Energy management system using battery and ultra capacitor by

D.C.-D.C converter

1. ABSTRACT

The pollution problems and their effects on the environment in the long term continue to
worry vehicle manufacturers. So, the proposed system uses the super capacitor integration
strategy in hybrid series vehicle. Here we are using the buck boost DC to DC converter. The
buckboost converter is a type of DC-to-DC converter that has an output voltage magnitude
that is either greater than or less than the input voltage magnitude. It is equivalent to a flyback
converter using a single inductor instead of a transformer. A regenerative brake is a vitality
recuperation system i.e. energy recovery mechanism which moderates a vehicle or object by
changing over its active vitality i.e. Kinetic energy into a form which can be either used
immediately or stored until needed this improves the overall efficiency. Furthermore, the
buck-boost converter allows extending the range of the output voltage.

Keywords: Buckboost converter, DC-to-DC converter, kinetic energy.

2. INTRODUCTION
Energy storage systems (ESSs) are of critical importance in electric, hybrid electric, and plug-
in hybrid electric vehicles (EVs, HEVs, and PHEVs). Of all the energy storage devices,
batteries are one of the most widely used. However, a battery-based ESS has several
challenges providing the impetus to look for additional solutions. In battery-based ESSs,
power density of the battery needs to be high enough to meet the peak power demand.
Although batteries with higher power densities are available, they are typically priced much
higher than their lower power density counterparts. A typical solution to this problem is to
increase the size of the battery. However, this also causes an increase in cost. In addition,
thermal management is a challenge for batteries to safely work in high power-load conditions
not only to cool down the battery, but also to warm up the battery in cold temperatures in
order to reach the desired power limits. In addition, an issue concerning the life of the battery
is the balancing of the cells in a battery system. Without the balancing system, the individual
cell voltages tend to drift apart over time. The capacity of the total pack then decreases
rapidly during operation, which might result in the failure of the total battery system. This
condition is especially severe when the battery is used to do high-rate charge and discharge.
In addition to these issues, applications that require instantaneous power input and output
typically find batteries suffering from frequent charge and discharge operations, which have
an adverse effect on battery life. For such systems, it is crucial to have an additional ESS or a
buffer that is much more robust in handling surge current.

3. OBJECTIVE
The objective of the proposed system is given below
1. Apply re generative breaking.
2. To proposed a system using which the UC get fully charged

4. LITERATURE SURVEY
The literature review of the various authors are listed below
1. B. Hredzak, V. Agelidis, and M. Jang, A model predictive control system for a
hybrid battery-ultra capacitor power source, Power Electronics, IEEE
Transactions on, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 14691479, March 2014.
They proposed a model predictive control system for a hybrid battery-ultracapacitor power
source. The experimental results comes about demonstrated that the hybrid unit works inside
the predetermined requirements and the ultra-capacitor reacts to quick current changes while
the battery reacts mostly to moderate current changes. The hybrid unit can be a piece of a
bigger framework, for instance a PV framework, where the contrast between the created PV
control and the network energy to be dispatched is repaid by a properly planned and sized
hybrid power source.

2. H. Fakham, D. Lu, and B. Francois, Power control design of a battery charger in a

hybrid active pv generator for load-following applications, Industrial Electronics,
IEEE Transactions on, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 8594, Jan 2011.

In this paper, a PV-based hybrid active generator including lead-corrosive batteries and super
capacitors in a DC-coupled structure has been displayed with a specific end goal to convey an
endorsed control reference to the network. The control framework and the power
administration of the whole generator have been detailed. A exceptional consideration has
been paid on the ideal battery charge. A specific algorithm for charge working method of
lead-corrosive batteries has been proposed. The control plan of charging the lead corrosive
batteries has been developed and experimentally proved. Utilizing the strategy proposed, the
batteries can charge until a high SOC battery level and with cheat security. At last, the
exhibitions of this dynamic generator for a heap taking after application demonstrate that
over the top or lacking control from PV boards are all around adjusted by the two embedded
storage units.

