k24044
HowiseventedIOimplementedwithoutusinglocks,usingthreading,process,closures?AndIhaveafeelingthattheconceptsarequitesimilartothatof
4
functionalprogrammingandErlang.JeffDec10'09at23:35
It'simplementedasasimpleeventloop,asfarasIknow.v8hasthecallback/etcfunctionalityalready,justlikeanyjavascriptimplementation.rfunduk
1
Dec11'09at0:28
TheIOeventloopofnode.jsmeansthatatanygivenpointoftimeatmostonlyonethingisbeingdone.Iseetwosignificantgains:Thereisnooverhead
2
ofthreadswitching,sonode.jsisveryfast,andsecondlymanytypicalconcurrencybugsJavaisnotoriousforarenotpossible.nalplyApr3'10at9:52
"HowiseventedIOimplementedwithoutusing...closures?"JavaScriptsupportsclosuresandtheyareusedallthetimeinnode.js(anonymousfunctions
1
ansintheexamplehere).panziAug1'10at17:17
@panzi:Didn'tnoticeJeffreyincludedclosuresinhislistofthingsnode.jsisimplemented'without'.Obviouslyeveryfunctioninjavascriptisaclosure
aroundit'sscope:)rfundukAug4'10at11:35
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|show1morecomment
Node.jsisanopensourcecommandlinetoolbuiltfortheserversideJavaScriptcode.Youcandownloadatarball,compileandinstallthesource.It
letsyourunJavaScriptprograms.
TheJavaScriptisexecutedbytheV8,aJavaScriptenginedevelopedbyGooglewhichisusedinChromebrowser.ItusesaJavaScriptAPItoaccess
thenetworkandfilesystem.
Itispopularforitsperformanceandtheabilitytoperformparalleloperations.
Understandingnode.jsisthebestexplanationofnode.jsIhavefoundsofar.
upvote36down
vote Followingaresomegoodarticlesonthetopic.
LearningServerSideJavaScriptwithNode.js
ThisTime,YoullLearnNode.js
editedJun22'13at9:23 answeredJan4'11at10:12
share
PeterMortensen AsifMushtaq
8,445105794 8,6601733
addacomment|
Theclosuresareawaytoexecutecodeinthecontextitwascreatedin.
Whatthismeansforconcurencyisthatyoucandefinevariables,theninitiateanonblockingI/Ofunction,andsenditananonymousfunctionforits
callback.
Whenthetaskiscomplete,thecallbackfunctionwillexecuteinthecontextwiththevariables,thisistheclosure.
upvote13down
vote ThereasonclosuresaresogoodforwritingapplicationswithnonblockingI/Oisthatit'sveryeasytomanagethecontextoffunctionsexecuting
asynchronously.
editedJun22'13at9:21 answeredApr12'10at0:56
share
PeterMortensen FireCrow
8,445105794 2,67621928
addacomment|
Twogoodexamplesareregardinghowyoumanagetemplatesanduseprogressiveenhancementswithit.YoujustneedafewlightweightpiecesofJavaScript
codetomakeitworkperfectly.
Istronglyrecommendthatyouwatchandreadthesearticles:
Videoglassnode
Node.jsYUIDOMmanipulation
PickupanylanguageandtrytorememberhowyouwouldmanageyourHTMLfiletemplatesandwhatyouhadtodotoupdateasingleCSSclassnamein
yourDOMstructure(forinstance,auserclickedonamenuitemandyouwantthatmarkedas"selected"andupdatethecontentofthepage).
upvote
8down WithNode.jsitisassimpleasdoingitinclientsideJavaScriptcode.GetyourDOMnodeandapplyyourCSSclasstothat.GetyourDOMnodeand
vote innerHTMLyourcontent(youwillneedsomeadditionalJavaScriptcodetodothis.Readthearticletoknowmore).
Anothergoodexample,isthatyoucanmakeyourwebpagecompatiblebothwithJavaScriptturnedonoroffwiththesamepieceofcode.Imagineyouhavea
dateselectionmadeinJavaScriptthatwouldallowyouruserstopickupanydateusingacalendar.Youcanwrite(oruse)thesamepieceofJavaScriptcodeto
makeitworkwithyourJavaScriptturnedONorOFF.
editedJun22'13at9:26 answeredFeb28'11at23:44
share
PeterMortensen Renato
8,445105794 15925
addacomment|
ThereisaverygoodfastfoodplaceanalogythatbestexplainstheeventdrivenmodelofNode.js,seethefullarticle,Node.js,DoctorsOfficesandFastFood
RestaurantsUnderstandingEventdrivenProgramming
Hereisasummary:
Ifthefastfoodjointfollowedatraditionalthreadbasedmodel,you'dorderyourfoodandwaitinlineuntilyoureceivedit.Thepersonbehindyou
wouldn'tbeabletoorderuntilyourorderwasdone.Inaneventdrivenmodel,youorderyourfoodandthengetoutoflinetowait.Everyoneelse
isthenfreetoorder.
Node.jsiseventdriven,butmostwebserversarethreadbased.YorkexplainshowNode.jsworks:
upvote7 Youuseyourwebbrowsertomakearequestfor"/about.html"onaNode.jswebserver.
down
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 261/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
vote TheNode.jsserveracceptsyourrequestandcallsafunctiontoretrievethatfilefromdisk.
WhiletheNode.jsserveriswaitingforthefiletoberetrieved,itservicesthenextwebrequest.
Whenthefileisretrieved,thereisacallbackfunctionthatisinsertedintheNode.jsserversqueue.
TheNode.jsserverexecutesthatfunctionwhichinthiscasewouldrenderthe"/about.html"pageandsenditbacktoyourwebbrowser."
editedJun22'13at10:13 answeredDec19'11at23:28
share
PeterMortensen adeleinr
8,445105794 465411
addacomment|
Well,Iunderstandthat
Node'sgoalistoprovideaneasywaytobuildscalablenetworkprograms.
NodeissimilarindesigntoandinfluencedbysystemslikeRuby'sEventMachineorPython'sTwisted.
EventedI/OforV8javascript.
upvote6downvote Formethatmeansthatyouwerecorrectinallthreeassumptions.Thelibrarysurelookspromising!
answeredDec10'09at23:17
share
nes1983
7,70822748
1 AlotofthetimesIfindaboutpageisquitevague.JeffDec10'09at23:23
addacomment|
Also,donotforgettomentionthatGoogle'sV8isVERYfast.ItactuallyconvertstheJavaScriptcodetomachinecodewiththematchedperformanceof
compiledbinary.Soalongwithalltheothergreatthings,it'sINSANELYfast.
upvote6 editedJun22'13at10:11 answeredNov29'11at15:15
downvote
share
PeterMortensen QuintonPike
8,445105794 97611929
addacomment|
Q:Theprogrammingmodeliseventdriven,especiallythewayithandlesI/O.
Correct.Itusescallbacks,soanyrequesttoaccessthefilesystemwouldcausearequesttobesenttothefilesystemandthenNode.jswouldstartprocessingits
nextrequest.ItwouldonlyworryabouttheI/Orequestonceitgetsaresponsebackfromthefilesystem,atwhichtimeitwillrunthecallbackcode.However,it
ispossibletomakesynchronousI/Orequests(thatis,blockingrequests).Itisuptothedevelopertochoosebetweenasynchronous(callbacks)orsynchronous
(waiting).
Q:ItusesJavaScriptandtheparserisV8.
up
vote3 Yes
down
vote Q:Itcanbeeasilyusedtocreateconcurrentserverapplications.
Yes,althoughyou'dneedtohandcodequitealotofJavaScript.Itmightbebettertolookataframework,suchashttp://www.easynodejs.com/whichcomes
withfullonlinedocumentationandasampleapplication.
editedJun22'13at10:22 answeredMar9'12at12:47
share
PeterMortensen Charles
8,445105794 311
addacomment|
Nottheansweryou'relookingfor?Browseotherquestionstaggedjavascriptnode.jsv8eventedioorask
yourownquestion.
asked 5yearsago
viewed 231071times
active 2yearsago
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ConvertaBSTintopreorderandpostorderlinkedlists
Thisisaround2Amazoninterviewquestion.ConvertagivenBinarySearchTreeintopreorderandpostorderlinkedlistsandthisconversion
hastobeinplace.
upvote1downvote linkedlistbinarysearchtreeinplacepreorderpostorder
favorite askedJul25'14at17:43
editedJul28'14at15:08
share|improvethisquestion
user3660655
83
addacomment|
3Answers
activeoldestvotes
voidpreorder(structnode*head)
{
if(head)
{
addToLL(head>data);
preorder(head>left);
preorder(head>right);
}
}
IntheaddToLL()youcanjustkeepaddingthenodestothelinkedlist.
upvote0downvote
GlobalDeclaration
structnode*llHead;
Sothatthelinkedlistheadisintact.
answeredJul28'14at12:53
editedJul28'14at16:42
share|improvethisanswer
Gopi
15.5k31128
Wehavetoconvertitinplaceuser3660655Jul28'14at15:07
addacomment|
Tosolvethepreorderversionoftheproblem,youcanslightlymodifyasimplepreorder(Refercodebelowtoseethat).
Theideaistoconstructadoublylinkedlistfromthebinarysearchtreeinapreordertraversal.However,weonlysettheforwardlinksduringthe
traversal.
Let'slearnthroughanexample.Ifthetreelookslike:
4
/\
26
/\/\
1357
Then,thelinkedlistshouldlooklike:
4<>2<>1<>3<>6<>5<>7.
Now,weonlysetforwardlinksduringpreordertraversal.Therefore,ourlistwilllooklike.
4>2>1>3>6>5>7
Theleftorpreviouspointers(notshownabove)arestillastheywereinthetree.Wecansettheleftpointersthroughasimpletraversalofthelist
now.
Thecodebelowdoesexactlythis.
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 265/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
#include<iostream>
usingnamespacestd;
classnode{
public:
intdata;
node*left,*right;
node(inta){
data=a;
left=right=NULL;
}
};
node*head=NULL,*prev=NULL;
voidpreorder(node*root){
if(!root)return;
//bothheadandprevaren'tset.Thisnodemustbetheroot(andheadofourrequiredlist).
if(!headand!prev)head=root;
upvote0down //storetheaddressofroot'srightchild
vote node*temp=root>right;
/*
Ifprevisset,makecurrentnodeit'srightchild.
(Thisiswhywesaverightchild'saddressforeverynodeintemp.)
*/
if(prev)prev>right=root;
//nowmakethecurrentnodeprev.
prev=root;
cout<<root>data<<"";
preorder(root>left);
preorder(temp);
}
voidprintll(){
node*prev=NULL;
while(head!=NULL){
cout<<head>data<<"";
head>left=prev;
head=head>right;
prev=head;
}
cout<<endl;
}
intmain(){
node*t=newnode(4);
t>left=newnode(2);
t>left>left=newnode(1);
t>left>right=newnode(3);
t>right=newnode(6);
t>right>left=newnode(5);
t>right>right=newnode(7);
preorder(t);
cout<<endl;
printll();
return0;
}
answeredJul29'14at8:38
share|improvethisanswer
rajeshtomar
1
addacomment|
Thebelowalgorithmisforthepreorderconversion.Similarlyyoucandothepostorder.
structnode
{
intdata;
structnode*left;
structnode*right;
};
/Algorithm*/
structnode*bintree2listHelper(structnode*root)
{
if(root==NULL)
returnroot;
if(root>left!=NULL)
{
structnode*left=bintree2listHelper(root>left);
intflag=0;
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
if(left>left==NULL)
{
left>left=left>right;
}
for(;left>left!=NULL;)
{
structnode*temp=left;
for(;temp>right!=NULL;)
{
flag=1;
temp=temp>right;
}
if(flag)
{
temp>left=root>right;
left=left>left;
break;
}
else
{
left=left>left;
}
if(!flag)
left>left=root>right;
}
if(root>right!=NULL)
{
structnode*right=bintree2listHelper(root>right);
structnode*temp1=right;
for(;right>left!=NULL;)
upvote0downvote {
temp1=right;
right=right>left;
}
right>left=temp1>right;
}
returnroot;
}
structnode*bintreeTolist(structnode*root)
{
if(root==NULL)
returnroot;
root=bintree2listHelper(root);
return(root);
}
structnode*newNode(intdata)
{
structnode*new_node=(structnode*)malloc(sizeof(structnode));
new_node>data=data;
new_node>left=new_node>right=NULL;
return(new_node);
}
voidprintList(structnode*node)
{
while(node!=NULL)
{
printf("%d",node>data);
node=node>left;
}
printf("\n");
}
intmain()
{
typedefstructnodenode;
node*root=newNode(10);
root>left=newNode(12);
root>right=newNode(15);
root>left>left=newNode(25);
root>left>right=newNode(30);
root>right>left=newNode(36);
root>left>right>left=newNode(78);
root>left>right>right=newNode(77);
node*head=bintreeTolist(root);
//Printtheconvertedlist
printList(head);
return0;
answeredAug4'14at13:36
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 267/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
editedAug22'14at6:46
share|improvethisanswer
Gopi
15.5k31128
addacomment|
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Longestrunningsequencefromallpermutationsofarrayofstrings
FromarecentinterviewofAmazon,Ifoundthefollowingquestion.Icouldnotfigureoutaneffectivewaytosolveit.
Theproblemreadsas:
Givenanarrayofstrings,youneedtofindthelongestrunningsequenceofacharacteramongallpossiblepermutationsofthestringsinthearray.
INPUT:
ab
ba
upvote4 aac
down OUTPUT:
vote a,3
favorite
1 Note:Fromtheinputandoutputset,Ithinkthepermutationoftheindividualstringsisnottobedone.
Wouldreallyappreciateifsomebodycanhelp.Thanks.
arraysstringalgorithmdatastructurespermutation
askedDec19'12at11:48
editedDec19'12at12:04
share|improvethisquestion
DipeshGupta
300212
2 Pleasedescribehowthelongestrunningsequenceisformed.Thequestionisnotcleartome.PetarMinchevDec19'12at11:53
Titlesayscombinationsandthedescriptionsayspermutations.FarukSahinDec19'12at11:54
FarukSahin:Ihaveeditedthetitle.Apologiesforthemistake.DipeshGuptaDec19'12at12:05
@PetarMinchev:Sointhiscaseofyoutakethethreestringsasthreealphabets(LetssayX=ab,Y=ba,Z=aac)theninthepermutationXYZ(canbe
YZXalso),thelettersareas:"abbaaac".TheletterscomprisingXorYorZneednottobepermutedamongstthemselves.Sointheabovesequencethe
consecutivesequenceofthecharacter"a"comesasthreetimesconseutively.Hencetheoutput.DipeshGuptaDec19'12at12:09
Ithink,theOPmeans"LongestCommonSubsequence"wildplasserDec19'12at12:10
|show1morecomment
6Answers
activeoldestvotes
Lovelyquestion.Somanycornercases.I'mguessingthatthewholepointofthisinterviewquestionistoseehowmanycornercasesyoucomeup.
IhopeIhaven'tmissedany.
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Thereareessentiallytwowaysthatacharactersequencecouldbethesolutiontothisproblem:
1)Itisaninteriorcharactersequence(eg.adddddddddddddddddb)
2)Itistheconcatentationofasuffix,theentirecollectionofstringsconsistingonlyofthatcharacter,andaprefix.Inthiscase,nostringmaybeusedmorethan
once,includingthecasewhereacharacteristhesuffixandtheprefixofthesamestring.(Toavoidresuingthehomogenousstrings,thesuffixesandprefixesmust
bestricti.e.nottheentirestring).
