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Seminar report

on

Lathe Machine
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree
Of Mechanical

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

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Preface

I have made this report file on the topic Lathe Machine have tried my best to elucidate all the
relevant detail to the topic to be included in the report. While in the beginning I have tried to give
a general view about this topic.

My efforts and wholehearted co-corporation of each and everyone has ended on a successful
note. I express my sincere gratitude to ..who assisting me throughout the preparation of
this topic. I thank him for providing me the reinforcement, confidence and most importantly the
track for the topic whenever I needed it.
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Content

Introduction
HISTORY
USES
Operations of Lathe Machine
Parts of the Lathe
Lathe Bed
Headstock
Quick-Change Gearbox
Carriage
Advantages
Types
Special Types of Lathes
Conclusion
References
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Introduction

Lathe is one of the most important machine tools in the metal working industry. A lathe operates
on the principle of a rotating work piece and a fixed cutting tool.
The cutting tool is feed into the work piece, which rotates about its own axis, causing the work
piece to be formed to the desired shape.
Lathe machine is also known as the mother/father of the entire tool family.
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HISTORY
The lathe machine is one of the oldest and most important machine tools. As early as 1569, wood
lathes were in use in France. The lathe machine was adapted to metal cutting in England during
the Industrial Revolution.
Lathe machine also called Engine Lathe because the first type of lathe was driven by a steam
engine.
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USES

Wood Lathing
o The most traditional use for a lathe is in the field of woodworking. A lathe can be
used to shape raw wooden posts into ornate columns, railing supports and table
legs. An artisan will use a specialized set of knives and gouging tools to shape the
wood as it rotates at high speeds on its axis.
o There is a danger associated with wood lathing in that choosing a piece of wood
with a hidden knot can sometimes knock the piece of wood loose from the lathe
or the knife from the hand of the woodworker. Choosing a quality piece of wood
for lathing is therefore a prime safety concern.

Metal Lathing

o Metal lathing has been a key element of the industrial revolution because a lathe
is needed for creating the common screw, a fastener without which other high
technology might not exist.
o The lathing of metal isn't limited to screw making though; another common use of
the metal lathe is in making pots and pans. Aluminum is a particularity ideal
materiel for lathe shaping items such as pots, as it is relatively malleable,
compared to steel and far less expensive than copper. Metal lathes also are used in
a plethora of other automated production scenarios.

Acrylic Lathing

o Acrylic ingots can be shaped with a lathe into a variety of useful items, the most
common of which are the grips on budget-model hand tools. Acrylic lathing is
also used to shape trophies and awards.
o Often times a piece of clear acrylic, or even occasionally other plastics, is cast to
contain a metal figure in the center having something to do with the award in
question, then spun on a lathe and changed from its cubic shape into a rough
sphere. The rough sphere then is polished to make a typical globe trophy.
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Operations of Lathe Machine

(i) Facing: This operation is almost essential for all works. In this operation, as shown in fig., the
work piece is held in the chuck and the facing tool is fed from the center of the work piece
towards the outer surface or from the outer surface to the center, with the help of a cross-slide.

(ii) Plane Turning: It is an operation of removing excess amount of material from the surface
the surface of the cylinder work piece. In this operation, shown in fig., the work is held either in
the chuck or between centers & the longitudinal feed is given to the tool either by hand or power.

(iii) Step Turning: It is an operation of producing various steps of different diameters of in the
work piece as shown in fig. This operation is carried out in the similar way as plain turning.

(iv) Drilling : It is an operation of making a hole in a work piece with the help of a drill. In this
case as shown in fig., the work piece, by rotating the tail stock hand wheel. The drill is fed
normally, into the rotating work piece, by rotating the tail stock hand wheel.
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(v) Reaming : It is an operation of finishing the previously drilled hole. In the operation as
shown in fig., a reamer is held in the tailstock and it is fed into the hole in the similar way as for
drilling.
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Components
The Headstock Component

The upper end of the spindle is held in place and anchored by the headstock on the lathe
machine. It also houses the motor that rotates the wood. The way in which you adjust the speed
of the spindle is to use a number of pulleys you can find in the back of the headstock. The wood
piece stays in place even while the spindle spins due to a chuck or high-tension spring that
steadies it.

The Tailstock unit

A lathe machine is a centered mechanism that is attached to the piece of wood, and that is held in
place by a tailstock. The center can turn with the wood or stay in one place. Within the rotating
device or live center are bearings that permit movement.

