Programme Impact Report 2004: Oxfam GB's Work With Partners and Allies Around The World

Programme Impact
Report
Oxfam GBs work with partners and

allies around the world
July 2004
Contents
Introduction 1
Executive summary 3
Impact Reports by Aim:
1. The Right to a Sustainable Livelihood 10
2. The Right to Basic Social Services 24
3. The Right to Life and Security 36
4. The Right to be Heard 53
5. The Right to Equity: Gender and Diversity 60
Appendices
A Impact assessment process i
B Distribution of expenditure by Aim and Region iii
C Where we work iv
D Further information v
Introduction
for the first time, the Government is taking some notice of us.
Coffee farmer from Haiti, talking about Oxfams coffee campaign
I would encourage all Trade Ministers to read this paper from beginning to end.
Cham Prasidh, the Cambodian Minister of Commerce, referring to Oxfams paper on Cambodias
accession to the World Trade Organisation at a plenary session at the World Trade Organisation
meeting in Cancn, Mexico
"Im 75 years old and Im unable to walk well. There is nothing left at home. We cant
go back... there is nothing, no people, no houses, and there is fighting. In the bush,
where we were hiding before coming here, the water wasnt good. The water Oxfam
brings is close by just over there. Yes, its good... we have been here in the camp a
while and without this water and other things from Oxfam, our health would have
been bad."
Ulama Lucien, Bunia airport camp for displaced people, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
Women and men working together is another benefit of the bee-keeping project.
Before, women did not have specific jobs in the community. Now those who are
involved in the bee project feel proud of their work and have a higher status in the
family. The family sees the work Im doing and are happy to help me because they
know the work with the bees is important.
Lume Isufmehtaj, beekeeper Ure e Shtrenjte village, Albania
Oxfam hasnt driven the process but has kept it going always there and with a
team of people who have a strategic vision about where its going. Oxfam could see
the whole of the elephant.
Niall Cooper, Church Action on Poverty, talking about Oxfams work on anti-poverty policies in the UK
This report is the culmination of our annual review process, that looks at the contribution
Oxfam is making together with our partners and allies to overcoming poverty and
suffering in the world. We are encouraged by what our programmes are achieving. The
review this year shows that programmes are having an increasing influence on the policies
and practices that keep people in poverty, and are reaching out to more and more people.
These positive trends result from huge efforts by programme staff in shifting the way we
programme as envisaged in our strategic plan. New types of partnerships have been
forged and strong alliances have been built with organisations around the world that are
campaigning for change. This includes working together with other Oxfam International
affiliates, especially in campaigning1. Oxfam GB wants to acknowledge that much of the
impact described in this report stems from the strength and breadth of the partnerships and
1
We shall usually refer to Oxfam, rather than Oxfam GB, in this report because of the collaboration between
Oxfam International affiliates in many areas of programming.
Programme Impact Report July 2004 1

alliances in which we work, and from the range of knowledge, skills, and influence that they
bring.
The report shows that we are also learning about our weaknesses, and where we need to
improve our work. Open discussion about weaknesses feels like a risky endeavour for
Oxfam at every level. Oxfam staff need to trust that exposing failures and shortcomings will
not be interpreted as poor performance. The same is true for partners in their relationship
with Oxfam, and for Oxfam in relation to our supporters. But we believe that weaknesses
must be discussed, both in the interests of improving the effectiveness of our work, and in
terms of Oxfams accountability to our supporters, partners and people living in poverty. We
also believe that the huge task of overcoming poverty a task that we passionately believe
must be achieved in our lifetimes requires an honest sharing of what has worked and what
has not worked in aid delivery. Many of the issues and difficulties we raise present
challenges for other agencies too. New partnerships, strategies and commitments by the
international community will be needed to confront them. In sharing our own real experience,
we wish to contribute to a more honest and effective debate on aid effectiveness, and the
role of policy change in achieving lasting changes in the lives of people experiencing
poverty. We hope others will join us.
In our annual programme impact reviews, we look at a selection of programme work going
back over several years, and draw on a range of evidence to make our assessments.
Important in this as illustrated at the beginning of this report are the observations of poor
women and men, partners, government representatives and others who know our work.
Their perspectives help us understand what they value, and reflect on how we can best
contribute in different situations. We also draw on evaluations undertaken with the help of
consultants, who bring particular expertise and a more independent view into our
assessments. More information on the impact assessment process can be found in
Appendix A.

Executive summary
Highlights of achievements
! Better access to, and influence in, markets is helping women and men with
insecure livelihoods achieve higher incomes. Coffee farmers in Central America and
the Caribbean, people in remote, rural communities in Albania, pastoralists in the Sahel,
farmers in the highlands of Malawi, woodcarvers in Kenya, rice farmers in Thailand
support to these different groups is helping them gain access to local, national, or
international markets. By supporting poor producers in the development of trading
organisations, and demonstrating to companies the viability of trading fairly with small
producers, Oxfam and its partners are helping create the conditions for sustainable
change. Some poor producers have gained the confidence to campaign with others for
change, and their influence is growing. For instance, a coffee farmer in Haiti felt that, as
a result of Oxfams coffee campaign, for the first time, the Government is taking some
notice of us.
! The terms of debate on world trade are changing. At the World Trade Organisation
meeting in Cancn in 2003, it was clear that the governments of developing countries
had a new power and they must now be included as an active party to agreements. A
poverty and development perspective is now essential in any acceptable solution to
trade issues. Oxfam contributed to these huge shifts, through good research, working in
broad South-North alliances, substantial dialogue with some Southern governments,
dialogue with and lobbying of Northern governments, attracting wide media coverage,
and the support of celebrities and well-respected international politicians. Oxfams
campaigning on trade issues has contributed to the following changes:
On medicines The price of antiretroviral medicines for AIDS has fallen dramatically for
poor countries with the cost per person per year dropping from about US$12,000 to
US$200 over the past few years. During this time, Oxfam joined others campaigning to
cut the cost of medicines. There has been some progress in changing the World Trade
Organisations intellectual property rules (TRIPS)2 and some major pharmaceutical
companies have made significant concessions in agreements with the governments of
developing countries. In Brazil, for instance, the government has negotiated with Bristol-
Myers Squibb to buy the medicine, Atazanavir, at 76 per cent less than the market price.
This will lead to an annual saving on AIDS treatment costs in Brazil of more than US$60
million. Some developing countries have produced generic versions of some medicines,
but there is concern that this production of low-price, generic medicines may dry-up after
2005 when all of the key countries producing them have to implement the TRIPS
Agreement. Action continues to be needed on all fronts, because treatment remains
neither accessible nor affordable for the majority of poor people across the world.
On coffee Some major coffee roasters and retailers have increased their purchases of
Fair Trade coffee. Others have ambitious plans to do so or are committed to other
actions to support coffee farmers and communities. Governments of some coffee-
producing countries have begun to change policies in ways that support poor coffee
farmers. The European Union has formed a new position on commodities, which is more
favourable to developing countries. Companies, governments, and multilateral agencies
are involved in initiatives such as the Common Code for Coffee Communities to start
developing a joint approach to resolve the crisis. However, the majority of coffee farmers
continue to be impoverished and actions need to be accelerated by all the major players.
On agricultural export subsidies West African countries managed to get cotton
included as a specific item on the Cancn agenda, helping to foster unity among
2
TRIPS the World Trade Organisations Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

developing countries against subsidies. Oxfams research from West Africa was
influential in making the case for ending subsidies on cotton. Since the meeting in
Cancn, Brazils challenge to cotton subsidies in the USA has been upheld at the World
Trade Organisation. The European Commission has recently called for action to reform
the cotton sector.
! In some very insecure and politically difficult environments Oxfam has continued
to provide life-saving assistance. In eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, in Liberia
and in Northern Uganda, Oxfam has been able to continue providing support to people
caught up in intense conflicts, while also making representations to those with the duty to
protect civilians. For instance, in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, Oxfam was
able to provide essential public health services to about 45,000 people in Bunia town
when conflict worsened in 2003. We advocated locally, nationally, and internationally for
protection for people caught up in the conflict. Our advocacy contributed strong evidence
in support of the decisions made by the United Nations Security Council to deploy a
rapid response force to Bunia and strengthen the mandate of MONUC (the United
Nations Mission to the Democratic Republic of Congo).
! Rapid support has been provided to people in some sudden emergencies. When a
twin typhoon hit Bangladesh, staff and partner organisations were well prepared, and
provided plastic sheeting for emergency shelter, food and items such bleaching powder
to mitigate immediate health risks, within 72 hours. When an earthquake struck Bam, in
Iran (where Oxfam does not have an office), on 26 December 2003, Oxfam was quickly
in discussion with other agencies about how we could assist. We flew out water
equipment and a logistician from the UK after four days.
! Countries are pledging support for an Arms Trade Treaty. The Control Arms
campaign was launched by Oxfam, Amnesty International, and IANSA3 in October 2003.
Since then, eight governments have pledged support for an Arms Trade Treaty and
several others are close to endorsing the initiative.
! In a number of countries, national policy is shifting and actions are being taken to
uphold poor peoples rights. For example, in Peru, the government rejected the
Manhattan Minerals Corporations project to extract minerals in the Tambogrande
district. The company started exploration in the area in 1999 and Oxfam has been
supporting local communities to defend their rights and make sure their voices were
heard in negotiations. The lives of about 70,000 people would have been affected if
mining had gone ahead. In Viet Nam, the countrys Comprehensive Poverty Reduction
and Growth Strategy clearly shows the governments willingness to encourage the
participation of civil society in the implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of the
strategy. Oxfam has been working with local partners and the government there for ten
years to develop participatory planning and monitoring processes. With these now
established, continued support for peoples participation in the implementation and
monitoring of the Strategy should begin to make a real difference to people in two very
poor provinces, which have a high concentration of minority ethnic communities.
! More girls in pastoralist communities are going to school. Innovative work in the
Horn, Central and West Africa is leading to the development of appropriate forms of
education for children from pastoralist communities, is helping change ideas and beliefs
about the education of girls, and is making governments pay greater attention to
pastoralist education. In Mali, local animatrices are successfully encouraging parents to
send girls to community schools. In Sudan, support to mobile schools means that more
3
IANSA International Action Network on Small Arms a grouping of hundreds of southern NGOs working on
arms control.

girls are attending. In Kenya, a Non-Formal Education Desk has been established at the
Ministry of Education, and a Coalition for Pastoralists Childrens Education is being
hosted within the Office of the President.
! Attitudes are changing and women and men are taking action in South Asia to end
violence against women. Women survivors of violence are gaining confidence through
the support they have received, attitudes of service providers are being changed, and
men and women are speaking out about the issue for the first time. Oxfams work in
South Asia over a number of years to develop groups, networks, and coalitions
concerned with ending violence against women has provided momentum for more
concerted campaigning now. The growing involvement of men that has been achieved is
encouraging. For instance, in Killonochi, Sri Lanka, they were actively involved in
organising white ribbon day4.
Lessons and challenges

Clarity, focus and co-ordination. Generally, we have become clearer about the changes
we want to see and more focused in developing relationships and strategies to help bring
about these changes.
At key moments, such as the World Trade Organisation meeting in Cancn, Mexico, where
there is the opportunity to have a significant influence, we have become much stronger at
co-ordinating our efforts globally and working with others to bring together the diverse skills
and voices that give weight to campaigning.
Food crises and HIV/AIDS have made millions of people more vulnerable. The
widespread food crises across Africa in 2002/03, together with the impact of the HIV/AIDS
pandemic, have sharpened the awareness of agencies about the need for new strategies
and partnerships.
We need to integrate our livelihood and humanitarian interventions better in chronically food-
insecure regions, and learn from some of our long-term experiences of doing this. These
include work with pastoralist communities in arid parts of Kenya and with vulnerable
communities in the char5 areas of Bangladesh, which suffer from recurrent floods. We need
to work with others to explore the role that social safety nets and social insurance provisions
can play in helping to reverse the downward spiral faced by millions of poor people,
especially in areas of high HIV/AIDS prevalence.
We have gained experience, particularly in countries in Southern Africa, about how to adapt
programmes to take account of the impact of HIV/AIDS. However, we need to apply good
practices on a much wider scale both within the Southern Africa Region and beyond. We
need to develop a clear strategy to do this. The introduction of our workplace policy on
HIV/AIDS has been another important development, and partners and other agencies have
shown interest in learning from our experience of this.
Working with the private sector to access business services and influence their
practice. Oxfam staff have acquired a better understanding of markets and of the
knowledge, skills, and services that partners and poor producers need in order to gain more
power in them. We recognise that there are skills, resources, and experience in private
sector companies that could be of huge benefit to poor countries and communities and that
the NGO sector has so far failed to tap. We are exploring how these resources can be drawn
on to ensure the viability of poor producers enterprises. At the same time, we are continuing
4
White Ribbon Day is the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women.
5
Chars are low-lying islands in rivers.

to develop relationships with companies to influence practices within their supply chains to
bring lasting benefits for poor producers.
There are important challenges in our markets work with vulnerable producers. For instance,
given the insecurity of the political, environmental and market conditions they face, we need
to ensure good assessments are made of the long-term viability of their enterprises. We also
need to consider the consequences that market developments can have for very poor
people. For example, the higher prices that organic products attract take them out of the
reach of the poorest people in society, in both rich and developing countries.
Tackling the quality of basic social services. More children, especially girls, are going to
school and the cost of medicines for the treatment of AIDS has fallen dramatically in
developing countries as already mentioned. However, treatment is still not accessible or
affordable to the majority of poor people and the quality of basic health and education
services remains a big concern. Oxfam has commissioned research to explore the
conditions that are needed for good-quality service delivery. This will inform our advocacy
and campaigning work, particularly work through 2005, on meeting the Millennium
Development Goals, as well as our long-term programming and advocacy work on basic
service provision. We should include pilot initiatives to provide lessons for influencing the
use of the global funds already available and to help us identify responses to HIV/AIDS that
could be widely applied.
Holding to account those with a duty to ensure rights are upheld. Oxfam and its
partners have made a good contribution to helping poor people express their views to their
governments as more opportunities have opened up. But a long-term commitment is
required for this work. Often the expression of poor peoples views is not leading to changes
in policy, or favourable policies are not being carried through into practice. For example,
there have been positive shifts in the political environment in Kenya towards addressing
poverty, but people are beginning to show frustration with the lack of tangible improvements.
Equally, we have seen important commitments at the global level on issues such as
subsidies and arms control, but these are not yet being translated into benefits in the lives of
poor people. We need to strengthen our work with civil society actors to press governments
to follow through commitments to improve the lives of poor people. This will require more
engagement by national programme staff in policy work, and support from the wider
organisation to develop effective influencing strategies at the national level.
An area where we should learn more from successful experiences is where we have worked
on both sides of the equation supporting communities to identify their needs and demand
their rights, but also supporting governments to fulfil those rights. Oxfams long-term
engagement with communities and government agencies all over East Asia shows how
these strategies can operate in parallel to good effect. A review of Oxfams new Programme
for Rights, Inclusion, and Development in Peru showed how important it is to support local
government in understanding and exercising its responsibilities as a duty bearer.
Gender on our agenda. There are strong examples of successful gender mainstreaming in
some of our programmes, with women taking on new positions of responsibility, gaining
more control over money, and having more influence over decisions at home and in the
community. We see men recognising womens new roles and responsibilities. But, we
cannot claim that our practice is strong everywhere.
There are, of course, inherent challenges in this work. It requires shifts in peoples ideas and
beliefs, as well as in the policies and practices of institutions. We face other challenges in
this work too, and recognise a number of weaknesses. Sometimes we have lacked
continuity of staff and management support, particularly in some humanitarian programmes
in areas of chronic conflict. It has been difficult to recruit women in some insecure
environments, such as in Iraq last year. We have broadened the partnerships we work in

and this has added to the challenges we already faced in ensuring all those we work with
share our commitment to promoting gender equality. In some programmes, insufficient
attention has been given to undertaking a gender analysis at the beginning and we have not
collected information for women and men separately.
While some momentum has been established in this area of our work, stronger individual
and organisational accountability is required to support and assure good practice across all
our programmes.
Beyond the headlines. Oxfams report in 2003, calling for action to protect civilians in
neglected crises, was well received in the humanitarian and international community. It was,
for instance, quoted by the UN Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
in its annual report. However, the war in Iraq has continued to dominate the headlines and
the attention of the international community, and there is little sign of any positive change in
aid flows. In some of the poorest countries, where years of conflict have left millions dead or
displaced, we need to find new approaches that are capable of turning the tide.
Within Oxfam, there are tensions in setting priorities for our humanitarian advocacy given the
range of crises and the demands we face. Tensions also arise in deciding how to balance
direct humanitarian assistance and protection work with advocacy in different situations,
taking into account the security issues and the likely influence we can bring to bear. There
are no simple answers and managers are faced with making difficult judgements.
Managing our power as a global campaigning force. Through Oxfams Big Noise
petition, we have seen how large numbers of poor people calling for change gives legitimacy
to claims. But broad alliances, especially of large representative organisations across
different constituencies, can add weight to these claims and give marginalised groups
access to forums where their collective voice can be heard. For instance, the Global Alliance
on Coffee and other Commodities that came together through Oxfams coffee campaign has
a membership of over a hundred producer and consumer groups, trade unions, and
environmentalists. This added strength to the campaign and helped these organisations to
engage their membership in key policy issues.
Working as Oxfam International, and in alliance with others, we have made enormous
progress towards our objective of building a global campaigning force capable of achieving
significant policy change globally. We have built a capacity to engage millions of people in
campaigning and have helped to build some broad South-North alliances. But there continue
to be real tensions in this work. As we said last year, we still have much to learn about
campaigning with partners in the South, and about ensuring that change is seen through to
tangible results for people living in poverty. We are aware also that Oxfam can crowd out
other organisations with the power of our voice. We need to ensure that our approach to
campaigning leads not just to changes in policy, but also creates the political space for
southern organisations and networks to achieve their own strength and legitimacy. There are
some inherent tensions in global campaigning that we dont expect to overcome entirely, but
we need to continue our efforts to manage these tensions better.
Spreading innovations and bringing about wide-scale change. There are many
examples of good ideas and small innovations in our programmes. Some of them spread,
and have an influence within Oxfam and beyond. A method for community management of
distributions of food and other humanitarian aid, developed in Oxfams Horn, East and
Central Africa programme, is an innovation that has spread and been adapted to different
situations across a number of Oxfam regions and other agencies. Taking the idea of
community-based health financing into our programme in Eastern Europe, and testing it, has
led to the possibility of national adoption of this in Armenia. Lessons are being shared with
similar programmes introduced in Azerbaijan and Georgia, and Oxfam is now working with
the government of Yemen to start a programme. We need to understand better how

innovations spread and how to support our teams to develop and communicate examples of
good practice.
In our more successful programmes, such as the health programme in Armenia, there are
often a number of common features. Working directly with marginalised groups of women
and men to begin to address specific problems is the initial catalyst for change in many
instances. As trust and confidence is built, people become ready to speak out and engage
with government authorities and parliamentarians. Alongside building peoples trust and
confidence, Oxfam can facilitate the production of good research to back-up claims, can
work with others to demonstrate practical solutions, and can support the development of
broad alliances and coalitions to advocate for change. As momentum gathers, we find there
is the potential for lasting and widespread change to occur.
But we want to challenge our own thinking about how change happens and learn from the
successes of others, including looking at the experience of other sectors. We want to look
more systematically at how impacts can be scaled-up significantly in different situations, how
good practices can be spread widely, and how strategies can be adapted to create greater
structural change.
Partnership and accountability. Working in partnership and alliance with others is

fundamental to Oxfams approach. In general, partner organisations value their relationship
with Oxfam, often mentioning flexibility, openness, mutual respect, and a supportive
relationship as positive attributes. However, we know there are weaknesses too in our
management of partnership relationships at times and that these can jeopardise the impact
of programmes. While flexibility is a desirable quality, clarity about expectations and mutual
responsibilities are also essential for an effective partnership the two are not in
contradiction. Careful attention to a potential partners competencies to implement work that
is planned is essential too, especially where the work is not in their area of known expertise.
For instance, partners who have experience in development programmes may not have the
capacity to undertake effective humanitarian work, and we should seek new partners who do
have the necessary competencies. We are now working with a wider range of partners than
in the past and this increases the challenges involved in managing partnerships. One area
we should always explore sufficiently with partners is our values, to ensure that fundamental
principles about empowering poor people, equity, and accountability to poor communities
are always central in our programmes.
It is important that we reflect on our own accountability in partnerships too. The UK Poverty
Programme has initiated work on this, starting with a discussion with partners during the
impact assessment process this year.
The way ahead

In summary, the main areas where we shall concentrate on developing our experience and
practice in the coming year, to improve our performance and impact, are:
# Areas of chronic vulnerability. We shall share learning between programmes to

improve our practice in integrating livelihood and humanitarian work in areas of chronic
vulnerability, taking account of environmental issues and the impact of HIV/AIDS on
poverty.
# Modifying programmes to take account of HIV/AIDS. We must have a clear strategy
to apply good practices we have learnt about HIV/AIDS mainstreaming on a much wider
scale both within the Southern Africa Region and beyond.