Case1iseasy.Wesimplyrememberasinglecharacterandsequencelength,andthecurrentcharacterandsequencelength.Aswereadinthestrings,ifthecurrent
character/sequencelengthislongerthanthemaximum,wereplacethemaximum.Wedon'tneedtoworryaboutitconflictingwiththecomputationsdoneforCase
2,becauseitwon'taffecttheresult.
Case2isalotmorework.Foreachcharacter,weneedtokeepsomedata.Wecaneitheruseafixedsizearray,oneentrypercharacterinthealphabet,ifthe
alphabetissmall,orwecanuseahashtableofcharacters.BothareO(1)onaveragesincethenumberofcharacterswe'lldealwithcannotbelargerthanthetotal
numberofcharactersinallthestrings,thesizerequirementofthehashtablecanbethoughtofasO(N).(Infact,itislimitedbythesizeofthealphabet,sojustas
withthefixedsizearray,thestoragerequirementistechnicallyO(1)butinthecaseofUnicode,forexample,theconstantisratherlarge.)
up Now,whatdatadoweneed?Stringswhicharejustarepetitionofasinglecharacterareeasyweneedthetotallengthofthosestrings.Soeverytimewefindsuch
vote astring,wecanadditslengthtothetotallengthmemberoftheentryinourpercharacterdata.
2
down For(strict)suffixesandprefixes,itseemslikeweonlyneedtomaintainamaximumlengthforeach.Butwhatifweencounterastringwhoseprefixandsuffix
vote sequencesarethesamecharacter,andbothofthesequencesarelongerthananythatwe'vehandledpreviously?Wecan'tusethestringasbothsuffixandprefix.
Fortunately,thereisasimpleanswer:wekeepthreevalues:maximum_prefix,maximum_suffix,maximum_sum.Ifwe'reupdatingthetableafterreadingaword,
anditturnsoutthatthesamecharacterisbothprefixandsuffix,weupdatethethreevaluesasfollows:
maximum_sum=max(maximum_sum,
prefix_length+maximum_suffix,
suffix_length+maximum_prefix)
maximum_prefix=max(maximum_prefix,prefix_length)
maximum_suffix=max(maximum_suffix,suffix_length)
Notethattheabovepseudocodeworksjustfine(ifabitwastefully)ifeitherprefix_lengthorsuffix_lengthis0.
Sothat'satotaloffourpercharactervalues:homogenous_length,maximum_sum,maximum_prefix,maximum_suffix.Attheendofthescan,weneedtofindthe
characterforwhichhomogenous_length+maximum_sumisthegreatestwecandothatbyasimplescanoverthecharactertable.
TotalprocessingtimeisO(1)percharacter(fortheinitialscan),whichisO(N)(whereNisthetotalnumberofcharactersintheproblem,plusO(max(N,|A|))for
thefinalscanofthecharactertable(|A|isthesizeofthealphabet)inotherwords,O(N).Spacerequirementsweredescribedabove.
answeredDec19'12at16:18
share|improvethisanswer
rici
68k84695
doesitconsidersthecasewheremaximumprefixandmaximumsuffixareofthesameword?user2368055Aug10'14at9:58
@user2368055:yes.maximumsumisalwaysthebestcurrentsumofprefixandsuffixoftwodifferentwords.riciAug10'14at14:50
addacomment|
Youcanusehashmapsforthat.Theslowestalgorithmwillbetomakeamapofcharactercountersforeverystring,andthenfindthemaximum.
Iwouldliketoknowmoreadvancedalgorithmtoo
upvote0down
vote answeredDec19'12at11:55
share|improvethisanswer
DmitryZheshinsky
38918
Thissolutionfailsforthetestcase,countingcharacterswillreturna,4andnota,3(UnlessImisunderstoodyouandthen,pleaseelaborate)
amitDec19'12at12:04
addacomment|
ThisismynaiveRubyimplementation.IwilltryexplainhowIreasonedandimplementedit.
InRubyastringisn'tanenumerablesoRubycan'tenumerateoveritdirectlylikePythoncan.That'swhatstr.chars.to_asolves.Itconvertsthestringtoan
arrayofcharacters.
Myplanwastocountthenumberoftimesacharacteroccurredineachstring.["ab","ba","ccc"]wouldbecome[{"a"=>1,"b"=>1},{"b"=>1,"a"=>1},
{"c"=>3}].ThenIwouldaddthenumberofoccurrencesofeachconsecutivepairofhashes/dictionaries.Inthisexampleitwouldresultin[{"a"=>2,"b"=>2},
{"b"=>1,"a"=>1,"c"=>3}].Thehighestvalueinthisarrayofhasheswouldthenrepresentthelongestrunningsequence.
Theproblemisthatstringsthatcontainsthesamecharacteroverandoveragainwillmakethisalgorithmbreakdown.Mysolutiontothisistocheckforthese
kindofstringsandthenconcatenatethesewiththefollowingstringifthatstringcontainsanysuchcharacter.Thisisimplementedinthearr_of_chararr.eachin
themax_running_sequencemethod.
ThepairwiseadditionisimplementedwithHash#mergeandablock,exceptforthespecialcasewhenthere'sonlyoneelementinthearray.
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AtlastIscanthearrayofhashesforthemaxvalue.
classSequence_tester
defself.max_running_sequence(arr_of_chararr)
reduced=[]
all_same_chars=[]
arr_of_chararr.eachdo|str|
arr=str.chars.to_a
ifarr.all?{|c|c==arr.first}
all_same_chars+=arr
else
if!all_same_chars.empty?
ifarr.any?{|c|c==all_same_chars.first}
arr+=all_same_chars
else
reduced<<count_char_occurrences(all_same_chars)
end
end
reduced<<count_char_occurrences(arr)
all_same_chars.clear
end
end
up
vote0 if!all_same_chars.empty?
down reduced<<count_char_occurrences(all_same_chars)
end
vote
max_seqs=reduced
ifreduced.length>1
max_seqs=reduced.each_cons(2).mapdo|pair|
pair.first.merge(pair.last){|key,oldval,newval|oldval+newval}
end
end
longest_seq=max_seqs.map{|h|h.max_by{|kv|kv[1]}}.max_by{|a|a[1]}
end
defself.count_char_occurrences(arr)
arr.each_with_object(Hash.new(0)){|o,h|h[o]+=1}
end
end
input=["a","b","c"]
res=Sequence_tester.max_running_sequence(input)
puts"#{res.first},#{res.last}"
input=["abc","abb","abc"]
res=Sequence_tester.max_running_sequence(input)
puts"#{res.first},#{res.last}"
input=["ab","ba","ccc"]
res=Sequence_tester.max_running_sequence(input)
puts"#{res.first},#{res.last}"
input=["ada","dd","dd","eedd"]
res=Sequence_tester.max_running_sequence(input)
puts"#{res.first},#{res.last}"
Outputs:
a,1
b,3
c,3
d,7
answeredDec19'12at21:23
editedDec19'12at21:54
share|improvethisanswer
JonasElfstrm
18k3572
addacomment|
#include<iostream>
usingnamespacestd;
classalphabet
{
stringstr;
intchars[26];
public:
alphabet()
{
for(inti=0;i<26;i++)
chars[i]=0;
voidinitialize(strings)
{
str=s;
for(intpos=0;pos<s.length();pos++)
chars[s[pos]'a']++;
}
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intgetCount(inti)
{
returnchars[i];
}
};
upvote0down
vote intmain()
{
intn=3;
alphabet*arr=newalphabet[n];
arr[0].initialize("varun");
arr[1].initialize("ritl");
arr[2].initialize("hello");
intMax=0;
charMaxChar='';
for(inti=0;i<n1;i++)
{
for(intj=0;j<26;j++)
{
intm=arr[i].getCount(j)+arr[i+1].getCount(j);
if(m>Max)
{
Max=m;
MaxChar=char('a'+j);
}
}
}
cout<<"MaxChar="<<MaxChar<<""<<Max<<"times";
system("pause");
}
answeredApr20'13at17:49
share|improvethisanswer
crashed
11
Iamnotveryclearwiththequestion,belowismyunderstanding:wehavetofindlongestoccurrenceofacharacterwhenindividualstringscanbe
permuted.crashedApr20'13at17:55
addacomment|
Inaninterview,Icouldhavecomeupwiththebasicmechanicstosolvethisproblem,butIwouldhavefailedtowritetheentire,errorfreesolutionon
awhiteboard.Debuggercrutch.
Atanyrate,hereismysolutioninC#.
1.)Idefinedtheset.
varset=newList<string>(){"ab","ba","aac"};
2.)Iassembledagenericmethodtoassembleallpermutations,recursively.
privatestaticList<List<T>>GetPermutations<T>(List<T>values)
{
if(values.Count<=1)returnnewList<List<T>>(){values};
varresults=newList<List<T>>();
varperms=GetPermutations(values.Skip(1).ToList());
foreach(varperminperms)
{
foreach(intiinEnumerable.Range(0,perm.Count+1))
{
List<T>list=newList<T>();
list.AddRange(perm.Take(i));
list.Add(values[0]);
list.AddRange(perm.Skip(i));
results.Add(list);
}
}
returnresults;
}
3.)Ifoundallpermutationsoftheset.
varperms=GetPermutations<string>(set);
4.)Idefinedamethodtofindthelongestrunningsequenceinasinglestring.
privatestaticstringLongestRunningSequence(strings)
{
if(string.IsNullOrEmpty(s))returnnull;
if(s.Length==1)returns;
varseq=newDictionary<char,int>();
charprev=s[0];
intcounter=0;
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
upvote0down foreach(charcurins)
vote {
if(cur==prev)//charsmatch
{
++counter;//incrementcounter
}
else//charsdon'tmatch
{
prev=cur;//storenewchar
counter=1;//resetthecounter
}
//storethehighernumberofcharactersinthesequence
if(!seq.ContainsKey(prev))seq.Add(prev,counter);
elseif(seq[prev]<counter)seq[cur]=counter;
}
charkey=seq.Keys.First();
foreach(varkvpinseq)
{
if(kvp.Value>seq[key])key=kvp.Key;
}
returnstring.Join("",Enumerable.Range(0,seq[key]).Select(e=>key));
}
5.)Idefinedamethodthatfoundthelongestrunningsequenceinalistofstrings,takingadvantageofthepreviousmethodthatdoessoforasingle
string.
privatestaticstringLongestRunningSequence(List<string>strings)
{
stringlongest=String.Empty;
foreach(varstrinstrings)
{
varlocallongest=LongestRunningSequence(str);
if(locallongest.Length>longest.Length)longest=locallongest;
}
returnlongest;
}
6.)Iexpressedeachcalculatedpermutationasalistofsinglestrings.
varstrings=perms.Select(e=>string.Join("",e)).ToList();
7.)Ipassedthislisttotheearliermethodthatfindsthelongestrunningsequenceinalistofstrings.
LongestRunningSequence(strings);//returnsaaa
answeredJun25'13at16:42
share|improvethisanswer
DanGroft
1
addacomment|
Step1:4tablesneedstobemaintainedoflength26FirstonekeepstrackofthelengthofthelongestprefixinthestringSecondonekeepstrackofthe
lengthofthelongestsuffixinthestringThirdonekeepstrackoftheTOTALlengthofstringsthatconsistentirelyofagivencharacterFourthkeepstrackof
longestcharacterinthemiddle
Step2:Runloopfor0to26andaddfirst[i]+second[i]+third[i]andstoretheminsum[i]findthemaximumelementinsum[i]andfourthtable.indexisthe
alphabet(0isA)andmaximumelementisthelength
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<ctype.h>
intpre[26],su[26],single[26],middle[26],sum[26];
intgetlength(charstr[][10])
{
inti,j,n=3,counter=0,max=1,index;
charc,p;
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
for(i=0;i<strlen(str[j]);i++)
{
if(i==0)
{
c=str[j][i];
counter++;
continue;
}
elseif(i==strlen(str[j])1&&c==str[j][i])
{
counter=0;
break;
}
else
{
if(c==str[j][i])
counter++;
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
else
break;
}
}
if(pre[toupper(c)65]<counter)
pre[toupper(c)65]=counter;
counter=0;
}
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
for(i=strlen(str[j])1;i>=0;i)
{
if(i==strlen(str[j])1)
{
c=str[j][i];
counter++;
continue;
}
elseif(i==0&&c==str[j][i])
{
counter=0;
break;
}
else
{
if(c==str[j][i])
counter++;
else
break;
}
}
if(su[toupper(c)65]<counter)
su[toupper(c)65]=counter;
counter=0;
}
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
for(i=strlen(str[j])1;i>=0;i)
{
if(i==strlen(str[j])1)
{
c=str[j][i];
upvote counter++;
0down continue;
vote }
else
{
if(c==str[j][i])
counter++;
else
{
counter=0;
break;
}
}
}
if(single[toupper(c)65]<counter)
single[toupper(c)65]=counter;
counter=0;
}
counter=0;
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
for(i=1;i<strlen(str[j])1;i++)
{
if(i==1)
{
c=str[j][i];
counter++;
}
else
{
if(c==str[j][i])
{
counter++;
}
else
{
if(middle[toupper(c)65]<counter)
middle[toupper(c)65]=counter;
counter=1;
c=str[j][i];
}
}
}
counter=0;
}
for(i=0;i<26;i++)
{
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 275/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
sum[i]=pre[i]+su[i]+single[i];
if(sum[i]>max)
{
max=sum[i];
index=i;
}
}
for(i=0;i<26;i++)
{
if(middle[i]>max)
{
max=middle[i];
index=i;
}
}
printf("\nlength%dindex%d",max,index);
}
voidmain()
{
chararr[3][10]={"bbbb","dccccccar","vaa"};
getlength(arr);
}
answeredSep7'14at7:36
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Relationaldatabaseformultipleauthorsmultiplebooks
Thisisaquestionmyfriendwasaskedinhisphoneinterviewwithamazon.Designarelationaldatabasetorecordbookswhereabookcanhavemultiple
authorsandanauthorcanpublishmultiplebooks.Hewasaskedtodesigntherelations(tables)andthetypeofeachattribute(whethertext,String,etc)The
problemisthattheyalsowantedtobeabletosearchbothoverAuthorsnamesandbookstitle.Iknowsomethinglikethiswillnotbeveryefficient:
TableAutor
AutorIDAuthorNamebooksIDs(Text)Example:15,MorrisMano:11,56,234
upvote0 TableBook
BookIDBooktitleAuthorsID(Text)Example:11:ComputerArchitecture:15,34,88
down
vote WhatothertypeisbettertouseinsteadoftypeTextforthoseattributeshere?
favorite
mysqldatabaseoracle
askedOct3'13at23:35
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share|improvethisquestion
Cgraphics
1,02542567
addacomment|
3Answers
activeoldestvotes
Thebasicthirdnormalformwouldbesomethinglikethisthatmakesuseofanintersectiontable.Storingcommaseparatedvaluesinarelationaltableis
alwaysamistake.
CREATETABLEauthor(
authorIDintegerprimarykey,
authorNamevarchar2(100)
);
CREATETABLEbook(
bookIDintegerprimarykey,
bookTitlevarchar2(100)
);
upvote CREATETABLEauthor_book(
2down authorIDinteger,
vote bookIDinteger,
constraintpk_author_bookprimarykey(authorID,bookID)
);
Now,inreality,youwouldalmostcertainlybreaktheauthornameintoafirstname,lastname,etc.tofacilitatesearching.IfyouareusingOracle,you'd
probablycreateOracleTextindexesinordertofacilitatesearching.Andifyou'reAmazon,you'dpotentiallywantsomeauxiliarytablescreatedtofacilitate
searchingacrossattributesindifferenttables.
answeredOct3'13at23:42
share|improvethisanswer
JustinCave
135k11137194
addacomment|
Youshouldusearelationtabletolinkauthorswithbooks,notputalistofIDsineachtable.
