GRLWeap Fundamental

Fundamentals of Dynamic Driven Pile
Analysis
2013, Pile Dynamics, Inc. - Frank Rausche, Ph.D., P.E.
1 GRLWEAP Fundamentals
CONTENT
Introduction
Why, when and where wave equation
Wave Equation Models: Hammer, Pile, Soil
An Example
Summary
GRLWEAP Application
WHEN?
Before pile driving begins, based on estimates
After initial pile tests using test results (refined WE)
WHY?
Formulate driving criterion (for required capacity)
Equipment (hammer and driving system) selection
Pile size/impedance selection
Stress and blow count calculation (driveability)
Capacity determination
GRLWEAP Application: During Design
Get Factored Loads
Qft = (fi Qi)
Do Borings
Perform required
initial tests
Decide Pile Type
Ru Verification
and Resistance No
Satisfactory?
Factor, No
Dynamic
Required Rn =
Analysis:Driveable Establish Driving Criterion
(1/) Qft
Pile? Drive Production Piles to
Do Static Analysis
Find Pile Length Blow Count
Test as many as required
Wave Equation Application:
Capacity Determination by Bearing Graph
GRL Engineers, Inc. 08-Aug-2012
GRLWEAP Example GRLWEAP Version 2010
20 20
DELMAG D 30-32
Compressive Stress (MPa)
Ram Weight 29.37 kN

Tension Stress (MPa)
16 16 Efficiency 0.800
Pres s ure 9645 (99%) kPa
Helm et Weight 17.79 kN
12 12 Ham m er Cus hion19259 kN/m m
Pile Cus hion 1009 kN/m m
COR of P.C. 0.500
8 8
Skin Quake 2.500 mm
Toe Quake 10.160 mm
4 4 Skin Dam ping 0.650 s ec/m
Toe Dam ping 0.500 s ec/m
Pile Length 20.50 m
0 0 Pile Penetration 14.01 m
Pile Top Area 3716.12 cm 2
4000 5
Skin Friction
Pile Model Dis tribution
Ultimate Capacity (kN)
3200 4
Stroke (m)
2400 3
1600 2
800 1
0 0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 Res . Shaft = 71 %
Blow Count (blows /.30m ) (Proportional)
GRLWEAP Application:
Driveability Check
Blow Count <

Acceptable
Stresses <
Acceptable
Dynamic Formulas
1893 Wellington (Engineering News)
Now: Modified Gates
Energy Dissipated in Soil =

Energy Provided by Hammer
(RUC)(Pile Set) = (Hammer Efficiency) (Wr h)
ENR and Gates for D 19-42
Er = 42 kip-ft = 57 kN-m
4000
3500
3000
Capacity in kN
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Blows/0.25 m
Gates - w/ calculated Stroke ENR - Ru = Rd x 2
Shortcomings of Formulas
Rigid pile model
Poor hammer representation
Inherently inaccurate for both capacity and
blow count predictions
No stress results
Unknown hammer energy
Relies on EOD Blow Counts
The 1-D Wave Equation
(2u/ t2) = E (2u/ x2)
E elastic modulus
f
mass density
with c2 = E/ ... Wave Speed
Solution: u = f(x-ct) + g(x+ct)

g
x x length coordinate
t ... time
u displacement
THE WAVE EQUATION MODEL
The Wave Equation Analysis calculates

the displacement of any point of a slender
elastic rod at any time using a difference
method.
The calculation is based on rod
Length
Cross Sectional Area
Elastic Modulus
Mass density
Hammer
GRLWEAP Fundamentals
For a pile driving analysis, the D.S.

slender, elastic rod consists of
Hammer+Driving System+Pile
The soil is represented by resistance
Pile
forces acting on the pile and
representing the forces in the pile-soil
interface
The Pile Model
To solve the wave equation
numerically:
The hammer-pile system is divided into L
segments (masses and springs)
of length L
typically: L 1 m (3.3 ft)
with mass m = A L
and stiffness k = E A / L
there are N = L / L pile segments
We can model 3 hammer-pile systems
External Combustion Hammer Modeling
Cylinder and upper frame =
assembly top mass
Ram guides for assembly stiffness