# Working with the private sector. We shall continue to explore the best ways of drawing
on the business skills and resources of the private sector to benefit poor producers
enterprises.
# The quality of public sector services. We shall define our strategy in this area and
undertake pilot initiatives to provide lessons for influencing the use of the global funds
already available and to help us identify responses to HIV/AIDS that could be widely
applied.
# The accountability of donors and national governments. We shall increase support
to national programme staff and partners to develop and refine national influencing
strategies, to turn government policy commitments into actions that bring tangible and
widespread improvements for poor people. We shall step-up attention to the
accountability of donors too, through a campaign on the Millennium Development Goals.
# Gender equality. We must ensure that we consistently hold ourselves accountable,
internally and externally, on promoting gender equality in our work, ensuring staff have
the support they need to develop their practice.
# Neglected crises. We shall seek new approaches to turn the tide and bring appropriate
levels of humanitarian assistance and protection to people in the many neglected crises
around the world.
# Campaigning. We shall continue to develop our experience in choosing the most
appropriate range of campaign strategies in different situations, being clear about our
objectives on each occasion and the potential for change while always being true to
our principle of ensuring that the voices of poor women and men are heard.
# Scaling-up and spreading impact. We shall invest in support to programme staff, to
learn from the good ideas and practices within and beyond Oxfam, in order to scale-up
and spread the impact that we can have. We shall identify a few key innovations that
Oxfam will invest in to ensure they have wider impact.
# Accountability to partners and people living in poverty. We shall establish what we
consider to be good practices concerning our own accountability to partners and to poor
people. We shall work with our partners on this, and should always expect a shared
commitment to abide by good practices we agree.

Impact reports by Aim
1 The Right to a Sustainable Livelihood

A The changes we want to see in the world
$ People living in poverty will achieve food and income security.
$ People living in poverty will have access to secure paid employment, labour
rights, and improved working conditions.
Oxfams priority under this objective is to work with others to shift the power imbalances in
local, national, and international markets, which are a fundamental cause of poverty for
millions of people. This involves:
# Supporting poor people to acquire secure assets and build secure institutions, to gain
access to markets, and to gain the power to negotiate a fair return.
# Campaigning for changes in the policies, rules, and practices of governments,
companies, and international institutions, in order to create fair market systems and
equitable development. Priorities within Oxfams Make Trade Fair campaign are to
change patent rules, agricultural policies, and policies and practices affecting the
employment and working conditions of women, especially those working in global trading
chains.
B Progress towards our objectives

Highlights
! Poor producers gaining more stable and higher incomes. For instance, poor women and
men in Malawi and Albania are gaining better access to, and influence in, markets by
working together in associations of producers.
! A number of governments have changed their policy to give support for poor farmers.
For instance, the Brazilian government has incorporated family agriculture into the
countrys foreign trade policy agenda.
! Increased consumer understanding of, and support for, Fair Trade. Increased sales of
Fair Trade goods, notably coffee.
! Increased influence of southern governments and civil society in international trade
debates and negotiations, as was evident at the World Trade Organisations Ministerial
meeting in Cancn in 2003.
Programmes are demonstrating a clearer analysis of the factors that need to be taken into
account if poor women and men are to achieve access to, influence in, and fair returns from
markets. Partnerships and alliances are being formed with a broader range of organisations
than in the past. We recognise that this is needed if we are to help bring about widespread
and lasting changes for poor people.

The acquisition of secure assets
In many places, people do not have the basic assets that would allow them to enter markets.
The first steps towards building a more sustainable livelihood may involve acquiring land,
making environmental improvements, having a road to market, or having access to credit. In
areas of chronic food insecurity, access to cash, food, and seeds is often necessary in order
for people to maintain and develop the assets they have.
% Case study 1: Secure access and title to land in Zambia

Assisting people acquire secure access to land has been important in an area
where many lost their livelihood with the privatisation of the mines. Over a
number of years, Oxfam has supported local groups and organisations in the
Copper Belt to advocate for squatters rights. This has resulted in more than
700 households in Mufulira District each gaining title to five hectares of land.
Women are the heads of 70 per cent of these households. Mama Chimasa
Chapelebwe, a widowed and destitute grandmother is now growing a mixture
of cassava, sweet potatoes, and maize, and told us: My humanity has been
restored and hunger will never visit us.
In Mufilira and other districts where Oxfam works, we have seen shifts in the
attitudes of mining companies and local government. For example, in 2002,
MOPANI Mining Company was threatening to evict about 9,000 households
squatting on their land. They have now defined 5,000 hectares of land that
will be given to poor households of former miners. The position of the
government of Zambia has changed too. Within the national economic
diversification plan supported by the World Bank, there is a commitment to
making secure land available to poor farmers as a priority over commercial
farmers.
% Case study 2: Supporting small-scale business development

in Georgia
Oxfams work in developing micro-finance services has helped large numbers

of people to develop their small businesses. Recently, Oxfam has supported
its partner, the Small Business Development Foundation (SBDF), to expand
the services it offers to include marketing support, and this has shown good
results from a pilot project with a group of kiwi fruit farmers.
During the past year, about 1,400 people in the Samegrelo region of Georgia
received loans from the SBDF, an organisation that Oxfam helped establish.
A survey of 300 loan recipients found that more than 90 per cent said that
their net income had increased since they received their first loan. They were
saving more, investing in developing their businesses, and spending more
than others in the same area who had not received loans. Some benefits
went beyond those who had received loans. New jobs were created through
the development of small businesses, seasonal trading opportunities had
expanded, and more goods had become available in the local markets.
However, the loan service was not reaching the poorest sections of the
community, and Oxfam and SBDF are now looking at developing a new
service which will aim to benefit chronically poor people.

Discussion with a small group of kiwi fruit farmers, who were receiving loans,
resulted in SBDA expanding its services and providing marketing support.
Sixty women and men have been involved in the first year of this new
initiative. The loans and marketing support they have received have enabled
them to increase the area of land on which they farm, develop storage
facilities, set up plant nurseries, and sell directly to wholesalers in the capital,
Tbilisi. Good storage facilities have meant that they can now sell when the
price is higher after the harvest period. Pooling their harvest, sharing storage
and transportation costs, and by-passing middle-men is also helping to
increase the return they receive from their fruit. Some of the farmers have
joined together and formed a registered company. More of the farmers are
likely to join in future. It is estimated that, so far, they have been able to
increase their profit from the sale of the fruit by 50 per cent. Further profits
can be expected in future as a result of the more sustainable production
methods they have learned, as their kiwi plants mature, and as other
marketing initiatives are put into practise.
Finding effective, relevant, and sustainable models to assist poor women and men to gain
access to micro-credit and micro-finance services, as well as other non-financial services, is
a challenging area of work. Oxfam will continue to engage with others in the sector and
explore ways of overcoming the barriers poor people face in accessing these services.
In some countries where there is chronic food insecurity, despite years of investment, we
have failed to make a sufficient contribution to supporting people to develop secure
livelihoods. The challenges are illustrated well from our experiences in Ethiopia.
% Case study 3: The challenge of creating more secure

livelihoods in Ethiopia
Oxfams programme in the Deder and Metta Districts of East Hararghe has
reached about 22,000 people. It has sought to reduce peoples vulnerability
through a range of activities including environmental improvements,
increasing access to clean water, support for agriculture and trading activities,
and the construction of roads. A recent evaluation looked back at ten years
work, and concluded that the households involved were, in general, better off.
It also found that, in relation to the resources Oxfam had committed to the
programme, the benefits were high. However, the programme only covered
about five per cent of the population of the districts.
The evaluation noted the high level of co-operation with local government that
had been established, and that Oxfam had found effective ways of working
with small groups in the community and transferring resources to them. Some
activities though had not been sustained in communities where Oxfam had
ceased activities several years ago. There are important lessons about the
time needed to generate self-sustaining socio-economic change in very poor
communities and the pressure on development agencies to move on and
support new communities. A stronger sense of ownership needs to be built in
future. More resources also need to be committed to improving womens
livelihoods and reducing the amount of work they do. The petty trading groups
that were established for women proved popular and opened-up new
opportunities for them, but only small numbers of women benefited.
There are fundamental issues though to confront in deciding what our future
livelihoods programme should be in Ethiopia. The population of the country is
growing, land-holdings are shrinking, an increasing number of people require
food aid during droughts, income from cash crops (particularly coffee) has

fallen, and the chat6 market is thriving. New strategies and partnerships are
required, and Oxfam is now making an intensive investment in our livelihoods
work in Ethiopia, to learn how we might be able to significantly increase our
influence and impact.
Building the strength of poor producers, including creating secure institutions

As the example from Georgia showed, collective working, alongside support to understand
and access markets, can bring significant benefits for poor producers. A number of
programmes in different Oxfam Regions show how producers are able both to increase their
income and obtain a more regular income in this way.
% Case study 4: A regular income from the sale of milk in Malawi

Oxfam has been supporting the development of the Shire Highlands Milk
Producers Association (SHMPA) over several years. The Association now
has about 3,000 members. Part of Oxfams support has been a project to
enable poor farmers, especially women, without livestock or a regular income,
to start dairy farming and become active members of the Association.
A heifer loan scheme and technical support has helped about 120 farmers to
start dairy farming. This has given them a regular income from the sale of
milk. Membership of the SHMPA provides them with a range of support and,
crucially, access to a regular market. Farmers are actively involved in the
running of the Association and in 21 milk-bulking groups that it organises.
These groups handle milk collection and delivery, and provide members with
training and other services. Membership of the Association has helped
farmers to increase the quantity and quality of milk from their cows, to gain
access to markets, and to obtain a small increase in price for raw milk from
the processing companies.
The scarcity of land in the area means that many families cannot produce
enough food for their own needs; diversification into livestock provides one of
the few escapes from increasing poverty. The farmers involved in the project
are now able to buy food for their families throughout the year and drink milk
themselves. Some have been able to buy chickens, goats, or another cow,
build bigger houses, and send their children to secondary schools.
Traditionally men own and manage cattle in the area. By giving priority to
households headed by women, the project has helped women demonstrate
their ability to be dairy farmers. Women are taking more responsibility in the
running and development of the Association as time goes on. Illness and
death from AIDS is a worry for families, and members of the Association have
been encouraged to write wills to safeguard the continuation of their dairy
enterprises if they die. Persuading people to write wills has been a big
achievement because, in Malawi, many people believe that if they make a will
they will die young.
The heifer loan scheme and technical support project has been operating for
about four years. It is estimated that, after ten years, the financial return will
be more than five times the investment. Non-financial benefits for families
who are directly involved, and in the wider community, are also expected to
be considerable. As illustrated above, these are already beginning to be
seen.
6
The chat shrub contains a mild narcotic. The leaves are chewed for the euphoric stimulant effect produced.

% Case study 5: Entering new markets and changing perceptions
and policies in Albania
We see how formation of producers associations and rural forums is not only
helping people from poor, isolated areas to develop their marketing activities
but also to enter into dialogue with national government about agricultural
and trade policies.
Oxfams markets programme in Albania reaches about 20,000 people from
isolated communities in mountainous and lowland areas which have been
neglected for years by the government. We are supporting them to start new
initiatives with marketable products such as honey, milk, and wine as well as
to increase the profitability of their existing activities. For example, help with
processing and the establishment of a marketing association has enabled
herb collectors in 19 villages to increase their selling price by between 34 and
50 per cent in the first year of the programme. While a drought that year
meant that this did not lead to an increase in their overall income, the better
selling price did stop them falling into debt.
Holding two national agricultural fairs in the capital, Tirana, enabled more
than 280 small-scale producers to test their products with consumers, identify
how to improve their marketing, and make contacts with agri-businesses,
wholesalers, and restaurant owners. They were able to share this knowledge
with others in their associations and some went home seeing the need to
start an association in their own area. Producers were able to sell in two days
what they would normally sell in two or three months. The fairs were also
used to launch public campaigns to Buy Local Goods and Make Trade Fair.
A public debate on trade rules and regulations was linked to the publication of
an Oxfam briefing paper entitled Fair Deal for Albanian Farmers.
Providing support to rural forums in the programme areas has enabled poor
producers to enter directly into negotiation with local and national government
about policies that affect their lives. This has been particularly effective in the
Shkodra area, where the forum has become the main advocacy network for
the whole northern region of Albania. Decision-makers are increasingly
consulting the forum. The success here might partly be due to the strong ties
and links that exist across the isolated communities in the area. Oxfams
involvement with the communities over a number of years is probably another
factor, as the trust we have developed helped us to get communities involved
and to facilitate contacts between different sections of the community and the
authorities.
There is a long way to go to achieve the investment needed in these poor
areas of Albania and to put in place policies that protect producers from unfair
competition. However, we are beginning to see changes in perceptions and
attitudes among producers themselves, consumers, traders, and government.
Producers, who have previously suffered discrimination, are gaining the
respect of businesses and local authorities and have grown in confidence
both as traders and in making their views known. Women are taking on new
roles and we see men beginning to share in some household tasks
traditionally done by women. Lume Isufmehtaj is a beekeeper. She says:
Before, women did not have specific jobs in the community. Now, those who
are involved in the bee project feel proud of their work and have a higher
status in the family. The family see the work I am doing and are happy to
help me because they know the work with the bees is important. Women are

also now influencing decisions within the local associations about how some
of their profit will be used to benefit their community.
A well-known intellectual commented: The Make Trade Fair movement in

Tirana has contributed to a new culture of making a conscious choice in the
market, and has increased peoples pride.
In West Africa, Oxfams programme has supported representatives from at least 70 small-
scale farmers and traders organisations to participate in trade fairs and national and
regional workshops. If they pass on the new knowledge, contacts, and market information to
their membership, they would reach more than 10,000 people. Womens co-operatives have
met other producers and buyers, and have been able to increase their sales. For instance, at
the FIARA a regional agricultural fair held in Senegal womens groups from Burkina Faso
and Niger sold all their stock and made contacts which could help them market their
products on a longer-term basis. The programme has also supported Sahel pastoral
producers to form a strong regional network with a small secretariat, to gather and share
market information. This has enabled pastoralists from Burkina Faso and Mali to reach more
lucrative markets in Ghana, and pastoralists from Niger to access markets in Nigeria.
Obtaining higher returns from organic, Fair Trade, and export markets
Several programmes are helping poor producers to take advantage of the growing demand
for organic goods, and the higher prices that they attract. There are also many other benefits
that come from organic farming.
In Thailand, rice is the staple food and one of the countrys biggest exports. However, rice
farmers have seen falling returns from agro-chemical farming and almost 70 per cent of
them are in debt. Estimates suggest that about 30 per cent of the rice-farming population is
malnourished. Oxfams sustainable livelihoods programme supports a range of partners
seeking to address this situation. The Khao Kwan Foundation focuses on developing
knowledge about sustainable agriculture, provides technical support to farmers to convert to
organic farming, and disseminates knowledge and news. Earthnet Foundation supports the
marketing of organic produce. Organic Certification Thailand is another partner. The Rural
Reconstruction, Alumni and Friends Association is involved in campaigning and lobbying the
Government together with other partners.
% Case study 6: Conversion to organic rice farming in Thailand

Rice farmers are seeing the benefits of converting to organic farming, but also
the obstacles still to be overcome in Thailands export-oriented economy.
The Khao Kwan Foundation (KKF) gives direct technical support to enable
women and men farmers to convert to organic farming, and also helps them
train others. KKF is a founding member of the Alternative Agriculture
Network, and through the network knowledge and information can be spread
to its 10,000 members.
Farmers who have converted to organic farming say that they particularly
value the better health that their families are now enjoying and the reduction
in medical expenses that this has brought. When they were using chemicals
in their farming, common complaints were skin problems, respiratory
diseases, and severe headaches. They are also pleased to see fish, frogs,
crabs, insects, and plants returning to the fields, and to be able to supplement
their diet with these. As they farm without expensive chemicals, their

production costs have fallen so they are also beginning to see an increase in
profit from their crop. After several harvests without using chemicals, it is
estimated that the profit from their crop increases by more than 70 per cent.
The farmers are also branching out in their farming activities as their income
increases, with some farmers developing fishponds or raising pigs or poultry.
Farmers in non-irrigated farming areas in the North-East have been able to
certify as organic farmers. They receive a guaranteed higher price for their
crop by selling through Earthnet Foundation. However, this is not possible in
irrigated farming areas because the standards for organic certification cannot
be met. The Thai government supports the development of organic
agriculture because of the increasing demands for organic products in the
export market. However, shifts in government agricultural policy and in
consumer demands in Thailand are needed if farmers across the country are
to reap the full benefits possible from converting to non-chemical farming.
Oxfam will continue to work with its partners to press for government policies
that are more supportive of poor farmers and sustainable agriculture methods
across the country. The programme will also seek to increase awareness in
the Thai population about organic farming and how buying organic rice can
help improve the lives of farmers.
In Bosnia, about 1,300 villagers have increased their incomes through the production and
marketing of a range of organic products. Oxfams partner, ECON, supports them to form
associations, certifies their products, and finds domestic and international markets for them.
Oxfam is also facilitating links between producers in poor countries and companies in the
North. We work with companies willing to become licensees of the Fairtrade Mark or meet
other ethical trading standards. Sometimes new forms of trading companies are being
pioneered to help producers negotiate and gain greater power in markets.
Useful experience in linking producer groups directly with commercial partners in the North
has been gained by working with beekeepers in Central America and Zambia and with the
Cotswold Honey company based in the UK. Facilitating these links is not straightforward. For
instance, a European Union ban on importing honey from Africa first had to be overcome.
The ban was imposed on all imported honey that was not certified as free from chemical,
antibiotic, and other residues. In Zambia, a process of negotiation was therefore needed to
agree a plan for testing honey that satisfied the European Union. Once this was agreed, the
ban was lifted for honey from Zambia. Now, with increased market opportunities and better
marketing by our partner in North-West Zambia, the bee-keepers have contracts to sell
organic and non-organic honey in several European countries. As a result they increased
their production four-fold last year, and more women are now being trained in bee-keeping.
Cotswold Honey has also extended the range of honeys it markets by becoming a licensee
of the Fairtrade Mark. It now imports Fair Trade honey from several co-operatives with whom
Oxfam has worked in Central America. Albanian beekeepers are also looking to form a
commercial link with Cotswold Honey, but the European ban on honey not certified as free of
residues will first need to be lifted for Albania, as for Zambia.
% Case study 7: Accessing international markets for products

made from sustainable wood in Kenya
One of Oxfams newer initiatives is with farmers and wood carvers in Kenya.
It involves looking at how the Forestry Stewardship Council certification
system can promote trade with small-scale producers, and will develop a
trading company that will be part-owned by the farmers and wood carvers.

This is a joint programme between Oxfam GB, the Worldwide Fund for Nature
(WWF-UK), and Kwetu in Kenya. It has helped farmers groups to trade
sustainable farm-grown neem timber with about 3,500 carvers in two wood-
carving co-operatives. This has provided additional income to 120 farmers
initially, and it is planned that numbers will rise to 1,800 within three years.
Carvers have been able to replace rare hard woods with sustainable farm-
grown timber. The Kenya Gatsby Trust is providing the carver co-operatives
with advice on business models, with help from Oxfam to ensure producer
participation. Oxfam is facilitating linkages between the wood-carving co-
operatives and three international, socially responsible buyers. A trading
company is in the process of formation, which will be partly owned by the
farmers and carvers. The aim is that this company will increase the capacity
of the farmers and carvers to access new markets and to assess demand for
sustainable timber and timber by-products.
Influencing corporate sector policy and practice

In the UK, one of the ways in which Oxfam engages with the corporate sector is through the
Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) 7. We have been participating in a project to produce and test
guidelines for dealing with home-workers in ETI members supply chains. This successfully
led to better practices by suppliers and retailers and was instrumental in securing an
amendment to the UK National Minimum Wage Regulations, making home-workers and
other piece-rate workers eligible for the full National Minimum Wage. However, the project
has also exposed the weak implementation of the ETI Codes by retailers, and their
resistance to meeting the costs of raising standards.
The work of Oxfams UK Poverty Programme with the National Group on Homeworking has
shown the vulnerability of home-workers and the weakness of UK labour law. (See Case
Study 8)
% Case study 8: Homeworkers claiming their rights in the UK

Negotiations by the National Group on Homeworking, the Trade Union
Congress (TUC), and Oxfam with the UK governments Department of Trade,
successfully closed a loop-hole in the legislation which had allowed home-
workers to be paid 80 per cent of the National Minimum Wage. From October
2004, this will become illegal and employers must pay home-workers the full
National Minimum Wage. It is estimated that there are 1.4 million home-
workers in the UK. They are predominantly women and at least half of them
are women from minority ethnic communities. Through their involvement with
the National Group on Homeworking, they have become less willing to be
exploited by employers and more confident in articulating their case.
However, as they have started claiming their rights, we have also seen them
lose their jobs. This can happen on an individual level when workers who
complain about violations of the National Minimum Wage lose their work, or
affect groups of workers when employers switch their production base
overseas.
An Outwork Production Manager for a Christmas cracker supplier said: Why
abroad? Because its cheaper than using homeworkers, because they are
after a lot more for a lot less. Plus, of course, minimum wage now they are
after pensions, holiday rights, day-travel allowances. You name it, they want
7
The ETI is an alliance of companies, NGOs and trade unions, which primarily exists to share experience and
promote learning about implementing international labour standards in the international supply chains of UK
retailers and brands.

it. Redundancies what else can I say other than getting irate with them?
Within the Christmas cracker industry though, some progress has been
made, working with retailers. A few have guaranteed their purchases of
Christmas crackers from home-worker suppliers working with a minimum
wage, and reduced the specification of the product they require in order to
support this.
As part of Oxfams new international campaign on workers rights, Oxfam has
now stepped up its campaigning in the UK with the TUC and the National
Group on Homeworking. We seek to hold retailers to account for supply chain
practices and to encourage better minimum wage enforcement by the UK
government.
Promoting consumer demand

