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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

The document provides an overview of integration techniques including: 1) Standard integrals involving polynomials, logarithmic, exponential and trigonometric functions. 2) Integration by parts and trigonometric identities that are useful for integration. 3) Trigonometric substitutions that can be used to evaluate integrals involving trigonometric functions of x and radicals.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
536 views14 pages

Maths Extension 2 - Integration

The document provides an overview of integration techniques including: 1) Standard integrals involving polynomials, logarithmic, exponential and trigonometric functions. 2) Integration by parts and trigonometric identities that are useful for integration. 3) Trigonometric substitutions that can be used to evaluate integrals involving trigonometric functions of x and radicals.

Uploaded by

Tommybilwij
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

! Standard Integrals
! Function & Derivative
! Product Integrate by Parts
! Partial Fractions
! A, B
! A, Bx + C
! Completing the Square
! Substitution
! Normal
! Trigonometry
! T - Formula
! Reduction Formula

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

INTEGRALS
*c is a constant Standard Integral

x n +1
x n dx = + c _________ n 1
n +1
1
dx = ln | x | +c
x

(ax + b )n +1 + c
(ax + b )
n
dx =
a (n + 1)

f ' ( x)
f ( x)
dx = ln | f ( x) | + c

1 1
ax + b dx =
a
ln | ax + b | + c

1 ax
e ax dx = e +c
a

ax
a dx
x
= +c
ln a

x + a2
2
1
dx [
= ln x + x 2 + a 2 + c ]

x a2
1
2
dx [
= ln x + x 2 a 2 + c ]
1 1 xa
x 2
a2
dx = ln +c
2a x + a

1 1 a+ x
a 2
x2
dx = ln +c
2a a x

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

1
cos ax dx = sin ax + c
a

1
sin ax dx = cos ax + c
a

1
sec 2 ax dx = tan ax + c
a

1 x
dx = sin 1 + c
a x
2 2
a

1 x x
a 2 x2
dx = cos 1 + c __OR__ sin 1 + c
a a

1 1 x
dx = tan 1 + c
a + x2
2
a a

1
cos ec ax dx = cot ax + c
2

1
sec ax. tan ax dx =
a
sec ax + c

1
cos ecax.cot ax dx = cos ecax + c
a

Integration by special properties Theorems


*notes, all these are with respect to dx
a a
0
f ( x) dx =
0
f (a x) dx
a a
a
f ( x) dx = 2 f ( x) dx ___if f (x) is an EVEN function
0
a
a
f ( x) dx = 0 _________-__if f (x) is an ODD function

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

Trigonometric Identities
! sin2 = 1 cos2
sin2 + cos2 = 1 ! cos2 = 1 sin2

! sec2 tan2 = 1
tan2 = sec2 1 ! sec2 = tan2 + 1

! 1 = cosec2 cot2
1 + cot2 = cosec2 ! cot2 = cosec2 1

sin cos
= tan = cot
cos sin

1
cos2 = (1 + cos 2 )
2

1
sin2 = (1 cos 2 )
2

2t
sin =
1+ t2

T-Formula Substitution
1 t 2
cos =
1+ t2
t = tan
2

1
tan =
1 t2

a 2 x 2 = Let x = a sin

x 2 a 2 = Let x = a sec Trigonometric Substitution

a 2 + x 2 = Let x = a tan

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

STANDARD INTEGRALS
Basic Form
n +1
x
= + c _________ n 1
x dx
n
n +1
! General Integral
x6
x
5
dx = +c
6
1 = ln | x | +c
x dx or x 1 dx
! 1st special function

=
(ax + b )n +1 + c
(ax + b )
n
dx a (n + 1)
! Linear function
(2 x + 3)
7

(2x + 3)
6
dx = +c
14
f ' ( x) = ln | f ( x) | + c
f ( x)
dx
! Function and Derivative
2x
x 2 + 1 dx = ln x 2 + 1 + c

Logarithm and Exponential


1 = ln | x | +c
x dx or x 1 dx
! 1st special function
1 1
ax + b dx = ln ax + b + c
a
1 1
3x + 2 dx = ln 3x + 2 + c
3
1
e = e ax + c
ax
dx
a
1 3x
e = e +c
3x
dx
3
ax
a
x
dx = +c
ln a
3x
3
x
dx = +c
ln 3

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

Trigonometric Functions
sin ax dx 1
= cos ax + c
a
sin 3x dx =
cos 3 x
+c
3
sin = sin 2 x. sin x dx
3
x dx