Drop height
Ram: A, L for stiffness, mass
Hammer base =
assembly bottom mass
External Combustion Hammers
Ram Model
Ram segments
~1m long
Combined Ram-
H.Cushion
Helmet mass
External Combustion Hammers
Combined Ram Assembly Model
Ram segments
Assembly segments
Combined Ram-
H.Cushion
Helmet mass
External Combustion Hammer
Analysis Procedure
Static equilibrium analysis
Dynamic analysis starts when ram is within 1 ms
of impact.
All ram segments then have velocity
VRAM = (2 g h )1/2 0.001 g
g is the gravitational acceleration

h is the equivalent hammer stroke and is the hammer efficiency
h = Hammer potential energy/ Ram weight
External Combustion Hammer
Analysis Procedure
Dynamic analysis ends when

Pile toe has rebounded to 80% of max dtoe
Pile has penetrated more than 4 inches
Pile toe has rebounded to 98% of max dtoe and
energy in pile is essentially dissipated
Diesel Hammers
Open Ended
Closed Ended
Diesel Hammer Components
Piston = Ram
Cylinder
Fuel Port (closed by piston)

pump Compressive stroke
Combustion chamber
Impact block
Hammer Cushion; Helmet
Diesel Hammer
Model
Ram segments ~1m long
Ram bottom/impact block

Impact Block mass
Hammer Cushion
Helmet mass
Diesel Hammer Combustion Pressure Model
Compressive Stroke, hC
Cylinder Area, ACH
Final Chamber Volume, VCH
Max. Pressure, pMAX
Ports
Precompression- hC
Combustion-
Expansion-
Pressure
DIESEL PRESSURE MODEL
Liquid Injection Hammers
Liquid Injection Timing Parameters:
Pressure Combustion Delay, t
Combustion Duration, tD
Open
Expansion:
Port
p=pMAX(VCH/V)1.25
tD
t
Compression:
p=patm(Vin/V)1.35
pMAX
Time
Energy, Efficiency and Measurements
Potential (Rated) Kinetic Transferred
WR
Measured Transferred
Energy
Max ET = F(t) v(t) dt h
(EMX, ENTHRU) WR
T = ENTHRU/ ER
(transfer ratio or efficiency) Measure
ER = WR h Force, F(t)
Manufacturers Rating Velocity, v(t)
Measured Transfer Ratios for Diesels
Steel Piles Concrete Piles
SA Air Hammers SA Hydraulic Hammers
on Steel Piles
GRLWEAP
Impact Hammer Efficiencies , h
Diesel hammers: 0.80
Traditional air/steam hammers: 0.67
Hydraulic hammers: 0.80
Hammers with energy monitoring: 0.95
These efficiencies account for energy losses that

we cannot calculate or otherwise assess!
Vibratory
Hammers
Vibratory Hammer Model
Line Force FL
Bias Mass and m1
Oscillator mass, m2
Eccentric masses, me, m2 FV
radii, re
Clamp
Vibratory Force:
FV = me [2resin t - a2(t)]
Driving System Models
The Driving Systems
Consists of
1. Helmet including inserts to
align hammer and pile
2. Optionally: Hammer
Cushion to protect
hammer
3. For Concrete Piles:
Softwood Cushion
Driving System Model
Example of a diesel hammer
on a concrete pile
Hammer Cushion: Spring

plus Dashpot
Helmet + Inserts
Pile Cushion + Pile Top:
Spring + Dashpot
Pile Top Mass
The
After Smith
Soil Model
Outer Soil: Interface Soil:

Rigid Elasto-Plastic
Springs and Viscous
Dashpots
Soil Resistance
Soil resistance slows pile movement and
causes pile rebound
A very slowly moving pile only encounters
static resistance
A rapidly moving pile also encounters dynamic
resistance
The static resistance to driving differs from the
soil resistance under static loads
Smiths Soil Model
Total Soil Resistance
Rtotal = Rsi +Rdi
Rsi function of u i
Segment
i
Rdi function of v i
Displacemt ui Fixed
Velocity vi
Static Shaft Resistance
Pile Segment
Model Parameters Rui, qi
Elastic spring with max.
Static Resistance compression q (quake)
Rigid plastic slider
Rui with Resistance Rui
ksi = Rui /qi