Promotion of Fair Trade sales is another aspect of Oxfams programme in the UK and in the
home countries of other Oxfam International affiliates. In the UK, staff, supporters, and
campaigners are involved, working closely with the Fairtrade Foundation and other allies.
Together with many others, we have contributed to the 41 per cent increase in sales of
Fairtrade-marked products in the UK that occurred between 2002 and 2003. The percentage
of the population understanding what the Fairtrade Mark stands for rose from 25 per cent to
39 per cent between 2003 and 2004. One way in which we have sought to increase
consumer understanding and demand is through the Fairtrade towns, universities, and
workplaces initiative. This began with a campaign led by the local Oxfam group in Garstang
in Lancashire, and resulted in the town declaring itself the worlds first Fairtrade Town in
May 2000. Other towns and villages have followed, supported by Oxfam campaigners and
partners together with the Fairtrade Foundation. Thirty-one now have status and 70 are
working towards it. Universities and workplaces are now seeking Fairtrade status too. In
2003, Oxford Brookes University became the first university to achieve this.
Changing trade rules and policies and company behaviour

A significant shift has taken place globally in debates about trade. National governments in
the South and North have shifted their attitudes and policies towards the interests of poor
people. When talks broke down at the World Trade Organisation Ministerial meeting in
Cancn in 2003, it was evident that developing countries had a new power; they now have to
be included as an active party to agreements. It was clear that a poverty and development
perspective is now essential in any acceptable solution to trade issues. Long-standing work
with partners in a number of countries and concerted action across the world by Oxfam,
partners and allies since the launch of the Make Trade Fair campaign in 2002 has
contributed to these shifts.
On specific issues that Oxfam has campaigned on internationally, the following progress can
be seen:
& The cost of medicines. The cost of antiretroviral medicines for HIV/AIDS has fallen
from about US$12,000 to US$200 per person per year for poor countries over the past
few years. During this time Oxfam joined others campaigning to cut the costs of
medicines. There has been some progress in changing the World Trade Organisations
intellectual property rules, and some major pharmaceutical companies have made
significant concessions making agreements with the governments of developing
countries to sell their products at much reduced prices. Some developing countries have
produced generic versions of some medicines. However, the majority of poor people still
do not have access to the treatment they need for AIDS and other major illnesses. There
is concern too that the production of low-price, generic medicines may dry-up after 2005

when all of the key countries producing them have to implement the TRIPS Agreement.
Action continues to be required on all fronts. (See the Right to Basic Social Services,
page 31, for more discussion.)
& Coffee. There is little controversy now about the causes of the coffee crisis, in which
farmers are selling coffee beans at less than the cost of production, supply has
outstripped demand and farmers face many barriers to diversification into other markets.
While some progress has been made to address the crisis, there remains a long way to
go.
One area of progress is the increase in purchases of Fair Trade coffee by some major
coffee roasters and retailers. Starbucks, for example, has doubled its Fair Trade
purchasing between 2002 and 2003, and aims to continue increasing its purchases in
coming years. The Co-operative Group has switched all its own-brand instant and
ground coffee to Fair Trade. Other coffee roasters and retailers have ambitious plans to
purchase Fair Trade coffee or have taken initiatives to assist farmers and communities in
other ways (e.g. through certification schemes such as the Rainforest Alliance or through
technical support). The growth in consumer support in the UK through the Fairtrade
towns, universities and workplace initiative has already been mentioned. In the USA too,
university campuses and schools are switching to Fair Trade coffee.
In countries where Oxfam has been actively involved in programmes with coffee farmers,
and they became involved in campaigning, we have seen national governments taking
more notice of their situation. In Honduras, a seven-point agreement was made,
including a guaranteed minimum price for coffee and a law on debt-restructuring. In
Nicaragua, the government committed to support small farmers in the Las Tunas
Agreement. In both the Dominican Republic and Haiti, there is support for coffee
institutes with strong farmer representation.
The European Union has formed a new position on commodities, which is more
favourable to developing countries, but still leaves important gaps. Initiatives such as the
Common Code for Coffee Communities are also underway, bringing together
companies, governments, and multilateral organisations to start to develop a joint
approach to address the continuing crisis in the coffee market. However, initiatives are
all at an early stage and Oxfam will continue to press for action to be accelerated.
& Agricultural export subsidies. West African countries managed to get cotton included
as a specific item on the Cancn agenda, helping to foster unity among developing
countries against subsidies, and putting pressure on the USA. Since Cancn, Brazils
challenge to cotton subsidies in the USA has been upheld at the World Trade
Organisation. This will benefit not only Brazil, but many countries in Africa too. The
European Commission has recently called for action to reform the cotton sector and the
European Union has announced its willingness to eliminate all agricultural export
subsidies.
& New issues. The European Unions insistence on trying to introduce new issues on to
the World Trade Organisation agenda at Cancn, contributed to the breakdown in the
talks. The European Union tried to introduce issues including investment and
competition, against the wishes of many developing countries. Its statement since, that it
is no longer a demandeur (proposer) on these issues, is a big step forward.
At a regional or national level, some of the developments seen are:

& Free Trade Agreements. Some progress has been made towards preventing the Free
Trade Agreement of the Americas signing away more of the rights of poor people in Latin
America. However negotiations continue, albeit slowly. More generally though, there is

concern about the Free Trade Agreements that the USA and European Union are
pursuing with developing countries.
& In Peru, 32 organisations linked to farmers in Peru persuaded the government to launch
a 2004-2006 plan to strengthen the agricultural sector and support small-scale farmers to
play a significant role in the economy.
& In Brazil, where Oxfam has worked in alliance with the government on a number of trade
issues, family agriculture is now incorporated into the countrys foreign trade policy
agenda.
& In Bosnia, the government adopted the agriculture and trade recommendations of
Oxfams partners in the countrys Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. This, in turn, has
led to the temporary suspension of trade agreements with Croatia and Serbia-
Montenegro, due to their harmful impact on domestic farmers. Farmers and partners
supported this policy change across ethnic lines.
& In Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger, there have been revisions to laws including the
pastoral code, the land-use code, and the trans-border convention. Pastoral associations
are now involved in the management of cattle markets and security issues together with
local authorities. Oxfam has supported dialogue between authorities and pastoralists to
discuss texts, revise them and, most importantly, to discuss their implementation. In Mali,
for instance, existing laws were unfavourable to pastoralists. A workshop with mayors,
the state technical service, and pastoralists resulted in the adoption of better bye-laws for
Wabaria market in Gao.
Many actors, in the South and North, are involved in seeking to change trade rules in the
interests of poor people. While it is difficult to be precise about Oxfams contribution towards
bringing about specific changes, we consider that the strengths we have offered include:
& Strong research and policy papers. Senior diplomats and ministers, for example from
Cambodia, India, Uganda, South Africa, and the Africa Union, have acknowledged the
importance and quality of Oxfams research. Substantial dialogue with developing
country governments took place as a result of this and because they recognised the
support that NGOs could give through their advocacy. The European Union invested
significant resources in responding to Oxfams Trade Report, Rigged Rules and Double
Standards (2002). Companies have engaged on the challenges Oxfam has made. The
international media gave wide coverage of the issues that Oxfam has researched.
& Working in broad South-North alliances. Working in alliance within countries,
regionally, and internationally has been crucial. Working with Pan-Africa groups and the
Hemispheric Social Alliance in Latin America is contributing to building a strong global
voice on trade. Campaigning as Oxfam International brings a broad range of resources
and skills and wide access to the media, governments, international agencies and
forums, large corporate sector organisations, and others. Bringing together a broad
range of constituencies has given strength. For instance, the Global Alliance on Coffee
and other Commodities brought together more than a 100 producer and consumer
groups, trade unions, and environmentalists.
& Ongoing relationships with poor communities. Oxfams position was strongest where
we were already working in countries on an issue and where poor people engaged in
campaigning, for example cotton farmers in West Africa and coffee farmers in Central
America and the Caribbean.
& Creating the Big Noise, celebrity support, and media attention. Five million people
from all over the world have now joined in the Big Noise and signed the Make Trade
Fair petition. Eighty per cent of them are from countries in the South. Celebrities and
well-respected international figures have joined in Oxfams campaign. The mass support
shown for the campaign and the involvement of prominent individuals has helped attract

media attention and ensured attention was given to issues in a variety of forums,
including at the World Trade Organisation meeting in Cancn. For instance, the G208
Trade Ministers invited Oxfam and UK pop group Coldplay on to the platform to present
'the Big Noise petition at their first major press conference at Cancn. And, at an African
Union press conference there, the Trade Minister for Senegal, Acha Agne Pouye, said:
"Before I came to Cancn I was handed a petition from 2,400 Senegalese citizens and a
parliamentary statement from MPs, urging me to keep the Doha development obligations
at the forefront of the negotiations. I feel very powerful at this moment.
C New developments
Strategic programmes on supply chains. More strategic programmes are developing, with
a strong analysis of supply chains. For instance, a new programme in India is working with
cotton farmers, handloom weavers of cotton yarn, and women workers in garment factories.
The programme seeks to give each of them greater power in the supply chain for cotton
textiles.
Work with the food processing and manufacturing sector to increase Fair Trade sales.
Parts of the food processing and manufacturing sector in the UK have been shown that they
can engage directly with small producers on fair terms. Products which are attractive to
younger consumers, such as snack bars, fruit drinks, and baked products, and which contain
sufficient Fair Trade ingredients to carry the Fairtrade Mark, are being promoted. Having
demonstrated the viability of manufacturing these Fair Trade goods, major retailers have
now been approached and they are beginning to take up the issue with their suppliers.
Working with the private sector. In Indonesia, Oxfam has started to conduct joint research
with a multi-national company to explore the contribution of Foreign Direct Investment to
poverty reduction. The findings of this research will not only be useful in Indonesia. They will
also help Oxfam to define advocacy in order to enhance private sector accountability and
responsible investment, and to lobby governments to include pro-poor policies in trade and
manufacturing. Other projects with the private sector include working with a major insurance
company to bring skills to local organisations in South Africa and discussing with various
financial institutions how we can influence the banking sector to respond more effectively to
poor producers.
D Lessons, issues, and risks

! New skills and relationships to work on markets. To develop our work on markets, it
has been important to invest in the development of tools and training for both Oxfam staff
and partners. Collaboration with the Intermediate Technology Development Group to
develop a simple tool to analyse markets and with Traidcraft in running workshops for
staff and partners has produced good results, leading to developments in some existing
programmes as well as supporting the development of new programmes. New markets
programmes however require Oxfams traditional skills too, for instance in supporting the
formation of strong membership groups that can sustain activities and development.
Markets programmes are also bringing Oxfam into a broader range of partnerships and
relationships, in order to ensure effective programming and to seek to maximise impact.
! Campaign strategies and alliances. Working as Oxfam International and in alliance
with others, we have made enormous progress towards our objective of building a global
campaigning force which is capable of achieving significant policy change globally. We
8
The G20 is a bloc of developing nations which emerged in the run-up to the World Trade Organisation meeting
in Cancn.

have built the capacity to engage millions of people in campaigning and have helped to
build some broad South-North alliances. We have helped poor producers, such as coffee
and cotton farmers, to join in regional and international forums, broadening their
knowledge and experience, and enabling them to influence their future. Oxfams new
global campaign on women workers rights, Trading Away our Rights (2004), involved a
new level of engagement with partners in developing countries in campaign planning.
But there continue to be real tensions in this work. As we said last year, we still have
much to learn about campaigning with partners in the South, and ensuring that change is
seen through to tangible results for people living in poverty. We are also aware that
Oxfam can crowd out other organisations with the power of our voice. We need to
ensure that our approach to campaigning leads not just to changes in policy, but also
promotes an environment in which southern organisations and networks can achieve
their own political strength and legitimacy. There are challenges in balancing campaign
strategy with opportunism, and in agreeing policy positions across diverse partners and
allies. There are some inherent tensions in global campaigning that we dont expect to
overcome entirely, but we need to continue our efforts to manage these tensions better.
! Gender. In a number of programmes, women are gaining greater access to and control
over resources. This, in turn, is leading to women gaining greater respect and confidence
and having more power to make decisions at home and in the community. But some of
the risks and difficulties involved are also evident. For instance, as women take on new
roles, it is only in a few cases that we find men becoming more involved in household
tasks, so women often end up having more work to do. The difficulty of changing
relations between women and men in a fundamental way is also apparent. But, as Case
Study 5 from the Albania programme shows, there have been many positive results in
empowering women. Staff believe this has come from working with men as well as
women, so that each comes to see and appreciate the others contribution. However,
staff have expressed their concern that sometimes men have a tendency to take over the
lead of new ventures once they become established. The West Africa Region also notes
that there is a need to do further work with partners to ensure that decision-making and
representation are truly inclusive. For example, women are participating more in local
decision-making in the pastoral programme, but no women were included in a visit of
pastoralist partners to Kenya.
In our campaigning on trade issues, there are challenges too. We have often found it
difficult to incorporate a strong gender analysis and strategies to address gender issues.
Many of our partners are organisations in which women have a low profile. For example,
in our campaigning on cotton, staff from West Africa note that men farmers are more
strongly organised than women. Concrete actions are needed if women are to gain more
control over resources and markets. Our new Trading away our Rights campaign
focuses on women workers. A strong gender analysis has been sustained in the
development of this campaign and it has been possible to communicate gender issues
simply in the campaign messages.
! Long term investment in the poorest countries. In some programme areas, we have
been involved for at least ten years, often providing a combination of humanitarian and
livelihood support. But, as was illustrated in the example of Ethiopia, we have sometimes
failed to have a significant impact in the face of the diverse social, economic, political,
and environmental factors constraining development. Oxfam needs to consider how it
can contribute to broader and sustainable changes in the future in these places. Ethiopia
is now one of the countries Oxfam has identified for concentrated investment to learn
how we can significantly scale-up the impact and reach of our livelihoods work.
The prevalence of AIDS adds to the challenge in many countries too, changing the whole
face of poverty, and requiring new approaches and partnerships for action. The need for

social safety nets and social security systems must be tackled. (See section on The
Right to Basic Social Services, page 29, for more discussion on HIV/AIDS)
! Corporate sector engagement. Oxfam is extending its engagement with the corporate
sector in a variety of ways and, as campaigning puts more scrutiny on company
behaviour and policies, companies are increasingly seeking this. We sometimes both
support governments and advocate for them to fulfil their obligations. In the same way,
we need to explore ways in which we can engage with the private sector without
compromising our ability to influence company accountability.
! Links and tensions between Fair Trade and ethical trade. Our efforts to help poor
producers to gain access to Fair Trade markets on the one hand, and to promote better
working conditions within the supply chains of northern retailers and major companies,
are complementary. However, some retailers may use the fact that they stock Fair Trade
products as an excuse for not improving standards in their other (i.e. non-Fair Trade)
supply chains. We must continue to address this type of risk, using our influence in the
Ethical Trading Initiative and other forums.
! Development of microcredit and microfinance provisions. The UN International Year
of Microcredit (2005) provides an opportunity for Oxfam to engage with others in
considering the range of products that very poor people need in order to obtain the
resources to achieve a sustainable livelihood. In seeking to support people who are very
vulnerable economically, Oxfam has tended to provide a combination of financial
services and non-financial support. We have paid particular attention to developing
models that ensure women benefit from financial services. We have also, on occasion,
played the role of guarantor to encourage banks to agree to loans for enterprises
developed by poor people. Oxfam has also had requests to act as a finance institution
and to provide loans itself. We will not become a finance institution, but we do need to
reconsider what we can contribute to overcoming the barriers poor people face in
accessing mainstream financial services and expanding their enterprises.

2 The Right to Basic Social Services
$ People living in poverty will achieve tangible improvements in their health through
increased access to basic health services, clean water, and sanitation facilities.
$ All children living in poverty will achieve their right to a good-quality basic
education, and adults will have access to sufficient educational opportunities to
help overcome their poverty.
Oxfams priority under this aim is to support the achievement of universal, good-quality,
basic education, particularly for girls. This includes campaigning for effective financing
mechanisms for basic education.
In areas where we work, we seek to take account of the impact that HIV/AIDS is having
adapting our strategies and interventions as necessary to make them effective and relevant
to communities affected by HIV/AIDS. We support some strategic initiatives and undertake
advocacy to develop appropriate prevention, treatment, and care services.
We seek to increase poor peoples access to essential medicines by campaigning with

others for changes in intellectual property rules and in the practices of pharmaceutical
companies in the production and pricing of essential medicines. We have campaigned
especially for a reduction in the price of medicines for the treatment of AIDS.
We support developments of health services and financing mechanisms, which make

services accessible to poor people. In particular, we focus on seeking adequate funding and
services for poor people to be able to access treatment and care for AIDS.

EDUCATION
Highlights
! Governments adopting policies and new practices which support better access to, and
quality of, education for girls and marginalised groups.
! The strength of the Global Campaign for Education. It inspires children, parents, and
teachers across the world to take action. Almost one million children from 120 countries
lobbied their parliaments during the 2004 Global Week of Action.
! Some progress in donor countries committing funds to the Fast Track Initiative9 for which
Oxfam and others have campaigned. Greater engagement of civil society concerning
education budgets and monitoring how money is spent.
Quality and equality in education for girls and boys

Programmes that bring direct benefits at a community level and engage poor people in
advocating for improvements in educational provision are showing good results in a variety
of national settings. In our direct work with partners at community level, we are supporting
projects in the formal and non-formal education sectors. Projects involve initiatives designed
9
The Fast Track Initiative is a mechanism for channelling funds to governments of poor countries with good
national development plans.

to increase parents interest in, and demand for, education for girls; to develop new curricula;
to promote child-centred teaching approaches; to improve the quality of school buildings;
and to involve parents in school management. Usually programmes work on several of these
components. However, as we reflected last year, it is difficult to ensure parallel
improvements in access for marginalised groups and in all the factors required to improve
the quality of education provision. The campaigning that is done alongside the local
programmes seeks to change policy and practice in order to make lasting and widespread
improvements.
The complex web of factors that need to be shifted are well illustrated by Oxfams education
programme in Kenya. It seeks to increase access to good-quality early childhood
development and basic education services for pastoralist, slum, and street children. The
strength of Oxfams programme lies in the combination of strategies it uses. Practical
solutions at a local level with strong community ownership are being demonstrated. Through
engagement in these developments, people are coming together and finding strength to
advocate for change. The programme has both helped to develop coalitions and works with
others to lobby the Kenyan government. At the same time, we are working with the
government to develop and implement policies that will provide sustainable solutions.
% Case study 9: Access to quality education for marginalised

children in Kenya
In the Kibera slum in Nairobi, 2,225 children are benefiting from going to the
five early childhood development centres and two primary schools developed
by the programme.
In Thika town, 511 girls have enrolled in rehabilitation centres for street
children and 401 girls who formerly lived on the streets are going to public
schools in Mombasa and Nairobi. 183 graduates of the programme are now
employed and most of them are now supporting their family.
School enrolment has increased by about 26 per cent between 2002 and
2004 in the pastoralist areas supported by Oxfams programme. Classrooms
have been built or improved, new teachers trained, and others trained as
resource teachers to assist their colleagues. Thirty inspectors have been
trained in new methods and practices in inspection.
The need for birth certificates, age restrictions in government schools, a
standardised curriculum, and negative attitudes of officials, are four of the
many factors that have prevented children from marginalised groups from
going to school in the past. Demonstration of viable solutions within the
programme, direct campaigning by local people, and campaigning within the
Elimu Yetu Coalition are helping to change the situation:
# A petition from the Kibera community to the Ministry of Education in 2001
resulted in one of the schools in the programme becoming an
examination centre for the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education.
# Lobbying has resulted in relaxation of some regulations by the
government Registrar of Persons and in street children being able to
obtain identity cards.
# A Non-Formal Education desk has been established at the Ministry of
Education and a Coalition for Pastoralists Childrens Education is being
hosted within the office of the President. Policies on pastoralist education
have been developed and now need to be presented in cabinet papers for
discussion in Parliament. Stereotypes about pastoralists lack of interest
in education for their children are being shaken and, in particular,

government officers in the Oxfam programme area are showing
commitment to making improvements in education provision.
# The new Kenyan government declared primary education to be free in
2003. Lobbying continues to make it compulsory and to gain recognition
of the important place of non-formal education in achieving the Millennium
Development Goal of Universal Primary Education. As a step towards
providing support to non-formal schools in Nairobi, the government is now
collecting information on existing schools, helped by Elimu Kwa
Wanavijiji, the association of lobbying groups that Oxfam has nurtured in
the slums.
# Involvement in the Global Campaign for Educations Global Week of
Action each year has influenced both the community and the government.
For instance, the Hands up for Girls campaign in 2003 contributed to the
increase in girls enrolment that is occurring in the Kibera schools. During
the 2004 childrens lobby of parliaments, the government in Kenya
announced an end to compulsory school uniforms.
Although there is still a way to go before sustainable solutions are
implemented by government, there is momentum to make progress. The
programme is contributing to this momentum by supporting local people to
demand that changes are made, through good research and documentation
of facts and figures, by working in coalition with others and by demonstrating
practical local solutions that are owned by the community.
Programmes in other countries illustrate innovative developments as well, and progress is

being made towards the introduction of policies and practices that support better educational
provision for girls and marginalised groups.
# In Mali, Oxfam has been working in pastoralist areas, developing community schools
with partner organisations. Local women have been employed as animatrices to
encourage parents to send their girls to school and to work with teachers and mothers to
make schools friendly for girls. The animatrices are helping to change the belief that
girls have low intellectual abilities, and teachers have been able to persuade some
parents to delay the marriage of their daughters and allow them to continue their
education. The number of girls in the schools within the programme has almost doubled,
from 749 girls in 1999/2000 to 1,423 in 2002/2003. However, a review of the programme
showed that greater priority needs to be given to encouraging girls attendance and
achievement once enrolled in school. Animatrices also need support to challenge gender
stereotypes and help parents to perceive greater value in the education of girls, beyond
that of helping them to become good wives and mothers. The Ministry of Education has
agreed a process for taking responsibility for the community schools by the end of the
programme, and new curricula have been developed which will change the messages
about gender that girls and boys learn at school.
# In Viet Nam, Oxfam has worked with the government over a number of years to develop
and promote education services. The demonstration of new ways of doing things through
the Oxfam programme has led to wider adoption of these approaches. For instance, the
work done on training teachers in child-centred learning methods has led to them
becoming government policy. Training local members of the community to build schools
resulted in high-quality buildings and a low level of corruption. The World Bank, which
has a large budget for building schools in Vietnam, has now adopted this model. In Sapa
District, Lao Cai Province, Oxfam supported partners to carry out a campaign to
encourage parents to send their children especially girls to school. There were
activities in schools and hamlets, including theatre, and campaign materials were

produced. The success of the campaign has encouraged the District Education
Department to agree to continue this type of activity.
# In Zambezia, Northern Mozambique, the provision of better school buildings, hostels
for girls, housing for women teachers and incentives for women to teach in rural schools
has increased the number of women teachers and the number of girls in school.
Communities took charge of school construction and contributed building materials.
Between 2003 and 2004, the number of girls in one school shot up from 198 to 741. In
others, the number of girls increased by between 31 per cent and 103 per cent over a
one or two year period. Oxfams campaigning with others in the past contributed to the
governments decision to establish school councils in all primary schools. Oxfam is now
supporting the development of these councils in its programme area, starting with ten
pilot schools. The councils have, for the first time this year, participated in the enrolment
of children, and some have been involved in the collection of enrolment fees and in the
development of the school plan and budget. Adult literacy centres have been established
to help school council members in their new role. Campaigning with others to promote
local teaching methods and curricula has also been successful. The new primary school
curriculum allocates 20 per cent of the time to topics of importance locally and this is
providing the opportunity to promote teaching about HIV.
# In Cambodia, support for girls dormitories helps to keep girls who live far away in
school, and increases their access to higher education.
Financing and accountability in education