(1 cos x ).sin x dx
2
=
= sin x cos x. sin x dx
2

cos 2 x.sin x dx du
= u 2 . sin x
Let u = cos x sin x
sin x dx du
= sin x
= cos x dx u3
=
du 3
dx =
sin x
cos 3 x
= cos x + +c
3
1
cos ax dx =
a
sin ax + c
sin 3 x
cos 3x dx =
3
+c

cos x dx = cos 2 x. cos x dx


3

(1 sin x ). cos x dx
2
=
= cos x sin x. cos x dx
2

sin 2 x. cos x du
= u 2 . cos x
Let u = sin x cos x
cos x dx du
= cos x
= sin x dx u3
=
du 3
dx =
cos x
sin 3 x
sin x +c
3

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

sec 1
2
ax dx = tan ax + c
a
sec 1
2
3x dx = tan 3 x + c
3
tan x dx =
sin x
dx _________Function and Derivative
cos x
= - ln cos x + c

tan (sec )
x 1 dx
2 2
x dx =
= tan x x + c
tan = tan 2 x. tan x dx
3
x dx

(sec x 1). tan x dx


2
=
= sec x. tan x tan x dx_____Let tan x = u
2

tan 2 x
= + ln cos x + c
2

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

u = f (x)
Function and Derivative
du = f ' ( x)dx
[ f ( x)]n +1 + c
[ f ( x )] . f ' ( x )
n
dx =
n +1
f ' ( x)
f ( x)
dx = ln f ( x) + c

f ' ( x).e dx
f ( x)
= e f ( x) + c

f ' ( x).cos f ( x) dx = sin f ( x) + c


sin n +1 x
sin x.cos x dx
n
= +c
n +1
f ' ( x)
1 + [ f ( x)] 2
dx = tan 1 f ( x) + c

1 = ln ln x + c
x ln x dx
sin x.cos = sin 4 . sin x. cos 4 x dx
5 4
x dx

(1 cos x ) .sin x. cos x dx


2 2 4
=
du
dx
= sin x = (1 2 cos x + cos x ).sin x. cos x dx
2 4 4

du = cos x.sin x 2 cos x.sin x + cos x.sin x dx


4 6 8
dx =
sin x
cos5 x 2 cos7 x cos9 x
= + +c
5 7 9
x+3 1
(2 x 2) + 4
x 2 x 4 dx
2 = 2x 2 2 x 4 dx
1 2x 2 1
! split the integral =
2 x 2x 4
2
dx + 4 2
x 2x 4
dx
! take out constants
1 2x 2 1
!
!
complete the square
standard integrals
=
2 x 2x 4
2
dx + 4
(x 1)2 5
dx

2 x 1 5
=
1
(
ln x 2 2 x 4 + )
ln +c
2 5 x 1 + 5

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

uv' dx = uv vu ' dx
Integrating by parts Let u = dv
Let =
du dx
=
dx v=
x cos x dx = x sin x sin x dx
Let u = x dv = x sin s + cos x + c
= cos x
du dx
=1
dx v = sin x
ln x dx = ln x.1 dx

Let u = ln x dv = x ln x 1 dx
=1
du 1 dx = x ln x x + c
=
dx x v=x

These integrals have only one step, other integrals have multi-step

e
x
cos x dx = I
Let u = ex dv = e x sin x e x sin x dx
= cos x
du dx
= ex
dx v = sin x
Let u = ex dv
du
= ex
dx
= sin x
[
= e x sin x e x cos x + e x cos xdx ]
dx v = cos x
I = e x sin x + e x cos x I
2I = e x sin x + e x cos x
1
I = (e x sin x + e x cos x + c)
2
e
x
sin x dx = I
Let u = ex dv = e x cos x + e x cos x dx
= sin x
du dx
= ex
dx v = cos x
Let u = ex dv
du
=e x dx
= cos x
[
= e x cos x + e x sin x e x sin xdx ]
dx v = sin x
I = e x cos x + e x sin x I
2I = e x sin x e x cos x
1
I = (e x sin x e x cos x + c)
2

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

1. Split to Standard Integrals


2. A, B
Partial Fractions
3. A, Bx + C
4. Completing the Square
x+2 x +1 1
x + 1 dx = +
x +1 x +1
dx
1
= 1 + dx
x +1
= x + ln x + 1 + c
1 A B
( x 2)( x + 1) dx = x 2 + x + 1 dx
**************** **************** 1 1 1 1
1 A B
=
3 x 2 3 x +1
dx
= +
= [ln x 2 ln x + 1 ] + c
( x 2)( x + 1) x 2 x +1 1
When: 1 = A( x + 1) + B( x 2) 3
x = 1 1 = ___0___+__3B 1 x 2
= ln +c
x =2 1 = __-3A 3 x + 1

P( x)
Q( x) ______ P( x) Q( x)
3x 2 3
(2 x + 1) 3 12
2 x + 1 dx = 2

2x + 1
dx

3 3 12
2 2x + 1
= 1 dx
3 7
= x ln 2 x + 1 + c
2 2
2x2 x + 1 7
x 2 dx = (2x + 3)dx + x 2 dx
******** LONG DIVISION ********** = x 2 + 3 x + 7 ln x 2 + c
2 x + 3 r7
x 2 2x x + 1
2

