Catalan Numbers BibGood Final

Bell and Catalan Numbers: A Research
Bibliography of Two Special Number Sequences
Compiled by Henry W. Gould,

Edited by Timothy J. Glatzer
1979 Edition, Edited and Revised 2007

2
Chapter 1
Introduction and Discussion
Below we present what we believe to be fairly complete bibliographies up the

year 1979 for two interesting combinatorial number sequences:
The Catalan sequence: 1, 1, 2, 5, 14, 42, 132, 429, 1430, . . .

The Bell sequence: 1, 1, 2, 5, 15, 52, 203, 877, 4140, . . .
We shall designate terms in the two sequences by C(n) and B(n) respectively,
with n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . These sequences arise in a variety of novel combinatorial
situations, as will be seen from a perusal of the papers and books in our bibli-
ographies.
Explicit formulas are:

1 2n 2n!
C(n) = = , (1.1)
n+1 n n!(n + 1)!

1 X kn
B(n) = Dobi
nskis formula. (1.2)
e k!
k=0
n
X
B(n) = S(n, k), (1.3)
k=0
Here, S(n,k) denotes a Stirling number of the second kind, where
1 k n 1
Pk kj k

S(n, k) = k! 0 = k! j=0 (1) j jn
n
X n
B(n + 1) = B(k) , with B(0) = 1. Recurrence. (1.4)
k
k=0
n
X
C(n) = C(k 1)C(n k), with C(0) = 1. Recurrence. (1.5)
k=1
3
4 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION
n
X
C(n + 1) = C(k)C(n k) , with C(0) = 1. Alternative recurrence (1.6)
k=1

x
1
X xn
B(x) = ee = B(n) Generating function. (1.7)
n=0
n!

1 1 4x X
C(x) = = C(n)xn Generating function. (1.8)
2x n=0
xC2 (x) = C(x) 1 Functional relation (1.9)
X
1 = C(n) Enumeration formula. (1.10)
1a1 a2 ...an
ai i
Combinatorial interpretations of the numbers are plentiful. For example,

C(n 1) = the number of ways of associating n elements in forming partial
products. Example: a(b(cd)), a((bc)d), (ab)(cd), ((ab)c)d, and (a(bc))d are
the only 5 = C(3) ways of associating 4 elements in multiplying out by partial
products. It is easy to confound the two sequences because of the similar values
1, 1, 2, 5, and 14 versus 1, 1, 2, 5, and 15. Thus, we have that B(n) = the
number of ways of factoring a product of n distinct primes. Example: (abc),
(a)(bc), (b)(ac), (c)(ab), (a)(b)(c) are the only 5 = B(3) ways, in the case of
three primes. In some cases of complexity, one can easily mistake 14 for 15 at
the next step! Thus, as far as the writer can determine, Rota, in his bibliography
on the exponential (= Bell) numbers, gave a reference to a paper of Catalan
which seems to have to do with the Catalan numbers and not the Bell numbers.
Another way to define the Bell numbers combinatorially is this: B(n) = the
number of distinct equivalence relations connecting n elements.
Two recent historical papers are given in the bibliographies which follow: a
paper of Rota on Bell numbers, and a paper of W. G. Brown on the Catalan
numbers. The Catalan numbers seem to trace back to Euler, and were also
studied by Fuss, Segner, and many others. The Bell numbers are named for
Eric Temple Bell, who did much to popularize them and generalize them. He
says that Euler is often credited with their discovery, but no specific reference in
any of Eulers work has been shown. The writer has found that the Bell numbers
were known to Christian Kramp in 1796. Also, Dobi nskis formula (1877) was
not only possibly known to Kramp, but also appears in the Matematicheskii
Sbornik as a problem in Vol. 3(1868), p.62, very explicitly. It is hoped that this
present bibliography will shed some light on the subject, containing, as it does,
470 items about the Catalan numbers and 202 about the Bell numbers. More
information exists in the authors card file, but it is entirely out of the question
to present this without doing a major book a l`a Leonard Eugene Dickson (c.e.
his monumental History of the Theory of Numbers. Let us indicate an item in
5
the Catalan bibliography by prefixing the letter C before a number and for the
Bell number bibliography by prefixing the letter B.
In items C141 through C153 will be found a very brief indication of the vast
a a+bk
literature concerning the coefficients defined by Ak (a, b) = a+bk k , which
include the Catalan numbers for a =1 and b = 2. The reviews noted in C147
will give considerable information about formulas such as
n
X
Ak (a, b)Ank (c, b) = An (a + c, b) (1.11)
k=0
which traces back to H.A. Rothe in 1793 and which reduces to (1.5) above
for a = c = 1, b = 2. Over 500 items bearing on this and the related
formula of Abel
n
X
Bk (a, b)Bnk (c, d) = Bn (a + c, b) (1.12)
k=0
k
a (a+bk)
(Bn (a, b) = a+bk k! )
could be listed! Formulas like these turn up frequently in graph theory.

Likewise, information about papers treating functional expansions and spe-
cial functions and polynomial systems has been omitted here. Exceptions are
Bells basic paper B16 and the authors work B72. Over 150 papers in this
direction could be mentioned.
The present bibliographies were announced in B73 (=C150), before it was
decided just how much detail to give, or how to coordinate the work.
The author would appreciate any further references anyone thinks ought to
be cited, as he does not guarantee he has included every reference.
The number B(n) enumerates the partitions of a set of n elements, e.g. the
number of different rhyme schemes for a verse of n lines.
Becker in C21 remarked that there are more than 40 different combinatorial
interpretations of the Catalan sequence. One of the challenging problems is to
show how to construct isomorphisms between these seemingly different struc-
tures. Here is an illustration of the five Catalan parenthesizations for a product
of four elements ABCD, where the order of the elements is unchanged:
(AB)(CD), ((AB)C)D, A(B(CD), (A(BC))D, A((BC)D),
For five elements there are 14 parenthesizations. By contrast, the Bell numbers
enumerate the number of ways a set of n elements may be partitioned into
disjoint sets. For example, a set of three elements has five possible partitionings:
(ABC), (A, BC), (B, AC), (C, AB), (A, B, C, D)
For a set of four elements there are 15 partitionings.
Another aspect of the Catalan sequence is the question of arithmetic prop-
erties. Here we have included quite a number of important items. Combina-
torially, it is clear that n + 1 divides 2n

n since this ratio turns out to count
the number ofways of doing various things. But it is also trivial to see that
1 2n 2n 2n

n+1 n = n n1 which proves that the ratio is indeed an integer. Let us
define a generalized binomial coefficient in terms of an arbitrary sequence An
with A0 = 0 and An 6= 0 for n 1, by writing

n An An1 . . . Ank+1
= (1.13)
k An Ak Ak1 . . . A1
with n0 An = 1.