Oxfam continues to campaign internationally and nationally to achieve adequate financing
for education in poor countries, and it is disappointing that only slow progress is being made
in donors meeting their commitments to Education for All and putting resources into the Fast
Track Initiative10. In the UK, however, the government has now committed US$21 million to
the Fast Track Initiative, having initially opposed the scheme. The slow progress overall was
acknowledged by the President of the World Bank at the 2004 spring meetings of the World
Bank and International Monetary Fund. Extensive lobbying by Oxfam and the Global
Campaign for Education11 had helped ensure that education was high on the agenda.
Within countries where we work, we are seeing some increases in funding of education
services. We are also beginning to see civil society organisations becoming more involved in
holding governments to account for how budgets are spent. There are some early signs that
this can be effective in ensuring money is spent as intended. Examples of how our partners
are contributing include:
# In Brazil, the Minister of Education has invited representatives of the National Campaign
for the Right to Education to join an executive group in charge of discussing public
education finances and social control. Recently, the government also announced an
increase of more than 15 per cent in the minimum value of the National Fund for the
Development of Primary Education and the valorisation of primary school teachers.
# In Malawi, the Malawi Economic Justice Network, together with other networks, has
surveyed primary schools and other services to see whether the extra resources
allocated to them in the countrys Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper have reached the
grassroots. Interviews in the communities sought peoples views about local services.
Financial figures at the end of the year showed that, in the areas of service monitored,
10
The Fast Track Initiative is a mechanism for channelling funds to governments of poor countries with good
national development plans.
11
The Global Campaign for Education is a broad coalition of major NGOs, national coalitions and teachers
unions in more than one hundred and fifty countries. Oxfam promoted its formation and remains an active
member.

resources were not reallocated, whereas reallocations did occur in areas where there
was no monitoring.
# In Indonesia, after lobbying by Oxfams partner, Yayasan Madura Mandiri (Madura Self-
Reliance Foundation), the local Parliament in Madura increased the education budget
from 4 per cent to 12 per cent of the local development budget. The education campaign
has also driven the multi-stakeholder forum for education to push the Indonesian
government to increase the national budget for education.
# In Zambia, the national education coalition, Zanec, successfully lobbied the government
to create 1,500 teachers jobs. This was achieved in the face of a freeze on wages and
recruitment of teachers for 2004, imposed as a result of World Bank and International
Monetary Fund conditions.
# In Tanzania, TEN/MET, the Tanzania Education Network, in collaboration with Oxfam,
has developed A Simple Guide to Working with Finances and Education. TEN/MET has
used the booklet in training to enable groups to monitor how budgets are spent. Ten
TEN/MET members carried out a study in 14 districts focusing on money allocated for
the development of school committees and in-service teacher-training. They found that
the funds allocated are inadequate and those that are received are not always used
efficiently.
The Week of Action that is organised by the Global Campaign for Education (GCE) each
year stimulates widespread action around the world and provides a focus for dialogue
between civil society and governments in the North and South. Oxfam commits significant
staff time to helping organise the week and to supporting it in countries where we have
education programmes. In 2004, almost one million children from 120 countries took part in
a lobby of parliamentarians, and 15 heads of state were involved. The focus this year on
parliamentarians seemed to increase the impact that national coalitions had, and various
policy announcements were made during the week, including an agreement to abolish
compulsory school uniforms in Kenya as mentioned above. In the Philippines, after a
session with children in the national parliament, MPs from several cross-party committees
vowed to lead a push for budget increases for basic education. Over two-thirds of UK MPs
took part in the UK MPs Back to School Day organised by Oxfam on behalf of the GCE.
The MPs who went into schools that day included the Education Minister and International
Development Minister. In the United States of America, Oxfam supported a GCE Week of
Action event with Hillary Clinton, where the senator launched a new initiative to increase the
USs aid to education by 500 per cent.
HEALTH
Highlights
! Other organisations want to learn from Oxfams initiatives to develop a workplace
HIV/AIDS policy, and to find ways of adapting programmes to take account of the impact
of HIV/AIDS.
! The falling price of medicines, especially for the treatment of AIDS, in poor countries.
! More money available for the treatment of AIDS and other major illnesses in poor
countries, through a variety of mechanisms, including the Global Fund12 that Oxfam and
others campaigned for. Oxfam chosen as a representative of civil society agencies on
12
The Global Fund was created to attract, manage, and disburse resources to fight AIDS, tuberculosis, and
malaria. It is a partnership between governments, civil society, the private sector, and affected communities. It
operates as a financial mechanism and does not implement programmes directly.

the Portfolio Management and Procurement Committee of the Global Fund. However,
major constraints still prevent poor people actually accessing treatment.
Responding to HIV/AIDS
Adapting programmes to take account of HIV/AIDS mainstreaming
The Southern Africa Region is leading the way within Oxfam in finding innovative ways of
adapting programmes to make them more relevant to the situation created by HIV/AIDS. The
whole shape of communities is changing and services are breaking down as a result of
sickness and death related to HIV. Within the Region, it is now a requirement that all staff
take account of HIV/AIDS during programme design and development. HIV/AIDS is talked
about directly in designing programmes with communities in order to raise awareness and
develop ownership within the community of actions that can help the situation. Sometimes
practical actions can be taken to adapt programmes to the situation. For instance:
& In Malawi, treadle pumps were being provided to help farmers irrigate their land. A
simple modification to the design meant that they needed less physical strength to be
used.
& In western Zambia, where Oxfam was responsible for transporting food aid during the
2002/2003 food crisis, all the truck drivers were given training about HIV/AIDS, and in
how to discuss it with their friends, families, and others. They were given condoms for
themselves and to hand out, and the lorries displayed prominent messages about
HIV/AIDS.
& In Mozambique, a new school curriculum allows schools to decide how 20 per cent of
the time is spent. In areas where Oxfam is supporting education programmes, this has
provided the opportunity for education about HIV/AIDS to be incorporated.
The discussion about HIV/AIDS that Oxfam staff and partners have promoted within
communities can be seen to have an impact. This was shown to be the case in an evaluation
of programmes in Malawi, where most progress has been made in making innovations and
adaptations. In some places there is a noticeable decrease in stigmatisation of people
affected by HIV, and with it, an increase in willingness to support previously marginalised
members of the community. There are also examples of deeply held beliefs and practices
changing as a result of greater recognition of the impact of HIV/AIDS. One example has
already been given from Malawi, where peoples apprehensions about writing wills were
allayed (see Case study 4). Other examples of changes occurring from work in the Southern
Africa Region include:
& In Malawi, after traditional initiation ceremonies, the initiated take part in a cleansing
ceremony in which they have sexual intercourse. In programme areas it has been
possible to change ideas about this and the cleansing ceremony is now not very
common.
& In Oxfams humanitarian programmes in response to the drought in the Region in
2002/03, community committees were responsible for allocating food and other items.
They decided to give special attention to households where there was no adult, where
elderly people were looking after children, and where there were chronically sick people.
Oxfam has sought to learn alongside other agencies in the Southern Africa region, and to
promote approaches and innovations that we have found useful both within the region and
beyond. This includes sharing our experience in developing an Oxfam workplace policy on
HIV/AIDS and the value of this for staff and the organisation. Within Southern Africa, we see
some of our ideas being taken up by government and non-governmental organisations.
Oxfam has been invited to join the regions UN-led high-level working group on the triple
thread HIV/AIDS, Food Security, and Governance.

In Oxfams Horn, East and Central Africa Region, although HIV/AIDS mainstreaming
activities are at an earlier stage, progress is being made. For instance, in Oxfams Northern
Uganda programme with displaced people, community committees are ensuring that
chronically ill people and those affected by HIV/AIDS are considered when distributions are
made and other services organised. And, some partner agencies are discussing HIV/AIDS
as a workforce issue, and developing workplace policies.
Despite the efforts being made by Oxfam in Southern Africa, in particular, to ensure that
HIV/AIDS is considered in all areas of the programme, we recognise that our activities are
not yet of sufficient scale. There remain huge challenges in defining how Oxfam can best
contribute to addressing the pandemic, balancing mainstreaming actions with innovative
work and advocacy, to develop adequate prevention, treatment, and care services.
Innovation and influencing policy about prevention, treatment and care

While not engaging in wide-scale provision of prevention, care, and treatment services,
Oxfam is working with others in a number of Regions to promote their development. This
involves supporting innovative developments and advocacy both within countries and
internationally.
% Case study 10: Home-based care for people affected by

HIV/AIDS in Malawi.
Some prevention, treatment, and care initiatives have been supported in
Southern Africa alongside the mainstreaming activities. For instance,
community care groups have been promoted in Malawi.
Oxfam has provided training and mentoring to volunteers, helping people in
their own communities who are affected by HIV/AIDS. Practical support is
also provided in the form of food, household items, and care items. About 900
families are benefiting. The emotional as well as the practical support
provided by the volunteers is appreciated. For example, three times a week, a
volunteer visits Martha Njova, who is 13 years old and cares for her two
younger sisters. Martha says: She [the volunteer] helps me with drawing
water, making porridge, and cultivating our garden. She gives us soap, food,
counselling, and encouragement, and advises us not to stop going to school
but to continue our education. She advises us about HIV/AIDS and many
other things. Before she came we were struggling because both our parents
are dead and we had no-one to help us, but now we have help. Nowadays I
am stronger and can do more work in our house and the advice she gives
me really helps.
Other initiatives are being taken by some of the care groups. For instance, in
Mbelezi, volunteers used some of the seeds they were given during the food
crisis to plant a communal garden and give the crops to orphans and
households where there are no adults.
In Thailand, one of Oxfams partners is the Perinatal HIV Prevention Trial, Chang Mai. The
scientific research and innovative prevention, treatment, and care programmes carried out
by the group are providing firm evidence on which service developments could be more
widely adopted. They are also changing attitudes of both professionals and people affected
by HIV/AIDS.
In India, where Oxfam has several years experience supporting partner agencies with a
range of HIV/AIDS projects, we are being invited to be more involved in policy debates and
are undertaking more advocacy. For instance, Oxfam is one of the prime players promoting
debate nationally about the importance of care and treatment services to prevent HIV/AIDS.

Campaigning to cut the cost of medicines and on the financing of services.
Campaigning to cut the cost of medicines and on the financing of services is the third
element of Oxfams work on HIV/AIDS.
% Case study 11: Access to treatment for HIV/AIDS

The price of antiretroviral medicines for the treatment of AIDS in poor
countries has dropped greatly over the past few years, from about US$12,000
to US$200 per person per year. Under special circumstances it is about
US$140. During this time, Oxfam joined others campaigning to cut the cost of
medicines. The fall in price has come about as a result of more developing
countries producing or importing generic versions of medicines and more
international pharmaceutical companies accepting the concept of selling
medicines at reduced prices to poor countries. Some progress has been
made in relation to the World Trade Organisations intellectual property rules
(TRIPS)13, with the 2001 Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health14.
Some developing countries are using the increased policy space to negotiate
price cuts from international pharmaceutical companies, in order to be able to
extend treatment programmes. For instance, Bristol-Myers Squibb has come
to an agreement with the government of Brazil to sell Atazanavir at 76 per
cent less than the market price. This will lead to an annual saving of more
than US$ 60 million on AIDS treatment costs in Brazil. There has also been a
World Trade Organisation agreement that is supposed to allow export of
generic versions of medicines to countries that cannot produce them
themselves. However, the restricted and complex nature of the deal makes it
difficult to use, and there is concern that production of low-price, generic
medicines may dry-up from 2005 when all the key countries producing
generic medicines have to implement the TRIPS Agreement.
The strength of the international campaign about access to medicines has
come from the combined expertise and contributions of the international and
national organisations and networks involved. They include Mdicins Sans
Frontires, Health Action International, Treatment Action Campaign in South
Africa, NGOs in India, and networks in Thailand and Uganda. Oxfams
particular contributions have been:
& Good quality research and policy analysis that was taken seriously by
different constituencies, and helped challenge the intellectual arguments
underpinning the TRIPS Agreement. It was welcomed by developing
countries because it assisted them in World Trade Organisation
discussions.
& A focus on the broader development issues as well as the health
dimensions of global intellectual property rules, which has helped shift the
terms of debate on TRIPS.
& A focus on major pharmaceutical companies and investors, which has led
to broader engagement with companies in discussing ideas and
strategies for increasing access to medicines in poor countries.
13
TRIPS the World Trade Organisations Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.
14
Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health this reconfirmed the primacy of public health over private
patents, and the rights of governments to use the TRIPS public health safeguards to the full, to promote access
to medicines for all.

& Our ability to attract media attention to the issue, to generate public
concern, and to support key southern organisations and networks in their
campaigning.
The fall in the price of medicines is significant. More money is becoming available for the
treatment of AIDS and other major illnesses in poor countries through a variety of funds,
including the Global Fund. However, if poor people are to receive the treatment they need,
action continues to be needed on all fronts: global intellectual property rules and the price of
medicines, in particular in relation to US bilateral free trade agreements with developing
countries; political will; finance for purchasing medicines; the development of health
systems; and Research and Development of drugs for the treatment of illnesses which are
common in poor countries.
Financing of, and access to, health services

Oxfam continues to lobby with others for adequate financing for health services, and the
development of an equitable financing framework for donor countries. We support research
and engage in debate about how available funds, especially through the Global Fund, are
used. For instance, we are now considering increasing our support to Equinet, in Southern
Africa, which is monitoring the impact of global funding mechanisms on health service
development and poor peoples access to services. This research is attracting the interest of
a number of donors, including DFID, the World Bank, the World Health Organisation, and
other government and civil society actors. Since 2003, Oxfams health adviser has been
sitting on the Portfolio Management and Procurement Committee of the Global Fund, having
been selected by the northern NGO community as one of its two representatives.
Oxfams long term commitment in Armenia to testing and developing a model of
community-based health financing has had excellent results and provides a good example of
how small innovations can spread and potentially bring about widespread change. Oxfam is
now on a working group with the Armenian Ministry of Health, considering the integration of
the model into national policy (see Case Study 12). In schemes such as these, the
community only makes a small contribution towards the overall costs of community health
care perhaps five per cent but contributes about 80 per cent of the costs of medicines.
The international community still needs to give long-term support to the financing of health
services for poor countries. These community-based models can, however, create
community ownership and the spur for change, as has been the case in Armenia.
% Case study 12: Modelling a way of developing primary health
care services in Armenia
In 1995, Oxfam started to work in the remote village of Goghtanik in Southern
Armenia. The health care infrastructure in Armenia, developed during Soviet
times, had collapsed and the health of people living in remote villages in
mountainous areas was deteriorating. Oxfam, inspired by the 1987 WHO and
UNICEF Bamako Initiative on community-based financing for basic health
care in Africa, decided to see if a simple health-financing scheme would work
in these remote areas of Armenia. The idea was to ask poor people to
contribute a nominal amount every three months in return for necessary
medication, a working health clinic, the services of a dedicated nurse, and a
functioning water system. The scheme would work within the government
health structure, by asking the community to make a contribution to funding
and running it.
People in Goghtanik were distrustful of Oxfam and its idea, and initially only a
small number of families joined the scheme. They persuaded the local nurse,
whose clinic was cramped and dirty and whose drugs cabinet had been

empty for years, to join the scheme. As Oxfam staff demonstrated that they
wanted to work closely with the villagers, and when repairs to the clinic were
done as promised, trust in the scheme grew, and other members of the
community joined in. People from neighbouring villages then started asking
whether they too could have a scheme. By 1999, Oxfam was working in 47
villages. In that year, when people heard that Oxfam had more money for the
scheme, heads of villages from two regions started putting in bids for their
villages to be considered. Oxfam now works in 78 villages with its major
partner Support to Communities and, with the support of other donors who
have seen the positive results being obtained, they are starting to work in a
further 22 villages in another region. About 68,000 people now have access
to primary health care services through the scheme. People are not only
seeing improvements in their health, they have been helped to regain their
dignity. Communities manage the financial contributions to the scheme and
decide how exemptions are made.
As the scheme developed, Oxfam and its partners started lobbying nationally
for improvements in primary health care services. In 2003, hundreds of
people joined in campaigning on the streets and calling for change. Since
then, the government has invited Oxfam on to a working group with the
Ministry of Health, to help integrate the community-financing model into
national policy.
Similar schemes are operating in villages in Azerbaijan and Georgia, and a
start is about to be made in Yemen.
C New developments
Beyond Access. Oxfam is playing an increasing role in bringing together practitioners,
academics, and policy makers to share good practices and discuss policy in education. An
important vehicle is the seminar series organised by Oxfam and London Universitys Institute
of Education, under the Beyond Access project. It looks at quality and gender equality in
education. The seminars are receiving enthusiastic support from those participating,
including within DFID, the projects funder. The project is generating relevant materials to
support policy development in education, and the e-network set up by the project is
broadening the reach of those able to participate.
The Commonwealth Education Fund.15 The Fund is providing an incentive and support for
increased civil society networking and engagement in policy discussion about education in
developing countries in the Commonwealth. It is managed jointly by Action Aid, Save the
Children, and Oxfam, both internationally and in the countries where funds are being
allocated. In Zambia, where Oxfam is the lead managing agency, the work has been slow to
get going, with mixed expectations and insufficient management capacity. We believe we
have now addressed these problems.
Public Sector Research Project. The project is looking at how resources can be deployed
to best effect in developing countries and what obstacles are in the way of this. The research
will provide a framework and analysis to aid understanding of the minimum conditions and
public sector institutions required to deliver equitable and good-quality public services, based
on good governance practices and strong civil society participation. The emphasis is on how
to implement and deliver good-quality public services so that Oxfam can develop a clear
programme policy and engage decision makers in practical terms. Four country case studies
15
The Commonwealth Education Fund was set up by the British Government with funding of 10 million and with
the aim of raising further money to ensure that education remains at the top of the political and social agenda of
developing countries throughout the Commonwealth.

are involved: Mali looking at education and, in particular, the context and policy environment
for promoting gender-equitable education; Yemen looking at the health system; Mozambique
with an HIV/AIDS focus; and Tanzania looking at education services in the context of
decentralisation. The research is almost complete.

! Educational equality between girls and boys. The number of girls in formal education
is increasing within Oxfams programme areas, and globally. The goal of equal
participation of girls and boys in education is achievable, but it wont be reached by the
target date of 2005 set in the Millennium Development Goals. Achieving the changes
within education systems and in communities that support girls to stay in school and
promote their achievement and equality with boys are more complex and challenging.
! Innovations to develop appropriate services for excluded groups. Oxfam is gaining
good experience in developing innovative educational provision for previously excluded
children, especially the children of pastoralists, and of gaining government support for
these developments. We need to continue the process of exchanging experiences
between staff in West Africa and the Horn, East and Central Africa, and of sharing our
learning with others.
! Moving into campaigning and influencing policy. Where Oxfam has strong education
programmes on the ground with good participation from communities, we are seeing
increasing engagement on policy issues. Association with activities promoted by the
Global Campaign for Education can give added strength to local advocacy. However,
staff and partners still need support to develop national-level advocacy and campaign
plans.
! Developing our expertise in education. Programme staff and partners have been
encouraged to learn from one another through visits and workshops, and to engage in
debates outside Oxfam. For example, staff have been able to participate in some of the
Beyond Access seminars or present their work at the 2003 Oxford International
Conference on Education and Development. Oxfam hosted a meeting to bring people
together to discuss education for pastoralist communities. Staff have been supported to
write about their work for publishing. Good resource materials have also been
developed16, and we now need to support staff and partners to make good use of them.
! The impact of HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS is transforming the reality of poverty and inequality
in large parts of Africa and the whole shape of communities is being changed. We are
not yet paying sufficient attention across our programmes as to how we should adapt
what we do to ensure that it is effective and relevant, given the impact that HIV/AIDS is
having or might have in future. We also need to scale-up successful work. A good start
has been made in Southern Africa, where we have worked and learned in partnership
with others. But even there we recognise the need for more strategic partnerships to be
formed, and for us to have clarity about what we can contribute best in regional and
national communities.
! Financing for basic services and the capacities required to deliver quality public
services. Financing for basic services in poor countries remains a major problem, with
donor commitments to existing funding mechanisms falling far short of the need. Without
the development of services, poor people will remain unable to obtain the treatment they
need for HIV/AIDS and other major illnesses. The quality of education that children
receive will remain poor. Oxfams Public Sector Research Project will enhance our
understanding of the financing and capacity issues that are holding back the provision of
16
Oxfam publications: Practising Gender Analysis in Education; Gender, Education and Development
(forthcoming); Beyond Access Project newsletter, Equals.

good-quality services, and help us develop our programme policy. We recognise that
only a few countries in Oxfams Middle East, Eastern Europe and Commonwealth of
Independent States Region are currently working on health policy development, whereas
our broader base of education programmes gives us a stronger base to inform policy.
Campaigning with others about the Millennium Development Goals will be important in
seeking further action from the international community.