3. X. Liu, P. Wang, and P. C. Loh, A hybrid ac/dc microgrid and its coordination
control, Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 278286, June 2011
In this paper A hybrid ac/dc micro grid is proposed and completely examined The models
and coordination control plans are proposed for the every one of the converters to keep up
stable framework operation under different load and asset conditions. The organized control
methodologies are confirmed by Matlab/Simulink. Different control strategies have been
joined to tackle the greatest power from dc and air conditioning sources what's more, to
arrange the power trade amongst dc and air conditioning network. Distinctive asset
conditions and load limits are tried to approve the control strategies. The simulation results
show that the hybrid grid can operate stably in the grid-tied or isolated mode. Stable ac and
dc bus voltage can be guaranteed when the operating conditions or load capacities change in
the two modes. The power is easily exchanged when load condition changes.
4. R.Anbarasu , Dr.V.Kamatchi Kannan , Dr.N.Rengarajan Integration of Super
Capacitor and Battery for Voltage Fluctuations Mitigation in DC Hybrid System
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and
Instrumentation Engineering PP 7606- 7615 Vol. 3, Issue 3, March 2014

This paper manages the vitality i.e. energy move in a solar PV and Generator to the DC
hybrid system. The solar PV system framework is worked at the most extreme power point.
Incorporated energy stockpiling gadget, for example, batteries and super capacitors are used
in DC crossover framework. The capacity gadgets are viably associated utilizing double
dynamic extension converter. The voltage variance in the PCC of DC transport is effectively
adjusted by controlling the converter. The battery stress is lessened what's more, increments
in the execution.

5. Edwin Tazelaar, Bram Veenhuizen , Jose Jagerman, Ton Faassen Edwin Tazelaar
Energy Management Strategies for Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles; an Overview HAN
 University of Applied Sciences, EVS27 International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell
Electric Vehicle Symposium Barcelona, Spain, November 17 - 20, 2013pp 1-12

For a broad variety broad variety of vehicle sorts and impetus framework topologies, energy
administration techniques have been introduced in writing. Additionally as for improvement
objectives as a base fuel utilization, arrangements are displayed. Thusly, they can infer that
for most power module half and half vehicle outlines, writing gives a pertinent EMS. In this
way, contrasted and 10 years prior, the plan of a suitable EMS is no obstacle any longer,
upsetting the presentation of power device cross breed impetus frameworks. Concerning the
approval of EMSs and considered topologies, just a minority of the exhibited work is
accounted for to be approved on a power module half and half vehicle. Tests and connected
research can additionally clarify the estimation of the proposed EMSs. From a logical stance,
a few subjects are fascinating for further research. Particularly as for improving systems,
conceivable data on the future driving cycle may additionally lessen the fuel utilization. Here,
they can consider an expectation without bounds driving cycle in light of route information,
dynamic course data or on factual outing data. As for the drive framework, utilizing propelled
models, issues as battery and energy unit stack maturing can be incorporated into the
streamlining issue, augmenting the lifetime of the impetus framework. In addition, an
extension of the area of operation to harsh environments and cold start ups is interesting to
increase the robustness of the fuel cell hybrid propulsion system.

6. L. Gao, R. A. Dougal, and S. Liu, Power enhancement of an actively controlled

battery ultracapacitor hybrid, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 236
243, Jan. 2005.

The simulation and experimental studies of a dynamic crossover battery/ultracapacitor

control source have been displayed in terms of force improvement, i.e. power enhancement
release cycle life, particular power, and vitality misfortune regarding beat stack profiles. It
has been demonstrated that the dynamic crossover yields a pinnacle control 3.2 times that of
an inactive half breed, and a particular power 2.7 circumstances that of a passive hybrid.
Besides, the operation of a dynamic cross breed brings about a much lower battery current
with little swells, and along these lines a lower battery temperature, which are favored by
numerous applications for a more drawn out battery lifetime. The release process duration is
diminished for the dynamic half breed due to an additional converter misfortune and
expanded ultracapacitor misfortune i.e. loss . A compromise should be made between the
power enhancement and the discharge cycle time in order to achieve optimized results
depending upon applications. The design can be scaled to larger or smaller power capacities
for various applications.
7. J. Moreno, M. E. Ortuzar, and J. W. Dixon, Energy-management system for a
hybrid electric vehicle, using ultracapacitors and neural networks, IEEE Trans.
Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 614623, Apr. 2006.