In C151 and C154, the author has shown how we may obtain analogs of the
Catalan numbers and it is proved there that in the case when An = Fn = a
Fibonacci number defined by Fn+1 = Fn + Fn1 , F0 = 0, F1 = 1, it is true that

2n
Fn+1 | . (1.14)
n An
Suitable combinatorial interpretations are now being investigated. Shaking

hands across the table might be an amusing way to describe the problem of
connecting 2n points on a circle in pairs. If arms do not cross (that is to say,
chords do not intersect), then the Catalan numbers enumerate the number of
ways.
Let Pk (n) denote the number of ways in which 2n points around a circle may
(2n
n)
be joined in pairs with k intersections of chords. Then P0 (n) = C(n) = n+1 .
In our example, n = 3, so P0 (3) = 5. John Riordan, item C310, has shown
how to determine Pk (n) in general, using ideas from the work of Touchard, who
did not explain his results in this way, but who, nevertheless, had the solution
implicitly. The total number of ways of joining the pairs of points at all is
P n(n1)
2
k=0 Pk (n) = 1 3 5 (2n 1). For n = 3 the total is 1 3 5 = 15. There
are then 6 cases with just one crossing, 3 cases with two intersections, and 1
case with three intersections. The numbers Pk (n) have a number of interestin
properties.
The oldest reference I have found to a case of a combinatorial study involving
Bell numbers (and by implication, as a subset, the Catalan numbers) is in some
diagrams introduced by the old Japanese mathematicians (wasan) to editions
of the famous Tale of Genji by Lady Shikibu Murasaki (fl. 978 - 1031?) in the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Lady Murasaki was the Japanese novelist who may well be called the Shake-
speare of Japan. Tale of Genji dates to about 1000 A.D. In the original, there
are 54 chapters. The middle 52 chapters have designs at the top of each chapter
showing the possible arrangements of 5 different incense sticks which may be all
the same color or any combination of 5 different colors allowing repetition. It
is not difficult to see that for n sticks the number of possible diagrams is B(n),
the number of partitions of a set of n things.
The horizontal bar in the diagrams connects those sticks of the same color.
A discussion of this combinatorial stucture is given by Tsuruichi Hayashi in
7
Japanese in item B82 (=C183) Unfortunately, the English editions 1 in our

libraries fail to carry these interesting diagrams so that the mathematical sig-
nificance of the 52 chapters is lost to Western readers. It is also unfortunate
that Hayashis paper seems to be the only reference discussing this, and reading
the old Japanese is not at all easy. If we omit all the diagrams where lines cross,
i.e. diagrams such numbers 4, 5, and 6 in our sample above, then it appears that
the number of diagrams we have left is a Catalan number. Of the 52 original
Murasaki diagrams, 10 have crossed lines and so the subset has 42. In the case
n = 4, there are, of course, 15 Murasaki diagrams. One of these, and only one,
has crossed lines.
Martin Gardner, C133(=B167), notes that Joanne Growney, C162 (=B169),
has proved that this remarkable property is indeed true in general.
It is certainly remarkable that a combinatorial structure had something to
do with a literary work as early as the 1600s. One is tempted to refer to
Murasaki structures in honor of Lady Murasaki. As with the ordering of the
64 hexagrams in the I Ching, it is interesting to speculate on why Wasanists
arranged the 52 diagrams in the particular order chosen. There is a very brief
review in German of Hayashis 1931 article, in JFdM, 57(1931), 20. I have
found no other discussion of the subject. A translation of Hayashis discussion
is being made by Sin Hitotumatu in Japan (1978). Harry Vandiver (On the
desirability of publishing classified bibliographies of the mathematics literature,
American Mathematical Monthly, 67(1960), January, 47-50) made an appeal to
mathematicians to do more in the way of information retrieval, and it is in this
spirit that the present work is offered.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In preparing this revised set of bibliographies I have had the pleasure of as-
sistance from many colleagues who suggested deletions, additions, and checked
the accuracy of references. It would be impossible to acknowledge each of these
by name, but special thanks do go to Roy Meyers (decd.) and John Riordan
(decd.) for many valuable suggestions. I am much indebted to Michael Kuchin-
ski for writing a thesis, C453, that attempts to catalogue Catalan structures
and the correspondence between them. I am indebted to my colleague Prof. Jin
Bai Kim for assistance in reading Hayashis 1931 article.
The biographical reference numbers in Kuchinskis thesis accord with the 1976
printing of the bibliographies and thereby differ from the bibliographies below
which have been re-alphabetized.
Remark: In preparing this new version of the bibliographies, Mr. Glatzer
was supported by a stipend from the Department of Mathematics, West Virginia
University.
The totals in the present listing are approximately 200 Bell references and
470 Catalan references.
1 E.g. Arthur Waleys translation published in the Modern Library series

A FINAL NOTE
A valuable reference on Catalan numbers is a splendid article by Martin

Gardner (decd.), C133 (= B167), in the June 1976 Scientific American maga-
zine. Gardner has followed this with an equally interesting one on Bell numbers,
B186, in the May 1978 issue.
We end by dedicating our Bell bibliography to the memory of Lady Murasaki.
Department of Mathematics
West Virginia University
Morgantown, WV 26506
Combinatorial Research Institute

1239 College Avenue
Morgantown, WV 26505
Chapter 2
Bibliography of the Bell

Number Sequence
B(n): 1,1,2,5,15,52,203,877,4140,21147,115975,...
1. E.P. Adams and R. L. Hippisley, Smithsonian Mathematical Formulae and

Tables of Elliptic Functions, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol.
74, No. 1, Washington, D.C., 1922. Note p. 141, formula 6.910, and p.
126, formula 6.460.
2. M. Aigner, Kombinatorik, Band I: Grundlagen und Zahltheorie, Springer-

Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1975, xvii+409pp. Note pp. 129,
158, 189.
3. A. C. Aitken, A Problem in Combinations, Edinburgh Math. Notes, Nr.