3 The Right Life and Security
$ Fewer people die, fall sick, and suffer deprivation as a result of armed conflict or
natural disasters.
$ Fewer people will suffer personal or communal violence, forced displacement, or

armed conflict.
Within this aim, Oxfams priority is humanitarian response. Our focus remains on our areas
of distinctive competence in public health (specifically water and sanitation, health
promotion, and food security) and gender sensitive humanitarian response. We seek to
improve protection of civilians and the quality of humanitarian assistance by:
# Ensuring timely, effective and accountable responses to acute public health emergencies
as and when they arise in the world.
# Improving the quality and impact of our on-going humanitarian assistance programmes
in response to chronic emergencies in many parts of the world.
We work in alliance with others to persuade the international community, states, and
individuals to take up their humanitarian responsibilities and to give them support to fulfil
their obligations. We seek to engage with greater effectiveness to protect civilians in armed
conflict, highlighting action required in specific crises as well as highlighting changes needed
globally, for instance to ensure that aid is based on need.
We strive to improve the accountability of humanitarian aid donors and deliverers, including
Oxfam, to the populations assisted. Using Sphere standards as a key measure, we seek to
ensure that donors and humanitarian agencies deliver assistance to agreed standards on
the basis of need and in accordance with the rights of those affected by disasters.
We seek to improve our own preparedness, and to support civil society to play its role both
in advocating for appropriate assistance and in being prepared to respond directly where
appropriate.
We play a role in developing technical expertise and innovative ways of delivering
humanitarian assistance.
We undertake activities relating to humanitarian work in nearly all the countries where we
have a long-term presence, as well as in a few where we do not have a base. In 2003/2004,
Oxfam GB was involved in humanitarian response programmes in more than 40 countries. In
more than 50 countries world-wide, Oxfam GB is leading contingency planning, as part of a
wider Oxfam International initiative.
Within Oxfams work on conflict reduction, our main focus is:
# Supporting civil society organisations and initiatives to reduce conflict and develop
peaceful livelihoods.
# Working to curb the flow of arms to reduce the threat of violence to civilians.

HUMANITARIAN PROGRAMME
Highlights
! Responding quickly in a number of rapid-onset emergencies. For instance, Oxfam and
partner organisations provided plastic sheeting for emergency shelter, food and items
such as bleaching powder to mitigate immediate health risks, within 72 hours, when a
twin typhoon hit Bangladesh.
! Providing life-saving support to people in some very insecure and politically difficult
situations, such as eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, and northern
Uganda. Drawing attention of the international community to the situation of people
caught up in these conflicts to influence the levels of aid and protection provided.
! Communities better able to cope in precarious environments, for instance where there
are recurrent droughts or floods, and where long-term support has been provided, such
as in Kenya and Bangladesh.
! Technical innovations, such as household water filters and mosquito-proof temporary
shelters, and innovations in approach, such as in alternatives to food aid, leading to
more effective responses.
Response to acute emergencies
As in other years, Oxfam has responded to sudden emergencies that have arisen as a result
of floods, landslides, typhoons, and earthquakes, as well as conflict. In some of these
situations, we have seen the benefits of our investments in preparedness and contingency
planning both within Oxfam and with partners and communities ensuring that a rapid and
appropriate response was possible.
In Bangladesh, when a "twin typhoon hit in April 2004, Oxfam and our partners were able
to respond within 72 hours, providing plastic sheeting for emergency shelter, and materials,
such as oral re-hydration salts and bleaching powder, to help mitigate immediate health
risks. Buckets, jerry cans and a food package complying with Sphere standards were
provided, ponds were cleared of debris, tube-wells drilled, and latrines built. About 14,000
people were helped. Oxfam is now co-ordinating a multi-agency assessment to identify what
assistance is required for rehabilitation.
In Sri Lanka, when inter-factional fighting flared-up in April 2004 and people from Batticaloa,
eastern Sri Lanka, fled their homes, Oxfam already had water equipment available locally, in
anticipation, and provided drinking water to about 3,600 people who took refuge in a school.
Water was trucked to the area and an Oxfam water engineer from another area quickly
arrived to ensure the quality of the water provided. After three days, people returned to their
homes.
In Bolivia, disaster preparedness work, supported by Oxfam for over two years, meant that
local communities were able to cope with rapid-onset floods. After an assessment, it was
decided that Oxfam did not need to be involved in the response precisely the sort of impact
that preparedness work seeks to have.
In Iran, a country where Oxfam does not have an office, we made a quick response to the
earthquake that struck Bam on 26 December 2003. Intense activity to agree with other
agencies what we could do to assist led to water equipment and a logistician being flown to

Iran after four days. This was the first step in the programme of assistance that Oxfam then
developed in co-operation with the Iranian authorities.
In rapid-onset emergencies, there are often challenges to face in meeting the high standards
we expect in all our programmes. We may not have knowledge of the area where the
emergency has occurred, or have local partners, and the experience of our own Oxfam GB
teams and partner agencies varies in countries across the world. Sometimes, another
affiliate within Oxfam International is the lead agency for Oxfam in a country, and their
capacities also vary. This emphasises the continued importance of the preparedness and
contingency planning that Oxfam International members are undertaking across the world. It
also underlines the need for good co-ordination and collaboration within and across
agencies to ensure that the necessary knowledge and skills, pertinent to a particular
situation, are put in place.
% Case study 13: Responding after floods in the Dominican

Republic
Oxfam GBs Humanitarian Department collaborated with Intermn Oxfam, the

lead Oxfam in the Dominican Republic, when sudden flooding hit the north of
the country in November 2003. Oxfam GB supported Intermn Oxfam to
make a rapid assessment. This led to a programme to meet immediate public
health needs. Activities then followed to create more permanent solutions and
infrastructure when people returned to their homes. New latrines were
constructed, flooded ones were replaced by better ones, a water storage and
distribution system was installed for about 100 families, and drainage work
was carried out. Health promotion activities, especially with children, were
undertaken in most communities. An innovative element of the programme
was the testing of new family water-purification units. About 40,000 people
benefited directly.
Gender issues were considered from the start in the original assessment
(including the composition of the assessment team), in the consultation
processes, and in the design of the work. Given the rapid response time, and
the short-term nature of the programme, there was good consultation with
communities and their representatives, and collaboration with government
authorities. We hope this will have lasting benefits, particularly in terms of
establishing good co-ordination mechanisms. Local organisations were also
identified in an effort to ensure monitoring of what has been done in the
emergency programme and to support future development activities.
However this is, of course, less certain than the two- to three-year expected
life of the physical infrastructure that was installed.
In another emergency, Oxfam GBs team in the Philippines helped about 1,900 people who
were affected by landslides on 20 December 2003. The locality was new to Oxfam but, in
general, the team was able to provide an appropriate response that was much appreciated
by the communities.
% Case study 13: Response to landslides in Leyte, Philippines

Leyte was a new area for Oxfam to work in. Initial help from other agencies
concentrated on providing food and clothing, so Oxfams ability to address
public health needs filled an important gap. In the livelihood support to the
communities that followed, Oxfam worked through a new partner agency,
SPIADFI. It had long-term experience in the area, but no experience of
humanitarian work. The Oxfam staff involved were very conscious of the need

to apply high standards in their response and, as a result of the intervention,
local people, community leaders, some municipal staff, and SPIADFI all
acknowledged greater awareness of standards needed in emergency
situations. Good knowledge of Sphere technical standards in water and
sanitation provision, and strong participatory ways of working meant that
Oxfam performed relatively well against Sphere standards. However, we
could have done better in relation to public health promotion and meeting our
own gender standards if there had been more experience of these issues in
the team.
An interesting issue raised by this programme is that public health needs and
standards may not be recognised as a priority by communities; good skills in
working with communities are essential if staff are both to respect
communities views and ensure public health risks are understood and
addressed.
Response in chronic conflict and countries emerging from conflict
Oxfam has continued to support large numbers of civilians caught up in long-standing

conflicts around the world and in countries emerging into a more peaceful state. The scale of
this work is reflected in the expenditure on humanitarian work in these countries17. The
seven largest responses, in terms of expenditure, in 2003/2004 were: North and South
Sudan 4.3 million; Angola 2.2 million; Liberia 1.9 million; Uganda 1.7 million;
Democratic Republic of the Congo 1.3 million; Colombia 1.1 million; and Palestinian
Territories 0.9 million. In all these countries, and others, advocacy has been undertaken
alongside direct humanitarian assistance.
Oxfams ability to continue to provide assistance during periods of intense conflict and
insecurity in some countries, and in complex political environments, has been a notable
achievement in itself. However, we have also been faced with enormous difficulties and
constraints in many of these situations. For instance, having weighed-up all the risks,
particularly in terms of the security of Oxfams staff and partners, and our ability to provide
direct humanitarian assistance, our advocacy has on occasions had to be limited. At times,
we have found it hard to provide continuity in management and adequate technical support
to programme staff. The environment we are working in, as well as staff capacity in some
situations, has also made it difficult for us to meet the standards we aspire to in all our
programmes.
Case Study 15 from Ituri, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, illustrates
achievements but also the challenges we have faced as we have sought to continue
supporting communities there through years of conflict.
% Case study 15: Support to civilians in conflict in eastern

Democratic Republic of Congo
Oxfam has been carrying out public health work in Ituri since 1999, and was
one of the first humanitarian agencies to work there. Our activities have
needed to respond to the changing nature of the conflict in the area and, at
times, high levels of insecurity have prevented us from being able to reach
project sites. In May 2003, when Oxfam had just started a rehabilitation
17
These figures represent total direct programme spend during 2003/2004 on humanitarian and conflict
reduction work in the countries mentioned.

programme, the situation in Ituri deteriorated drastically again, and we had to
limit our public health work to Bunia town for several months.
Oxfam responded rapidly and efficiently at that time, launching its programme
in the town three days after the crisis flared-up, and in a very insecure
situation. Water and sanitation facilities were provided to meet the immediate
public health needs of about 45,000 people in camps that were accessible.
This included the provision of facilities at feeding and health centres run by
other agencies. There is some evidence that these facilities helped to reduce
disease and they were highly appreciated by people in the camps.
Substantial advocacy locally, nationally, and internationally was also
undertaken with others at that time to improve the protection of people caught
up in the conflict. Members of the UN Security Council considered
requirements for a protection force and how it should operate. Senior
diplomats and UN officials tell us that information on the local situation was
useful in contributing to their deliberations and decision to deploy the
European Unions peace-keeping force, Artemis, from June to September
2003, to assist the UNs Mission to the Democratic Republic of the Congo
(MONUC). Artemis was undoubtedly successful in saving lives and reducing
suffering through reducing violence and protecting civilians.
Good work was carried out at the height of the crisis in 2003, despite the
difficult working conditions. During this period, the Oxfam office was looted
and we had to move three times. However, since the crisis subsided, we have
found it difficult to sustain our efforts, and we recognise a number of
weaknesses in our work in Ituri. We have not been able to fill key vacancies
on time and have not always assured adequate logistical, financial, and
technical support to the team. All but one member of programme staff has
worked for Oxfam for less than a year. The programme has tended to be
driven by short-term needs for water and sanitation facilities rather than on
sustaining our activities with communities when possible to ensure more
durable changes. We also need to involve women more in projects and need
to give staff more support to begin to address gender issues. Women and
girls in Ituri live under the daily threat of rape but so far Oxfam has not been
actively involved in addressing this issue through our work. We need to
consider how we might respond on a much wider scale too than we have
done in the past.
Oxfams water, sanitation and public health programme in the Palestinian Territories has
reached more than 100,000 people, as we reported last year. An evaluation of the
programme, and our own monitoring, have shown a range of impacts that the programme
has brought (see Case Study 16). However, we feel that the advocacy we have done to
draw attention to the suffering of civilians on both sides of the Israel/Palestinian Territories
conflict has yet to have real impact. We need to keep renewing our strategy and tactics.
% Case study 16: Meeting public health needs in the Palestinian

Territories
Oxfams public health programme in villages in the Palestinian Territories has
repaired damaged roof water storage tanks, constructed and repaired
household and community cisterns, repaired damaged networks, developed
alternative sources of water, and provided water tankers. Water-saving,
sanitation, and public health training activities have also been undertaken.
The programme is impacting on peoples lives in a variety of ways:

& A considerable drop in water-borne diseases, including diarrhoea, was
reported by the womens monitoring groups and by local clinics.
& The provision of water cisterns led to households saving, on average,
about US$20 per month. The money saved was used primarily to buy
food. In a situation where water facilities are being attacked, the
evaluation considered that the provision of household cisterns was an
appropriate response, as they are least vulnerable to attack.
& Having water closer to home reduced the danger involved in collecting
water and also saved time, both particularly important for women.
& The active involvement of women has increased their knowledge and self-
confidence and, for many, this is the first time they have taken on roles in
community activities. Men too are accepting womens changing roles and
their involvement as equal partners in decision-making and project
implementation. Women are having more influence on public health
decisions.
& Improved sanitation facilities in local schools have increased girls
attendance.
& Good partnership with Village Councils has led to a fundamental change
in the relationship between the Councils and communities, with greater
recognition of the importance of broad-based, participatory project
planning, implementation, and decision-making. It has also led to
contributions being made by people in the community so that extra work
could be done.
Oxfams role in setting up and chairing the Emergency Water, Sanitation and
Hygiene (E-WaSH) co-ordination group of NGOs and the Palestinian Water
Authority has been widely appreciated. Alongside this, the establishment of a
comprehensive monitoring system to collect information from about 700
communities has enabled many NGOs to respond more effectively to the
water and sanitation needs in different communities.
In the Kitgum District of northern Uganda too, Oxfam has found ways of providing
humanitarian assistance to about 120,000 people, despite the high level of insecurity in this
18-year conflict. Strategies have been devised to reach people in camps that are
inaccessible to NGO staff because of the activities of the Lords Resistance Army. This has
involved working with local contractors and agreeing with community members and District
officials that they will monitor activities. More than 15,000 children have been abducted by
rebels in the last year and, because of this, many rural families send their children to sleep in
town. Oxfam has provided night shelters, water and sanitation facilities, and hygiene
education for people coming into town at night. The programme has been sensitive to the
risks that women and girls faced with both sexes sleeping together in open places, and
consulted with women and men to find appropriate solutions. As a result, segregated areas
in shelters, complete with sanitary facilities, have been provided for women and girls. The
programme has also involved women in non-traditional roles. For example, an all-female
construction team of carpenters, masons, and labourers was recruited to construct night
shelters. Their work has been quite visible and this is beginning to challenge perceptions
about what women can do the local technical college is now targeting women in its
advertisements for technical courses. Oxfams advocacy has also helped bring international
attention to this long-neglected conflict.

Humanitarian response, food security and livelihoods
According to the independent evaluation of the Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC)

Appeal for Southern Africa, Oxfam and other DEC agencies directly contributed to mitigating
a significantly worse food crisis than was actually felt in the region in 2002/2003. In large
parts of Africa, we have continued to support communities affected by the droughts in
2002/2003. In Asia too, there are significant programmes with communities affected by long-
term or recurrent droughts or floods. Often, peoples precarious situation is compounded by
years of conflict, marginalisation, or inequitable development. A large humanitarian
programme was carried out in Ethiopia during 2003/2004, with expenditure of 3.4 million,
as we continued to provide assistance following the 2002/2003 drought. In Zimbabwe,
Oxfams humanitarian programme amounted to 1.4 million and in Mauritania to 1.3 million
during 2003/200418.
The scale of these emergencies in Africa in 2002/2003 has led to much reflection about how
the labels humanitarian and development need to be questioned when dealing with
complex crises such as these. Oxfam teams are now developing a much stronger analysis of
the complex causes of food insecurity. In Southern Africa, the Oxfam team has avoided the
temptation to return to business as usual after scaling down from last years massive
response. They have built safety-nets (in the form of food and agricultural inputs where they
are necessary), public health activities, and early warning systems into programmes. The
overriding consideration has been to design programmes that will be responsive and
sensitive to slight changes or future shocks. This involves ensuring we are well prepared to
alter and scale-up our interventions efficiently in future humanitarian crises. In Mauritania, a
lack of in-depth understanding of diversified livelihoods, and separate emergency and
development programmes, constrained innovative ways of responding to the food insecurity
caused by the 2002/2003 droughts. A drought mitigation programme is now being
developed.
In South Asia, livelihoods programmes are increasingly being located in disaster-prone
areas, and preparedness activities are being integrated.
This years Regional Impact Reports also show an increasing sophistication in linking
preparedness activities conceptually to risk management and mitigation.
There is much that can be learnt from a number of other countries where Oxfam has been
integrating development and humanitarian approaches over a number of years. For
instance, Oxfams Horn, East and Central Africa Region has continued to innovate in
finding appropriate ways to support livelihoods in areas where peoples access to the basic
means of subsistence is not secure. The Region has adopted a policy of favouring
alternatives to free food aid where appropriate, and has been pushing for changes in
approach in some of the countries in the Region where there is most food insecurity, as well
as proactively seeking to influence key food agencies. Oxfams East Asia Region has also
been changing the design of programmes to combine the best of humanitarian and
development approaches.
In Cambodia, Oxfam recently evaluated the programme it has been carrying out with
partners in response to a food security assessment undertaken after the severe floods in
2000. The programme has involved disaster management, rehabilitation, and livelihoods
components. Certainly, the programme has increased peoples assets, they are better-off
materially and there have been changes in womens and mens abilities and awareness.
Women have gained more power in decision-making and are better able to address their
18
These figures represent total direct programme spend during 2003/2004 on humanitarian and conflict
reduction work in the countries mentioned.

own concerns. Communities also feel that the project has contributed to community
cohesion. It remains to be seen whether the gains made are sufficient to sustain people
through future natural disasters or community conflicts.
In Bangladesh, the long-term work that Oxfam and its partners have been doing in the
char19 areas, to reduce peoples vulnerability to flooding, is showing results. Importantly,
beliefs that the damaging effects of floods are the will of God have changed, and
communities have now come to understand that they can take preventive measures to
reduce damage from floods. Of their own accord, communities are looking after the flood
shelters, raised villages, and rescue boats provided through the programme. The
communities have also recognised that development requires the participation of women as
well as men, and the formation of gender development forums of women and men is
promoting change. Recently, for instance, women took on labouring work publicly and,
importantly, received the same wage as men. The introduction of livelihood options that are
suitable for the chars, and which discourage migration, are increasing the sustainability of
the changes being achieved. Peoples increased incomes are visible in terms of the
improved health of children, the existence of cattle, tin roofs on houses, and the fact that
some children going to high-school outside the char areas. Advocacy by partners has
ensured that government staff are more aware of the Disaster Standing Order, which defines
their roles and responsibilities, and in some areas they have committed to share the
responsibilities for maintaining the flood shelters and increasing their support to the char
communities.
Cash for work is now being introduced more widely across Oxfams food security
interventions in humanitarian programmes. In Rajasthan, India, womens involvement in
activities during a period of severe drought opened-up opportunities for them to assume new
responsibilities.
% Case study 17: Support for drought-affected families in

Rajasthan, India
In the early part of 2003, during a period of severe drought, Oxfam enhanced
the activities in its existing development programme to ensure that there were
local employment opportunities and that poor and marginalised families had
access to food, water, and fodder for small livestock. Eighteen hundred
families participated in food for work and cash for work programmes. The
timely start of the programme reduced distress migration, incidentally
reducing the burden on women who would otherwise have been left behind in
the villages. The water-harvesting structures constructed by the communities
in 41 villages were professionally designed, and as well as being technically
sound were cheaper than government-constructed ones. As a result of this
work, there is improved access to water in the longer-term. Provision of
fodder prevented deaths or sales of animals, helping to sustain peoples
livelihoods.
For the first time, women worked as supervisors on the construction sites,
where crche facilities were provided to enable women with small children to
work and benefit from the programme. Women and men were equally
represented in the Village Drought Relief Committees that played a key role
in the selection of people to benefit, programme design, and implementation.
This was used as a method to develop the communities stake in the
management and maintenance of the assets being created. The Committees
19
Chars are low-lying islands in rivers.

also enabled people to start demanding their rights and, for example, this led
to an increase in the number of tankers distributing water.
Quality and accountability in humanitarian action
Quality of humanitarian response

Sphere standards. Although generally we aim to meet or exceed the Sphere minimum
standards, in some cases meeting the standards on a practical level has proved a challenge,
as illustrated by some of the case studies. In other situations, it has been possible to meet
the standards, even in difficult environments. Sometimes this has involved developing
creative new solutions, such as mobile public health teams in Angola, or continuing to
pursue approaches such as community-based targeting, when this had appeared to be
politically unacceptable in Zimbabwe. Oxfams Horn, East and Central Africa Region has
also used the Humanitarian Charter and Sphere standards as a means to lobby the Kenyan
government, with some success, on its national policy on disaster management. This,
despite admitting that our own achievement of minimum standards in the Region has, at
times, been weak in practice.
Oxfam has continued its contribution to the Sphere Project globally, for instance making a
significant contribution in the drafting of the 2004 revision of the Humanitarian Charter and
Handbook, and being active in the Sphere Steering Committee. A wide-ranging evaluation of
the Sphere Project concluded that it has been one of the most important and most
successful initiatives in humanitarian assistance. There is a widespread perception among
NGOs, donors, and other members of the humanitarian community that the quality of
humanitarian assistance programmes has improved in recent years and that this
improvement is due, in part, to the Sphere project. The adoption of a rights-based approach
by the Project was found to have been a major influence on the thinking and the operations
of many NGOs and other humanitarian agencies.
The Good Humanitarian Donorship initiative. This initiative, which will hopefully influence
for the better the behaviour of the humanitarian donor community, arose in part from
Oxfams own Forgotten Emergencies paper. We have had access to the forums where
donors have been setting out the principles of being good donors and have been able to
have our views taken into consideration there. Changes like these that we see in progress
take a long time to happen, and continued involvement will be necessary to get the pay-off.
Technical innovations and new approaches. Oxfams established niche in public health
interventions is evident from some of the programme examples given. Innovations continue
to be made, such as the work Oxfam is doing with others to develop a cheap, effective
household water filter. The Dominican Republic flood response was one of the
programmes where filters have been tried. In the northern Uganda humanitarian
programme, mosquito-proof temporary shelters have been piloted. Support to both civil
society and government agencies, to improve public health services, also remains important.
For instance, in the Palestinian Territories, Oxfam has heavily supported the Palestine
Hydrology Group in their comprehensive monitoring of water and sanitation needs of
communities. Training government staff in water-testing has led to greater effectiveness in
testing and dealing with outbreaks of diarrhoea.
Oxfams drive to develop alternatives to food aid and the use of innovative and appropriate
methods to support livelihoods, have already been mentioned. Our increasing attention to
incorporating the reality of the prevalence of HIV/AIDS into our responses has also been
described in the section on The Right to Basic Social Services (see page 29); we recognise
the enormity of the issues involved in this.