Cutting tools (gauge and chisel), finishing tools and spear

Depending on your project and the cutting tool needed, you can choose from different
attachments to your lathe machine. For removing the extra wood we use gauge tool. A skew
chisel is utilized to create more intricate carved features. Finer details are made using round
chisels and narrower spears. The wood finishing tools have round edges in order to protect wood
from slicing.

Carriage Component

The lathe's cutting tool is steadied by the carriage, giving the craftsmen the freedom to do his
work. The carriage consists of five different components, which include the compound rest,
cross-slide, apron, tool rest and saddle. These components function in conjunction to allow the
cutting tool to be used to slide into place.

Spindle mechanism

There is a trio of configurations for lathe spindles. The threaded, tapered and cam-lock
configurations are the three that mainly concern us here. Attaching the chuck to a threaded model
is complex, as the threaded model's configuration is old and the model doesn't have taper Cam-
lock spindles slides into a ring of similar holes and contain cam studs on one end. When you turn
the chuck key, the studs will be locked into place. The third configuration, the tapered spindle,
narrows at the tip and has a threaded collar with a built-in chuck key.
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Advantages

Accuracy

o The CNC machine was invented by John T. Parsons in the late-1950s and
revolutionized the manufacturing industry by creating parts with pinpoint
accuracy. Because the cutting tools are controlled by a computer, you can within
.0001 inches as long as your tooling is sharp and the conditions of the spinning
material on the lathe are set to optimize the cutting process. A CNC lathe can cut
many parts before the tooling will need to be change and each one will be
identical.
o The only possible errors are related to human interaction. If the program is off or
the tooling is set improperly, damage and inaccuracies can occur. The machine
will only do what it is told through the control unit, so if the material is not
properly set up by a human, the CNC control will not be aware of that fact.

Speed

o CNC lathes are not only accurate but can be run very fast. This leads to increased
efficiency and more parts per hour. Humans have limited feed rate ability on
manual lathes. Because CNC lathes often have 12 or more tools in a turret, they
can change to another tool rather quickly.
o Most manual lathes have one tool that can be used at a time, severely limiting the
speed of the machining process if more than one tool is necessary to complete the
part. The CNC lathe can also change tools in a fraction of a second and can feed
into the parts fast thanks to power motors seen on modern CNC lathes.

Cost Effectiveness

o Although CNC lathes can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars, their overall
speed and accuracy make them a very cost effective choice, as many operations
can take place within them. Whereas you may need two or three manual lathes
and a manual mill to get a part done, you can do all of those operations and more
in a well-equipped CNC lathe. This leads to a substantial savings on cost per part
over manual machines.
o Also, the accuracy contributes to less waste through human error. Your labor
costs may seem higher due to the high cost of trained CNC lathe programmers
and machinists, but if you break it down by part, it could be substantially lower.
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Types of Lathes

Engine lathe

Not production lathe, found in school shops, toolrooms, and job shops

Primarily for single piece or short runs

Manually operated
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Special Types of Lathes

Turret lathe

Used when many duplicate parts required

Equipped with multisided toolpost (turret) to which several different cutting tools
mounted

Employed in given sequence

Single- and multiple-spindle automatic lathes

Six or eight different operations may be performed on many parts at the same
time

Will produce parts for as long as required

Tracer lathes

Used where a few duplicate parts required

Hydraulically operated cross-slide controlled by stylus bearing against round or

Conventional/programmable lathe

Operated as standard lathe or programmable lathe to automatically repeat

2-axis (DRO) so can see exact location of cutting tool and workpiece in X and Z
axes

Computerized numerically controlled lathes

Cutting-tool movements controlled by computer-controlled program to perform

Conclusion
Computerized Numerical Control (CNC) machining technology is a mouthful, but it is also
fascinating by using computers to create metal parts and products for equipment and machines.
In more simple terms, it is high-tech machining technology. Machining and metalworking have
been developed with computer technology.

More efficiency output operations with even greater precision resulted from this marriage of
machining and computers. In this technology, the hydraulic system is extensively used to control
the process and drive the machines. So, most of conventional lathe machine are currently
converted to CNC lathe machine. The hydraulic circuit is very important for controlling the
hydraulic system and describes the functional structure of the hydraulic system.
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References
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www.google.com

www.wikipedia.com