Fixed reference
quake, qi
Pile Displacement
Shaft Resistance and Quake
Static Resistance
-Rui Rui
qi
Recommended
qi Shaft Quakes:
2.5 mm or
0.1 inches
Pile Displacement
The Static Toe Resistance and Quake
Static Toe Resistance
Rui
qi
For impact
hammers
For vibratory
hammers qi
Toe Displacement
Recommended Toe Quakes, qt
Static Toe Res.
Non-displacement Displacement piles
piles qt Rut
0.1 or 2.5 mm D/120: very dense/hard
soils
0.04 or 1 mm on
hard rock D/60: softer/loose soils
qt
Toe Displacement
Smiths Soil Damping Model (Shaft or Toe)
Rd = RsJs v
Pile Fixed
Smith damping factor,
reference
Segment Js [s/m or s/ft]
(soil around
pile)
Rd = RuJsv v
Smith-viscous damping
factor Jsv [s/m or s/ft]
velocity v
For RSA and Vibratory Ananlysis
dashpot
Recommended Smith damping factors
Shaft
Clay: 0.65 s/m or 0.20 s/ft
Sand: 0.16 s/m or 0.05 s/ft
Silts: use an intermediate value
Layered soils: use a weighted average
for bearing graph
Toe
All soils: 0.50 s/m or 0.15 s/ft
Resistance Distribution
1. Simplest
I. Percentage Shaft
resistance (from static
Penetration
soils analysis)
II. Triangular or Rectangular
or Trapezoidal
Only reasonable for a simple
Bearing Graph where little is
known about soil.
End Bearing = Total Capacity x
(100% - Percent Shaft
Resistance)
2. Still Simple:
ST Analysis based on some
knowledge of Soil Types
Penetration
Reasonable for a simple Bearing
Graph; for Driveability possible,
but more accurate analysis
should be done.
End Bearing = From Soil Type,

Pile Bottom Area
3. More Involved:
I. SA
Input: SPT Blow Count, Friction
Angle or Unconfined
Penetration
Compressive Strength
II. API (offshore wave version)
Input: Friction Angle or
Undrained Shear Strength
III. CPT
Input: Cone Record including Tip
Resistance and Sleeve Friction
vs Depth.
All are good for a Bearing Graph

May be OK for Driveability Analysis
Local experience may provide better values
Numerical Treatment
Predict displacements:
uni = uoi + voi t
uni-1 Mass i-1 Ri-1
Calculate spring compression:
ci = uni - uni-1 Fi, ci
Calculate spring forces: uni Mass i Ri

Fi = ki ci
Calculate resistance forces:

uni+1 Mass i+1 Ri+1
Ri = Rsi + Rdi
Force balance at a segment
Force from upper spring, Fi
Resistance force, Ri Weight, Wi

Mass i
Force from lower spring, Fi+1
Acceleration: ai = (Fi + Wi Ri Fi+1) / mi

Velocity, vi, and Displacement, ui, from Integration
Set or Blow Count Calculation
(a) Simplified: extrapolated toe displacement
Static soil Resistance
Max. Displacement
Calculated
Extrapolated
Ru
Pile
Displacement
Final Set Quake

(b) Blow Count Calculation by RSA
Residual Stress Analysis is also called
Multiple Blow Analysis
Analyzes several blows consecutively with
initial stresses, displacements from static state
at end of previous blow
Yields residual stresses in pile at end of blow;
generally lower blow counts
Blow Count Calculation
(b) Residual Stress Analysis (RSA)
Set for 2 Blows
Convergence:
Consecutive Blows
have same
pile compression/sets
RSA: When and How
RSA is the preferable method of analysis
for long slender piles (e.g., steel piles with
Lp/D > 100 or Monotube/Taper Tube piles)
RSA calculates somewhat higher blow
counts than standard analysis (non-
conservative)
RSA calculates somewhat higher stresses
than standard analysis (conservative)
Program Flow Bearing Graph
Input Distribute Ru
Increase Ru
Set Soil Constants
Model hammer, Static Equilibrium

driving system Ram velocity
and pile Dynamic analysis Y
Increase
Ru ?
Pile stresses
Energy transfer
Choose first Ru Pile velocities N
Calculate Blow
Count Output
Bearing Graph: Variable Capacity, One depth
SI-Units; Clay and Sand Example; D19-42; HP 12x53;
The Inspectors Chart:
GRL Engineers, Inc.
One Capacity and One Depth Stroke Variable 21-Aug-2011
Demo 3-Inspector's Chart - D16-32 GRLWEAP Version 2010
250 250
DELMAG D 16-32
Capacity 1600.0 kN
Compressive Stress (MPa)
Ram Weight 15.66 kN