____ 2 x 2 4 x ___
_________ 3 x + 1
_________ 3x 6
_____________7
1 + 4x A Bx + C
(4 x)( x 2 + 1) dx = 4x + x2 + 1
dx
1 x
1 + 4x = A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + c)(4 x) = + 2 dx
4 x x +1
x=4 __17 = 17A +0
= ln 4 x + 12 ln x 2 + 1 + c
x=0 __1 =A + C4 0
x =1 __5 = 2A + Bx + 3
A=1 B=1 C=0

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

Finding x in terms of u
Let u =
Substitution du
=
dx
dx =
12 1 1
(4 + x )
4
x
dx = (4 + u )
2
x
2 x du

1
= 2 du Changing the Limits
Let u = x 4 + u2
du 1 1 u Let u = x
= = 2 tan 1
dx 2 x 2 2
dx = 2 x du u x = 12 u=2 3
= tan 1 x=4
2 u=2
x = u2 12 2 3
1 x u
= tan

= tan 1
2 4 2 2
2 3
tan 1
2 =
= tan 1 3 4
2 2

= =
3 4 12

=
12
x3 x 3 udu
x2 + 1
dx =
u2 x
x du
2
IMPLICIT
=
Let u = x + 1
2 2

du
DIFFERENTIATION = (u 1)du
2

2u = 2x
dx u3
= u +c
udu 3
dx =
x 1
( )
= x2 + 1 x2 + 1 x2 + 1 + c
3
x2 = u 2 1

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

Trigonometry Substitution
a2 x2 Let x = a sin
x a
2 2 Let x = a sec
Let x = a tan
a2 + x2
x 4 sin 2
4 x2
dx = 4 4 sin 2
2c cos d x = 2 sin

sin 2 cos x
Let x = 2 sin = 8 d = sin
dx
(
4 1 sin 2 ) 2
= 2 cos sin cos
2
d = 4 d x
dx = 2 cos d cos 2 = sin 1
2
= 4 12 (1 cos 2 ) d
sin 2
= 2 +c
2
2
x x
Trig Identity = 2 sin 1 2 sin cos + c
2
x 4 x
2
1 x
= 2 sin 2 +c
2 2 2 4 x2

x x 4 x
2
= 2 sin 1 +c
2 2

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

T-Formula t = tan (2 ) ________ < <


2t dt 1 2
sin = = sec
1+ t2 d 2 2
2dt
d =
cos =
1 t2 sec 2 (2 )
1+ t2 2dt
d =
2t 1 + tan 2 (2 )
tan = 2dt
1 t2 d =
1+ t2

4 4 2dt
d = 3 + 5( ).1 + t
2

0 3 + 5 cos 1 t 2
1+ t 2
2

8 dt
d =
2dt = 3(1 + t 2
.
) + 5(1 t ) 1 + t 2
2
1+ t2
1+ t2
8
= 8 2t 2
dt
4
= 4t 2
dt
***
1
= 4 dt
4 t2

1 2 + t 4
= 4. . ln
2(2) 2 t 0

2 + t 4
= ln
2 t 0
= ln 3

***By Partial Fractions 4 = A(2 t) + B(2 + t)


t=2 4= 0 + 4B
B= 1

t = 2 4 = 4A +0
A= 1

4
= 4t 2
dt
1 1
= 2t + 2+t
= [ ln 2 t + ln 2 + t ]

4
0

2 + t 4
= ln
2 t 0

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

Reduction Formula
Show:
In = 0 cos n x dx_______n 2
2

In = (n 1)In-2 (n 1)In

In = cosn 1 x. cos1 x dx

Let dv
= cos x
u = cos x n 1 dx
v = sin x
du
= (n 1)cos n 2 . sin x
dx

[sin x.cos ]
x (n 1)cos n 2 x. sin 2 x dx
2

= n 1

Take out constant, and = 0 + (n 1)cosn 2 x.(1 cos2 x )dx


expand
= (n 1) cosn 2 x dx (n 1)cosn x dx
= (n 1)In-2 (n 1)In
Find:
I6

I6 = 0 cos6 x dx
2

I6 = (6 1)I6-2 (6 1)I6
I6 = 5I4 5I6
6I6 = 5I4
6I6 = 5(3I2 3I4)
6I6 = 15I2 15I4
I4 = 3I2 3I4
4I4 = 3I2
I4 = 34 I2
6I6 = 15I2 - 15 34 I2
6I6 = 154 I2
I6 = 58 I2

I2 = 0 cos 2 x dx
2

sin 2 x 2
I2 = sin x
2 0
I2 = 1
2

I6 = 5
16

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