Gender. As shown in the some of the case studies, programmes are sometimes contributing
to influencing the division of labour between women and men and traditional attitudes about
womens roles. Women are gaining a higher status within their families and communities as
a result of their involvement in some projects. Programme staff are also sensitive to negative
impacts that womens involvement can bring, often in terms of increasing their workload, and
see where gains are sometimes not sustained. However, across our global programme, we
recognise that we still have weaknesses in ensuring that we consider gender issues at all
stages of our planning and implementation of programmes and that we have a good gender
analysis on which to base the development of programmes. The increased threat of violence
towards women and girls in conflict is an important issue that needs to be addressed in
some programmes. The difficulties of recruiting women staff, such as in Iraq last year,
provide an additional challenge in some programmes. The development of standards for our
programming, ensuring we have data analysed by women and men separately, and ensuring
there is gender analysis at the point of programme design are some of the ways in which
Regions are seeking to improve their overall practice.
Preparedness. Reflection on our recent humanitarian responses has shown how, in some
instances, investment in preparedness has enabled us to make quick, effective responses,
and for partners and communities to do so too. The examples from Bangladesh and Bolivia
are good illustrations of this.
We are increasingly assisting local communities to be prepared themselves, and involving
local government authorities. A good example of this is a project that Oxfam and Mdecins
Sans Frontires undertook with a marginal community in Guatemala City. Living in a hilly
area, and with little or no social services provision, the community experiences problems in
the rainy season and from earthquakes. As a result of the project, local people now have a
multi-purpose centre that can act as a shelter. The risks they face have also been reduced
by supporting the construction of retaining walls, and by undertaking drainage work and solid
waste management. The community is also better prepared to look after their own needs if
disaster strikes.
Increasingly, preparedness work is also being informed by reflections on past responses,
especially our experiences in recent years of working with communities affected by the
droughts in Africa and parts of Asia.
Oxfam GB is also part of Oxfam Internationals world-wide contingency-planning initiative,
and has led the process in more than 50 countries. Some country contingency plans are still
to be completed and, more importantly, they remain to be tested in practice.
Accountability and protection in humanitarian response

Participation and accountability. Several of the approaches Oxfam promotes, for instance
in health promotion work and in the community-based targeting methodology, seek to
strengthen mechanisms for accountability to people affected by disasters. Most Regions
have examples of where they judge the involvement of local organisations or communities
has brought results that would not have been achieved otherwise. In some cases,
communities are better placed for the longer-term; in others, humanitarian needs are
addressed more effectively. Good examples of community mobilisation and grassroots
lobbying are also seen in programmes, for instance in Mauritania, West Timor, Pakistan,
and with asylum groups in Wales. They lead to strengthened representation of peoples
needs to local and national governments. With support from Oxfam, communities felt more
confident to speak up about the causes of their problems and the rights of their communities.
However, Regions have identified areas where we need to pay more attention. Oxfams
Horn, East and Central Africa Region, for instance, considers that local communities are still
not challenging Oxfam significantly or leading programme design or management. Oxfams
East Asia Region comments, too, on the need for further reflection about the continuum of

material and non-material inputs in programmes, and how to ensure our programmes are
ultimately empowering people to be able to claim their rights and satisfy their needs. Another
area for reflection is on how we find workable compromises between decisions made by
communities about what they need and want, and technical decision-making.
Internationally, through its Humanitarian Department, Oxfam has continued to contribute to
efforts in the humanitarian sector generally, to strengthen the accountability of humanitarian
agencies to those affected by disasters. Oxfam is one of the founding members of the newly
formed Humanitarian Accountability Partnership International (HAP-I) and has a seat on the
board. We host the ALNAP20 Working Group on the Participation of Crisis-affected
Populations in Humanitarian Action, which is producing a Practitioners Handbook on the
subject. Oxfam is also one of the members of the Steering Committee for Humanitarian
Response (SCHR) that has piloted a Peer Review Process which focused on the
organisational actions designed to meet the challenges exposed by the scandal over the
sexual exploitation of refugees in West Africa. Peer reviews will now be undertaken within
SCHRs full membership.
Protection. We have been developing protection work in the field, at the same time as
making protection of civilians a key focus of our humanitarian advocacy work. The trend is
away from narrow human rights practice, towards integrating protection as an approach into
humanitarian actions. Oxfams approach is becoming more and more influential in the
sector. In Liberia, we influenced the humanitarian community as a whole to take into
consideration particular threats faced by displaced people. In our northern Uganda
programme, as already mentioned, the protection analysis that Oxfam made led to a change
in design of the sleeping shelters for the night-dwellers, in order to reduce womens and
girls risks of sexual assault. In West Timor (Indonesia), our protection approach has
improved the lives of tens of thousands of refugees who were displaced during the East
Timorese conflict. It also made a strong contribution to raising the awareness of government
and donors on protection issues, prompting them to change policies and practices,
especially in terms of information dissemination. The project showed that collecting and
disseminating information on real conditions and the opinions of affected communities in a
systematic and credible way can be very powerful and influential.
Humanitarian advocacy. It is difficult to gauge the degree of our influence in most
situations, but senior diplomats at the UN and elsewhere sometimes tell us that our
contributions have been important. Our advocacy concerning civilians caught up in conflict in
eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2003 has already been mentioned. Oxfams
media work and policy papers concerning the humanitarian crises in Iraq, Haiti, and Liberia
also achieved wide coverage and discussion regionally and globally. In the case of Liberia,
the powerful eye-witness accounts of an Oxfam staff member in Monrovia, when conflict
reached the capital in 2003, were important in communicating the situation to the outside
world and supporting Oxfams lobbying for humanitarian aid and the protection of civilians.
Members of the UN Security Council were lobbied for the deployment of a peace-keeping
force and about the adequacy of its mandate. Persistent lobbying has continued about the
need for a comprehensive programme of Disarmament, Demobilisation, Reintegration, and
Rehabilitation and the paper we prepared on Reintegration and Rehabilitation was read
widely and contributed to deliberations about the more comprehensive programme that has
now been launched.
Much of the international lobbying involves Oxfam Internationals office in New York. Oxfam
GB has acted within the larger network of Oxfam International affiliates, with other INGOs,
and through national-level partnerships. In these ways, the audience of advocacy messages
has been increased and we have been able to exert more pressure on stakeholders to act
with consideration of humanitarian needs, especially protection needs, and standards.
20
ALNAP, the Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action, is an
international network of major humanitarian agencies.

Oxfams 2003 report, Beyond the headlines, calling for action to protect civilians in
neglected crises, was well received in the humanitarian and international community, and
was, for instance, quoted by the UN Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs
(OCHA) in its annual report. However, the war in Iraq has continued to dominate the
headlines and the attention of the international community, and there is little sign of any
positive change in aid flows. We need to find new approaches that are capable of turning the
tide.
An end to formal hostilities in Iraq was declared just over a year ago, in May 2003. At that
time there was a feeling that the UN Security Council had failed from many points of view,
and there was scepticism about its ability to do anything to protect civilians in the many
humanitarian crises around the world. However, its action with regard to eastern Democratic
Republic of Congo has shown that concerted action can be taken. Throughout the year
Oxfam continued to push for multilateral solutions to humanitarian crises and will continue to
do so.
% Case study 18: Responding to the war in Iraq

As for other agencies, the war in Iraq presented Oxfam with many challenges.
Extensive work was done before the war to receive possible influxes of
refugees into Iran, Syria, Turkey, and Jordan and a member of Oxfam staff
was seconded to co-ordinate UNICEFs21 water and sanitation response in
Iraq. We worked closely with UNHCR22 and UNICEF to train local officials
and engineers in water and sanitation practices for refugee camps. This
helped ensure that the Governments of Syria and Jordan, as well as the UN,
were able to effectively and efficiently meet the needs of refugees. It helped
us develop relations with governments and gave us access to planning
discussions.
Extensive lobbying was carried out, highlighting the potential humanitarian
risks of war and the risk that the authority of the UN Security Council would
be undermined. We lobbied on the need to uphold International Humanitarian
Law in war, should it occur. Oxfam also took a high-profile stance against
taking funds from a belligerent government such as the UKs. In the event,
very few refugees fled Iraq and the preparations Oxfam made benefited only
some 2,500 refugees. Although costly, making preparations were essential
under our humanitarian mandate. Perhaps drawing on more sources of
information when we were making plans would have led us to different
estimates about possible numbers of refugees. We cannot tell in the instance
of Iraq. More generally, we feel we should always seek to draw on diverse
perspectives and sources of information, both for making preparations to
respond and for lobbying.
Advocacy concerning the need to uphold International Humanitarian Law
continued during the war. Once the war had ended, we made assessments to
determine what Oxfams response should be in Iraq. These found that, while
there was not a conventional acute humanitarian crisis, intervention was
necessary because of the suffering which stemmed from long-term structural
neglect in the country. However, the high level of insecurity that has
continued in Iraq has made working there difficult. This also made it very
difficult to hire local women as staff. The projects that have been carried out
were small. They have included assistance with water, sanitation, agriculture,
irrigation and veterinary services, and moderately sustainable results were
achieved. For instance, the sewage pumping stations and water systems that
21
UNICEF the United Nations Childrens Fund.
22
UNHCR the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

were rehabilitated are still working, and in Naziriyah the water department is
expanding on some of the projects done. Oxfam also undertook a co-
ordinating role with NGOs in Iraq. This helped us influence important debates
among humanitarian organisations on matters such as civil-military relations
and humanitarian space, and influence the NGOs Co-ordination Committee
in Iraq to adopt a minimum standard for adherence to the Code of Conduct23.
We have continued to lobby about the role of the UN and the need to uphold
International Humanitarian Law, including the obligations of the occupying
powers. However, with only small projects on the ground, we were not able to
draw on local information to the extent that we normally do for our advocacy,
and this limited our ability to influence decision-makers.
Work in the UK on asylum included a policy paper which challenged UK government plans
to transfer or process asylum seekers in overseas centres or zones. This supported
alliance-building and high-level lobbying in the UK, European Union, and UNHCR. Our
objective is to influence the global asylum system to increase, rather than decrease, the
protection of people at risk in general. Our lobbying with others has contributed to tempering
the most worrying parts of the UK plans and European Union support for them. Tanzania
emerged as the focus for UK bilateral negotiations on these plans. Once alerted to this fact,
Oxfam staff in Tanzania made the most of their networks there to put pressure on the
government, which is now taking a firm stance against the UK processing asylum proposals
in that country.
CONFLICT REDUCTION
As Oxfam is currently undertaking a review of its conflict reduction work, only a brief
description of this aspect of our work is given here.
This is the first year during which Oxfam has used its Conflict Reduction Framework for
programming, and it is beginning to focus the type of work Oxfam is doing. The major
concentration of programme work, in 18 countries, is described as supporting civil society in
conflict reduction and peace processes. This often includes working with, or supporting
traditional systems and methods. Meaningful community involvement is seen as essential to
peace-building, as is the empowerment of local people and organisations to manage
processes that lead to a reduction in violent conflict locally. In Rwanda, an innovative form of
conflict management training for non-literate women has been piloted with great success.
Three of the women trained have now been selected as judges in the traditional gacaca
courts, where some perpetrators of the 1994 genocide are being brought to trial.
In some areas, for example in Guatemala, programmes support indigenous people's
traditional conflict management methods. In Colombia and Guatemala there is also a focus
on human rights issues, both through support to partners and advocacy.
In many areas of work, advocacy and support to civil society complement each other. In
Ghana, Senegal and Sri Lanka, among others, educational activities, campaigning on small
arms, and advocacy go hand-in-hand. In Sri Lanka, Oxfam published research to increase
understanding about the seemingly intractable nature of the conflict, while supporting young,
local researchers to develop their analytical capacity and understanding of the situation.
23
Principles of Conduct for The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster
Response Programmes

% Case study 19: Promoting non-violence in Ghana
Oxfam has given support to local partners in northern Ghana and the
National Commission for Elections to implement a peaceful election
campaign by using radio programmes. The programme is so successful that
in other parts of the country, partners and local communities are asking to
duplicate it, and make it national.
Oxfams local partner, NCCE, continues to make an impact in its proactive
non-violence campaign in northern Ghana. NCCE was able to forestall a near
clash in Yendi between the two warring parties in the complex chieftaincy
conflict. It is estimated that about 120 people might have lost their lives if
NCCE had not identified the problem early and used non-violent campaign
strategies to curb the disturbances. Oxfams support for this programme has
been applauded by the Regional Co-ordinating Council and the Ghanaian
Ministry of the Interior.
In Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Somaliland, Ethiopia, and North Sudan, conflict reduction work
has focused on developing the skills of pastoralists in conflict management, as well as
promoting their involvement in national planning and policy development. In Kenya, Oxfam
has helped develop local peace structures in 14 districts as well as a national-level
committee. In most districts, the incidence of conflict has reduced. For example, the
commitment of the Turkana District Peace and Development Committee has led to a
reduction in internal conflict, particularly between West and South Turkana, and a reduction
in the incidence of highway banditry.
In northern Mali, Arab and Kunta communities signed a peace agreement, for which the
President of Mali publicly commended Oxfams contribution.
In the area of development, Oxfam's conflict reduction work in a number of Regions,
including the Horn, East and Central Africa, Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean,
and East Asia, has focused mainly on livelihoods. In Sudan, the provision of clean drinking
water was seen as a means to promote the prevention and resolution of violent conflict.
In both Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, some conflict reduction activities
have been linked to humanitarian response programmes. A variety of other programmes
around the world also have conflict reduction objectives, or attitudes, within programmes that
are designed to achieve other objectives, such as food security. For example, in Bosnia,
Oxfams livelihoods programme works on the border with Republika Srpska24 and supports
conflict reduction by creating a broad coalition of farmers across ethnic divisions. In general,
there is awareness throughout Oxfam's work of a need for a conflict-sensitive approach to
programming, whether it is designed to reduce levels of violent conflict, or to deal with the
devastating consequences of conflict.
Advocacy work has focused primarily on arms campaigning, and on regional arms
agreements within the Horn, East and Central Africa and West Africa Regions. In Kenya,
Oxfam has supported the development of the Nairobi Declaration and the Nairobi Protocol,
and works with journalists and the media to promote awareness and a reduction in the use
of arms in society.
In the Control Arms campaign, launched in October 2003, Oxfam has joined with Amnesty
International and IANSA25 in a joint campaign, with some campaigning activity in at least 70
24
Bosnia and Herzegovina is administratively divided into the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, primarily
inhabited by Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats, and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska.
25
IANSA International Action Network on Small Arms - a grouping of hundreds of southern NGOs working on
arms control.

countries. Over 140,000 people from 186 countries have shown their commitment to the
campaign by offering their 'face' in a photograph or picture. It is too early to assess the
actual impact of the campaign on the lives of any particular groups of people, but a range of
outcomes such as 8 governments pledging support for the Arms Trade Treaty and several
more close to it shows some progress against our objectives.
The Control Arms campaign has been a lynchpin of Oxfam's campaigning work beyond the
purely field programme level, although there have also been good links with national
programmes in some countries, for example in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.
In West Africa, Oxfam has undertaken some high-profile awareness raising, from local
through to regional levels, on the impact of arms. There is now, for example, an action
network of local organisations on small arms, and the ECOWAS26 countries in West Africa
have also committed to take steps towards a regional convention on small arms.
While the Control Arms campaign deals largely with the supply side of the arms equation,
Oxfam is also developing a community safety strategy to deal with the demand for arms, and
communities dependence on them for safety and livelihoods.
C New developments
Oxfam International Humanitarian Consortium. In July 2003, Oxfam International
established a Humanitarian Consortium, comprising 5 affiliates America, Australia, Great
Britain, the Netherlands, and Spain. These members will work on behalf of all Oxfam
affiliates to lead the confederations humanitarian and conflict reduction work. The
establishment of the Consortium represents a commitment by affiliates to invest in assuring
the capacity and quality of Oxfams humanitarian work. The Consortium now has action
plans and development plans, including the world-wide contingency-planning initiative
already mentioned. Other plans include, for instance, Oxfam GB supporting Oxfam America
in Peru, where we mentored them in a response to floods. While this required extra effort
and potentially slowed the response, the longer-term benefits of expanding Oxfam
International capacity are judged to be valuable. There have been two cases this year when
the Humanitarian Consortium has smoothed the way to more effective working relationships
between affiliates within a humanitarian response.
Monitoring project. Several Regions make note of weak monitoring of their humanitarian
programmes and of the problems this raises both for the strength of the programme and for
the ability to track impact. While this is not a new concern, it maybe has a greater
prominence in this years reports. The Humanitarian Department is starting a project to trial
monitoring systems in two programmes over the next two years.

! Experience has shown us that some of our partners need significant support to be able
to engage in humanitarian work and that this requires dedicated investment. We also
know that, in some places, we could develop new partnerships with agencies that
already have experience of working in emergencies.
! Programmes in West Africa, Southern Africa, and South Asia have benefited from use of
the community-based targeting methodology that Oxfam staff learnt from colleagues in
the Horn, East and Central Africa Region. We should ensure that more of such cross-
Regional exchange of effective methodologies takes place.
! It is easy to fall back on habitual ways of responding to and running programmes in
emergencies, because to develop and maintain imaginative and different approaches
26
ECOWAS - Economic Community of West African States

takes extra effort and investment of time and, sometimes, of resources too. However,
we need to recognise that efforts to do good quality programming have, at times, led us
into levels of complexity which have compromised our effectiveness. There may be
several ways to address this: from being content with simpler programmes that
nevertheless deliver real impact where it is needed, to progressively building in the
different dimensions that contribute to good quality as programmes are being
implemented.
! Some Regions are reporting that they see gender analysis at the point of programme
design as essential for greater impact of projects. We must ensure that gender becomes
an essential component of all programmes from the beginning and that it is not just a
reporting requirement in some instances.
! Our 2003 report Beyond the Headlines did not have the influence achieved by a similar
report, Forgotten Emergencies in 2000. The War on Terror has led to firmer political
interests in why aid is sent to some places rather than others. With Iraq continuing to
dominate the headlines throughout 2003, we saw little sign of any positive change in aid
flows towards neglected crises. We need to find new approaches that are capable of
turning the tide.
! Even with more resources there will be hard judgements to make about where and when
we should concentrate our humanitarian advocacy. There will be occasions when we
have to prioritise issues on which we think there is momentum for progress, while leaving
aside others which are stuck. There are also old but still relevant issues about how
far we can be public advocates on an issue and still maintain programmes directly
helping people on the ground (which may sometimes also involve staff insecurity). We
have to judge what will best help most people in any particular situation.
! Where there are chronic and cyclical food security needs to be addressed, as in
Ethiopia, this must be done through a long-term approach that includes preparedness,
relief, contingency planning, and mitigation activities. There needs to be better
integration of our livelihoods and humanitarian work in some countries. We have a great
deal of this sort of experience in Kenya and in the South Asian River Basin, among other
places. With more awareness of this, we know we can improve learning between
Regions and make real advances, but are not yet doing so.
! Iraq this year and Southern Africa last year, as examples, have taught us that at times
we need to improve our analysis of situations. We can be drawn into others analysis, or
lack sufficient relevant local knowledge, or just not be sufficiently wide-ranging in the
sources we use. The remedies for these three areas of weakness are different, but all
require that we be sharper in checking what we are doing at this stage of programme
planning.
! Sometimes Oxfam International collaboration processes have hampered the effective
delivery of aid. Knowledge and application regarding humanitarian assistance issues
vary across affiliates and across countries. With the establishment of the Oxfam
International Humanitarian Consortium, these issues are beginning to be addressed. In
the case of Oxfams response to the floods in the Dominican Republic in November 2003
(described in Case Study 13), there was a degree of confusion caused by the roles
assigned within Oxfam International, but this was soon sorted out.
! Ratings by programme staff of our performance across the Regions show that we judge
the impact we have on peoples lives to be higher than our performance in terms of
sustainability, participation, or changing policies, practices, ideas and beliefs. The
reasons for this, in situations where immediate and sometimes continuing needs are
acute, are obvious and understandable. However Regions also note how hard it is to
prove our impact, partly because we have not yet got into the widespread habit of
setting indicators of impact at the design stage of programmes.

