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    Carr & Murgel: Fig. 4 Fig. 5

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    Kranti Prajapati
    Magnifying loupes were developed to address issues with moving closer to a subject such as decreased depth of field and eyestrain. There are three main types of binocular magnifying loupes: diopter lenses, Galilean surgical telescopes, and Keplerian surgical telescopes. While loupes provide advantages over simple magnification glasses like better depth of field and reduced eyestrain, their maximum practical magnification is only about 4.5x.

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    Carr & Murgel: Fig. 4 Fig. 5

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    Kranti Prajapati
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    Magnifying loupes were developed to address issues with moving closer to a subject such as decreased depth of field and eyestrain. There are three main types of binocular magnifying loupes: diopter lenses, Galilean surgical telescopes, and Keplerian surgical telescopes. While loupes provide advantages over simple magnification glasses like better depth of field and reduced eyestrain, their maximum practical magnification is only about 4.5x.

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    Magnifying loupes were developed to address issues with moving closer to a subject such as decreased depth of field and eyestrain. There are three main types of binocular magnifying loupes: diopter lenses, Galilean surgical telescopes, and Keplerian surgical telescopes. While loupes provide advantages over simple magnification glasses like better depth of field and reduced eyestrain, their maximum practical magnification is only about 4.5x.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views1 page

    Carr & Murgel: Fig. 4 Fig. 5

    Uploaded by

    Kranti Prajapati
    Magnifying loupes were developed to address issues with moving closer to a subject such as decreased depth of field and eyestrain. There are three main types of binocular magnifying loupes: diopter lenses, Galilean surgical telescopes, and Keplerian surgical telescopes. While loupes provide advantages over simple magnification glasses like better depth of field and reduced eyestrain, their maximum practical magnification is only about 4.5x.

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    of 1

    196 Carr & Murgel

    produce clear images of near objects. The nearest point that the eye can accurately
    focus on exceeds ideal working distance.3
    As the focal distance decreases, depth of field decreases. Considering the
    problem of the uncomfortable proximity of the practitioners face to the patient,
    moving closer to the patient is not a satisfactory solution for increasing a clinicians
    resolution. Alternatively, image size and resolving power can be increased by using
    lenses for magnification, with no need for the position of the object or the operator to
    change.

    LOUPES

    Magnifying loupes were developed to address the problem of proximity, decreased


    depth of field, and eyestrain occasioned by moving closer to the subject. (Depth of
    field is the ability of the lens system to focus on objects that are near or far without
    having to change the loupe position. As magnification increases, depth of field
    decreases. Also, the smaller the field of view, the shallower the depth of field. For
    a loupe of magnification 2, the depth of field is approximately 5 in [12.5 cm]; for
    a loupe of magnification 3.25, it is 2 in [6 cm]; and for a loupe of magnification
    4.5, it is 1 in [2.5 cm].)
    Loupes are classified by the optical method by which they produce magnification.
    There are 3 types of binocular magnifying loupes: (1) a diopter, flat-plane, single-
    lens loupe, (2) a surgical telescope with a Galilean system configuration (2-lens
    system), and (3) a surgical telescope with a Keplerian system configuration (prism-
    roof design that folds the path of light).
    The diopter system relies on a simple magnifying lens. The degree of magnification
    is usually measured in diopters. One diopter (D) means that a ray of light that would be
    focused at infinity would now be focused at 1 meter (100 cm or 40 in). A lens with 2 D
    designation would focus light at 50 cm (19 in); a 5 D lens would focus light at 20 cm (8
    in). Confusion occurs when a diopter single-lens magnifying system is described as 5
    D. This designation does not mean 5 power (ie, 5 times the image size). Rather, it
    signifies that the focusing distance between the eye and the object is 20 cm (<8 in),
    with an increased image size of approximate magnification 2 (2 times actual size).
    The only advantage of the diopter system is that it is the most inexpensive system.
    But it is less desirable because the plastic lenses that it uses are not always optically
    correct. Furthermore, the increased image size depends on being closer to the viewed
    object, which can compromise posture and create stresses and abnormalities in the
    musculoskeletal system.3
    The surgical telescope of either the Galilean or the Keplerian design produces an
    enlarged viewing image with a multiple-lens system that is positioned at a working
    distance between 11 and 20 in (2851 cm). The most used and suggested working
    distance is between 11 and 15 in (2838 cm).
    The Galilean system provides a magnification range from 2 to 4.5 and is a small,
    light, and compact system (Fig. 4).
    The prism loupes (Keplarian system) use refractive prisms and are actually tele-
    scopes with complicated light paths, which provide magnifications up to 6 (Fig. 5).
    Both systems produce superior magnification and correct spherical and chromatic
    aberrations, have excellent depth of field, and are capable of increased focal length
    (3045 cm), thereby reducing eyestrain and head and neck fatigue. These loupes offer
    significant advantages over simple magnification eyeglasses.
    The disadvantage of loupes is that the practical maximum magnification is only about
    4.5. Loupes with higher magnification are available, but they are heavy and unwieldy,

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