28 1933, 18 - 23. JFdM, 59(1933), 937.
4. Alex M Andrew, Table of Stirling Numbers of the Second Kind, with an

Introduction by H. von Foerster, Tech. Report No. 6, Elect. Engineering
Res. Lab., Eng. Exp. Stn., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Dec. 1965. Cf. rev.
in Math. of Computation, 21 (1967), 117 - 118, by J. W. Wrench.
5. J.B. dAlmeida Arez, Duas classes de numeros, Teixeiras J. Sci. Math.e

Astronom., 15 (1901), 3-24. JFdM, 32(1901), 283. Fortschritte has nm
for nm .
P r
6. N. Balasubramanian, On the number defined by Nr = 1e n=0 nn! , Math.
Student, 18(1951), 130-132.
9
10 CHAPTER 2. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BELL NUMBER SEQUENCE
7. G. Baroti, Calcul des nombres de birecouvrements et de birevetements

dun ensemble fini, employant la methode fonctionnelle de Rota, in: Com-
binatorial Theory and its Applications, I (Proc.Colloq.Balatonf
ured, 1969),
pp. 93 - 103. North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1970. MR 46 (1973), #8846.
8. Daniel Barsky, Analyse p-adique et nombres de Bell, C.R.Acad.Sci.Paris,
Ser.A-B, 282(1976), A1257-A1259. MR54 (1977),#10133.
t t
9. R.E. Beard, On the coefficients in the expansion of ee and ee , J. , Inst.
Actuaries, 76(1950), 152 - 163. Math. of Computation, 5(1951), 70, rev.
#858 by D.H. Lehmer.
10. H. W. Becker & John Riordan, The arithmetic of Bell and Stirling num-
bers, Amer. J. Math., 70(1934), 385 - 394.
11. H. W. Becker, The composite umbra theorem, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.,
51(1945), 58, Abstract #1.
12. H. W. Becker, The hyper-umbra theorem, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.,
51(1945), 58, Abstract #2.
13. H. W. Becker, Combinatory interpretations of Bells numbers, Bull. Amer.
Math. Soc. 52(1946), 415, Abstract #106.
14. H. W. Becker, The general theory of rhyme, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.,
52(1946), 415, Abstract #107.
15. H. W. Becker, Planar and nonplanar cadences, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.,
56(1950), 61, Abstract #89t.
16. H. W. Becker, Combinatory interpretations of the differences of the num-
bers of E. T. Bell, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 58(1952), 63, Abstract #76t.
17. H. W. Becker, Lattice interpolation between rhyme schemes and factorial

words, Bull. Amer. MAth. Soc., 61(1955), 174, Abstract #349t.
18. E. T. Bell, Exponential polynomials, Annals of Math., (2)35(1934), 258-
277. A main item in this bibliography.
19. E. T. Bell, Exponential numbers, Amer. Math. Monthly, 41 (1934), 411 -
419.
20. E. T. Bell, The iterated exponential integers, Annals of Math., (2)39(1938),
539 - 557.
21. E. T. Bell, Generalized Stirling transforms of sequences, Amer. J. Math.,
61(1939), 89 - 101.
22. Edward A. Bender & Jay R. Goldman, Enumerative uses of generat-
ing functions, Indiana Univ. Math. Journal, 20(1971), 753-765. Zbl.
194(1970), 11.
11
23. E. A. Bender & J. R. Goldman, On the application of Mobius inversion

in combinatorial analysis, Amer. Math. Monthly, 82(1975), 789-803.
24. Claude Berge, Principes de combinatoire, Dunod, Paris, 1968.
25. Claude Berge, Principles of Combinatorics, Academic Press, N.Y.-London,

1971. Translation of B24. Note pp. 42 - 45.
26. Garrett Birkhoff, Lattice Theory, Amer. Math. Soc. Colloq. Publ. Vol.
25, Rev. ed. 1948, p. 17, ex. 5. Note also p. 108, ex 1(b), (c), (d).
t
27. M. L. L. Bizley, On the coefficients in the expansion of ee , J. Inst.
Actuaries, 77(1952), Part I, No. 348, June.
28. George Boole, Calculus of Finite Differences, 3rd ed., London, 1880. Chelsea
Publ. Co., N.Y., Reprint, 1958. Note p.30, ex.9.
29. John Brillhart, Note on the single variable Bell polynomials, Amer. Math.
Mondthly, 74(1967), pp. 695-696.
30. Ugo Broggi, Su di qualche applicazione dei numeri di Stirling, Rend. Ist.
Lombardo Sci. Lett., (2)66(1933), pp. 196 - 202. JFdM, 59 (1933), 368.
31. T. J. IAnson Bromwich, An Introduction to the Theory of Infinite Series,

Sec. ed. revised by T. M. MacRobert, MacMillan & Co., London, 1926.
Reprint 1949, etc. Note p. 197, ex. 7. Also p. 195, ex. A36.
32. N. B. deBruijn, Asymptotic Methods in Analysis, Amsterdam-Groningen,

1958. Note pp. 36-37. See also pp. 102 - 109.
33. Richard T. Burch, Approximate values of Stirling numbers of the second

kind for the first hundred degrees, Dept. of Defense, USA, Tech. Report,
1957. See review in Math. of Computation, 12(1958), 227, by J. D. Swift.
34. Kim Ki-Hang Butler, Connection between doubly stochastic matrices and
equivalence relations, Notices of Amer. Math. Soc., 21(1974), A-431,
Abstract #74T-A109.
35. L. Carlitz, Congruences for generalized Bell and Stirling numbers, Duke
Math. J. 22(1955), 193 - 205.
36. L. Carlitz, Some congruences for the Bell polynomials, Pacific J. Math.,
11(1961), 1215-1222. MR 24 (1962), #A3122
37. L. Carlitz, Single variable Bell polynomials, Collectanea Math. (Barcelona),

14(1962), 13-25.
38. L. Carlitz, A problem in partitions related to the Stirling numbers, Bull.