CREATETABLEauthor_book(
author_idINT,
book_idINT,
UNIQUEKEY(author_id,book_id)
);
Togetthebooksofanauthor,ortheauthorsofabook,usea3wayjoin,e.g.
upvote1downvote SELECTBookTitle
FROMBookb
JOINauthor_bookabONb.BooKID=ab.book_id
JOINAuthoraONa.AuthorID=ab.author_id
WHEREAuthorName='JohnSmith';
answeredOct3'13at23:42
share|improvethisanswer
Barmar
188k1574140
addacomment|
Iwouldhavedonethis:
Author(AuthorId,AuthorName,etc.)
PK:AuthorId
Book(BookId,BookName,ISBN,Edition,etc)
PK:BookId
AuthorBooks(AuthorId,BookId)
PK:(AuthorId,BookId)
FK:AuthorIdfromAuthor,BookIdfromBook(thankstoJustin'sanswerforremindingtoaddthis)
AnotherindexonBookIdtofacilitatequicksearchbyBookId.
NotethatthePKindexcanbeusedtosearchonAuthorId.
Addinganewbook:
1. InsertIntoAuthor
2. InsertIntoBook
upvote1downvote
3. InsertIntoAuthorBook
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Searchingbyauthorname(assumingauthornameisnotunique):
SELECTab.*,b.*
FROMAuthorBookab,authora
WHEREab.AuthorIdIN(SELECTAuthorId
FROMAuthor
WHEREAuthorName=?)
andsimilarlyforsearchingbybooktitle...
answeredOct3'13at23:45
editedOct3'13at23:51
share|improvethisanswer
VaibhavDesai
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AmazonInterviewQuestion:DesignanOOparkinglot[closed]
DesignanOOparkinglot.Whatclassesandfunctionswillithave.Itshouldsay,full,emptyandalsobeabletofindspotforValetparking.Thelothas3
differenttypesofparking:regular,handicappedandcompact.
upvote54 Thanks!
downvote
favorite oop
66 editedApr19'09at6:28 askedApr19'09at6:07
share|improvethisquestion
ojblass burnt1ce
8,212135099 3,439115799
closedasnotarealquestionbyWillNov26'12at0:13
It'sdifficulttotellwhatisbeingaskedhere.Thisquestionisambiguous,vague,incomplete,overlybroad,orrhetoricalandcannotbereasonablyansweredinitscurrent
form.Forhelpclarifyingthisquestionsothatitcanbereopened,visitthehelpcenter.Ifthisquestioncanberewordedtofittherulesinthehelpcenter,pleaseeditthe
question.
23 Didyouleapupandexclaim"whatdoesthishavetodowithbooks?"andstormout?JPAliotoApr19'09at6:39
Igotaskedthatbyaguywhowentontoanothersituation.WhenIusedanearlytextbookGangofFourpatternappropriately,hesaid"Atleast
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youknowpolymorphism."Iwasthenthankedforcoming,andtoldthey'dletmeknow.Iwasn'timpressed.DavidThornleyMay7'09at17:18
Isn'tthismemorymanagementproblem?SanjeevKumarDangiNov5'13at8:20
Whenaskedthisquestion,didyouactuallyhavetowriteouttheclassesandfunctionsonCollabEditordidyoujusthavetotalkaboutthem?
committedandroiderMar26at23:27
addacomment|
5Answers
activeoldestvotes
Hereisaquickstarttogetthegearsturning...
ParkingLotisaclass.
ParkingSpaceisaclass.
ParkingSpacehasanEntrance.
Entrancehasalocationormorespecifically,distancefromEntrance.
ParkingLotSignisaclass.
ParkingLothasaParkingLotSign.
ParkingLothasafinitenumberofParkingSpaces.
HandicappedParkingSpaceisasubclassofParkingSpace.
RegularParkingSpaceisasubclassofParkingSpace.
CompactParkingSpaceisasubclassofParkingSpace.
ParkingLotkeepsarrayofParkingSpaces,andaseparatearrayofvacantParkingSpacesinorderofdistancefromitsEntrance.
upvote67 ParkingLotSigncanbetoldtodisplay"full",or"empty",or"blank/normal/partiallyoccupied"bycalling.Full(),.Empty()or.Normal()
downvote
accepted Parkerisaclass.
ParkercanPark().
ParkercanUnpark().
ValetisasubclassofParkerthatcancallParkingLot.FindVacantSpaceNearestEntrance(),whichreturnsaParkingSpace.
ParkerhasaParkingSpace.
ParkercancallParkingSpace.Take()andParkingSpace.Vacate().
ParkercallsEntrance.Entering()andEntrance.Exiting()andParkingSpacenotifiesParkingLotwhenitistakenorvacatedsothatParkingLotcan
determineifitisfullornot.Ifitisnewlyfullornewlyemptyornewlynotfullorempty,itshouldchangetheParkingLotSign.Full()or
ParkingLotSign.Empty()orParkingLotSign.Normal().
HandicappedParkercouldbeasubclassofParkerandCompactParkerasubclassofParkerandRegularParkerasubclassofParker.(mightbeoverkill,
actually.)
Inthissolution,itispossiblethatParkershouldberenamedtobeCar.
answeredApr19'09at6:22
editedApr19'09at6:28
share|improvethisanswer
ChrisMorley
1,24611318
8 Pleasedon'tforgetcar.ojblassApr19'09at6:31
WhydoesParkingSpacehavetobeaclass?Idon'tseeanyneedtocreateanobjectforit?Atalltimes,anyparkingspacehastobeeithera
Handicapped,RegularorCompact.ParkingSpaceshouldbeaninterfacerather.name_maskedDec11'10at18:22
4 Probablywecanaddfloorstoparkinglot..BarryNov5'11at14:06
@Chris,objlass:CanyoupleaserepresentitinUMLmodel.Itwillgivemoreclarity?cexplorerAug8'12at16:47
2 WhydoesParkingLotSignclassexist?Wouldn'tanattribute(say,boolisFull)work?ChinmayNerurkarSep12'12at16:11
|show1morecomment
publicclassParkingLot
{
Vector<ParkingSpace>vacantParkingSpaces=null;
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
Vector<ParkingSpace>fullParkingSpaces=null;
intparkingSpaceCount=0;
booleanisFull;
booleanisEmpty;
ParkingSpacefindNearestVacant(ParkingTypetype)
{
Iterator<ParkingSpace>itr=vacantParkingSpaces.iterator();
while(itr.hasNext())
{
ParkingSpaceparkingSpace=itr.next();
if(parkingSpace.parkingType==type)
{
returnparkingSpace;
}
}
returnnull;
}
voidparkVehicle(ParkingTypetype,Vehiclevehicle)
{
if(!isFull())
{
ParkingSpaceparkingSpace=findNearestVacant(type);
if(parkingSpace!=null)
{
parkingSpace.vehicle=vehicle;
parkingSpace.isVacant=false;
vacantParkingSpaces.remove(parkingSpace);
fullParkingSpaces.add(parkingSpace);
if(fullParkingSpaces.size()==parkingSpaceCount)
isFull=true;
isEmpty=false;
}
}
}
voidreleaseVehicle(Vehiclevehicle)
{
if(!isEmpty())
{
Iterator<ParkingSpace>itr=fullParkingSpaces.iterator();
while(itr.hasNext())
{
upvote15downvote ParkingSpaceparkingSpace=itr.next();
if(parkingSpace.vehicle.equals(vehicle))
{
fullParkingSpaces.remove(parkingSpace);
vacantParkingSpaces.add(parkingSpace);
parkingSpace.isVacant=true;
parkingSpace.vehicle=null;
if(vacantParkingSpaces.size()==parkingSpaceCount)
isEmpty=true;
isFull=false;
}
}
}
}
booleanisFull()
{
returnisFull;
}
booleanisEmpty()
{
returnisEmpty;
}
}
publicclassParkingSpace
{
booleanisVacant;
Vehiclevehicle;
ParkingTypeparkingType;
intdistance;
}
publicclassVehicle
{
intnum;
}
publicenumParkingType
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
{
REGULAR,
HANDICAPPED,
COMPACT,
MAX_PARKING_TYPE,
}
answeredDec25'11at7:47
share|improvethisanswer
SrikantAggarwal
15113
UseHashMapinsteadoflistswithvehiclenumberaskeyforefficiencyuser3716835Nov20'14at2:20
addacomment|
Modelsdon'texistinisolation.Thestructuresyou'ddefineforasimulationofcarsenteringacarpark,anembeddedsystemwhichguidesyoutoafree
space,acarparkingbillingsystemorfortheautomatedgates/ticketmachinesusualincarparksarealldifferent.
upvote6 answeredMay7'09at16:46
downvote
share|improvethisanswer
PeteKirkham
35.2k257117
addacomment|
InanObjectOrientedparkinglot,therewillbenoneedforattendantsbecausethecarswill"knowhowtopark".
Findingausablecaronthelotwillbedifficultthemostcommonmodelswilleitherhavealltheirmovingpartsexposedaspublicmembervariables,or
theywillbe"fullyencapsulated"carswithnowindowsordoors.
TheparkingspacesinourOOparkinglotwillnotmatchthesizeandshapeofthecars(an"impediancemismatch"betweenthespacesandthecars)
upvote2
downvote Licensetagsonourlotwillhaveadotbetweeneachletteranddigit.Handicapedparkingwillonlybeavailableforlicensesbeginningwith"_",and
licensesbeginningwith"m_"willbetowed.
answeredApr19'09at6:31
share|improvethisanswer
PaulKeister
7,79112450
addacomment|
youwouldneedaparkinglot,thatholdsamultidimensionalarray(specifiedintheconstructor)ofatype"space".Theparkinglotcankeeptrackofhowmany
spacesaretakenviacallstofunctionsthatfillandemptyspaces.Spacecanholdanenumeratedtypethattellswhatkindofspaceitis.Spacealsohasamethod
taken().forthevaletparking,justfindthefirstspacethatsopenandputthecarthere.YouwillalsoneedaCarobjecttoputinthespace,thatholdswhetheritisa
handicapped,compact,orregularvehicle.
classParkingLot
{
Space[][]spaces;
ParkingLot(wide,long);//constructor
FindOpenSpace(TypeOfCar);//findfirstopenspacewheretypematches
}
up enumTypeOfSpace={compact,handicapped,regular};
enumTypeOfCar={compact,handicapped,regular};
vote
2 classSpace
down {
vote TypeOfSpacetype;
boolempty;
//getsandsetshere
//makesurecartype
}
classcar
{
TypeOfCartype;
}
answeredApr19'09at6:32
share|improvethisanswer
ScottM.
5,2651631
addacomment|
protectedbySrikarAppalJul27'13at5:51
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StackOverflowisaquestionandanswersiteforprofessionalandenthusiastprogrammers.It's100%free.
ExpressionEvaluationandTreeWalkingusingpolymorphism?(alaSteve
Yegge)
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 287/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
Thismorning,IwasreadingSteveYegge's:WhenPolymorphismFails,whenIcameacrossaquestionthatacoworkerofhisusedtoaskpotentialemployees
whentheycamefortheirinterviewatAmazon.
Asanexampleofpolymorphisminaction,let'slookattheclassic"eval"interviewquestion,which(asfarasIknow)wasbroughttoAmazonby
RonBraunstein.Thequestionisquitearichone,asitmanagestoprobeawidevarietyofimportantskills:OOPdesign,recursion,binarytrees,
polymorphismandruntimetyping,generalcodingskills,and(ifyouwanttomakeitextrahard)parsingtheory.
Atsomepoint,thecandidatehopefullyrealizesthatyoucanrepresentanarithmeticexpressionasabinarytree,assumingyou'reonlyusingbinary
operatorssuchas"+","","*","/".Theleafnodesareallnumbers,andtheinternalnodesarealloperators.Evaluatingtheexpressionmeans
walkingthetree.Ifthecandidatedoesn'trealizethis,youcangentlyleadthemtoit,orifnecessary,justtellthem.
Evenifyoutellthem,it'sstillaninterestingproblem.
Thefirsthalfofthequestion,whichsomepeople(whosenamesIwillprotecttomydyingbreath,buttheirinitialsareWillieLewis)feelisaJob
RequirementIfYouWantToCallYourselfADeveloperAndWorkAtAmazon,isactuallykindahard.Thequestionis:howdoyougofroman
arithmeticexpression(e.g.inastring)suchas"2+(2)"toanexpressiontree.WemayhaveanADJchallengeonthisquestionatsomepoint.
upvote Thesecondhalfis:let'ssaythisisa2personproject,andyourpartner,whowe'llcall"Willie",isresponsiblefortransformingthestring
21down expressionintoatree.Yougettheeasypart:youneedtodecidewhatclassesWillieistoconstructthetreewith.Youcandoitinanylanguage,
vote butmakesureyoupickone,orWilliewillhandyouassemblylanguage.Ifhe'sfeelingornery,itwillbeforaprocessorthatisnolonger
favorite manufacturedinproduction.
17
You'dbeamazedathowmanycandidatesboffthisone.
Iwon'tgiveawaytheanswer,butaStandardBadSolutioninvolvestheuseofaswitchorcasestatment(orjustgoodoldfashionedcascadedifs).
ASlightlyBetterSolutioninvolvesusingatableoffunctionpointers,andtheProbablyBestSolutioninvolvesusingpolymorphism.Iencourage
youtoworkthroughitsometime.Funstuff!
So,let'strytotackletheproblemallthreeways.Howdoyougofromanarithmeticexpression(e.g.inastring)suchas"2+(2)"toanexpressiontreeusing
cascadedif's,atableoffunctionpointers,and/orpolymorphism?
Feelfreetotackleone,two,orallthree.