This paper proposes the new strategy of control system for a HEV vehicle. This methodology
was explained in view of proficiency qualities of the AES acclimated by UCAPs and a
buckboost converter. Keeping in mind the end goal to do this, an ideal control display has
been defined, the numerical arrangement has been come to and the model reproduced. From
that point, a hypothetical effectiveness change of 4.9% from the first technique based on
UCAPs SOC was figured. To test this new procedure on the field, a NN was prepared in light
of results got from reenactments of various driving cycles. A DSP (TMS320F241) has been
utilized for its continuous execution. After various city driving tests, a 3.3% change
contrasted with SOC control system was acquired as far as km/kWh. Then again, if an
essential source not able to get regeneration energy is viewed as, then the change would be
of 28.7% as far as km/kWh.

8. M. B. Camara, F. Gustin, H. Gualous, and A. Berthon, Supercapacitors and battery

power management for hybrid vehicle applications using multi boost and full bridge
converters, in Proc. 12th EPE, Sep. 25, 2007, pp. 19.

In this paper, multi boost and multi full bridge converter topologies and their control
strategies for batteries and super capacitors coupling in the hybrid vehicle applications were
proposed. The framework control is guaranteed by PIC18F4431 microcontroller sort which
incorporates 9 simple sources of info and 8 PWM yields. For reasons of effortlessness and
cost, the multi support converter is the most fascinating topology with respect to multi full
scaffold converter topology. It empowers a decent power administration in half breed vehicle.
Full extension exploratory tests conditions were unique in relation to that of lift converter
topology, so right now it is difficult to make a decent correlation between the two topologies.
Be that as it may, multi full extension converter topology is well appropriate to adjust the
level of accessible voltage to the DC-connect. For low voltage and high current applications
such as super capacitors, the full bridge converter seems to be less interesting because of its
higher cost ( many silicon and passive components), and a lower efficiency.

5. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Fig 1:- Block Diagram Of The System

The block diagram of the proposed system is given below the input to the system is battery
and the ultra-capacitor the An ultra-capacitor, also called a super capacitor, is an electrical
component capable of holding hundreds of times more electrical charge quantity than a
standard capacitor. This characteristic makes ultra-capacitors useful in devices that require
relatively little current and low voltage. In some situations, an ultra-capacitor can take the
place of a rechargeable low-voltage electrochemical battery. The ultra-capacitor has far more
capacitance than any conventional high-capacitance component (such as an electrolytic or
tantalum capacitor). A Buck-Boost converter is a type of switched mode power supply that
combines the principles of the Buck Converter and the Boost converter in a single circuit.
Like other SMPS designs, it provides a regulated DC output voltage from either an AC or a
DC input. The Buck converter described in Power Supplies given below. It produces a DC
output in a range from 0V to just less than the input voltage. The boost converter will produce
an output voltage ranging from the same voltage as the input, to a level much higher than the
input.
 Fig 2:- Buck & boost converter
The circuit operating as a Buck and boost Converter is described below. In this mode Tr2 is
turned off, and Tr1 is switched on and off by a high frequency square wave from the control
unit. When the gate of Tr1 is high, current flows though L, charging its magnetic field,
charging C and supplying the load. The Schottky diode D1 is turned off due to the positive
voltage on its cathode. Fig 3.3.3 shows the current flow during the buck operation of the
circuit when the control unit switches Tr1 off. The initial source of current is now the
inductor L. Its magnetic field is collapsing, the back e.m.f. generated by the collapsing field
reverses the polarity of the voltage across L, which turns on D1 and current flows through D2
and the load. As the current due to the discharge of L decreases, the charge accumulated in C
during the on period of Tr1 now also adds to the current flowing through the load, keeping
VOUT reasonably constant during the off period. This helps keep the ripple amplitude to a
minimum and VOUT close to the value of VS.
In Boost Converter mode, Tr1 is turned on continually and the high frequency square wave
applied to Tr2 gate. During the on periods when Tr2 is conducting, the input current flows
through the inductor L and via Tr2, directly back to the supply negative terminal charging up
the magnetic field around L. Whilst this is happening D2 cannot conduct as its anode is being
held at ground potential by the heavily conducting Tr2. For the duration of the on period, the
load is being supplied entirely by the charge on the capacitor C, built up on previous
oscillator cycles. The gradual discharge of C during the on period (and its subsequent
recharging) accounts for the amount of high frequency ripple on the output voltage, which is
at a potential of approximately VS + VL.
Regenerative braking systems (RBSs) are a type of kinetic energy recovery system that
transfers the kinetic energy of an object in motion into potential or stored energy to slow the
vehicle down, and increase fuel efficiency.[2] These systems are also called kinetic energy
recovery systems. There are multiple methods of energy conversion in RBSs including
spring, flywheel, electromagnetic and hydraulic. While regenerative braking is done the
energy generated is fed back to the Ultra capacitor it get charged.