Amer. Math. Soc., 70(1964), 275-278.
39. L. Carlitz, Some arithmetic properties of the Bell polynomials, Rend. Circ.
Mat. Palermo, (2)13(1964), 345-368.
40. L. Carlitz, Some arithmetic properties of the Bell polynomials, Bull. Amer.
Math. Soc., 71(1965), 143-144.
41. L. Carlitz, Extended Stirling and exponential numbers, Duke Math. J.,
32(1965), 205-224.
42. L. Carlitz, Some partition problems related to the Stirling numbers of the
second kind, Acta Arith. 10(1965), 409-422.
43. L. Carlitz, Arithmetic properties of the Bell polynomials, J. Math. Anal.

Appl., 15(1966), 33-52.
44. L. Carlitz, Set partitions, Fibonacci Quart., 14 (1976), No.4, 327-342. MR

55(1978), #123.
45. John A. Carpenter & V. R. Rao Uppuluri, Number generatied by the

x
fucntion e(1e ) , Fibonacci Quart., 7(1969), No.4, 437-448. MR 41(1971),
#3294.
46. E. Catalan, Memoire sur une suite de polynomes entiers et sur quelques
integrales definies, Nouv. Mem. lAcad. Roy. Belgique, 43(1881), 1-40.
JFdM, 13(1881), 394-395.
47. Stephen R. Cavior, Equivalence classes of functions over a finite field, Acta
Arith., 10(1964/1965), 119-136.
48. Stephen R. Cavior, Equivalence classes of functions over a finite field,

Ph.D. Diss., Duke University, 1963. Item B46 above based on this.
49. Mauro Cerasoli, Applicazioni della teoria di enu-merazione binomiale,

Boll.Un.Mat.Ital.,A (5)13(1976), No.3, 618-622. MR 55(1978), #7793.
Zbl. 342(26 Aug. 1977), #05006.
50. E. Ces
aro, Sur une equation aux differences melees, Nouv. Ann. Math.,
(3)4(1885), 36-40. ( = Opera Scelte, Vol.1, Rome, 1964, pp. 411-415).
51. E. Cesaro, Derivees des fonctions de fonctions, Nouv. Ann. Math.,

(3)4(1885), 41-55. JFdM, 17(1885), 243. ( = Opera Scelte, Vol.1, Rome,
1964, pp.416-429).
P r
52. A Chiellini, Sulla seria 1 nn! , Boll. Un. Mat. Ital., (2)10(1931), 134-
138.
x
53. Chinthayama & J. M. Gandhi, On numbers generated by es(e 1) , Cana-
dian Math. Bull., 10(1967), 751-754. Cf. Ref.Zhur.Mat., 1968, #10C309,
Shirokova. Also: Abstract by A.M. Mathai, in Statistical Theory and
Method Abstracts, 10(1969), #1 Abstract #3. Zbl. 199 (1971), 85.
13
54. Martin Cohn, Shiman Even, Karl Menger, Jr., & Philip K. Hooper, On
the number of partitionings of a set of n distinct objects, Amer. Math.
Monthly, 69(1962), 782-785.
55. L. Comtet, Birecouvrements et berevetements dun ensemble fini, Studia
Sci. Math. Hung., 3(1968), 137-152. Cf. Zbl. 164(1969), p.329.
56. L. Comtet, Polynomes de Bell et formule explicite des derivees successives
dune fonction implicite, C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Ser. A, 267(1968), 457-
460. MR 38(1969), #2029, Riordan.
57. Louis Comtet, Analyse Combinatoire, Presses Universitaires de France,
Paris, Two Volumes, 1970. Various references.
58. L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland, 1974,
xi+343pp. Translation and expansion of item B55.
P nm
59. G. Dobi
nski, Summirung der Reihe n! fur m = 1, 2, 3, . . . , Grunerts
Archiv der Math. und Physik, 61(1877), 333-336. JFdM, 9(1877), 178-9.
60. G. Dobinski, Eine Reihenentwicklung, Grunerts Archiv der Math. und
Phys., 63(1879), 108-110. JFdM, 11(1897), 183.
61. Paul Dubreil & Marie-Louis Dubriel-Jacotin, Theorie algebrique des rela-
tions dequivalence, J. Math. Pures Appl., (9)18(1939), 63-95. Note esp.
pp.66-67.
62. E. A. Enneking & J. C. Ahuja, Generalized Bell numbers, Fibonacci
Quart., 14(1976), No.1, 67-73.
x
63. Leo F. Epstein, A function related to the series for ee , J. Math. and
Physics (M.I.T.), 18(1939), 153-173. Detailed remarks about references.
Note esp, ref. to Schwatts book.
64. A. Erdelyi, et al, Higher Transcendental Functions, Vol.3, Bateman Manuscript
Project, McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1955. Note esp. pp. 254-255.
65. L. Euler, ??? E. T. Bell, item B20 above, remarks, p. 540, that Dobi nskis
result of 1877,. . . , has been ascribed to Euler, but without a specific ref-
erence.
66. A. E. Fekete, Substitution of power series, Mimeographed paper, 1965,
17pp. Dept. of Math. Memorial Univ. of Newfoundland, St. Johns,
Newfoundland. Note 4, exponential numbers.
x
67. Henry Charles Finlayson, Numbers generated by the function ee 1 , Mas-
ters Thesis, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, April 1954.
Directed by Leo Moser. (6)+ii+89pp. There are a few puzzling discrep-
ancies in the list of references, e.g., a paper of Bell, Trans. Amer. Math.
Soc., 25(1923), 255 - 283, seems to be incorrect. Similarly, the ref. to
Bourq(g?)uet, Bull. Sci. Math., 16(1883), 43 does not seem right. Total
of 53 refs.
68. S. Forde & J. Wolstenholme, Solutions of Question 4116, Educational