! It has been possible to achieve wide-ranging popular support in some countries North
and South where we have invested in campaigning on arms, and through this to make
real progress in pressurising governments to make positive change. However, we
recognise the need to develop our capacity to campaign in other countries that have
considerable impact on the world. We also recognise difficulties of campaigning in many
of the countries where we seek to achieve changes.
! The global War on Terror has exacerbated the possible risks to staff and to our ability to
work in some places. Whether these risks continue and spread is a major issue for our
humanitarian work. Given the global nature of this issue, we need to develop conflict-
sensitive approaches in our work beyond local or national contexts. It is not yet clear
what this involves and how it relates to the other issues of humanitarian space.
! There are opportunities to link conflict reduction work and humanitarian response,
especially from the viewpoint of protection. These need to be further explored as there
are currently numerous lost opportunities.

4 The Right to be Heard
A The change we want to see in the world
$ All poor and marginalised people will have an effective voice in influencing
decisions affecting their lives, will achieve their civil and political rights, and will
enjoy equal status with others.
'Voice poverty' the denial of people's right to influence the decisions that affect their lives
is a central cause of impoverishment and suffering in the world. Oxfam holds two central
concerns in relation to voice poverty and people's right to be heard:
1. Where people living in poverty are systematically excluded from institutions, decision-
making processes, and resource allocation decisions, they are less likely to benefit from
development investments.
2. Systematic denial of people's right to participate erodes the accountability and
effectiveness of organisations, companies and governments, making these institutions
much more prone to the corruption, malpractice, and malfeasance that exacerbate
poverty.
Oxfams programme focuses on a) institutional accountability, especially greater aid and

budget accountability, and b) capacity building for empowerment.
Our work includes supporting people living in poverty and civil society organisations
especially womens and marginalised peoples groups to engage in policy dialogue at
national level. In many of our programmes this involves working with civil society
organisations and governments to develop and implement country-owned Poverty Reduction
Strategy Papers (PRSPs) and Poverty and Social Impact Assessments. Increasingly, the
work looks at empowering people to monitor how policies are implemented through the
budget process, to ensure that they actually impact positively on the lives of women and
men.
The right to be heard is both an end in itself, tackling voice poverty, and a means to an end,
which is integral to all Oxfams programmes, particularly to development programmes
around sustainable livelihoods, basic social services, and equity. It is also built into disaster
prevention, conflict reduction and, increasingly, into actual relief programmes.
B. Progress towards our objectives

Highlights
! Indigenous groups in South America and pastoralists in West Africa gaining influence,
and government attitudes and policies shifting favourably.
! Civil society groups growing in strength in order to participate in national Poverty

Reduction Strategy processes, but there is still a long way to go to secure peoples right
to be heard in many places.
! Peoples participation in government policy processes becoming institutionalised in some

countries, such as Vietnam, where we have undertaken long-term work with civil society
and government agencies.

Supporting indigenous communities
Over many years, Oxfams programmes have paid particular attention to groups which have
the least voice, and have pursued strategies to diminish gender inequalities and
marginalisation on the basis of identity. Much of the impact seen today in the programmes
with indigenous people in Latin America has come from long-standing engagement with
partners there. Long-standing work with pastoralist communities in Kenya has also led to
considerable change, with stronger pastoral institutions formed, their engagement in policy
processes, and greater recognition by the state of pastoral issues. In other countries too
Uganda, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Somalia, North Sudan, Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger
progress can be seen from our engagement with pastoral communities.
In Bolivia, Oxfam has had a long-term relationship with indigenous communities, and
particularly with indigenous women. This has focused on strengthening organisations and
leadership, and has seen partners from indigenous groups taking proactive roles in local and
national politics. Oxfam therefore played an important role in the tremendous success of the
last elections, which saw increasing indigenous representation in government and the
appointment of an indigenous leader to the post of Minister for Indigenous Affairs. Equally,
Oxfams ongoing support to partners involved in lobbying on the World Bank, International
Monetary Fund, and extractive industries, has increased the voice of civil society and
contributed to the clear messages on these topics coming out of massive countrywide
protests in late 2003. Also, at the urging of indigenous communities, the World Bank
Ombudsman is carrying out an audit of the Bolivian extractive company COMSUR, and
several communities have recovered collective rights over their territories.
In Brazil, a new decree has rules that the State must follow in the process of issuing land
titles for territory traditionally occupied by rural communities of African descent the
descendants of escaped slaves known as Quilombolas. The decree responds to
demands to respect the rights of Quilombolas, and is the result of a Working Group set up by
the government in May 2003. Six Quilombola organisations participated, three of which are
Oxfam partners. Oxfam has been working for several years with Quilombola communities in
Brazil. Their rights to land were recognised in the 1988 Constitution and actions and
advocacy over the years have resulted in hundreds of thousands of hectares being
demarcated. But each case is disputed and each success has required a struggle. Recently,
advocacy efforts also resulted in the government withdrawing a proposal for a USA airbase
that could have displaced hundreds of Quilombola families. However, the threat is still there
and Oxfam and its partners will keep monitoring negotiations concerning the airbase in order
to avoid new displacements.
In Mauritania, Oxfam has worked with the Haratines, the most marginalised community, to
analyse constraints and needs so that they can participate in local governance. In relief
programmes in Aftout and Affole, Haratine communities have, for the first time, participated
in identifying needy beneficiaries, and in distributing food in their communities. From a
different angle, Oxfam influenced the government to make consultations over its PRSP and
new National Human Rights Plan more participative, and this should assist the Haratines
and civil society generally to achieve their rights.
Pastoralists in West Africa have made significant progress in the last couple of years. The
pastoral code, the land-use code and the trans-border convention all crucial to pastoralists
livelihoods and ways of life have been revised in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger. In all of
these countries, pastoralist associations are now involved in the management of cattle
markets and in resolving security issues, together with local authorities. Engaging with policy
makers was almost unheard of in traditional pastoralist communities, but this is now
changing. Likewise in Uganda, the government has completely changed its stance towards
pastoralism as a result of lobbying by Oxfam partners (see under PRSPs).

Influencing Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs)
Experiences with the development of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) have
varied across countries but, in general, a step forward has been made in the space opened
up for civil society to engage in national policy-making processes. However, the engagement
is often fragile, the right to participation is not yet institutionalised, and the power of donors to
influence the final plans is evident. We see instances where civil society has lost faith in the
process and persistent efforts will be required to work towards more genuine and robust
participatory processes. In other countries we see where longer-term engagement
supporting the development of participatory processes with government at different levels, in
advance of the introduction of the PRSP processes, is now showing impact.
% Case study 20: Strengthening civil society participation in the

PRSP process in Indonesia
In Indonesia, Oxfam has played a crucial role in encouraging a broad range
of civil society groups to participate in the development of the countrys
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Working with our partner GAPRI
(Coalition of Indonesian NGOs against impoverishment), we have pushed the
government to hold wide consultations at a local level and to conduct
Participatory Poverty Appraisals and Poverty and Social Impact
Assessments. Local Poverty Reduction Committees are to be set up in each
of the 425 districts across the country to formulate local poverty reduction
strategies in line with the national plan. So far, 40 districts have officially
established a committee. One success of the pressure exerted by civil society
is that land reform has become a priority in the PRSP. Oxfams involvement
has also created stronger awareness of the need to consider gender issues.
The government established a Gender Reference Group and appointed a
gender specialist.
However, there have been difficulties along the way. At a late stage in the
process of finalising the full PRSP, the government suddenly abandoned the
participatory processes that had been agreed. Disheartened, civil society
organisations sent a letter of protest to the National Committee for Poverty
Reduction (NCPR) and donors, and threatened to withdraw from the process.
Oxfam played an important mediation role at this time. A new agreement was
made with the Indonesian government, and NGOs successfully lobbied the
NCPR to set up a team, including all the main stakeholders, to finalise the
PRSP. Oxfam and GAPRI have been invited to be NGO representatives in
this team.
Our contribution has been recognised by our donor and significant funding
has now been agreed for the next three years. This will enable us to scale-up
our work at a district level to strengthen the involvement of poor communities
in the poverty reduction strategy process.
In Uganda, the government has completely changed its stance towards pastoralism as a
result of partners lobbying. The second PRSP has just been finished in Uganda, the first
country in the world to have completed the second round. One key victory is that it is very
strong on pastoralism, reflecting this lobbying. It recognises pastoralism as legitimate and
appropriate in national policies, whereas before it regarded pastoralism as backward.
In Armenia and Yemen, Oxfam partners have significantly influenced the contents and
processes of their PRSPs. Government recognition of civil society as an important
stakeholder has opened up new opportunities for dialogue on a range of issues which were
formerly closed. Communities have been able to make their concerns felt at all levels. This

has meant local improvements such as local authorities shifting resources to finance a
drinking water pipeline in Vayats Dzor region in Armenia, and local authorities decreeing that
poor students be exempt from school registration fees and the need to wear new uniforms in
Yemen. Civil society involvement has influenced national PRSPs. Anur Al Ahdel of Ghaleel
Association said: The debates with poor people transformed the thinking of local council
members regarding development planning. They have confirmed the importance of talking to
people themselves to plan programmes to avoid becoming irrelevant. And it has helped
partners too make a dramatic shift in thinking. Haj Salih, Director of Al-Gurfa, said: Owing to
the information our organisation received on the PRSP from Oxfam, our views and practices
towards helping poor people changed. We shifted our approach from welfare to
development-focused work. In Yemen, Oxfam has persistently sought to ensure that gender
is addressed throughout the development of the PRSP. Although the final PRSP was
disappointing in this regard, continued challenging and collaboration has meant that the
government has acknowledged the importance of integrating a gender perspective in the
implementation of the PRSP. Oxfam also helped recruit a gender specialist for the new PRS
Monitoring Unit and provided training on gender budgeting to staff from the Ministry of
Finance.
Monitoring PRSP implementation and national budgets

Now that most PRSPs are completed as documents, work has shifted across the world to
focus on monitoring the implementation of policy, and whether resources are reaching local
services, such as schools or clinics. While the work Oxfam is doing to support civil society
monitor how budgets are spent is new, it shows good potential for providing a practical way
in which civil society can hold governments to account.
The work in Malawi is cutting-edge. As reported under the Section on Education (page 27),
the Malawi Economic Justice Network and other partners have done surveys of clinics,
primary schools, and agricultural extension units, to see if extra resources allocated in the
PRSP have reached them. They also survey the views of poor women and men about the
level of services. Budget out-turns for 2002-03 showed that in the priority areas which were
monitored, funds went to the clinics and other services, and were not reallocated, whereas
reallocation to other purposes did occur in other areas that were not monitored. This work is
demonstrating the key role civil society can play in promoting home-grown accountability
mechanisms, tackling corruption and promoting a culture of democratic scrutiny.
In Viet Nam, the national Comprehensive Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy (CPRGS)
has now entered the phase of implementation at the local level. Oxfams long-term
relationships and presence in poor provinces has focused on developing participatory
planning and monitoring processes. During implementation of the CPRGS, Oxfam is
continuing to strengthen grassroots participation in planning and independent monitoring of
local budgets and in development activities at the provincial, district, and commune levels.
As a concrete result, local organisations in Tra Vinh province consulted communities over
the provincial action plans, and their staff have acquired the skills needed to communicate
and advocate about burning issues for poor women and men. More bottom-up planning is
happening, there is more consideration of gender in planning, and the need to provide
separate data for women and men is accepted. At a national level, Oxfam is supporting
VUSTA (Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations) to do independent
monitoring of the CPRGS.
The accountability of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund

We have continued to lobby the Boards of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund,
their rich-country shareholders, and their staff, on a range of issues. Some of these have
been country-driven such as macroeconomic policy in Armenia, and others have been

global, such as lack of progress on Poverty and Social Impact Assessments. One major
victory was the International Monetary Fund agreeing to set up a team to ensure it engages
in these assessments from now on, having refused to do this for the last two years. Another
high point was the Oxfam International paper on PRSPs, which brought together
considerable country experience and was written by the Oxfam International PRSP team of
both programme and policy staff. This paper has been well received by the World Bank,
International Monetary Fund, and donors. It is recognised that it is significantly influencing
the debate over the second round of PRSPs, for instance with regard to the need for more
transparency by donors about the conditions they set and about Poverty and Social Impact
Assessments.
Impact in other areas
Civil society in Malawi has had a major effect on the shape of changes to the state
agricultural marketing board, ADMARC. Under huge pressure from the World Bank, the
government decided to privatise it. However, civil society concerns were raised so strongly,
using both the media and parliament, that the proposals were adapted to take into
consideration the strong social role of ADMARC in providing poor farmers with much-needed
inputs, for marketing opportunities and as a source of food. This has been a very significant
change of tack by the government and donors alike.
In Peru, the Manhattan Minerals Corporations project to mine around Tambogrande was
finally rejected by the Peruvian government. This project would have adversely affected
70,000 people, but a long campaign of community pressure made the government listen and
act.
The focus of Oxfams programme in South Asia is on livelihoods, gender work, and
humanitarian response. But a right to be heard is integral to each programme. The River
Basin Programme in Bangladesh, for example, which started in 1999, has contributed to
organising about 240,000 flood-affected people, of whom most are women, into 1,033
groups in hard-to-reach areas. They meet together to discuss disaster prevention and
mitigation and livelihood issues. Knowing their rights, and having the confidence to engage
with authorities, is a central plank of the empowerment process. As a result, local authorities
are now much more aware of and ready to implement the national Standing Orders for
Disasters, and they have extended a vaccination programme into the remotest areas.
As reported under the section on Livelihoods (page 19), positive changes in national policy
regarding coffee are occurring in Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, and the Dominican
Republic. They have been strongly influenced by producers making their voices heard. For
instance, in Haiti, small producers are now recognised as important players by the
government, and this is reflected in the Statutes of the National Coffee Institute, which mean
that farmers get a proper role in the Institute. This policy development has survived the
recent change of government in Haiti. In all countries, helping poor farmers make their
voices heard has gone alongside livelihoods work to strengthen agricultural skills,
organisational skills, and knowledge of markets.
C New developments
Institutional accountability. The past year has seen a consolidation of Oxfams work on
institutional accountability. Expansion of work on monitoring the implementation of policy is
crucial, so that we move beyond victory being seen as success in changing a policy
document, even if the policy is ignored. Work on institutional accountability is also vital as an
end in itself, as building the capacity of civil society to work with parliaments to scrutinise
government is very powerful in promoting democracy and tackling corruption. Malawi was

chosen as the location for a global meeting on budget monitoring in February 2004, because
of the cutting-edge work being done there. The meeting brought together staff and partners
from 13 countries, who have specific programmes on budget tracking. The meeting show-
cased excellent work on health tracking in Armenia and Georgia, on education finance in
Tanzania and Kenya, and on debt relief resources generally in Ghana and Uganda. Learning
from this meeting is being taken forward in partnership with the International Budget Project.
Gender budgeting. Global research into gender budgets has led to focused support for the
Yemen and Uganda teams which are working with partners to analyse specific sectors of
government expenditure, from a gendered perspective. Yemen is focusing on health, and
Uganda on agriculture. These countries have formed a learning group together with Oxfams
UK Poverty Programme. Once the research is finished, it will be shared with other
programmes.
Pan Africa Programme. This programme has been evolving since 2000. The most
influential work during the past year was on trade, both before and after the World Trade
Organisation meeting in Cancn. Networking with Pan African organisations and specific
trade delegations in the run-up to Cancn helped to increase the quality and level of
engagement and solidarity between civil society and state actors.
There has also been progress on issues of governance and international obligations.
Creative work around the G8 meeting provided support to Pan African organisations to do
press work from Africa. A solid partnership has been formed with Femnet and Equality Now,
to work for the ratification of the Africa Unions Protocol on Women. Oxfam and Femnet were
the only civil society organisations present at the launch of the Africa Union Parliament,
providing the opportunity to make links and raise the profile of the need to remain
accountable to poor people.
However, we have more to do within Oxfam, and with our allies, to build a common analysis
of, and vision for, positive change in Africa. It must go beyond standard messages on trade,
aid and debt, and obtain better integration of this work with our Regional programmes.

! If the right to a say is achieved, it doesnt necessarily mean the right to be heard is. In
other words, dialogue doesnt necessarily lead to change. The step from one to the other
may take years. This was a lesson from an evaluation of an Oxfam International
programme in Chiapas, Mexico. If a right to a say was enough on its own, then most
countries in Latin America which have vibrant and strong civil societies would have
achieved much higher levels of equitable human development by now. In places like
Bolivia, powerful and entrenched power structures continue to capture the bulk of
national wealth and formal politics. In all countries, the power of the donors, and in
particular the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, remains huge despite new
spaces for dialogue.
! The PRSP process varies across countries, but PRSPs have set a precedent for
participation of civil society, which, although limited, is a step forward in most situations.
It is important to keep up the pressure to ensure that the second round of PRSPs
continues to institutionalise participation and build democracy, and that shifts are made
from failed structural adjustment policies to policies that genuinely favour poor people.
Donors also need to clearly link their programmes to PRSPs, and not introduce their own
secret conditions. If agreed processes of participation are bulldozed, civil society loses
faith as we have seen in some countries. Even in countries, such as Uganda, where
progress on important issues has been made, core macroeconomic issues may not be
addressed. A partner in Uganda remarked: We have not been able to challenge any of

the fundamental issues[it] feels like window-dressing. It is a long process two steps
forward, one back (at best).
! Achieving the right to be heard is a lengthy process as we have seen, with many
setbacks along the way. Therefore it is important to find quick wins' en route usually
local problems being resolved as a result of advocacy with local government. The
experience and confidence gained by civil society groups in this way is in itself a major
achievement in tackling voice poverty. Slow change may be more genuine and
sustainable than change which happens quickly too. The gradual changes in ideas and
beliefs about poverty as a mainstream issue which have, for example, been achieved
through long engagement in Viet Nam, are more important than the gains achieved
through whatever planning process may be currently in fashion. It may also take many
years to develop the confidence of poor people to the point that they are able to
participate actively in policy events. We have found this in the UK as well as in other
countries where we work.
! A right to be heard cannot stop at PRSPs there are many other policies and
strategies, by donors and governments, which overlap and which are as, or more,
important. It is critical that the lessons learned through engagement in PRSP processes
are seen as generic, and useful for all work on influencing the content and
implementation of national policies.
! Despite success in countries such as Yemen and Uganda, gender equity still needs to
be stronger in Oxfams right to be heard work. For example, the division between
budget-tracking work and gender budgeting needs to be broken down, so that gender is
always considered. Perhaps more importantly, gender must be part of the
implementation of programmes, not just their objectives. Otherwise, we will find gender
will not figure much in analysing national policies and budgets.
! Oxfams bias towards scrutinising national government accountability through budget
tracking, with less focus on donor accountability, has continued this year. The balance
will be addressed as more work is done on the accountability of donors in the context of
the Millennium Development Goals campaign in 2005.
! Experience from a number of programmes demonstrates how Oxfam is improving in its
ability to work on both sides of the equation both supporting communities to identify
their needs and demand their rights, but also to push and support governments to fulfil
those rights. A review of Oxfams new Programme for Rights, Inclusion, and
Development in Peru showed how important it is to support local government in
understanding and exercising their responsibilities as duty bearers. However, we also
recognise that in some situations not all sections of civil society want a say if it involves
talking to the State, and this can challenge us in developing our approach to working with
civil society.
! We sometimes underestimate the importance of existing legislation, which would make a
difference if it was known about and implemented, so in any programme we should know
relevant laws and help poor people know them.
! It is hard to strike the right balance between right to be heard initiatives at a country
level, or sub-country level, and advocacy initiatives that have a regional or global
approach. This is especially important in failed or near-failed states, where networking
even at a local or national level is difficult.
! A lot of right to be heard work is undertaken under Oxfams other Aims. Therefore
developing a team approach is important, for instance to establish indicators relating to a
right to be heard that can be applied in livelihood and other programmes. We also need
to consolidate our learning about national advocacy and campaigning across our
different areas of work in order to build our knowledge about what has been effective.

5 The Right to Equity
$ Women and men will enjoy equal rights.
$ Ethnic, cultural and other groups oppressed or marginalised for reasons of their
identity will enjoy equal rights and status with other people.
Within this aim, the corporate priority is integration of gender issues into all aspects of our
work.
Beyond mainstreaming, the South Asia Region is leading programming to establish how
Oxfam can work with others to reduce gender-based violence.
We address the denial of poor peoples right to have their opinions heard, and exclusion on
the basis of identity through our Right to be Heard programme. Specifically, related to
diversity, we continue to build the power and voice of ethnic minorities and indigenous
groups and support the disability movement in some areas. We will also engage more with
black and minority ethnic communities in Britain.