[update:titlemodifiedtobettermatchwhatmostoftheanswershavebeen.]
ooprecursionpolymorphismbinarytree
communitywiki
editedAug31'08at20:18
share|improvethisquestion
14revs,3users51%
MarkHarrison
BasedonMarkHarrisson'sanswer,IhavewrittenaphpimplementationserdarsenayNov4'13at0:14
addacomment|
16Answers
activeoldestvotes
PolymorphicTreeWalking,Pythonversion
#!/usr/bin/python
classNode:
"""baseclass,youshouldnotprocessoneofthese"""
defprocess(self):
raise('youshouldnotbeprocessinganode')
classBinaryNode(Node):
"""baseclassforbinarynodes"""
def__init__(self,_left,_right):
self.left=_left
self.right=_right
defprocess(self):
raise('youshouldnotbeprocessingabinarynode')
classPlus(BinaryNode):
defprocess(self):
returnself.left.process()+self.right.process()
classMinus(BinaryNode):
defprocess(self):
returnself.left.process()self.right.process()
classMul(BinaryNode):
defprocess(self):
returnself.left.process()*self.right.process()
classDiv(BinaryNode):
defprocess(self):
returnself.left.process()/self.right.process()
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classNum(Node):
def__init__(self,_value):
self.value=_value
upvote9 defprocess(self):
downvote returnself.value
accepted
defdemo(n):
printn.process()
demo(Num(2))#2
demo(Plus(Num(2),Num(5)))#2+3
demo(Plus(Mul(Num(2),Num(3)),Div(Num(10),Num(5))))#(2*3)+(10/2)
Thetestsarejustbuildingupthebinarytreesbyusingconstructors.
programstructure:
abstractbaseclass:Node
allNodesinheritfromthisclass
abstractbaseclass:BinaryNode
allbinaryoperatorsinheritfromthisclass
processmethoddoestheworkofevalutingtheexpressionandreturningtheresult
binaryoperatorclasses:Plus,Minus,Mul,Div
twochildnodes,oneeachforleftsideandrightsidesubexpressions
numberclass:Num
holdsaleafnodenumericvalue,e.g.17or42
answeredAug15'08at22:56
editedSep2'08at15:34
share|improvethisanswer
MarkHarrison
96.8k78205308
Thisanswerishorriblyoverengineered.Thequestionwasfor2+(2),notanarbitraryarithmeticcalculation.Also,thisjustexecutesthetree,it
doesn'tbuildit.ReaperUnrealOct31'08at22:44
ThequestionwasforanarithmeticcalculationSUCHAS2+(2),notthecalculationof2+(2).Therefore,it'snotoverengineered,butanswersthe
11
questionasintended.ThomasOwensNov10'08at12:53
Thisanswerisnottothequestionof"Howdoyougofromanarithmeticexpression(e.g.inaSTRING)suchas"2+(2)"....Wheredoes
1 "demo(Plus(Mul(Num(2),Num(3)),Div(Num(10),Num(5))))"comefrom?Thatotherprogramwedon'tgettosee?Whyisthismarkedasbest
answer?GugeNov20'08at2:09
1 "Yougettheeasypart:youneedtodecidewhatclassesWillieistoconstructthetreewith."vanja.Aug11'09at7:31
addacomment|
Thisgetsintoparsing/compilertheory,whichiskindofarabbithole...TheDragonBookisthestandardtextforcompilerconstruction,andtakesthisto
extremes.Inthisparticularcase,youwanttoconstructacontextfreegrammarforbasicarithmetic,thenusethatgrammartoparseoutanabstractsyntaxtree.
Youcantheniterateoverthetree,reducingitfromthebottomup(it'satthispointyou'dapplythepolymorphism/functionpointers/switchstatementtoreducethe
tree).
up
vote4 I'vefoundthesenotestobeincrediblyhelpfulincompilerandparsingtheory.
down
vote answeredAug15'08at21:58
share|improvethisanswer
eplawless
2,23462134
Here'saminimalCFGfortheoriginalquestion:S>NN>2N>NON>(N)O>NReaperUnrealOct31'08at21:04
addacomment|
RepresentingtheNodes
Ifwewanttoincludeparentheses,weneed5kindsofnodes:
thebinarynodes:AddMinusMulDiv
thesehavetwochildren,aleftandrightside
+
/\
nodenode
anodetoholdavalue:Val
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nochildrennodes,justanumericvalue
anodetokeeptrackoftheparens:Paren
asinglechildnodeforthesubexpression
()
|
upvote4downvote node
Forapolymorphicsolution,weneedtohavethiskindofclassrelationship:
Node
BinaryNode:inheritfromNode
Plus:inheritfromBinaryNode
Minus:inheritfromBinaryNode
Mul:inheritfromBinaryNode
Div:inheritfromBinaryNode
Value:inheritfromNode
Paren:inheritfromnode
Thereisavirtualfunctionforallnodescalledeval().Ifyoucallthatfunction,itwillreturnthevalueofthatsubexpression.
answeredAug15'08at23:38
share|improvethisanswer
MarkHarrison
96.8k78205308
2 Thereisnoreasontoincludeparenthesesintheabstractsyntaxtree.JonasKongslundNov21'08at1:45
addacomment|
Theproblem,Ithink,isthatweneedtoparseperentheses,andyettheyarenotabinaryoperator?Shouldwetake(2)asasingletoken,
thatevaluatesto2?
Theparensdon'tneedtoshowupintheexpressiontree,buttheydoaffectitsshape.E.g.,thetreefor(1+2)+3isdifferentfrom1+(2+3):
+
/\
+3
/\
12
versus
upvote3down
vote +
/\
1+
/\
23
Theparenthesesarea"hint"totheparser(e.g.,persuperjoe30,to"recursivelydescend")
answeredAug15'08at20:04
share|improvethisanswer
ChrisConway
28.3k2392135
addacomment|
StringTokenizer+LL(1)Parserwillgiveyouanexpressiontree...thepolymorphismwaymightinvolveanabstractArithmeticclasswithan"evaluate(a,b)"
function,whichisoverriddenforeachoftheoperatorsinvolved(Addition,Subtractionetc)toreturntheappropriatevalue,andthetreecontainsIntegersand
Arithmeticoperators,whichcanbeevaluatedbyapost(?)ordertraversalofthetree.
upvote
2down answeredAug15'08at17:50
vote
share|improvethisanswer
eplawless
2,23462134
addacomment|
Hm...Idon'tthinkyoucanwriteatopdownparserforthiswithoutbacktracking,soithastobesomesortofashiftreduceparser.LR(1)orevenLALR
willofcourseworkjustfinewiththefollowing(adhoc)languagedefinition:
Start>E1
E1>E1+E1|E1E1
E1>E2*E2|E2/E2|E2
E2>number|(E1)
SeparatingitoutintoE1andE2isnecessarytomaintaintheprecedenceof*and/over+and.
ButthisishowIwoulddoitifIhadtowritetheparserbyhand:
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Twostacks,onestoringnodesofthetreeasoperandsandonestoringoperators
Readtheinputlefttoright,makeleafnodesofthenumbersandpushthemintotheoperandstack.
upvote2 Ifyouhave>=2operandsonthestack,pop2,combinethemwiththetopmostoperatorintheoperatorstackandpushthisstructurebacktothe
downvote operandtree,unless
Thenextoperatorhashigherprecedencethattheonecurrentlyontopofthestack.
Thisleavesustheproblemofhandlingbrackets.Oneelegant(Ithought)solutionistostoretheprecedenceofeachoperatorasanumberinavariable.So
initially,
intplus,minus=1
intmul,div=2
Noweverytimeyouseeaaleftbracketincrementallthesevariablesby2,andeverytimeyouseearightbracket,decrementallthevariablesby2.
Thiswillensurethatthe+in3*(4+5)hashigherprecedencethanthe*,and3*4willnotbepushedontothestack.Insteaditwillwaitfor5,push4+5,then
push3*(4+5).
communitywiki
answeredNov10'08at12:49
share|improvethisanswer
anukool_j
addacomment|
Re:Justin
Ithinkthetreewouldlooksomethinglikethis:
+
/\
2()
|
2
Basically,you'dhavean"eval"node,thatjustevaluatesthetreebelowit.Thatwouldthenbeoptimizedouttojustbeing:
upvote1downvote
+
/\
22
Inthiscasetheparensaren'trequiredanddon'taddanything.Theydon'taddanythinglogically,sothey'djustgoaway.
answeredAug15'08at20:14
share|improvethisanswer
Herms
14.9k85588
addacomment|
Iwon'tgiveawaytheanswer,butaStandardBadSolutioninvolvestheuseofaswitchorcasestatment(orjustgoodoldfashionedcascadedifs).A
SlightlyBetterSolutioninvolvesusingatableoffunctionpointers,andtheProbablyBestSolutioninvolvesusingpolymorphism.
Thelasttwentyyearsofevolutionininterpreterscanbeseenasgoingtheotherwaypolymorphism(egnaiveSmalltalkmetacircularinterpreters)tofunction
pointers(naivelispimplementations,threadedcode,C++)toswitch(naivebytecodeinterpreters),andthenonwardstoJITsandsoonwhicheitherrequirevery
bigclasses,or(insinglypolymorphiclanguages)doubledispatch,whichreducesthepolymorphismtoatypecase,andyou'rebackatstageone.Whatdefinition
up of'best'isinusehere?
vote1
down ForsimplestuffapolymorphicsolutionisOKhere'soneImadeearlier,buteitherstackandbytecode/switchorexploitingtheruntime'scompilerisusually
vote betterifyou're,say,plottingafunctionwithafewthousanddatapoints.
answeredAug17'08at13:59
editedAug20'08at18:09
share|improvethisanswer
PeteKirkham
35.2k257117
addacomment|
Ithinkthequestionisabouthowtowriteaparser,nottheevaluator.Orrather,howtocreatetheexpressiontreefromastring.
Casestatementsthatreturnabaseclassdon'texactlycount.
Thebasicstructureofa"polymorphic"solution(whichisanotherwayofsaying,Idon'tcarewhatyoubuildthiswith,Ijustwanttoextenditwithrewriting
theleastamountofcodepossible)isdeserializinganobjecthierarchyfromastreamwitha(dynamic)setofknowntypes.
upvote1
downvote Thecruxoftheimplementationofthepolymorphicsolutionistohaveawaytocreateanexpressionobjectfromapatternmatcher,likelyrecursive.I.e.,map
aBNForsimilarsyntaxtoanobjectfactory.
editedJul3'12at14:51 answeredAug21'08at16:52
share|improvethisanswer
TimCooper MatNoguchi
66.5k18127154 88756
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7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
addacomment|
Ormaybethisistherealquestion:howcanyourepresent(2)asaBST?Thatisthepartthatistrippingmeup.
Recursion.
upvote0downvote answeredAug15'08at19:50
share|improvethisanswer
andrewrk
8,014175580
addacomment|
@Justin:
Lookatmynoteonrepresentingthenodes.Ifyouusethatscheme,then
2+(2)
canberepresentedas
.
upvote0downvote /\
2()
|
2
answeredAug15'08at23:12
editedAug15'08at23:40
share|improvethisanswer
MarkHarrison
96.8k78205308
addacomment|
shoulduseafunctionallanguageimo.TreesarehardertorepresentandmanipulateinOOlanguages.
answeredAug15'08at19:28
upvote0downvote
editedAug24'08at21:35
share|improvethisanswer
BrianLeahy
9,58363558
addacomment|
Aspeoplehavebeenmentioningpreviously,whenyouuseexpressiontreesparensarenotnecessary.Theorderofoperationsbecomestrivialandobviouswhen
you'relookingatanexpressiontree.Theparensarehintstotheparser.
Whiletheacceptedansweristhesolutiontoonehalfoftheproblem,theotherhalfactuallyparsingtheexpressionisstillunsolved.Typically,thesesortsof
problemscanbesolvedusingarecursivedescentparser.Writingsuchaparserisoftenafunexercise,butmostmoderntoolsforlanguageparsingwillabstract
thatawayforyou.
upvote
0down Theparserisalsosignificantlyharderifyouallowfloatingpointnumbersinyourstring.IhadtocreateaDFAtoacceptfloatingpointnumbersinCitwasa
vote verypainstakinganddetailedtask.Remember,validfloatingpointsinclude:10,10.,10.123,9.876e5,1.0f,.025,etc.Iassumesomedispensationfromthis(in
favorofsimplictyandbrevity)wasmadeintheinterview.
answeredAug25'08at15:21
share|improvethisanswer
FreeMemory
5,30932135
addacomment|
I'vewrittensuchaparserwithsomebasictechniqueslikeInfix>RPNandShuntingYardandTreeTraversals.HereistheimplementationI'vecameup
with.
It'swritteninC++andcompilesonbothLinuxandWindows.
Anysuggestions/questionsarewelcomed.
So,let'strytotackletheproblemallthreeways.Howdoyougofromanarithmeticexpression(e.g.inastring)suchas"2+(2)"toan
upvote0 expressiontreeusingcascadedif's,atableoffunctionpointers,and/orpolymorphism?
downvote
Thisisinteresting,butIdon'tthinkthisbelongstotherealmofobjectorientedprogramming...Ithinkithasmoretodowithparsingtechniques.
communitywiki
editedNov21'08at1:35
share|improvethisanswer
2revs
xxxxxxx
addacomment|
I'vekindofchuckedthisc#consoleapptogetherasabitofaproofofconcept.Haveafeelingitcouldbealotbetter(thatswitchstatementinGetNodeiskindof
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clunky(it'stherecozIhitablanktryingtomapaclassnametoanoperator)).Anysuggestionsonhowitcouldbeimprovedverywelcome.
usingSystem;
classProgram
{
staticvoidMain(string[]args)
{
stringexpression="(((3.5*4.5)/(1+2))+5)";
Console.WriteLine(string.Format("{0}={1}",expression,newExpression.ExpressionTree(expression).Value));
Console.WriteLine("\nShow'soverfolks,pressakeytoexit");
Console.ReadKey(false);
}
}
namespaceExpression
{
//
abstractclassNodeBase
{
publicabstractdoubleValue{get;}
}
//
classValueNode:NodeBase
{
publicValueNode(doublevalue)
{
_double=value;
}
privatedouble_double;
publicoverridedoubleValue
{
get
{
return_double;
}
}
}
//
abstractclassExpressionNodeBase:NodeBase
{
protectedNodeBaseGetNode(stringexpression)
{
//Removeparenthesis
expression=RemoveParenthesis(expression);
//Isexpressionjustanumber?
doublevalue=0;
if(double.TryParse(expression,outvalue))
{
returnnewValueNode(value);
}
else
{
intpos=ParseExpression(expression);
if(pos>0)
{
stringleftExpression=expression.Substring(0,pos1).Trim();
stringrightExpression=expression.Substring(pos).Trim();
switch(expression.Substring(pos1,1))
{
case"+":
returnnewAdd(leftExpression,rightExpression);
case"":
returnnewSubtract(leftExpression,rightExpression);
case"*":
returnnewMultiply(leftExpression,rightExpression);
case"/":
returnnewDivide(leftExpression,rightExpression);
default:
thrownewException("Unknownoperator");
}
}
else
{
thrownewException("Unabletoparseexpression");
}
}
}
privatestringRemoveParenthesis(stringexpression)
{
if(expression.Contains("("))
{
expression=expression.Trim();
intlevel=0;
intpos=0;
foreach(chartokeninexpression.ToCharArray())
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{
pos++;
switch(token)
{
case'(':
level++;
break;
case')':
level;
break;
}
if(level==0)
{
break;
}
}
if(level==0&&pos==expression.Length)
{
expression=expression.Substring(1,expression.Length2);
expression=RemoveParenthesis(expression);
}
}
returnexpression;
}
privateintParseExpression(stringexpression)
{
intwinningLevel=0;
bytewinningTokenWeight=0;
intwinningPos=0;
intlevel=0;
intpos=0;
foreach(chartokeninexpression.ToCharArray())
{
pos++;
switch(token)
{
case'(':
level++;
up break;
case')':
vote level;
0 break;
down }
vote
if(level<=winningLevel)
{
if(OperatorWeight(token)>winningTokenWeight)
{
winningLevel=level;
winningTokenWeight=OperatorWeight(token);
winningPos=pos;
}
}
}
returnwinningPos;
}
privatebyteOperatorWeight(charvalue)
{
switch(value)
{
case'+':
case'':
return3;
case'*':
return2;
case'/':
return1;
default:
return0;
}
}
}
//
classExpressionTree:ExpressionNodeBase
{
protectedNodeBase_rootNode;
publicExpressionTree(stringexpression)
{
_rootNode=GetNode(expression);
}
publicoverridedoubleValue
{
get
{
return_rootNode.Value;
}
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}
}
//
abstractclassOperatorNodeBase:ExpressionNodeBase
{
protectedNodeBase_leftNode;
protectedNodeBase_rightNode;
publicOperatorNodeBase(stringleftExpression,stringrightExpression)
{
_leftNode=GetNode(leftExpression);
_rightNode=GetNode(rightExpression);
}
}
//
classAdd:OperatorNodeBase
{
publicAdd(stringleftExpression,stringrightExpression)
:base(leftExpression,rightExpression)
{
}
publicoverridedoubleValue
{
get
{
return_leftNode.Value+_rightNode.Value;
}
}
}
//
classSubtract:OperatorNodeBase
{
publicSubtract(stringleftExpression,stringrightExpression)
:base(leftExpression,rightExpression)
{
}
publicoverridedoubleValue
{
get
{
return_leftNode.Value_rightNode.Value;
}
}
}
//
classDivide:OperatorNodeBase
{
publicDivide(stringleftExpression,stringrightExpression)
:base(leftExpression,rightExpression)
{
}
publicoverridedoubleValue
{
get
{
return_leftNode.Value/_rightNode.Value;
}
}
}
//
classMultiply:OperatorNodeBase
{
publicMultiply(stringleftExpression,stringrightExpression)
:base(leftExpression,rightExpression)
{
}
publicoverridedoubleValue
{
get
{
return_leftNode.Value*_rightNode.Value;
}
}
}
}
answeredJan23'09at22:00
share|improvethisanswer
WilfredKnievel
1,63611426
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Nicetoseeafullimplementation,butIambitconfusedwhyyoucombinedtheparsinglogicwiththeexpressiontreerepresentation,creatingatightcoupling
oftheparsinglogicwithexpressiontree.Also,youcouldgenerateamap(drivenbyxml,adatabase,anincodedictionary,oracustomattributeappliedto
eachclassrepresentinganode)betweenyourtokensandtheclasstheymapto.Theproblemhereistheuseofreflection(viaActivatororsomeother
technique)togenerateyourclasses.MerrittAug15'10at19:06
@Merrittmmmgoodpoint,mighthaveanothercrackatthisnexttimeIhaveafreelunchtime.Thanksforthesuggestions.WilfredKnievelOct20'10at
8:44
addacomment|
Ok,hereismynaiveimplementation.Sorry,Ididnotfeeltouseobjectsforthatonebutitiseasytoconvert.IfeelabitlikeevilWilly(fromSteve's
story).