Times, London, 20(1874), 34-36. JFdM, 6(1874), 159. Note Fortschritte
misprint in that xn should be nx .
69. H. O. Foulkes, Group transitivity and a multiplicative function of a parti-
tion, p. 101, abstract in Combinatorial Structures and their Applications,
Gordon & Breach, N.Y., 1970. Published as item B69 below.
70. H. O. Foulkes, Group transitivity and multiplicative function of a parti-
tion, J. Comb. Theory, 9(1970), 261-266.
71. Roberto Frucht W., Polynomials for composition numbers, a generaliza-
tion of the Bell polynomials. (Spanish. English summary) Scientia (Val-
paraiso), No. 128(1965), 49-54. MR 38(1969), #2031, J.R. Isbell.
x
72. J. M. Gandhi, Numbers generated by ee +1 , cited in his bibliography of
publications, to appear. Cf. item B71 below.
73. Martin Gardner, Catalan numbers: An Integer Sequence that Materializes
in Unexpected Places, Scientific American, 234(1976), June No.6, pp.120-
122, 124-125, 132. Although the article is about the Catalan numbers, the
Bell numbers are mentioned briefly.
74. Martin Gardner, The Bells: Versatile numbers that can count partitions
of a set, primes, and even rhymes, Scientific American, 238(1978), May,
No.5, pp.24-26,28,30; and refs. on p.172. Supplements his earlier column
on Catalan numbers [SITE ME] Ibid., June, 1978, p.28.
75. Jekuthiel Ginsburg, Iterated Exponentials, Scripta Mathematica, 11(1945),
340-353. Valuable item.
76. Maurice Glaymann, An aspect of combinatorial theory, Mathematics Teach-

ing, Bull. of Assoc. of Teachers of Math., No.57, 1971-72. Cited in No.
[B118] below.
77. J. W. Glover, Tables of Applied Mathematics in Finance, Inurance, Statis-
tics. Ann Arbor, Mich. 1923. xiii+676pp.
78. Jay Goldman & Gian-Carlo Rota, The number of subspaces of a vector
space, Recent Progress in Combinatorics (Proc. Third Waterloo Conf. on
Combinatorics, 1968), pp.75-83. Academic Press, New York, 1969. MR
40(1970), #5453.
79. Jay R. Goldman, J. T. Joichi, David L. Reiner, & Deennis E. White, Rook
Theory II: Boards of Binomial Type, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 31(1976), 618-
633.
80. Jay R. Goldman, An identity for fixed points of permutations, quationes
Math., 13(1975), 155-156. MR 52(1976), #5436. Zbl. 351(13 Jan. 1978),
#05007.
15
81. I. J. Good, The number of hypotheses of independence for a random vector

or for a multidimensional contingency table, and the Bell numbers, Iranian
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82. I. J. Good, On the application of symmetric Dirichlet distributions and

their mixtures to contingency tables, Annals of Statistics, 4(1976), 1159-
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83. H. W. Gould & A. T. Hopper, Operational formulas connected with two

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84. H. W. Gould, Research bibliography of two special number sequences,

Notices of the Amer. Math. Soc. 12(1965),612, Abstract #65T-329, Pub-
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A2 (2)x2 , . . . , An (n)xn , . . . , wo A eine beliebige constante Groe, An
eine beliebige und (n) eine ganze rationale algebraische Function der
positiven ganzen Zahl n bezeichnet, J. Reine Angew. Math. (Crelle),
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P k n
summing series such as n n n!x .
87. Hansraj Gupta, Tables of Distributions, East Panjab Univ. Research Bul-
letin Nr. 2, 1950, pp. 13-14. Rev. by D.H. Lehmer, Math. of Compu-
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item.
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(4)12(1912), 181-185. Note esp. 184.
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13(1972), 287-295.
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arising from a generalized array of Aitken, Ph.D. Diss., Buffalo, 1962.
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Note p. 424, ex.9. Also exs. 7,8.
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ence to a combinatorial structure enumerated by Bell numbers! JFdM,
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P p
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nung, Leipzig, 1904, 807d, p.872.
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1925. Rev. ed., Dover, N.Y., 1961. Note pp.20-21, series #107, also #101.
See pp. 68-69 for 8 values. He refers to Adams and Hippisley, B1 above.
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metric groups, Discrete Math., 21(1978), 319-312.
106. Konrad Knopp, Theorie und Anwendung der unendlichen Reihen, Springer,
Berlin, 1921. 5th ed. 1964. (Grundlehr.d.Math.Wiss., Bd. 2) Note pp.
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ex. 112, p. 270, ex. 116, p. 563, ex. 236.
17
107. Christian Kramp, Coefficient des allgemeinen Gliedes jeder willk ulichen
Potenz eines Infinitinomiums . . . u.s.w., pp. 91 - 122 in: Der polynomische
Lehrsatz, das wichtigste Theorem der ganzen Analysis, Edited by Carl
Friedrich Hindenburg, Leipzig, 1796. Note expansion on pp. 112-113 of
x
ee . This is the oldest reference the writes knows for such an expansion.
Gives the series out to term involving 116015 which should be 115975.
Perhaps we should call the sequence after Kramp?
108. A. Krug, Solution of Problem 117, Grunerts Archiv der Math. und.
Phys., 9(1905), 189-191. Problem was posed by P. Epstein, ibid., 8(1905),
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SIAM J. Appl. Math., 29(1975), 511-514.
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Bell exponential integers, Math. of Computation, 16(1962), 416-423. Ta-
ble of B(n) for n=O(1)74 (i.e. 1, 1, 2, 5, 15, 52, 203, . . . )
P m
115. W. Ligowski, Zur Summirung der Reihe 0 nn! , Grunerts Archiv der
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P (n+a)r n
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Mech., 11(1952), 235-283. Note esp. p. 263, where he discusses the nol.
of partitions of 1, 2, 3, . . . , n, obtaining 1,2,5,15,52,203, etc. Finds an easy
upper bound for the sequence; namely B(n) < Acn n! (to each positive
c, there corresponds a constant A, such that this holds for all positive
integers n).
120. N. S. Mendelsohn, Applications of combinatorial formul to generaliza-

tions of Wilsons theorem, Canadian J. Math., 1(1949), 328-336.
121. N. S. Mendelsohn, Those Stirling numbers again, Canadian Math. Bull.,