GENDER
Mainstreaming gender
As reports on other Aims have shown, although many programmes are demonstrating
various gains for women, staff recognise that these cannot usually be said to represent
lasting changes in the power relations between women and men. A longer period of time,
and changes in various institutions at different levels of society, will be needed for more
fundamental change to occur. Nevertheless, this does not detract from the significance of
some of the small changes that staff and partners have helped bring about in some very
challenging environments and in the face of strong traditions about womens roles. Staff
have shown flexibility and persistence in seeking to bring about changes and good
awareness, at times, of some of the risks and unintended negative impacts that can result.
The heightened awareness across Oxfam about gender issues has made the critique of our
programmes more robust, and we recognise that there are still weaknesses in many of our
programmes. Often there has not been a clear gender analysis during the design of
programmes, we have not collected data separately for women and men and often this type
of information is unavailable from others. It is realised that staff and many of our partners still
need support in order to strengthen their ability to mainstream gender into their
programmes.
A few examples show the variety of ways in which staff have sought to influence the balance
of power between women and men, and womens position in society:
& In Rwanda, innovative conflict management training for non-literate women was piloted
with great success. Three of the women have now been selected as judges in the
traditional gacaca courts, where some perpetrators of the 1994 genocide are being
brought to trial.
& In a highly conservative community in Red Sea State, Sudan, women participated in
mid-wife training after effective involvement in the project by local elders, and after
Oxfam agreed to give support to the womens husbands so that they could accompany
them to the training.

& In northern Uganda, a local technical college has started targeting women in their
advertisements for technical courses after Oxfams programme engaged an all-women
construction team to build shelters.
& In West Africa, one of the most important achievements of the pastoral programme is
considered to be the revival of womens associations, and Oxfams support for the legal
recognition of small organisations of pastoral women has removed a significant barrier to
their involvement in economic, social, and policy matters.
& In the Asylum and Media project in Wales, UK, promotion of an understanding of gender
issues among local agencies led to the Welsh Local Government Consortium of
Refugees and Asylum Seekers breaking down the analysis of their conference statistics
to give figures for women and men. This has prompted the local council to develop a
service targeted at asylum-seeking lone mothers.
The work done on the development of our Trading away our Rights campaign, focusing on
women workers, brought a new depth to the way in which we have been able to integrate
gender issues into a campaign. This has shown us that with a strong gender analysis and
not allowing the messages to dissipate, it is possible to communicate gender issues simply
in a popular campaign.
A number of risks and set-backs are also being identified in programmes:
& In India, in the new programme to introduce organic cotton farming, women expressed
their concern that a change to organic farming would increase their workload, without a
proportionate share of the economic benefits. As a result, the process of establishing a
farmers trading company has been postponed for a year to give time to ensure that
women can be properly represented and that men recognise them as farmers.
& In Albania, the programme has assisted women to become more involved in trading
activities, and they are seen to be influencing decisions within the local trading
associations that have been set up as well as having more influence within their homes.
However, staff have observed that there is some tendency for men to try to take over the
lead of some ventures once well established.
& In Mali, an evaluation of the education programme noted that while the amimatrices
were successfully helping to change the belief that girls have low intellectual abilities and
were increasing girls enrolment in schools, they needed help to challenge, and not
reinforce, gender stereotypes.
& In Badakhshan, Afghanistan, efforts have been made to consider gender issues during
five years of support to communities through an integrated rural development
programme and assistance to recover from a long period of drought. Some change has
been seen, but there are many obstacles too:
# Initially men did not allow their wives to take part in kitchen-gardening activities if
Oxfams male agriculturalist was involved, so female health workers and the gender
officer ran the activities. However, by the end of this project, men were allowing at
least the older women to work directly with the male staff member.
# Communities say that the lack of female teachers in the majority of schools is the
main obstacle to girls going to school. However, gradually attitudes are changing so
that in some cases girls are being allowed to be educated up to year three by older
male teachers.
# In food distributions, separate meetings with women were held to identify women
beneficiaries and Oxfam negotiated with the World Food Programme to increase the
number of distribution points so that they would be more accessible to women.
However, it was reported that women had little control over the food once it reached

home. Food is a source of power and sometimes it was kept by village elders or male
family members some then took the food directly to market to sell.
Making policy processes sensitive to gender issues

We recognise that fundamental and lasting changes in power between women and men will
only come through change within institutions at all levels of society. Our programmes need
to be able to influence policy makers.
In the UK, Oxfams programme is seeking to build a gender analysis into policy-making and
the delivery of anti-poverty and regeneration programmes led by both voluntary and statutory
organisations. The ReGender project focuses on empowering women experiencing poverty
to be able to advocate for change. About 40 grassroots groups have been trained and have
the capacity to engage in influencing local decision-makers. A group from Llandudno, in
Wales, has also presented its work to Wales-wide decision makers, and this has given the
women confidence to devise a course for decision-makers on the stereotyping of women
and men in communities. Oxfams ReGender project was included as an example in the UK
governments National Action Plan on Social Exclusion 2003, and the Head of Communities
First in Wales has pledged to do more to bring a gender perspective into this programme,
noting that he saw Oxfam as a key partner. Oxfams partner, the Westminster Womens
Budget Group, has convinced the UK Treasury to explore gender mainstreaming in three
government Departments.
In Yemen, Oxfams persistence in seeking to get a gender perspective integrated into the
countrys Poverty Reduction Strategy Plan has already been mentioned under the section on
a Right to be Heard (see page 55). Continued challenging and collaboration has meant that
the government has acknowledged the importance of ensuring gender is considered in the
implementation of the PRSP. Oxfam also helped recruit a gender specialist for the new PRS
Monitoring Unit and provided training on gender budgeting to staff from the Ministry of
Finance.
Ending violence against women

Oxfams South Asia Region is leading the organisation in developing work with partners to
empower survivors of violence and to reduce the social acceptance of violence against
women. The programmes in Sri Lanka, India, and Nepal are beginning to demonstrate
changes on both these fronts.
In Sri Lanka, the programme has supported womens societies, created awareness among
women and men on womens rights, and promoted womens access to support services.
Women survivors are now managing community-based organisations and men are more
openly engaging in discussions and initiatives on ending violence against women. For
instance, men played an important role in organising white ribbon day27 in Killonochi.
Changes in government support are also being seen, with a centre being established in
Vavuniya to provide legal and medical services to survivors. The centre has direct access to
the newly established womens and childrens desk in the police station.
In Orissa and Jharkhand, in India, the programme works with partners to seek to
challenge practices, ideas, and beliefs that perpetuate domestic violence against women.
This is done through workshops, seminars, and cultural events, and by working with young
people in schools and colleges and existing programmes such as the National Service
Schemes. The provision of economic support and counselling to deal with trauma is helping
women regain the capacity to lead a full and dignified life. In Khairachatar, a small village in
Jharkhand, where dowry was identified as a reason for domestic violence, 12 couples have
27
White Ribbon Day is the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women.

since succeeded in getting married without a dowry. Larger numbers of women and men are
joining in village-level activities and events, indicating both the greater mobility that women
and girls are achieving and increasing support from men. Persistent interaction with local
government and the police has led to domestic violence now becoming a visible crime and
one which is seen to require urgency in how cases are treated. This is sending an important
message to the community that violence against women is not acceptable.
In Nepal, the programme with partners focuses on the trafficking of women. It involves
supporting young women in the slums of Kathmandu to join together in groups, monitoring
police cells, raising awareness through cultural activities, bringing survivors together,
providing counselling and referral services, and networking and advocacy at national,
regional, and global level. Through the support received, some women have regained social
acceptance and been reintegrated into their families, they are providing leadership to
organisations working on trafficking issues and have a new sense of confidence. Families
have started filing cases against traffickers, and some people previously harbouring
traffickers have now turned against them. Media is becoming more sensitive and supportive
of survivors, and Oxfam partners have contributed to the revision of a national plan of action
on trafficking based on the Beijing Platform of Action.
In general, across the programmes, there are positive factors that we hope will help progress
and sustain the changes we are seeing. These include changes in attitudes of government
and police authorities, the increased confidence and capacities that survivors have gained
and the strength of the networks and platforms that are emerging. We are beginning to learn
how facilitating the development of community-based means of protection and changing
ideas and beliefs are important strategies in this work. However, staff also recognise that we
need to be realistic about the time and resources needed to reach the stage when women
want to change, and that we need a long-term perspective in these programmes.
DIVERSITY
Oxfam GB has decided not to prioritise the development of specific programmes under this
Strategic Change Objective. Some of the other affiliates within Oxfam International have a
long tradition in this area of work and continue to prioritise it. However, as can be seen from
other sections of this report, many of Oxfams livelihoods, basic services, humanitarian, and
right to be heard programmes have a focus on supporting minority ethnic communities and
indigenous groups achieve their rights. Prominent in this is the long-standing work Oxfam
has done with indigenous communities in South America and the growing work that Oxfam
does with pastoralist communities in both the Horn, East and Central Africa Region and
West Africa Region.
In the UK, Oxfam is now developing a race equity programme. UK agencies take a broad
approach to equalities, and by working on both gender and race issues Oxfams programme
will be more consonant with them.
C New developments
As illustrated by examples elsewhere in this report, Oxfam staff are beginning to see the
greater effectiveness that can come from engaging with both women and men in seeking to
achieve gender equality. Learning about this has been supported by the Gender Equality
and Men project, led by the UK Poverty Programme and the Middle East, Eastern Europe
and Commonwealth of Independent States Region. Six Regions have been involved. A
position paper on men and gender equity was submitted to the UN Commission on the
Status of Women international meeting in New York in March 2004. A panel presenting
Oxfams experience of working with men across the Regions was well received. A
publication, Gender equality and Men; Learning from Practice is forthcoming. Involvement in

the UN meeting provided good contacts and the potential for further engagement and
fundraising for this area of work.

! Despite a range of examples which indicate the sensitivity and innovation shown by staff
in progressing gender mainstreaming in their work, in general there is recognition that we
are not consistently addressing gender issues. The establishment of standards, gender
analysis in the design of programmes, data collected and analysed separately for women
and men, and accompaniment of programme staff and partners are some of the ways in
which Regions and Departments are either trying, or identifying as requirements, to
strengthen our performance.
! The examples given indicate the sensitivity staff need to have to the cultural context in
which they work, in order to find entry points and strategies for beginning to bring about
change, and to be able to see where negative impacts are occurring.
! Our experience shows us that we need to work with a wide base of stakeholders, and
not just directly with women and men at a community level, in order to bring about
change. Working with a wider group of stakeholders at different levels provides space for
advocacy, and working in support of authorities can help bring about legal changes,
changes in services, and changes in ideas and beliefs. However, starting with direct
support at a community level is important in giving women and men the confidence to
begin to demand changes.
! Working with men has been more and more recognised within Oxfam as being an
important part of gender equality work. Experience suggests that negotiation works
better than confrontation and that starting with issues that are more acceptable/easier to
deal with serves as a good foundation. It is also seen to be important to give
relationships time to grow and, most importantly, to ensure that women come out
stronger as a result of working with men.
! The marginalisation on many fronts that is experienced by women from minority ethnic
groups and from indigenous communities means that working concurrently on issues of
exclusion based on gender, identity and class is both necessary and challenging.

Appendix A: Impact assessment process
Background
Oxfam GBs impact assessment process is about both learning and accountability. The
learning extends throughout Oxfam and beyond. We seek to involve communities we work
with and partners in our assessments, and to share our learning with others. The process
helps us be accountable to those whom we seek to support, to those who support us, and
within Oxfam.
A global Programme Impact Report is prepared once a year. It looks at achievements and
weaknesses in the programme brought about by actions over a number of years. The global
report draws from similar reports prepared for each of Oxfams eight Regions, the UK
Poverty Programme, Campaigns and Policy Division and the Humanitarian Department.
These in turn draw from Programme/Project Impact Reports, written by programme staff for
a selection of programmes and projects. Findings from recent reviews and evaluations, often
involving external consultants, and other evaluative material, also inform our impact
assessment.
The process of Programme Impact Reporting by programme staff was introduced five years
ago and we have kept the basic assessment questions28 the same over this period, to allow
staff to become familiar and confident with them. Overall, we have seen the quality of
analysis in both Programme/Project Impact Reports and in the Regional and Departmental
reports improve year on year. One question asks for comments about the cost
effectiveness of our interventions. Staff are encouraged to answer this question, but we are
not making this mandatory until we have gained more understanding in this area. Many staff
do though take the opportunity to reflect on results achieved and make observations about
how resources have been used.
A major challenge in impact reporting is to understand and explain different actors

contribution to change. Oxfam seeks to work in partnership and alliance with others,
because we recognise that greater impact is likely to be achieved through joint efforts.
Nevertheless, we need to try and understand what value we add to the partnerships and
alliances we work in, as well as recognise the many other factors that are usually at play.
When reporting successes in relation to advocacy and campaigning objectives, it is often
particularly difficult to tease out the specific influence of individual actors. By listening to what
others say about our work, by commissioning evaluations and by analysing and comparing
different experiences, we try and make the best judgement we can about the influence we
have had.
The process this year

We decided to focus most of our assessments on markets, humanitarian and right to be
heard programmes this year. Regions and Departments chose whether to look at other
areas of their work. We also decided to concentrate on a smaller number of programme and
project assessments than in previous years, and encouraged more discussion and learning
to take place. In total, 69 Programme/Project Impact Reports were written. The assessments
were made by staff from our eight international Regions, UK Poverty Programme,
Campaigns and Policy Division and Humanitarian Department.
More attention was paid to incorporating the findings from recent evaluations into the impact
assessment process this year too. However, we still need to make better use of evaluations.
28
We assess: 1. Impact on the lives of poor women, men, girls and boys; 2. Changes in policies, practices, ideas
and beliefs; 3. Progress towards gender equality; 4. The involvement and empowerment of those whom we hope
will benefit and those who support us; 5. The likely sustainability of the changes achieved. 6. Cost
effectiveness (not mandatory). Finally, from the assessment: 7. Learning, conclusions and actions to be taken.
Programme Impact Report June 2004 i

We feel we should commission less of them, seek to ensure they are consistently of a high
quality, share the learning from them more widely, and follow through the recommendations
more rigorously.
The programmes assessed are not representative of the whole programme. In general, well-
established work was assessed, although a few newer and innovative pieces of work were
also examined to assess progress, and the potential for future impact. When deciding which
areas of work to assess, managers would have taken a number of other factors into
consideration. For instance, they would have looked at other demands on staff at the time,
whether a programme had recently been assessed, and where a programme team and
others might particularly benefit from the assessment of a programme. Evaluations that
had recently been done with the help of consultants were also brought into the overall
assessment being made.
Different forms of learning event took place during the process. Sometimes these were
linked to making an individual programme assessment, and involved partners, discussion
with communities and special collection of information. Other individual programme
assessments drew mainly on discussions and information already collected during ongoing
monitoring. The majority of Regions, the Campaigns and Policy Division and the
Humanitarian Department also held a learning event, where individual assessments and
evaluations were discussed. A global programme committee of managers discussed several
individual programme assessments, and reflected on the broad lessons coming out from the
Regional and Departmental assessments that they had just done. Oxfam GBs Trustee
Impact Group has discussed the draft global report. These events contributed significantly to
the overall analysis done this year and helped staff look more critically at difficulties and
weaknesses.
Sharing our learning
The global Programme Impact Report will be posted on Oxfams website

(www.oxfam.org.uk). Several evaluations mentioned in the main report will be available
through the website too.
The Regional, UK Poverty Programme, Campaigns and Policy Division, and Humanitarian
Department Impact Reports have been posted on Oxfam GBs intranet site.
Individual programme and project impact reports, written over the past five years, are all
available to staff through Oxfam GBs Interim Projects Database.
In different forums, we are reflecting too about what we have learnt from the process itself
and about the quality of our reports. We shall use these reflections to carry on strengthening
our impact assessment process, and to contribute to discussions with other agencies about
developing expertise in this area.
Programme Impact Report June 2004 ii

Appendix B: Distribution of expenditure by Aim and Region
Percentage Direct Programme Spend by Aim - 2003 / 2004
Equity
Right to be Heard 7% Livelihoods
11% 27%
Health & Education

Life & Security 14%
41%
Direct Programme Spend (Million ) by Region and Global, by Life & Security and other
Aims - 2003/04
Million
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
-
CAMEXCA South America East Asia South Asia MEEECIS HECA Southern Africa West Africa United Kingdom Global
Other Aims Life&Security
CAMEXCA Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean

MEEECIS Middle East, Eastern Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States
HECA Horn, East and Central Africa
The total direct programme spend in 2003/2004 was 98.8 million. This represents 82% of
total charitable expenditure in the year.
Programme Impact Report June 2004 iii

Appendix C: Where we work
CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA THE HORN, EAST AND SOUTHERN AFRICA
MEXICO AND THE CENTRAL AFRICA
CARIBBEAN
Significant presence Significant presence Significant presence Significant presence

English-speaking Bolivia Democratic Republic of Congo Angola
Caribbean (Belize, Guyana, Brazil Eritrea Malawi
Jamaica, Trinidad, Chile Ethiopia Mozambique
Windward Islands) Colombia Kenya South Africa
Guatemala Peru Rwanda Zambia
Haiti Somalia Zimbabwe
Honduras Working through other Sudan
Mexico Oxfam affiliates or other Tanzania Working through other
Nicaragua actors Uganda Oxfam affiliates or other
Argentina actors
Working through other Ecuador Working through other Namibia
Oxfam affiliates or other Paraguay Oxfam affiliates or other Swaziland
actors Surinam actors
Cuba, Burundi
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
WEST AFRICA EAST ASIA SOUTH ASIA UK
Significant presence Significant presence Significant presence Significant presence

Cte dIvoire* Burma Afghanistan England
Ghana Cambodia Bangladesh Scotland
Liberia Indonesia India Wales
Mali Philippines Nepal
Mauritania Thailand Pakistan Working through other
Nigeria Timor Leste Sri Lanka Oxfam affiliates or other
Senegal Viet Nam actors
Sierra Leone Northern Ireland
Working through other
Working through other Oxfam affiliates or other
Oxfam affiliates or other actors
actors China
Benin Hong Kong
Burkina Faso Laos
Chad Malaysia
Gambia, Guinea Bissau,
Niger, Togo
Middle East, Eastern Europe, and the

Commonwealth of Independent States
Significant presence Working through other Oxfam affiliates or other actors

Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Iran*, Iraq*, Egypt
Kosovo Lebanon
Palestinian Territories-Israel Moldova
Russian Federation
Serbia and Montenegro
Tajikistan, Yemen
Note: Significant presence includes working through partner organisations
* Humanitarian response 2003/04
Programme Impact Report June 2004 iv

Appendix D: Further information
Further information about Oxfams programme can be found on Oxfams website
(www.oxfam.org.uk). Over the coming year, we shall be increasing the number of summaries
of programme evaluations available on the website.
Programme Impact Report June 2004 v

Programme Impact Report 2004: Oxfam GB's Work With Partners and Allies Around The World

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Programme Impact

Oxfam GBs work with partners and

Impact Reports by Aim:

1. The Right to a Sustainable Livelihood 10

2. The Right to Basic Social Services 24

3. The Right to Life and Security 36

4. The Right to be Heard 53

5. The Right to Equity: Gender and Diversity 60

B Distribution of expenditure by Aim and Region iii

Programme Impact Report July 2004 1

Programme Impact Report July 2004 2

Programme Impact Report July 2004 3

Programme Impact Report July 2004 4

Lessons and challenges

Programme Impact Report July 2004 5

Programme Impact Report July 2004 6

Programme Impact Report July 2004 7

Partnership and accountability. Working in partnership and alliance with others is

The way ahead

# Areas of chronic vulnerability. We shall share learning between programmes to

Programme Impact Report July 2004 8

Programme Impact Report July 2004 9

1 The Right to a Sustainable Livelihood

B Progress towards our objectives

Programme Impact Report July 2004 10

% Case study 1: Secure access and title to land in Zambia

% Case study 2: Supporting small-scale business development

Oxfams work in developing micro-finance services has helped large numbers

Programme Impact Report July 2004 11

% Case study 3: The challenge of creating more secure

Programme Impact Report July 2004 12

Building the strength of poor producers, including creating secure institutions

% Case study 4: A regular income from the sale of milk in Malawi

Programme Impact Report July 2004 13

Programme Impact Report July 2004 14

A well-known intellectual commented: The Make Trade Fair movement in

% Case study 6: Conversion to organic rice farming in Thailand

Programme Impact Report July 2004 15

% Case study 7: Accessing international markets for products

Programme Impact Report July 2004 16

Influencing corporate sector policy and practice

% Case study 8: Homeworkers claiming their rights in the UK

Programme Impact Report July 2004 17

Promoting consumer demand

Changing trade rules and policies and company behaviour

Programme Impact Report July 2004 18

At a regional or national level, some of the developments seen are:

Programme Impact Report July 2004 19

Programme Impact Report July 2004 20

D Lessons, issues, and risks

Programme Impact Report July 2004 21

Programme Impact Report July 2004 22

Programme Impact Report July 2004 23

We seek to increase poor peoples access to essential medicines by campaigning with

We support developments of health services and financing mechanisms, which make

B Progress towards our objectives

Quality and equality in education for girls and boys

Programme Impact Report July 2004 24

% Case study 9: Access to quality education for marginalised