#!/usr/bin/envpython
#treestructure[leftargument,operator,rightargument,prioritylevel]
tree_root=[None,None,None,None]
#countofparethesisnesting
parenthesis_level=0
#currentnodewithemptyrightargument
current_node=tree_root
#indicesintree_rootnodesLeft,Operator,Right,PRiority
L,O,R,PR=0,1,2,3
#functionsthatrealiseoperators
defsum(a,b):
returna+b
defdiff(a,b):
returnab
defmul(a,b):
returna*b
defdiv(a,b):
returna/b
#treeevaluator
defprocess_node(n):
try:
len(n)
exceptTypeError:
returnn
left=process_node(n[L])
right=process_node(n[R])
returnn[O](left,right)
#mappingoperatorstorelevantfunctions
o2f={'+':sum,'':diff,'*':mul,'/':div,'(':None,')':None}
#convertstokentoanodeintree
defconvert_token(t):
globalcurrent_node,tree_root,parenthesis_level
ift=='(':
parenthesis_level+=2
return
ift==')':
parenthesis_level=2
return
try:#assumptionthatwehavejustaninteger
l=int(t)
except(ValueError,TypeError):
pass#ifnot,noproblem
else:
iftree_root[L]isNone:#ifitisfirstnumber,putitontheleftofrootnode
tree_root[L]=l
else:#putontherightofcurrent_node
upvote0down current_node[R]=l
vote return
priority=(1iftin'+'else2)+parenthesis_level
#iftree_rootdoesnothaveoperatorputitthere
iftree_root[O]isNoneandtino2f:
tree_root[O]=o2f[t]
tree_root[PR]=priority
return
#ifnewnodehaslessorequalspriority,putitonthetopoftree
iftree_root[PR]>=priority:
temp=[tree_root,o2f[t],None,priority]
tree_root=current_node=temp
return
#startingfromrootsearchforaplacewithhigherpriorityinhierarchy
current_node=tree_root
whiletype(current_node[R])!=type(1)andpriority>current_node[R][PR]:
current_node=current_node[R]
#insertnewnode
temp=[current_node[R],o2f[t],None,priority]
current_node[R]=temp
current_node=temp
defparse(e):
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token=''
forcine:
ifc<='9'andc>='0':
token+=c
continue
ifc=='':
iftoken!='':
convert_token(token)
token=''
continue
ifcino2f:
iftoken!='':
convert_token(token)
convert_token(c)
token=''
continue
print"Unrecognizedcharacter:",c
iftoken!='':
convert_token(token)
defmain():
parse('(((3*4)/(1+2))+5)')
printtree_root
printprocess_node(tree_root)
if__name__=='__main__':
main()
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answeredOct25'13at20:39
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howtoanswerHLDandLLD
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IhaverecentlyattendedAmazonInterviewandgotrejectedafterdesignround,itshappenedthreetimeswithAmazonin2year,ialwaysgettingrejected
becauseofdesignround.pleasehelpmetoknowhowshouldianswerandesignquestion.questionslike1)designelevatorcontrolsystem2)designwhisper
syncfeature(usedinAmazoninstantvideoplatform)theyaskmetodesignEndtoendHLDLLDididnotgetwhatexactlydifferinboth,iexplainasa
algorithmwise,butcouldnotproperlybyHLDandLLD.
imeanisearchedalot,butcouldnotfoundawaytoanswersuchquestion.
upvote
0down Anyhelpwillbegoodforme.
vote
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oopdesignamazon
askedFeb10'14at6:48
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HLD:HighLevelDesignconsistofsubsystemdesigntodefine.Ittargetarchitect,Technicalleadsetc.SolutionTechnicalOverviewinterfaces
primaryclassesDatabaseentitieswithAssumptions
LLD:Lowerleveldesignconsistofindividualmodule/sectiondesignforthesubsystem.ItprimarilyextensionofHLD.Ittargetscoredevelopers&
coversfollowingitems:Allclassesentities&interfacesDBModel(Tables,columnattributes,indexes,constraints)Algorithmsformethodsusedin
upvote1 classesLoggingimplementation
downvote
accepted Ihopeithelps!!
answeredFeb10'14at12:46
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ProblemsolvingrelatedtoObjectorientedprogrammingconcepts
ForquietsometimenowIhavebeenworkingonimprovingmyalgoskillsbecauseitsarequirementtoclearinterviewsincompanieslikegoogle,amazonetc.
ButrecentlyIcameacrossquestionsonobjectorientedprogrammingconceptsbeingaskedinamazoninterviews.IbeingaprogrammerinCdoesn'tknow
muchaboutoops.Anysortofhelplikegoodbooks,linkstoimprovetheseskillswillbegreatlyappreciated.Thanksinadvance.
upvote0
down oop
vote askedMay1'11at0:49
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activeoldestvotes
IstartedwiththefirsteditionofTimBudd's"AnIntroductiontoObjectOrientedProgramming".Itwaslanguageagnostic,soIlearnedthe
concepts,nottheimplementations.
Thethirdeditionisnowout.
upvote1downvote
accepted answeredMay1'11at1:08
share|improvethisanswer
TerryWilcox
7,6111832
addacomment|
ReadtheGoFtostarttotrulyunderstanddesignpatternsolutionsinOOP.
upvote0 answeredMay1'11at0:59
downvote
share|improvethisanswer
Heisenbug
22.8k1369132
I'dskipit.DesignpatternsarenotthesamethingasOOconcepts.TerryWilcoxMay1'11at1:04
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@TerryWilcox:youareright.That'snotthesame.Butreadingthatbookhelpedmealotinunderstandinghowmodelingsolutionsusingobjects,in
ordertotakemuchadvantageaspossiblefromOOP.HeisenbugMay1'11at1:13
Ifaninterviewerasksyoutoexplainpolymorphism,theGoFbookisgoingnotgoingtosaveyou.TerryWilcoxMay1'11at1:20
@TerryWilcox:IthinkIshouldkeepmyanswertoo.Lookatthetitle:"ProblemsolvingrelatedtoObjectorientedprogrammingconcepts."Isn'tGoF
aboutproblemsolvingwithOOP?HeisenbugMay1'11at10:49
addacomment|
OnceyouhaveagripontheOOconceptsIwouldreadsomeofthebasicOOprinciplesoutlinedbyRobertMartin:
http://butunclebob.com/ArticleS.UncleBob.PrinciplesOfOod
upvote0 TheseprinciplesreallygiveObjectOrientationapurposeandIbetwouldbeexcellentforanyinterviewforadeveloperposition.
downvote
answeredMay2'11at0:56
share|improvethisanswer
DanielZeevPraaSandberg
1812
AndthenonceyougetagriponthoseprinciplesreadingtheGoFOOdesignpatternswillmakealotmoresensesincetheyarebasedonthebasicOO
principlesthatareoutlinedbyRobertMartinDanielZeevPraaSandbergMay2'11at0:59
addacomment|
Isuggest"Headfirst"seriesforbeginners.
1.HeadfirstOOAD
2.Headfirstdesignpatterns.
upvote0downvote Onceyoufeelyouarecomfortablewiththeconcepts,youcanreadGangoffourbookonDesignpatterns&OOAD
answeredMay2'11at5:10
share|improvethisanswer
SandeepGB
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FindKnearestPointstoPointPin2dimensionalplane
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Source:AMAZONINTERVIEWQUESTION
GivenapointPandotherNpointsintwodimensionalspace,findKpointsoutoftheNpointswhicharenearesttoP.
Whatisthemostoptimalwaytodothis?
upvote3downvote
favorite ThisWikipagedoesnotprovidemuchofhelpinbuildingaalgorithm.Anyideas/approachespeople.
2
performancealgorithmmathlanguageagnostic
askedDec5'13at11:28
editedDec5'13at11:34
share|improvethisquestion
Spandan
594727
Ibalancedyoutozero)WillfollowupwithanswerDec5'13at11:34
Thisisjustavariationonthetheme"Findtheklowestnumbers".Onlythatyouhavetocalculatethedistancesforeachpoint.IngoDec
1
5'13at11:37
@Ingo"calculatethedistancesforeachpoint"...that'sbruteforceyouaresaying?SpandanDec5'13at11:39
1:Pleaseshowsomeeffort.Forexample,thisWikipediapagehasalotofinformationthatiseasilyfoundusinggoogle.Florian
1
BruckerDec5'13at11:42
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3Answers
activeoldestvotes
Solution1makeheapofsizeKandcollectpointsbyminimaldistanceO(NLogK)complexity.
Solution2:TakeandarrayofsizeNandSortbydistance.ShouldbeusedQuickSort(Hoaremodification).AsanswertakefirstKpoints.ThisistooNlogN
complexitybutitispossibleoptimizetoapproximateO(N).Ifskipsortingofunnecessarysubarrays.Whenyousplitarrayby2subarraysyoushouldtake
onlyarraywhereKthindexlocated.complexitywillbe:N+N/2+N/4+...=O(N).
Solution3:searchKthelementinresultarrayandtakesallpointlesserthenfounded.ExistsO(N)alghoritm,similartosearchofmedian.
upvote12
downvote Notes:betterusesqrofdistancetoavoidofsqrtoperations,itwillbegreaterfasterifpointhasintegercoordinates.
accepted
AsinterviewanswerbetteruseSolution2or3.
answeredDec5'13at11:40
editedDec5'13at11:47
share|improvethisanswer
1,279416
Verywell:)...SpandanDec5'13at11:46
Canyouexplainsolution3abitmore?Itseemsverysimilartosolution2.DukelingDec5'13at11:47
Solution3isquickselectalgorithm.Storeallthedistancesinanarray.Findtheindexwhichgivesthekthsmallestelementusingmethodsimilarto
quicksort(Chapter9CLRS),thenelementfromindex0tok1willgivealltherequiredkpoints.ShankhoneerChakrovartyNov16'14at22:19
addacomment|
Forjustasinglequery...
Maintainaheapofsizek.
Foreachpoint,calculatethedistancetothepointP.Insertthatdistanceintotheheapanddeletethemaximumfromtheheapifthesizeoftheheapis
greaterthank.
upvote3down
vote Runningtime:O(nlogk)
answeredDec5'13at11:39
share|improvethisanswer
Dukeling
33.2k83169
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YoucoulduseKDtreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kd_treetopartitionspaceandgiventhepointyouwillbeabletograduallysearchforneighborsusing
binarysearch.Benefitofusingthisapproachisthatiteasilyscalesuptoonlineversionwhenyoureceivepoints/queriesinruntimeonebyoneorinbatches.
upvote0
down answeredFeb4at5:53
vote
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WhatisthemaximumnumberofprocessorsthatcanrunusingNresources
suchthatdeadlockwillnotoccur?
AmazonInterviewQuestion:
Theproblemstatementisverysimple.
SupposewehaveNnumberofresources(allareindependentfromeachother),thenwhatisthemaximumnumberofprocessthatcanrun
simultaneously,usingatleastoneoftheresources,suchthattherewillbenodeadlock?
Asampleexampleisprovidedbelow,showingthattwoprocessusingtworesourcescanbeindeadlock.
Twoprocessindeadlock
upvote0down
votefavorite Someonepleaseprovidemetheanswerwithdetails.
processoperatingsystemdeadlock
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Cananyonepleasethrowlightonthis??shek8034Jul14'13at3:41
1 stackoverflow.com/questions/5058406/KavishDwivediJul14'13at19:31
Theansweris:N*(N1)shek8034Jul15'13at20:08
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Pythonhowtoremoveduplicatesonlyifconsecutiveinastring?
Forastringsuchas'12233322155552',byremovingtheduplicates,Icanget'1235'.ButwhatIwanttokeepis'1232152',onlyremovingthe
consecutiveduplicates.
Thankyouforyourhelpinadvance.
upvote4downvote
favorite pythonpython2.7
editedJul12'12at21:34 askedJul12'12at21:19
share|improvethisquestion
DSM user1522020
93k5132179 212
addacomment|
6Answers
activeoldestvotes
Microsoft/Amazonjobinterviewtypeofquestion:Thisisthepseudocode,theactualcodeisleftasexercise.
foreachcharinthestringdo:
ifthecurrentcharisequaltothenextchar:
deletenextchar
else
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continue
returnstring
upvote7downvote
Asamorehighlevel,try(notactuallytheimplementation):
forsinstring:
ifs==s+1:##checkuntiltheendofthestring
deletes+1
answeredJul12'12at21:22
share|improvethisanswer
philippe
2,39332471
3 Goodcallonnotgivingexactcode(thoughPythonisprettydarnclosetopseudocodealready).JohnYJul12'12at21:28
addacomment|
Hint:theitertoolsmoduleissuperuseful.Onefunctioninparticular,itertools.groupby,mightcomeinreallyhandyhere:
itertools.groupby(iterable[,key])
Makeaniteratorthatreturnsconsecutivekeysandgroupsfromtheiterable.Thekeyisafunctioncomputingakeyvalueforeachelement.Ifnot
specifiedorisNone,keydefaultstoanidentityfunctionandreturnstheelementunchanged.Generally,theiterableneedstoalreadybesortedon
thesamekeyfunction.
upvote4 Sosincestringsareiterable,whatyoucoulddois:
down usegroupbytocollectneighbouringelements
vote extractthekeysfromtheiteratorreturnedbygroupby
jointhekeystogether
whichcanallbedoneinonecleanline..
answeredJul12'12at21:33
share|improvethisanswer
DSM
93k5132179
Excellent!Thanksuser1522020Jul12'12at22:09
addacomment|
importre
answer=re.sub(r'(\d)\1+',r'\1','12233322155552')
upvote2downvote answeredJul16'12at6:01
share|improvethisanswer
PauloFreitas
3,51263261
addacomment|
+1forgroupby.Offthecuff,somethinglike:
fromitertoolsimportgroupby
defremove_dupes(arg):
#creategeneratorofdistinctcharacters,ignoregrouperobjects
unique=(i[0]foriingroupby(arg))
return''.join(unique)
upvote0downvote
CooksformeinPython2.7.2
answeredJul12'12at22:46
share|improvethisanswer
godisdad
12
1 Ithinkwewerealltryingtoavoidactuallygivingtheansweroutright..DSMJul12'12at23:05
addacomment|
t='12233322155552'
foriint:
dup=i+i
t=re.sub(dup,i,t)
upvote0downvote Youcangetfinaloutputas1232152
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editedFeb3'13at3:47 answeredJul16'12at5:28
share|improvethisanswer
Pradyun Prasanna
3,913941 534
addacomment|
Firstofall,youcan'tremoveanythingfromastringinPython(google"Pythonimmutablestring"ifthisisnotclear).