4(1961), 149-151. MR 23(1962), #A2336.
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nskis formula for the Bell numbers, Notices of Amer.
Math. Soc., 22(1975), A-614, Abstract #75T-A212.
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Standards, 80B(1976), No. 2, 265-268.
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exponential numbers, Mathematics Teacher, 49(1956), 128-133.
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of 32 pp. on deposit in UMT file, Reviewed in Math. of Comp., 9(1955),
198, rev. No. 85. First 50 values given.
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Co., London, 1960, Reprint of the first (1933) edition. Note p.54, probs,
36 & 37.
128. Silvio Minetola, Principii di analisi combinatoria con applicazioni ai prob-

lemi decomposizione e di partizione dei numeri, Gior. di Mat. Battaglini,
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238.
129. L. Moser & Max Wyman, On an array of Aitken, Trans. Roy. Soc.
Canada, Sect. III, (3)48(1954), 31-37.
130. Leo Moser & Max Wyman, An asymptotic formula for the Bell numbers,
Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, Sect. III, (3)49(1955), 49-54.
131. Leo Moser & Max Wyman, Restricted partitions of finite sets, Candian
Math. Bull., 1(1958), 87-96.
132. T. S. Motzkin, Sorting numbers for cylinders and other classification num-
bers, Proc. Symp. Pure Math., 19(1971), 167-176.
133. H. H. Nash, Single variable Bell polynomials, Ph.D. Diss. Duke Univ.,
1969. vi+104 pp. Directed by L. Carlitz.
134. E. Netto, Lehrbuch der Combinatorik, Teubner, Leipzig, 1901; Secon ed.,
1927 (with notes by Viggo Brun and Th. Skolem). In sec. ed. note table
on p. 169.
19
135. Maurice dOcagne, Sur une classe de nombres remarquables, Amer. J.

Math., 9(1887) 353-380.
136. D. J. M. Orts Aracil, Contribution to the functional study of a sequence
of polynomials. (Spanish, with French summary) Mem. Real Acad. Ci.
Art. Barcelona, 37(1965), no. 5, 95-105. MR, 33(1967), #7596.
137. R. V. Parker, Stirling and Stirlings numbers, Mathematics Teaching: The

Bull. of the Assoc. of Teachers of Math., England, No.59, Summer, 1972,
4pp. Cites [B69] above.
138. C. S. Pierce, On the algebra of logic, Amer. J. Math., 3(1880), 15-57.
JFdM, 12(1880), 41-44. Cited by Becker, item [B11] above because of
section 4 in this paper, pp.47-49, a classification of relatives.
139. Christian Radoux, Nouvelles proprietes arithmetiques des nombres de
Bell, Sem. Delange-Pisot-Poitou (16e annee: 1974/75, Theorie des nom-
bres, Fasc.2, Exp. No. 22, 12pp. Secretariat Mathematique, Paris, 1975.
Cf. MR 53(1977), #5461, rev. by H Scheid.
140. Christian Radoux, Une congruence pur les polynomes Pn (x) de fonction
z
generatrice ex(e 1) , C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser.A, 284(21 March 1977),
637-639. MR 55(1978), #246.
141. Christian Radoux, Essai sur larithmetique des nombres de Bell (et ques-
tions connexes), These, Universite de Mons, Belgique. 1976/77. Cited in
item [B180] above.
142. Christian Radoux, Nombres de Bell, modulo p premier, et extension de
degre p de Ep . (English Summary) C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris Ser. A-B
281(1975) no. 21, Ai, A879-A882. MR 53(1977), #13105. Zbl. 327(1 Feb.
1977), #10012, authors summary.
143. Christian Radoux, Proprietes de distribution de la suite des nombres de
Bell reduite modulo p premier, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris Ser.A, 285(1977),
A653-655.
144. Christian Radoux, Query No. 145, Notices of Amer. Math. Soc., 25(1978),
No. 3, April, p. 197. Reply, ibid., No.4, June, p. 253. A determinant of
Bell numbers equals a product of factorials.
145. Srinivasa Ramanujan, Notebooks of Srinivasa Ramanujan, Tata Institute
of Fundamental Research, Bombay, 1957, 2 Volumes. Photographic copies.
146. Andras Recski, On random partitions, Discrete Math. 16(1976) 173-177.

MR 54(1977), #10035.
147. Ray Redheffer, Induced transformations of the derivative-vector, Amer.
Math. Monthly, 83(1976), 255-259.
148. Alfred Renyi, Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung, Hochshulb

ucher f
ur Math.,
Bd. 54 VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1962. Note
p. 16, ex.3, also ex.4,5,6,7.
149. Alfred Renyi, New methods and results in combinatorial analysis, I, II,
MTA III. Oszt aly Kozlemenyei, 16(1966), 77-105, 159-177. English sum-
mary on p.177 (paper is in Hungarian), note esp. pp.78-91.
150. John Riordan, The number of impedances of an n terminal network, Bell

System Tech. Journal, 18(1939), 300-314.
151. John Riordan, Derivatives of composite functions, Bull. Amer. Math.

Soc., 52(1942), 664-667. MR, 8(1942), 200. Note references to early work
on higher derivatives, e.g. by Cskar X. Schlomilch.
152. John Riordan, An Introduction to Combinatorial Analysis, Wiley, N.Y.

1958. Note pp. 77-78, Array of Aitken. Bell polynomials discussed in this
book.
153. John Riordan, Combinatorial Identities, Wiley & Sons, N.Y., 1968. Nu-
merous references, e.g. p. 192.
154. Gian-Carlo Rota, The number of partitions of a ser, Amer. Math. Monthly,
71(1964), 498-504. Baluable paper. Bibliography of 32 items; but beware
of errors in this listing! Zbl f
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#3A139. Reprinted verbatim in Finite Operator Calculus, Acad. Press,
NY, 1976.
155. Gian-Carlo Rota, Combinatorial Theory and Invariant Theory, Lecture

notes by L. Guibas, Advanced Sminar in Combinatorial Theory, Bowdoin
College, Summer, 1971, Bowdoin, Maine, 1972. i+212pp. Note esp. pp.
158-160.
156. Gian-Carlo Rota & Roberto Frucht W., Polinomios de Bell y particiones
de conjuntos finitos, Scientia (Chile), 32(1965), 5-10. (Spanish, English
summary).
157. H. C. Saxena, The Calculus of Finite Differences, S. Chand & Co., Dehli,
t
1961. Note p. 23, prob. 41, expansion of ee .
158. I. J. Schwatt, An Introduction to the Operations with Series, Univ. of

Pennsylvania Press, 1924; Chelsea Publ. Co. N.Y., Reprint, 1962. Note
p. 84.
159. Jeffrey Shallit, Table of Bell numbers to B(400), Princeton Univ., Prince-
ton, N.J., manuscript of 1 typewritten page + 59 computer sheets (re-
duced) deposited in the UMT file. Review by John Wrench in Math. of
Computation, 32(1978), April, p.656. This table extends that of Levine
and Dalton, item [B96] above. Uses Beckers algorithm ([B164]).
21
160. Neil J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, N.Y.,

1973. xiv+206 pp. Note supplements issued from time to time by the
author also.
161. R. P. Stanley, The Fibonacci lattice, Fibonacci Quart., 13(1975), No.3,

215-232.
162. J. F. Steffensen, Interpolation, London, 1927. Chelsea Publ. Co., N.Y.