8. REQUIRMENT
I. Hardware Requirements:

1. Processor - Pentium III

2. Speed - 1.1 GHz
3. RAM -256 MB(min)
4. Hard Disk - 20 GB
5. Floppy Drive - 1.44 MB
6. Key Board - Standard Windows Keyboard
7. Mouse - Two or Three Button Mouse
8. Monitor SVGA
9. Ultra capacitor
10. Battery

II Software Requirement:
1. MATLAB VERSION 2011

CONCLUSION
Various converter topologies with hybrid energy sources and their control strategies have
been presented. T he original control laws have been built up for bidirectional converters to
force the battery current reference at 100 A. The super capacitor streams are evaluated by the
cross breed vehicle vitality administration procedure i.e. hybrid vehicle energy-management
strategy. Here we are using the buck boost DC to DC converter. The buckboost converter is
a type of DC-to-DC converter that has an output voltage magnitude that is either greater than
or less than the input voltage magnitude. It is equivalent to a flyback converter using a single
inductor instead of a transformer. The result shows the high accuracy than the previous
methods.

References
1. B. Hredzak, V. Agelidis, and M. Jang, A model predictive control system for a hybrid
battery-ultra capacitor power source, Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 29,
no. 3, pp. 14691479, March 2014.
2. H. Fakham, D. Lu, and B. Francois, Power control design of a battery charger in a
hybrid active pv generator for load-following applications, Industrial Electronics, IEEE
Transactions on, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 8594, Jan 2011.

3. X. Liu, P. Wang, and P. C. Loh, A hybrid ac/dc microgrid and its coordination control,
Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 278286, June 2011

4. R.Anbarasu , Dr.V.Kamatchi Kannan , Dr.N.Rengarajan Integration of Super Capacitor

and Battery for Voltage Fluctuations Mitigation in DC Hybrid System International
Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
PP 7606- 7615 Vol. 3, Issue 3, March 2014

5. Edwin Tazelaar, Bram Veenhuizen , Jose Jagerman, Ton Faassen Edwin Tazelaar
Energy Management Strategies for Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles; an Overview HAN
University of Applied Sciences, EVS27 International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell
Electric Vehicle Symposium Barcelona, Spain, November 17 - 20, 2013pp 1-12
6. L. Gao, R. A. Dougal, and S. Liu, Power enhancement of an actively controlled battery
ultracapacitor hybrid, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 236243, Jan.
2005.

7. J. Moreno, M. E. Ortuzar, and J. W. Dixon, Energy-management system for a hybrid

electric vehicle, using ultracapacitors and neural networks, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,
vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 614623, Apr. 2006.

8. M. B. Camara, F. Gustin, H. Gualous, and A. Berthon, Supercapacitors and battery

power management for hybrid vehicle applications using multi boost and full bridge
converters, in Proc. 12th EPE, Sep. 25, 2007, pp. 19.