Mfirstapproachwouldbe:
foo='12233322155552'
bar=''
forchrinfoo:
ifbar==''orchr!=bar[len(bar)1]:
bar+=chr
upvote0downvote
or,usingtheitertoolshintfromabove:
''.join([k[0]forkingroupby(a)])
editedMar11'14at4:00 answeredJul12'12at23:49
share|improvethisanswer
AndyG paul
5,21822135 31
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Whatisthespacecomplexityofthisalgorithm?
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Thisisproblem9.6fromCrackingtheCodingInterview(5thedition)
Implementanalgorithmtoprintallvalidcombinationsofnpairsofparenthesis
EXAMPLE
Input:3
Output:"((())),(()()),(())(),()(()),()()()"
HereisthealgorithmIimplemented(inJava)
privatestaticSet<String>getAllComb(intn){
Set<String>allPoss=newHashSet<String>();
if(n>0){
if(n==1){
allPoss.add("()");
}else{
Set<String>before=getAllComb(n1);
for(Stringphrase:before){
intlength=phrase.length();
for(intstart=length2;start>=0;start){
if(phrase.charAt(start)=='('){
StringphraseToConsider=phrase.substring(0,start+1)+"()"+
phrase.substring(start+1);
upvote if(!allPoss.contains(phraseToConsider)){
3down allPoss.add(phraseToConsider);
vote }
favorite }
}
StringphraseToConsider="()"+phrase.substring(0);
if(!allPoss.contains(phraseToConsider)){
allPoss.add(phraseToConsider);
}
}
}
}
returnallPoss;
}
Thisproducesthecorrectoutput.Iknowthatinterviewers(atleastatAmazon)lovetoaskyouthetimeandspacecomplexityofyoursolution.Fortime
complexity,IwasabletoshowthatthealgorithmrunsinO(n)witharecurrencerelation.Iamhavingtroublewithanalyzingthespacecomplexity.Ithisisa
recursivesolutionsoitshouldbeatleastO(n)Butateachrecursivecall,Iamalsogeneratingasetthatisboundedbyn.WouldthetotalspacebeO(n)because
ofthenrecursivecallsorisitO(n2)becauseofthesetsizeofboundnforeachrecursivecalln?
algorithmrecursiontimecomplexityspacecomplexity
editedMar23at16:43 askedMar22at21:05
share|improvethisquestion
KyleTrauberman committedandroider
17.6k125390 1,817416
Sometipsonthesidethatdon'tdirectlyhavetodowithyourproblem:1)YoushouldbeabletouseN=0asyourbasecaseitscommoninrecursive
problemstonotneedtotreattheN=1specially2)Ifyouuseabufferoflength2nwhichtherecursivecalls"fillin"youshouldbeabletobringthespace
complexitydowntoO(n).hugomgMar22at21:22
Forn=4,thereare14possiblewaysofwritingproperlymatchedparantheses.Abufferoflength2n(orknforanyk)istoosmalltoholdtheoutputin
general.chepnerMar22at21:25
howwouldyouuseabufferoflength2n?Youcan'tpredefinethesizeofaset.committedandroiderMar22at22:13
@hugomgIjusttohaveanotherbasecaseofN=1becauseit'sjustonelineofcodeofadding"()".Youdon'thavetogothroughallthelinesofcodefor
iteratingoverthepreviousset,allthestrings,etc.Isthisreallybaddesignthoughstill?committedandroiderMar22at22:21
Itsnotbadpersebutextralinesofcodemeansmoreplacesforbugstohidein:)AndusuallytreatingN=1withthesamebranchofcodathantherest
shouldn'tbeabigperformancehit.Ifitisthenthereissomethigfishygoingon...hugomgMar22at23:08
addacomment|
2Answers
activeoldestvotes
Fortimecomplexity,IwasabletoshowthatthealgorithmrunsinO(n)witharecurrencerelation
Thisiswrong.ThenumberofsequencesofbalancedparenthesesisgivenbytheCatalannumbers:thereareexponentiallymanysuchsequences.Your
algorithmcannotbelinearifitisalsocorrectlysolvingtheproblem,becausejustoutputtinganexponentialnumberofsolutionsisitselftakingexponential
time.
upvote3 Asforthememorycomplexity,youseemtostoreallsolutionsforn1ateachstepnofyourrecursion,sothememorycomplexityalsolooksexponentialto
down me,plustheotherstringsyoucreateandrecursivecallsyoumakeateachstep,whichcanonlyaddtothecomplexity.
vote
accepted Youcansolvetheproblemwithoutusingexponentialmemory:thinkabouthowyoucangetridofstoringallprevioussequences.
answeredMar22at21:16
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share|improvethisanswer editedMar22at21:21
IVlad
26.5k844121
Wouldn'tyouneedtostoreallprevioussequencestoapplythealgorithm?Ifyoudon'tstorethem,there'snowaytoaccessallthestringsandformallthe
combinationsofparentheses.committedandroiderMar22at22:11
@committedandroiderateachstep,youhavetwopossibilities:putanopenbracketoraclosedone.Bydoingitlikethis,youkeepthememoryusageto
O(n).Thiswillgenerateunbalancedsequencesaswell,butifyoufigureouthowtomakeitgenerateonlybalancedsequences,you'redone.Hint:keep
trackofhowmanyyou'veopenedandhowmanyyou'veclosed.IVladMar22at22:18
Idon'tgetquitegetwhatyoumean.HowIseethisproblemisfindingthepossibilitiesofputting"()"beforeandafteraopeningparenthesis.SayIhave
thefirstfunctioncallf(1)whichwouldbe().Inthiscase,whatdoyoumeanbyateachstep,putanopenbracketoraclosedbracket?Wouldn'tyouhave
toputbothanopenbracketandaclosedbracket?committedandroiderMar22at22:25
@committedandroiderThinkabouthowyoucanconstructasolutionbyputting(or)fromlefttoright:ateachstep,youmusthavemoreopensthan
closed.Thenyoucanbacktrack.Onceyouhavenopens,therestmustbeclosed.Alwaysputanopenifyoucan.Forexample,youstartwith((())).Then
youbacktrackto(((.Youcanmakethelastoneaclosed:(().Then,thenextcanbeanopen:(()(.Nowyoucanonlyhaveclosedfortherest:(()())etc.
IVladMar22at22:51
Withwhatyoudid,Iseetheprocessbehindgoingfrom((()))to(()())buthowwouldyougofrom((()))to()()()?Whatwouldyoufirstbacktrackitto?
committedandroiderMar22at23:07
|show3morecomments
ThenumberofwaystowritenpairsofproperlymatchedparenthesesisthenthCatalannumber,whichactuallygrowsexponentially,notquadratical.The
spacecomplexityoftheoutputaloneisO(2^n)seethewikipediaarticleforaquickoverviewoftheCatalannumbers.
upvote1 Noticethatyouaren'tmakingasinglerecursivecallateachdepth,butpotentiallyO(n)recursivecalls.
down
vote answeredMar22at21:16
share|improvethisanswer
chepner
82.4k764127
Whatdoyoumeanby"noticethatyouaren'tmakingasinglerecursivecallateachdepth"?IfImakeacalltothisfunctionwith4,thenthatwillmakea
callto3,whichwillmakeacallto2,thenso......Isn'tthatasinglerecursivecallateachdepth?committedandroiderMar22at22:15
Forthecallwithn,youdon'tnecessarilymakejustasinglecallwithn1,youmaymakeseveralsuchcalls.Thiswillcausetheamountofspaceusedby
thealgorithmtoincreasemuchmorequickly,eventhoughtherearenevermorethanO(n)activecallsinexistenceatonetime.chepnerMar22at
23:51
Ohsoatdepth4,you'reactuallymakingintotal4recursivecalls,f(3),f(2),f(1)andf(0)?committedandroiderMar23at0:21
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Reverseagivensentenceinjava
Thiswasthequestionaskedmeinamazoninterview.,Writeaprogramtoreverseagivensentencelike"Thisisinterviewquestion"theoutputmust
be"questioninterviewisthis".Cananytellmehowtogetthisdone?
Thanksinadvance
upvote10down
votefavorite java
7 askedApr26'10at13:14
editedApr26'10at13:43
share|improvethisquestion
giri
7,3393592142
YoushouldprobablyconsidertakingJavacertificationclasses,astheywillteachyoucommonlyusedJavalibraryclasses.You'llthenhavethe
toolsneededtoaccomplishsuchtasks.MarcusAdamsApr26'10at13:29
1 Reversethestringfirst.Reversethewordsthen.Ittakestwopassbutveryclean.Canbedonein1passaswell.JackApr26'10at13:35
1 @jack,Ithinkyourfirstwordwasmeanttobe"split",yes?CPerkinsApr26'10at14:00
@CPerkins:well,"thequestion">"noitseuqeht">"questionthe"stillworks,andIsuspectthatiswhatJackmeantsinceanswerershave
2
alreadypostedyourway.PopsApr26'10at14:06
@CPerkinsNo.WhatImeantwas(inpython):<br>str="thisisinterviewquestion"<br>str1=str[::1]<br>printstr1<br>forwordin
str1.split(""):<br>printword[::1]<br>JackApr26'10at14:14
|show2morecomments
10Answers
activeoldestvotes
String[]words=sentence.split("");
String[]reversedWords=ArrayUtils.reverse(words);
StringreversedSentence=StringUtils.join(reversedWords,"");
(usingArrayUtilsandStringUtilsfromcommonslang,buttheseareeasymethodstowritejustafewloops)
upvote21
downvote
answeredApr26'10at13:17
editedApr12'12at22:59
share|improvethisanswer
Bozho
320k60630825
6 Usinganoutsidelibraryforaninterviewquestionthissimpleisn'tgoinggooverthatwell.D'NabreApr26'10at13:38
5 well.thatovergotogoingisn'tsimplethisquestioninterviewanforlibraryoutsideanUsingPowerlordApr26'10at13:44
@D'Nabreifyouknowcommonslangwellenoughtowritethatcode,IthinkitwouldgoVERYwelloverthatwell.ThorbjrnRavnAndersen
5
Apr26'10at13:50
@D'NabreIdon'tthinkso.Iftheyaskyoutoexplainhowaretheseutilitymethodsimplemented,you'dalwaysbeabletoexplain,butthusyouare
1
increasingtheeleganceofyourcode.Whatifthesemethdoswerepresentinjava.util.Arrays?BozhoApr26'10at13:50
Ifsomeonedemonstratedappreciationoftheknowandusethelibrariesguidelineinaninterview,I'ddefinitelyconsiderthataplus.JonikApr26'10
at14:08
|show5morecomments
Yousplitthestringbythespacetheniterateoveritbackwardstoassemblethereversedsentence.
string[]words="Thisisinterviewquestion".split("");
stringrev="";
for(inti=words.length1;i>=0;i)
{
rev+=words[i]+"";
}
//rev="questioninterviewisThis"
upvote19down //canalsouseStringBuilder:
vote StringBuilderrevb=newStringBuilder;
for(inti=words.length1;i>=0;i)
{
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 322/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
revb.Append(words[i]);
revb.Append("");
}
//revb.toString()="questioninterviewisThis"
answeredApr26'10at13:15
editedApr26'10at13:44
share|improvethisanswer
Oded
300k41465673
6 Won'tthisaddatrailingspace?SkilldrickApr26'10at13:26
Isthereareasonyou'reconcatenatingtoastring(whichcreatesanewstringobjecteverytime)insteadofusingaStringBuilder?
2
ChristopherParkerApr26'10at13:27
@ChristopherParkerSimplyshowingtheprinciple.Thiscanofcoursebeadaptedtobemoreperformant(ifneeded).OdedApr26'10at
13:31
@SkilldrickRev.trim();toremovethetrailingspace.Notthatthequestionspecified,butlikeyou,Idislikeextraspaceslikethat.Onion
1
KnightApr26'10at13:45
2 @Adamskiwhatisthatsayingaboutoptimisation...GarethDavisApr26'10at15:59
|show1morecomment
Justbeingdifferent:arecursivesolution.Doesn'taddanyextraspaces.
publicstaticStringreverse(Strings){
intk=s.indexOf("");
returnk==1?s:reverse(s.substring(k+1))+""+s.substring(0,k);
}
System.out.println("["+reverse("Thisisinterviewquestion")+"]");
//prints"[questioninterviewisThis]"
Iwillalsoimproveonthesplitsolutionbyusing\binstead(it'ssoobvious!).
upvote13downvote
String[]parts="Wordboundaryisbetterthanspace".split("\\b");
StringBuildersb=newStringBuilder();
for(inti=parts.length;i>0;){
sb.append(parts[i]);
}
System.out.println("["+sb.toString()+"]");
//prints"[spacethanbetterisboundaryWord]"
answeredApr26'10at13:51
editedApr26'10at14:03
share|improvethisanswer
polygenelubricants
167k58382522
nice,ireallylikedtherecursivesolutiondesign,buttheiteration+stringbuilderhastobefaster,correct?user797963Nov18'13at3:46
addacomment|
Justsplititonaspacecharacterintoastringarray,thenloopoverthearrayinreverseorderandconstructtheoutputstring.
Stringinput="Thisisinterviewquestion";
Stringoutput="";
String[]array=input.split("");
for(inti=array.length1;i>=0;i)
{
output+=array[i];
upvote6downvote
if(i!=0){output+="";}
}
answeredApr26'10at13:16
editedApr26'10at13:29
share|improvethisanswer
RichAdams
12.7k32248
canupleasegivecodewithoutusingsplit()MaxSep6'11at15:56
addacomment|
BozhoalreadygaveagreatJavaspecificanswer,butintheeventyoueverneedtosolvethisproblemwithoutJavaAPImethods:
Toreverse,youcansimplypopindividualwordsontoastackandpopthemallbackoffwhentherearenowordsleft.