Reprint, 1950. Note p. 237, relation (27).
163. J. F. Steffensen, Some recent researches in the theory of statistics and

actuarial science, Cambridge, 1930.
164. J. F. Steffensen, The poweroid, an extension of the mathematical notion

of power, Acta Math., 73(1941), 333-366. Note esp. p.351, rel(69). Ref.
to item [B131] above.
165. J. J. Sylvester, cited by Becker, Amer. Math. Monthly, 1941, 701-703,

item [B164] below, but no exact citation to Sylvesters work is given.
Sylvester noted that B(n) counts planar rhyme schemes.
166. Gabor Szeg o, Orthogonal Polynomials, Amer. Math. Soc., Colloq. Publ.
Vol. 23, 1939, revised ed. 1959.
167. G. Szekeres & F. E. Binet, On Borel fields over finite sets, Ann. Math.
Statistics, 28(1957), 494-498. Cites Miksa, Bell, etc.
168. L
aszlo Sz
oke, Number-configurations for Bell numbers and Stirling num-
bers of the second kind, Mat. Lapok, 22(1971), 307-316 (1972). (Hun-
garian, with Russian and English summaries) MR 48(1974), #5879. Zbl.
297(1975), #05006.
169. Stephen M Tannery, On some numbers related to Bell numbers, Canad.

Math. Bull., 17(1975), 733-738. Zbl. 304(1976), #10007.
170. John Tate, A Treatise on Factorial Analysis, London,

P n Geoge Bell, publ.,
1845. x+51pp. Note esp. p.45. Series of form k=0 kk! summed.
171. L. Toscan, Una classe di polinomi della matematica attuariale, Rivista

Mat. Univ. Parma, 1(1950), 459-470. MR 12(1951), 700, Erdelyi.
172. Jacques Touchard, Sur la theorie des differences, Proc. International

Math. Congress(1924, Toronto), 1928, 623-629. JFdM, 54(1928) 485-486.
173. Jacques Touchard, Proprietes arithmetiques de certains nombres recurrents,

Ann. Soc. Sci., Bruxelles, A 53 (1933), 21-31. JFdM, 59(1933), 934.
174. Jacques Touchard, Sur les cycles des substitutions, Acta Math., 70(1939),
243-297. JFdM, 65(1939), 69-70.
175. Jacques Touchard, Nombres exponentiels et nombres de Bernoulli, Cana-

dian J. Math., 8(1956), 3C5-320.
176. Alojzij Vadnal,PQuelques proprietes du double logarithme et la somme des
p
series du type n=1 nn! , Bull. Soc. Math. Phys. Serbie, 4(1952), no.3-4,
pp. 11-15. MR 14(1953), 871.
177. J. H. van Lint, Combinatorial Theory Seminar, Eindhoven University of
Technology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1974, vi+131pp.
(= Lecture Notes in Math. Vol. 382). Note pp. 27-32.
178. Mark B. Wells, Elements of Combinatorial Computing, Pergamon Press,
Oxford, N.Y., Toronto, 1971. xiv+258pp. Note esp. pp. 78, 233.
P np
179. F. Westwick, The series n! , Note No. 2256, Math. Gazette, 35(1951),
261-262.
180. Albert D. Wheelon, Tables of Summable Series and Integrals Involving
Bessel Functions, Holden-Day, San Francisco, 1963. Note p. 5, p. 32,
values. This table was issued in a preliminary form as a technical report
for Douglas Aircraft Corp., 1953.
181. E. T. Whittaker & G. N. Watson, A Course of Modern Analysis, Fourth
Ed., 1927, Reprinted 1958, Cambridge. Note esp. p.336, prob. 48.
182. William A. Whitworth, Choice and Chance, Cambridge, Deighton, Bell
& Co., 1901. Stechert Hafner, N.Y., Reprint, 1959. Note pp. 88-89,
proposition 24.
x
1
183. G. T. Williams, Numbers generated by the function ee , Amer. Math.
Monthly, 52(1945), 323-327. A widely quoted paper.
R x

184. W. Wirtinger, Uber den asymptotischen Wert des Integrals xk ee dx,
0
Monatshefte f
ur Math., 37(1930), 343-348.
R z
185. W. Wirtinger, Bemerkungen u
ber das Integral z s xe dx, Monatshefte
0
f
ur Math., 39(1932), 239-240.
186. Joseph Wolstenholme, Mathematical Problems, London, 1867; 3rd ed.,
x
1891. Gives three problems related to ee 1 as follows: In 1867 ed., p.31,
Prob. 167; p. 34, Prob. 178; p.34, Prob. 179. In the 1891 edition these
are as follows: p.40, Prob.264; p.44-45, Prob. 290; p.45, Prob. 291.
187. Kyoichi Yoshinaga & Masato Mori, Note on an exponential generating
function fo Bell numbers, Bull. Kyushu Inst. Tech., Math. and Nat. Sci.,
No. 24, 1977, 23-27. Ref. Zhur. Mat. 1978, #4V334.
188. Mohammed Zafrullah, Number of partitions of a set, J. Natur. Sci. and
Math., Lahore, Pakistan, 19(1970), 1-6. MR 45(1973), #77.
23
189. Problem 3, Matematicheskii Sbornik, 3(1868),