(Justtobeextraclear,JavadoesprovideaStackclass,soitispossibletousethismethodinJavaaswell).
upvote5downvote
answeredApr26'10at13:22
share|improvethisanswer
Pops
12.1k1993122
addacomment|
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 323/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
aeveryboringbitofjava:
List<String>l=newArrayList<String>(Arrays.asList("thisisaninterviewquestion".split("\\s")));
Collections.reverse(l);
StringBufferb=newStringBuffer();
for(Strings:l){
b.append(s).append('');
}
b.toString().trim();
ingroovyit'salittlebitmorereadable:
upvote3downvote
"thisisaninterviewquestion"
.split("\\s")
.reverse()
.join('')
answeredApr26'10at13:22
share|improvethisanswer
GarethDavis
18.3k65183
@Oded'sisalotnicer...waytousedtojustusingcollections.GarethDavisApr26'10at13:24
addacomment|
Ialsogiveitatry:Here'saversionusingastackandascanner:
Stringinput="thisisinterviewquestion";
Scannersc=newScanner(input);
Stack<String>stack=newStack<String>();
while(sc.hasNext()){
stack.push(sc.next());
}
StringBuilderoutput=newStringBuilder();
for(;;){//forever
upvote3downvote output.append(stack.pop());
if(stack.isEmpty()){
break;//endloop
}else{
output.append("");
}
}
answeredApr26'10at14:20
share|improvethisanswer
Searles
316212
addacomment|
publicclassReverseString{
publicvoidreverse(String[]source){
Stringdest="";
for(intn=source.length1;n>=0;n){
dest+=source[n]+"";
}
System.out.println(dest);
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[]){
upvote2downvote ReverseStringrs=newReverseString();
String[]str="Whatisgoingon".split("");
rs.reverse(str);
editedJul22'12at13:17 answeredApr28'10at5:14
share|improvethisanswer
BoPersson gmhk
45.3k956111 4,754145694
addacomment|
nicerapproachprobably..hadseenthelogicsomewhere..hereismycodewhichmightdothejob.
publicclassrevWords{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 324/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
revWordsobj=newrevWords();
Stringprint=obj.reverseWords("IamGod");
System.out.println(print);
publicStringreverseWords(Stringwords)
{
if(words==null||words.isEmpty()||!words.contains(""))
upvote1downvote returnwords;
Stringreversed="";
for(Stringword:words.split(""))
reversed=word+""+reversed;
returnreversed;
}
answeredDec1'10at4:35
share|improvethisanswer
shashi
111
addacomment|
Idon'tthinkyoushoulduseanylibrary..1)Reversewholestring2)Reverseeachword.
publicstaticvoidrevWord(char[]a){
//reversewhole
revWord(a,0,a.length);
intst=1;
intend=1;
for(inti=0;i<a.length;i++){
if(st==1&&a[i]!=''){
st=i;
}
if(end==1&&a[i]==''){
end=i;
}
if(i==a.length1){
end=i+1;
}
if(st!=1&&end!=1){
revWord(a,st,end);
upvote0downvote st=1;
end=1;
}
publicstaticvoidrevWord(char[]a,ints,intl){
intmid=(ls)/2;
l;
for(inti=0;i<mid;i++,l){
chart=a[s+i];
a[s+i]=a[l];
a[l]=t;
}
}
answeredApr9'13at3:17
share|improvethisanswer
RajenderSaini
351418
addacomment|
protectedbyKevJul22'12at13:57
Thankyouforyourinterestinthisquestion.Becauseithasattractedlowqualityanswers,postingananswernowrequires10reputationonthissite.
Wouldyouliketoansweroneoftheseunansweredquestionsinstead?
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Algorithmtofindsimilarityofquestions
Ididsamedataminingandpulledalltheinterviewquestionsfromgoogleandmicrosoftonglassdoor:http://letschat.info/?p=34
http://letschat.info/?p=37
Ihavethetwolistsonthere.
WhatIwanttodoismaybepullafewothercompaniesinterviewquestionsandtrytofindquestionsthatsimilaramongmultiplesources.
IdidsomegooglingandIfoundthisproject:
http://lucene.apache.org/core/
andIcoulddothefollowing:http://javatechniques.com/blog/luceneinmemorytextsearchexample/
Howeverthisseemslikeoverkill.Isthereasimpleralgorithmthatcouldhelpmefindsimilarquestions?Whatalgorithmdoesstackoverflowuse?
Iwasthinkingofmaybegeneratingascorebasedonthenumberofwordsthatmatchbetweentwoquestionsandfilteritthatway.
upvote3down
votefavorite Iwanttotrytowhittlethelistofquestionsdowntoalistofuniquenumberofquestions.
Update:
Idecidedtouselucene.Iputmyentirelistintoanindexandtheiteratethroughthelistanduselucenetosearchfor10itemslikeit.Ithenaddupthe
scoreofthe10resultstooseewhatquestionswereaskedthemost.
Hereisthelinktotheactualcode:http://letschat.info/rankingofreducedamazonquestions/
Itisn'ttoocomplicated.Hereisanexampleoftheresults:http://letschat.info/rankingofreducedamazonquestions/
fromtheoriginalsource:http://letschat.info/listofamazonquestions/
algorithmsearchdatamining
askedFeb26'12at20:31
editedMar8'12at20:27
share|improvethisquestion
SamFisher83
1,36811839
Ilikeyourideaofgettingascorebasedonwordmatchcount.Everytimeonequestionisaddedtothelist,youshouldsavethequestionalong
withthescoretothedb.Thenit'sasimplequeryasnewquestionscomein?IndusterFeb26'12at20:38
addacomment|
2Answers
activeoldestvotes
Actually,cosinesimilarityontfidfvectors,whichiswhatLuceneimplements,isacommon(andprettybasic)wayofmeasuringinterdocumentsimilarity.
I'dtryitifIwereyou(althoughyourdocumentsmaybeabitshortforittofunctionreallywell).Lucenedoessomenicetextnormalizationaswell.
upvote2
down answeredFeb26'12at20:39
vote
share|improvethisanswer
larsmans
194k22336505
Iamnottryingtodointerdocumentsimilarity,butmoretryingtocomparesentences,butIguessImightjustusethatmethod.ThanksSamFisher83
Feb26'12at21:14
SentencesarejustveryshortdocumentsTFIDFandcosinesimilarityarethetwostandardtechnologiesfortextualsimilarity.AnonyMousseFeb27
2
'12at6:49
addacomment|
Simmetricsisalibrarythatoffersmultiplestringcomparisonalgorithms.Checkwhichonesworksbestforyourneeds.
Oneapproachyoumightconsidersincetheseare"questions"istousengrams,improvesaccuracy.
upvote0downvote answeredMar3'12at2:16
share|improvethisanswer
Mikos
5,78722652
Doesn'tseemlikeitisactivelydevelopedSamFisher83Mar7'12at1:34
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Interviewquestionsatamazoninunix[closed]
1.Countmultipleoccurencesofyournameinafile..andyournameisoccurringmultipletimesinaline.
2.WritearegularexpressiontoretrieveRavi10fromthefile.AndprintonlythenameRavi10(completelineshouldnotbeprinted).
3.Inalogfileyouhavedateinyyyymmddhh:mi:ssformat.Retrivethosedateswheretimeisbetween19:10:00to19:20:00
upvote5downvotefavorite
shellunix
askedApr4'13at12:12
editedApr4'13at12:27
share|improvethisquestion
Satheesh
581211
closedastoolocalizedbyiiSeymour,hlovdal,user4815162342,bensiu,talonmiesApr4'13at12:41
Thisquestionisunlikelytohelpanyfuturevisitorsitisonlyrelevanttoasmallgeographicarea,aspecificmomentintime,oranextraordinarilynarrowsituationthatis
notgenerallyapplicabletotheworldwideaudienceoftheinternet.Forhelpmakingthisquestionmorebroadlyapplicable,visitthehelpcenter.Ifthisquestioncanbe
rewordedtofittherulesinthehelpcenter,pleaseeditthequestion.
3 AreyouinamiddleofaUNIXinterviewandpostthemessagewithyourmobiletogettheresult?:)fedorquiApr4'13at12:13
ThiswasthequestionaskedinamazoninterviewwhichiwasnotabletoanswersopleaseletmeknowSatheeshApr4'13at12:15
addacomment|
1Answer
activeoldestvotes
IhopeIgetthejobifIanswerproperly...
1.Countmultipleoccurencesofyournameinafile..andyournameisoccurringmultipletimesinaline.
grepo"your_name"file|wcw
2.WritearegularexpressiontoretrieveRavi10fromthefile.AndprintonlythenameRavi10(completelineshouldnotbeprinted).
grepo"Ravi10"file
file:///C:/Users/dell/Desktop/New%20folder/merged.htm 331/349
7/13/2015 algorithmAmazon:WatercollectedbetweentowersStackOverflow
upvote2downvote 3.Inalogfileyouhavedateinyyyymmddhh:mi:ssformat.Retrivethosedateswheretimeisbetween19:10:00to19:20:00
awk'{if(($4~"19:1[09]")||($4~"19:20")){print}}'your_file
answeredApr4'13at12:30
share|improvethisanswer
fedorqui
73.9k2292129
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asked 2yearsago
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AmIfollowingagoodapproach?
Pleasefindthelinktothediscussedproblem.
Sorting|AmazonInterviewQuestion
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Ifollowedthisfollowingapproachbytakingrandomarrays.Wouldwantyoursuggestionsonwhatotherapproachescanbefollowedtosolvethe
problem:
publicclassThreeMachineInsertionSorting{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
int[]ar1={10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1,10};
int[]ar2={20,19,18,17,16,15,14,23,12,11,10};
int[]ar3={20,19,21,122,10,9,11,12,4,13,18,17};
performInsertionSort(ar1,ar2,ar3);
}
privatestaticvoidperformInsertionSort(int[]ar1,int[]ar2,int[]ar3){
int[][]arrayOfArrays={ar1,ar2,ar3};
int[]unSortedArray=mergeArrays(ar1,ar2,ar3,arrayOfArrays);
inti,j,key;
for(i=1;i<unSortedArray.length;i++){
key=unSortedArray[i];
j=i1;
while(j>=0&&key<unSortedArray[j]){
unSortedArray[j+1]=unSortedArray[j];
j;
}
unSortedArray[j+1]=key;
}
System.out.println("SizeoftheunSortedarrayis:="+unSortedArray.length);
shareLoad(unSortedArray,arrayOfArrays);
privatestaticvoidshareLoad(int[]sortedArray,int[][]arrayOfArrays){
intloadFactor=sortedArray.length/3;
intindex=0;
while(index<sortedArray.length){
for(int[]ar:arrayOfArrays){
upvote0downvote for(inti=0;i<ar.length;i++){
favorite if(i<=loadFactor){
ar[i]=sortedArray[index];
index++;
}
}
}
}
for(int[]ar:arrayOfArrays){
System.out.println("******************************************arrayproperties**************************************");
System.out.println("Sizeofarray::"+ar.length);
for(inti=0;i<ar.length;i++){
System.out.print(ar[i]+"");
}
System.out.println("\n******************************************************************");
}
privatestaticint[]mergeArrays(int[]ar1,int[]ar2,int[]ar3,int[][]arrayOfArrays){
int[]colaboratedArray=newint[ar1.length+ar2.length+ar3.length];
System.out.println("Lengthofmultidimensionalarray:"
+arrayOfArrays.length);
inti=0;
while(i<colaboratedArray.length){
for(int[]ar:arrayOfArrays){
for(intj=0;j<ar.length;j++){
colaboratedArray[i++]=ar[j];
}
}
returncolaboratedArray;
}
}
sorting
askedFeb24at10:29
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activeoldestvotes
Hereisabitofanaivesolution.
SortM1,M2andM3usinginplacesortingalgorithm.
CombineM1andM3byfindingoutthepointwhereallelementsfromM1canbeswappedoutforsmallerelementsinM3.
Tofindthispointtake1/9ofthenumbersinM3andmovetothebufferinM1.Noticethat1/9ofthenumbersisexactlythe10%capacityavailable.Westartwith
thesmallestbucketinM3andcompareittothelargestbucketinM1.JustbycomparingthelargestvaluefromtheM3bucketandthesmallestvaluefromtheM1
bucketwecandetermineifwecanswapthemoutcompletelyornot.IfwecanthenmovethebucketfromM1toM3andbringinnewbucketfromM3.Dothis
untilwehaveM1andM3partitioned.
up NowwemustsortM1andM3again.NowwemusttakethesmallestelementsfromM2andmovethemtoM1untilwehaveM1andM2partitioned.Afterthatis
vote donewecansortM1andM2.NoticethatM1isnowfinished.
0
down FinishbypartitioningM2andM3andthensortbothandtheproblemissolved.
vote
Noticethatthissolutionrequiresustosortallmachinesthreetimes,andeachdataelementisinworstcasemoved3timesbetweenmachines.
Thissolutioncanbeimprovedifwecanfindthemedianoftwounsortedsets,thenwecanpartitionthesetsaccordingtothismedianandthentransferring
elements,andonlysortintheendonceweknowthatthefinalnumbersareoneachmachine.
ItcanbefurtherimprovedifwecanfindtheKthlargestelementof3unsortedsetsefficientlywithouttransferringdata.
answeredFeb24at13:09
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Howtoconvertapathcontaining..traversalstoacanonicalpath,inPHP?
[closed]
IjusthadaninterviewwithAmazon.Iwasaskedthisquestion:
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//CONVERTINPUTTOOUTPUT:
//input=>/var/www/../html/../a/data/
//output=>/var/a/data/
Isthereabettersolutiontoitthanthis?
$string="/var/www/../html/../a/data/";
$str=explode('/',$string);
if($str[0]=="")
array_shift($str);
upvote2
downvote $max=sizeof($str);
for($i=0;$i<$max;$i++){
favorite $str[$i]="/".$str[$i];
if(strpos($str[$i],"..")){
unset($str[$i]);
unset($str[$i1]);
}
}
echo$string=implode($str);
phpstring
editedApr4at3:35 askedApr3at23:35
share|improvethisquestion
BoltClock ArturGrigio
304k66753914 145
closedasunclearwhatyou'reaskingbyBarmar,Rizier123,nhgrif,Mat'sMug,GhostApr4at1:56
Pleaseclarifyyourspecificproblemoraddadditionaldetailstohighlightexactlywhatyouneed.Asit'scurrentlywritten,itshardtotellexactlywhatyou'reasking.See
theHowtoAskpageforhelpclarifyingthisquestion.Ifthisquestioncanberewordedtofittherulesinthehelpcenter,pleaseeditthequestion.
1 Whatisthepatternbehindthistogettothisoutput?Rizier123Apr3at23:37
2 Uh,@Barmar...no?There'snocodetoreviewhere.nhgrifApr3at23:40
@nhgrifHepostedthecodeinananswer.BarmarApr3at23:41
@BarmarAnswer'saren'tpartofthequestion.HisanswermightbeappropriateforCodeReview,buthisquestiondefinitelyisn't,andhisquestion
2
definitelyisn'taquestionaboutimprovingcode.nhgrifApr3at23:42
@BarmarAndheequallywouldn'tunderstandtheprotocolatCodeReview.Don'trecommendbadquestionstoothersites.Justclosethemforwhatever
1 appropriateclosereason.IsthisquestionTooBroad?IsitUnclear?Chooseoneofthoseclosereasonsanddon'trecommendpeopleaskbadquestions
onothersitesandforceothersitestoalsohavetodealwithapoorquestion.nhgrifApr3at23:59
|show1morecomment
1Answer
activeoldestvotes
AssumingcorePHPfunctionsarepermitted,howaboutthis?
<?php
echorealpath('/var/www/../html/../a/data/');
upvote1downvoteaccepted
answeredApr3at23:37
share|improvethisanswer
halfer
11.6k53161
wow!Ifeelquitedumbrightnow!Thankyou.ArturGrigioApr4at4:02
Ha,noworries@Artur.Ofcourse,yoursmayhavebeenfineiftheywerelookingforanalgorithm.halferApr4at7:51
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Canyoupairprogramremotely?
Wehaveateamofabout7engineers,whomIsupervise.Wedonothaveaformalofficewhereweallwork.Instead,ahandfularelocatedoutsideofourcity,
whiletherestofusarescatteredaroundtheBayArea.
Quitefrequently,IfindmyselfattemptingtoteachconceptslikeTDDorrefactoringtosomeofourmorejunior(ornot)developers.ThebesttechniqueI
knowispairprogramming,whereyoubothsitatthesamecomputerandworkonaproblemtogether.Sincewearenotinthesameplacemostofthetime,the
upvote28 onlyoptionistousesomekindofscreensharingandSkypetohaveoneofus"drive"whiletheotherconsults,andthenswitch.
downvote
favorite Myquestionishasanyonetriedthis"virtual"pairprogramming,anddidyoufinditatalluseful?
7
tddpairprogramming
askedAug29'08at16:16
share|improvethisquestion
SamMcAfee
4,83893758
screenhero.comMSSucksJun19'14at6:55
addacomment|
11Answers
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I'vedonequitealotofpairprogrammingnotonlycrosssitebutcrosstimezone.IliveinIsraelandIworkwithpeopleontheWestCoastallthetime.The
bestwayI'vefoundistousesharedVNCsessionandskype.Youneedsome"goodbehavior"toensurethatonlyoneofustypesatagiventime.TheVNC
serverthatweusegivesustwodifferentpointerssowecanmoveourrespectivemicewithoutgettingintheway,solongaswedon'tactuallyclick.
upvote Themainproblemisthattheclipboardisshared,soifsomeoneselectssomethingit'sautomaticallycopiedtotheother'sclipboard.
11down Asageneralrule,pairprogrammingcrosssite,whilenotideal,iscertainlyworkable,andmostdefinitelyuseful.
vote
accepted answeredAug29'08at18:44
share|improvethisanswer
NathanFellman
37.6k47167244
Which"VNCserverthatweusegivesustwodifferentpointers"?BrianCarltonFeb22'10at19:27
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2 @Brian,weuseRealVNCfromrealvnc.comNathanFellmanFeb23'10at8:24
screenhero.comMSSucksJun19'14at6:55
addacomment|
IknowNetbeanshasapluginfor"DeveloperCollaboration"(flashdemo),whichisbasicallylikemultiplayerprogramming.Anychangesyoumakeinyour
localfilearereplicatedalmostimmediatelytotheotherparty.It'sprettycool,butit'sbeenawhilesinceI'veplayedwithit,andI'veneveruseditforareal
project.Thereisachatwindowbutyou'reprobablybetteroffstilltalkingonthephoneorusingskype.
upvote
5down answeredAug29'08at16:48
vote
share|improvethisanswer
OutlawProgrammer
6,98453055
addacomment|
Yes,youcanabsolutelypairprogramremotely,andI'vedonesosuccessfullyforextendedperiodsoftime.WehadSkypeaudiochatopenprettymuchallday
long,andusedTeamViewertomirrorthescreen.Workedsplendidly.
upvote IfIrecallcorrectly,ithasapen/drawingtoolthatallowsthenavigatortoshowthedriverwhathe'stalkingaboutonthescreen.
4down
vote editedJan4'12at6:51 answeredMar29'10at14:06
share|improvethisanswer
sra MattiasPetterJohansson
19.8k63466 443316
+1thishasbeenmyexperience,insomewayssharingascreencanbebetterthansittingatthesamecomputerasyoucanbothseethecodeunobstructed.
Theonlyproblemisthereisalotofwaitingforthedrivertodothingsbutthereisnoreasonwhyyoucantbeinvestigatingthesamethingprivatelyonyour
ownmachineatthesametimeWillbillJul30'10at11:06
addacomment|
Tryingtopairprogramremotelyprobablywon'tbeasusefulasdoingitinperson,butyoucanofcoursedoitusingcollaborativeeditorsas
SubEthaEditinOSX.
upvote3down answeredAug29'08at16:20
vote
share|improvethisanswer
FedericoBuiles
2,18321741
WithiChatforcommunicationaswell.AbizernMar4'09at17:15
addacomment|
I'djustwantedtoaddsomereallynicepluginfortheEclipseIDEitscalledSarosandit'sOSS.Hassomereallybeautifulfeatures!
Ithassomenicefeatures(highlightingsource,builtinVoIP(beta),chatandsomemoretocomesuchasscreensharingandwhiteboardfeatures)...
Findoutaboutitatsarosproject.org
upvote3downvote
editedApr29'14at23:35 answeredMar29'10at13:41
share|improvethisanswer
Josh Gnark
4,84342750 1,45741738
addacomment|
We'veusedwebexforthis.Whileit'snotnecessarilyidealforthiskindofthing,itdoeshavesomefeaturestomediatewhocontrolsthecomputer
andwhen.
upvote2down answeredJul15'09at14:03
vote
share|improvethisanswer
JasonBaker
65.3k72260438
addacomment|
We'vebeenusingthenewECFfeaturesinEclipse3.4(Ganymede)andwelikeit.We'renotactuallyremotefromeachotherexceptwhenoneofusis
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workingathomebutECFletsyoueditthesamefileandalsohasanIMwindowforchatting.IfyouuseSkype,somuchthebetter.
upvote1 There'sagoodscreencastonVimeoofthescreensharingthatreallymadeusexcitedaboutit.
downvote
answeredAug29'08at16:22
share|improvethisanswer
MattGrommes
4,31672334
addacomment|
Inmycurrentjob,I'veworkedwithanotherdeveloperwhowasinanotherlocation.Whileweconsultedquiteoftenwitheachotherthroughphonecalls
(headsetsareahugeplus!)andscreensharing,thereal'togetherwork'(includingsomerealpairprogramming)wasmuchmoreeffectivewhenIvisitedhis
location(didthattwiceforawholeweek,andtheseweekswereveryintense).
Themainproblemwithscreensharingisthatyouneverknowwhoisgoingtomovethemouse,...(forexampletopointatsomethingonthescreen).
upvote
1down Onthatproject,weendedupdividingtheworkinto2subprojects,andgottogether(meaning:travelling)toplugthemtogether.
vote
answeredAug29'08at16:24
share|improvethisanswer
OysterD
3,09242129
addacomment|
OnOSX,I'veusedvimandamultiuserGNUscreensessionthisgivesmuchbetterresponsivenessthanVNC,screensharing,etc.Iusethissetupalongwith
Skypeandaheadsetforvoicecommunication.
I'vedonealotofpairingremotelylikethisandIfinditcanworkverywell.However,forittoworkwell,justaswithfacetofacepairing(butprobablymore
upvote so),Ithinkyouneedbothpartiestobewellmotivatedandfamiliarwiththetoolsyouareusing.Also(morethaninthefacetofacescenario)Ithinkthatit
1down helpstogivemoreofarunningcommentaryonwhatyouaredoing.
vote
answeredJan29'09at14:00
share|improvethisanswer
JamesMead
2,6701117
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YesIhavedoneremotepairing.
WeusedanoldfashionedspeakerphoneandVNC.WepairedbetweenSeattleandBournemouth,England.ThecrossatlantictimelagmadeVNCvery
difficulttouseit'sdifficultnottointerruptsomebodyelseusingthemousewiththerandomnetworklag.
Youneedalotofpatienceandsomeconventionstakingturns"driving"thekeyboardandmouse.
Weonlydidremotepairingfordevelopmentforshortperiodsoftimesay30minsorsobecausemostpeopledevelopedheadachesquitequickly.It
upvote wassopainfulwiththenetworklags.Wejustkeptforproblemsolvingandwherepeoplegottoapointwhereitwaseasiertoexplainbydemonstrationthanby
1down readingtextonawiki.
vote
Ithinkthesedays,youmightgetabetterresultusingremotedesktopwhichIhavealsousedforpairing.Myremotedesktopremotepairingwasforsupport
anddeploymentthoughanditwasbetweentworemotedevelopersloggingintoamachineatwork.Peopletellmethatremotedesktopismuchmoreefficient
thanVNCintermsofbandwidthbutIcan'tverifythat.
answeredNov8'09at1:26
share|improvethisanswer
daf
5,33012442
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thereisaprettygoodlistofeditorswithcollaborativerealtimefeaturesonwikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_real
time_editor#List_of_current_editors
IpersonallytriedEtherpadwhichwaslateracquiredbyGoogleandpartiallyintegratedintoGoogleWave'srealtime"mail"transmission,afeaturesetthatnow
presumablysurvivesinGoogledocs.AnotherverynicewebbasedSolutionisMozilla'sCloudcodeformerlyknownasBespin.Adobealsohasmadeanentrance
intothiswithBuzzWords,thoughnotusedforcoding,hencenosyntaxhighlightingandalike,itdoesworkwithlockingsessionsforonlyoneeditortotake
control.IhadnoluckwiththeEclipseCOLAFramework(ECF)buttheprojectlookedpromisingwhenIlastlookedintoit.SomepeopledosimplyuseGoogle
docs
CompaniessuchasGoogleandAmazonalsocommonlyusethosewebeditorsintheirinterviewprocessforquickpairprogrammingsessionsonsmaller
problems,wheretheintervieweecodesinawebbasedsessionandanInterviewerusestexthighlightingandaliketodrillintospecificsessions,Ihaveseen
interviewersevensimplyeditingthecodealongside.
Otherthansomeofthereportsseenhere,IneverhadcrossAtlanticissueswithdelayandhavedonelonger/intensecodingsessions.Thereisafairamountof
up researchontheinfluenceofjitteranddelayoncollaborativeediting,wherequiteoftenjitterisperceivedasfarmoredisruptiveandconstantdelay,equalacrossall
vote usedtools,appearsassomethinguserscanadoptto:http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jitter+and+Delay+real+time+collab
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0 Thoughsittingnexttoeachothermayavoidsomeoftherequiredadaptationstoadifferentstyleofcommunication,therearedistinctadvantagesinusingsoftware
down tocollaborate.Pairingoverasystemallowsfullrecordsofanentiresession,andshoulddetailsworkedoninasessionbecomeunclear(thoughthatshouldperhaps
vote nothappen,itsurelysometimesdoes)youcansimplygothroughtherecordingofthesession.Etherpadhadahandylittlefeaturethatallowsyoutogothrougha
timelineofalleditsandslidebackandfourththroughthesession.
Inmyopinioncodingcollaborativelyshouldnotbeapproachedinthesamewayaspairprogramming,inthatyoushouldtakeadvantageoftheabilitytoedit
concurrently.Pingpongprogrammingbecomesalotmoreinteractivewhentestsareconstantlywritten,eachdevchoosesatwillwhethertowatchtheotherone
liveorwaitandunderstandthefinishedtestinstead.ItallowsforsmalldetourswritingthesameapproachinanA/Bprogrammingfashionwithouthavingtowait
forbothtosequentiallybeimplementedanddiscussed,insteadbothcanbewrittenalongside.
bestregardsGranit
answeredJun18'13at9:54
share|improvethisanswer
DrGranit
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Whichismoresuitable:hashtableorBSTintermsofserialization,
concurrency?
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IthinkaHashTablewouldbemoresuitableifwe'redoingcollisionresolutionviachaining,becauseforanyreadorwriteoperationwe'dhavetoacquire
lockonthatentry(index&value)inhashtablewhereaswe'dhavetoacquirelockonentireBSTtomakeanyupdatestoit.
IthinkweneedtotakelockonentireBSTstructure,becauseimaginewe'vetoinsertanewnodeintothetree,wefirsthavetotraversetoreachtheright
parentposition(saynodeA)andifwehaven'tacquiredlockthetreestructuremightchangeandwe'dhavetostartafresh.
Incaseofhashtablestheinputwouldalwayshashtothesamepositionandwe'dknowwhichindextotakelockon,whichisunknownincaseofBST.
upvote4down
votefavorite PleasecorrectmewhereverI'mwrongandhelpmefindtherightanswer.
1
P.S:ThisisanAmazonInterviewQuestion.
serializationconcurrencyhashmapbinarysearchtree
askedFeb21'13at7:46
share|improvethisquestion
studyingalgorithms
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HaveyoureadtheresearchpaperforanefficientconcurrentBSTbyBronsonetal.?thitonFeb21'13at8:49
I'llreadthatpaper.ThanksstudyingalgorithmsFeb21'13at19:31
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2Answers
activeoldestvotes
Ithinkintermsofconcurrencywhatyouhavesaidiscorrect,andahashtablewillbeabetterchoicebutintermsofserializationIthinkaBSTwillbebetter.
ThisisbecauseinBSTwewillhaveonlydatanodes,howeverinhashtablewewillhavebothkeyandvaluepairsfordata,aswellhavefewkeysforwhich
therewillbenovalue.ThusitwillrequiremorespacewhenserializedascomparedtoBST.
upvote
0down answeredFeb21'13at9:27
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abhinav
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Youcandoahybridsolution.Doahashtablewhereeachslotisabinarytree.Sosay1024slots,eachwithabinarytree.Collisionsonthehashgointoabinary
tree,don'tneedtolockeverythingoninsert,justthetreeyouneedtoupdate.
Furtherifyouuseatomicoperationsandsomeclevernessyoucanmakeitevenmoreconcurrentbyavoidinglockingaltogether.Atomicupdatetoinsertthenew
node,ifatomicupdatefailsanotherthreadaddedanode,simplyloopagainuntilyousucceed.
Ihavealreadydonethishttps://github.com/exodist/GSD/tree/master/Structures
Thisisahighlyconcurrenthash/treehybrid.Itusesatomicoperations,nomutexes.Itcanspinoninsert,butneverblocksforreadsorupdatestoexistingkeys.It
canberesized/balanced/etc.Youcantraverseallentries,etc.Managesitsownmemoryandhascallbacksforrefcountingkeys/values.Youcanalso'link'keys
inonedictionarytoanothersothatupdatingakeyinthefirstaltersthevalueofthesecond.
Thisdesignactuallyhasperformanceincreaseswhenyouthrowmorethreadsattheproblem:
(T)ishowmanythreads,ignoreMI,slotsishowmanyhashslotsareused,andOpsishowmanyitemsarebeinginserted(divideitbythreadstoseehowmuch
eachthreaddoes)
./performance.run
T,MI,Slots,Ops:InsertRebalanceUpdateResizeLookupImmute
4,16,1024,5000000:2.7655003630.9152320652.5406594762.1726548132.5454095602.089993698
13.029449975
upvote 4,16,32768,5000000:2.1224598661.4035483092.4134833741.8850839012.0922724662.643681518
0down 12.560529434
vote 4,16,1048576,5000000:1.7009948091.0637040102.0308093672.4572757071.4534139243.671012425
12.377210242
16,16,1024,5000000:0.7856757812.3112819041.8056107530.6215211460.5495464730.744009412
6.817645469
16,16,32768,5000000:0.4973596380.3160175531.2576631420.6107614140.3908493550.825944608
3.898595710
16,16,1048576,5000000:0.3283089890.6476328011.2672306251.1394026930.3423998271.189220470
4.914195405
64,16,1024,5000000:0.1294071320.7672620212.6319290190.1579773130.1038480040.177964574
3.968388063
64,16,32768,5000000:0.0876566060.0683302311.3657948520.1662619660.0791127280.203542885
1.970699268
64,16,1048576,5000000:0.0746056800.2843229791.3729986070.6505033490.0849569380.828653807
3.296041360
Notes:Singlerunonani7with8gbram.Usesgccatomicbuiltins,intheprocessofswitchingfromold__syncto__atomic,whichmayhelpperformancedueto
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memorymodels.
answeredNov1'13at0:20
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