P 62;n Solution, ibid., 4(1869-
70), p.39. Problem was to sum the series k=1 kn! . The problems were in
Part 2 of the Sbornik. This was 10 years before Dobi
nski.
190. Problem 6, Az 1957. evi Schweitzer Miklos matematikai emlekverseny,
Matematikai Lapok, 9(1958), 295 (statement), and 312-315 (solutions;
two). French resume on pp.322-323. (Concours Mathematique Commemoratif
M. Schweitzer pour lAnnee 1957).
191. Aufgabe 138, Elemente der Mathematik, 7(1952), 136-137. Posed by H.
Burger, with his solution published.
192. Problem 179, Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde, (3)16(1968), 217-219. Posed
by N. G. de Bruijn & S. D. Shatterji. Published solutions by P. van
der Steen; W. Peremans; and e. Andresen and F. Skjelbred. No. of
equivalence relationships which can be defined on a set of n points.
193. Problem 129, Amer. Math. Monthly, 1901, 54; 1902, 11-13. Posed by F.
Anderegg, solution by G. B. M. Zerr.
194. Problem 389, Amer. Math. Monthly, 1913, 195; 1914, 23. Posed by W.
W. Beman.
195. Problem E109 Amer. Math. Monthly, 1934, 447; 1935, 111-112. Posed by
F. L. Manning, solved by J.D. Hill. D.W. Hall pointed out that the sum
in question was posed on the 1933 Joint Associate Exams for admission
to the Actuarial Society of America, the solution of which was published
later in the Societys Problems and Solutions. (Ed. I have not seen this.)
196. Problem E 461, Amer. Math. Monthly, 1941, 210; 1941, 701-703. Posed
by D. H. Browne; Solution by H. W. Becker.
197. Problem E 1985, Amer. Math. Monthly, 1967, 589; 1968, 1008-1009.
Posed by E. O. Buchman. Solutions by Douglas Lind and Dave P. Roselle.
198. Problem 4340, Amer. Math. Monthly, 1949, 187; 1951, 46-48. Posed by
N. S. Mendelsohn; solution by John Riordan. Equivalence relations again.
Chapter 3
Bibliography of the Catalan

Sequence
C(n): 1, 1, 2, 5, 14, 132, 429, 1430, 4862, 16796, . . .
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26 CHAPTER 3. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE CATALAN SEQUENCE
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39
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41
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43
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45
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Bell and Catalan Numbers: A Research

Bibliography of Two Special Number Sequences

Compiled by Henry W. Gould,

1979 Edition, Edited and Revised 2007

Introduction and Discussion

Below we present what we believe to be fairly complete bibliographies up the

The Catalan sequence: 1, 1, 2, 5, 14, 42, 132, 429, 1430, . . .

Here, S(n,k) denotes a Stirling number of the second kind, where

xC2 (x) = C(x) 1 Functional relation (1.9)

Combinatorial interpretations of the numbers are plentiful. For example,

could be listed! Formulas like these turn up frequently in graph theory.

(AB)(CD), ((AB)C)D, A(B(CD), (A(BC))D, A((BC)D),

Suitable combinatorial interpretations are now being investigated. Shaking

Japanese in item B82 (=C183) Unfortunately, the English editions 1 in our

1 E.g. Arthur Waleys translation published in the Modern Library series

A valuable reference on Catalan numbers is a splendid article by Martin

We end by dedicating our Bell bibliography to the memory of Lady Murasaki.

Combinatorial Research Institute

Bibliography of the Bell

1. E.P. Adams and R. L. Hippisley, Smithsonian Mathematical Formulae and

2. M. Aigner, Kombinatorik, Band I: Grundlagen und Zahltheorie, Springer-

3. A. C. Aitken, A Problem in Combinations, Edinburgh Math. Notes, Nr.

4. Alex M Andrew, Table of Stirling Numbers of the Second Kind, with an

5. J.B. dAlmeida Arez, Duas classes de numeros, Teixeiras J. Sci. Math.e

7. G. Baroti, Calcul des nombres de birecouvrements et de birevetements

17. H. W. Becker, Lattice interpolation between rhyme schemes and factorial

23. E. A. Bender & J. R. Goldman, On the application of Mobius inversion

24. Claude Berge, Principes de combinatoire, Dunod, Paris, 1968.

25. Claude Berge, Principles of Combinatorics, Academic Press, N.Y.-London,

31. T. J. IAnson Bromwich, An Introduction to the Theory of Infinite Series,

32. N. B. deBruijn, Asymptotic Methods in Analysis, Amsterdam-Groningen,

33. Richard T. Burch, Approximate values of Stirling numbers of the second

37. L. Carlitz, Single variable Bell polynomials, Collectanea Math. (Barcelona),

38. L. Carlitz, A problem in partitions related to the Stirling numbers, Bull.

43. L. Carlitz, Arithmetic properties of the Bell polynomials, J. Math. Anal.

44. L. Carlitz, Set partitions, Fibonacci Quart., 14 (1976), No.4, 327-342. MR

45. John A. Carpenter & V. R. Rao Uppuluri, Number generatied by the

48. Stephen R. Cavior, Equivalence classes of functions over a finite field,

49. Mauro Cerasoli, Applicazioni della teoria di enu-merazione binomiale,

51. E. Cesaro, Derivees des fonctions de fonctions, Nouv. Ann. Math.,

68. S. Forde & J. Wolstenholme, Solutions of Question 4116, Educational

76. Maurice Glaymann, An aspect of combinatorial theory, Mathematics Teach-

81. I. J. Good, The number of hypotheses of independence for a random vector

82. I. J. Good, On the application of symmetric Dirichlet distributions and

83. H. W. Gould & A. T. Hopper, Operational formulas connected with two

84. H. W. Gould, Research bibliography of two special number sequences,

88. Richard K. Guy, Factors of the Bell numbers. Published [?]

89. J. Haag, Sur la sommation de certaines series, Nouv. Ann. Math.,

90. John Haigh, Random equivalence relations, J. Comb. Theory, Ser.A,

91. Raoul Hailpern, On certain congruence properties of inverse factorials

92. Marshall Hall, Arithmetic properties of a partition function, Bull. Amer.

94. G. H. Hardy, A Course in Pure Mathematics, Cambridge, 7th ed., 1938.

120. N. S. Mendelsohn, Applications of combinatorial formul to generaliza-

121. N. S. Mendelsohn, Those Stirling numbers again, Canadian Math. Bull.,

123. Russell Merris, Dobi

124. Russell Merris, The Kronecker power of a permutation, J. Res. Bureau of

127. L. M. Milne-Thompson, The Calculus of Finite Differences, Macmillan &

128. Silvio Minetola, Principii di analisi combinatoria con applicazioni ai prob-

135. Maurice dOcagne, Sur une classe de nombres remarquables, Amer. J.