200 200
Tension Stress (MPa)

Efficiency 0.800
Pres s ure 9825 (99%) kPa
Helm et Weight 8.45 kN
150 150 Ham m er Cus hion 10535 kN/m m
COR of H.C. 0.800
Skin Quake 2.500 mm
Toe Quake 2.500 mm
100 100
Skin Dam ping 0.259 s ec/m
Toe Dam ping 0.500 s ec/m
Pile Length 18.28 m
50 50 Pile Penetration 16.76 m
Pile Top Area 140.64 cm 2
Skin Friction
0 0
Pile Model Dis tribution
3.50
3.10
Stroke (m)
2.70
2.30
1.90
1.50
40 80 120 160 200 240 280
Res . Shaft = 30 %
Blow Count (blows /.25m ) (Proportional)
Formulas and Wave Equation
D19-42; HP 12x53; Clay and Sand
4000
3500
3000
Capacity in kN
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Blow s/0.25 m
Gates ENR GRLWEAP-Clay GRLWEAP-Sand
Driveability Analysis
Basically:
Perform a static soil analysis do it as
accurately as possible
Perform wave equation analyses for
different depths with Ru from static soil
analysis
Plot calculated Ru, blow count, maximum
stresses vs. depth
Driveability Analysis
Analyze a series of Bearing Graphs for different

depths for SRD and/or LTSR
Put the results in sequence so that we get predicted
blow count and stresses vs pile toe penetration
Note that, in many or most cases, shaft resistance
is lower during driving (soil setup) and end bearing
is about the same as long term
In the few cases of relaxation, the toe resistance is
actually higher during driving than long term
Program Flow Driveability
Input Calculate Ru
for first gain/loss
Model Hammer & Next G/L
Driving System
Analysis
Choose first
Depth to analyze Increase Y
G/L?
Pile Length and N
Model
Y Increase Output
Depth?
Increase Depth N
Driveability Result
Remarks About SRD
WHAT IS RU DURING DRIVING? We call it SRD, because
we lose static shaft resistance during driving.
In general, we will regain static resistance by Soil Setup -
primarily along shaft (maybe up to 10x in clay)
During analysis we may want to analyze with full loss of
setup or with partial loss of setup or with no loss of
setup at all.
For Driveability with variable setup time
Setup time Setup Time
Defines after how Ru
much waiting time
setup is gained Ru/SF
Time
Ru Limit
Limit Distance Distance
Defines after how
Ru/SF
much driving distance
soil setup is lost
Pile Penetration
Summary
The wave equation helps for equipment selection, setting
preliminary driving criteria and capacity determination, if
testing is not feasible.
For capacity determination without measurements the
factor of safety has to be greater than when doing
measurements (GIGO).
Summary
The wave equation analysis simulates what happens in
the pile due to a hammer impact.
It calculates a relationship between capacity and blow
count, or blow count vs. depth.
The analysis model represents hammer (3 types), driving
system (cushions, helmet), pile (concrete, steel, timber)
and soil (at the pile-soil interface)
GRLWEAP provides a variety of input help features
(hammer and driving system data, static formulas among
others).
Summary
Good hammer performance is essential for both good
productivity and a meaningful construction control by
blow count.
Wave Equation analysis results are only as good as the
accuracy of the hammer efficiency and soil resistance
input.
Thank you for your
attention
For further information see:
www.pile.com
QUESTIONS?
[email protected]

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What is the wave equation analysis used for?

What is the wave equation analysis used for?

What are the components modeled in a wave equation analysis?

What are the components modeled in a wave equation analysis?

Fundamentals of Dynamic Driven Pile

2013, Pile Dynamics, Inc. - Frank Rausche, Ph.D., P.E.

Ram Weight 29.37 kN

Blow Count <

Energy Dissipated in Soil =

(RUC)(Pile Set) = (Hammer Efficiency) (Wr h)

Gates - w/ calculated Stroke ENR - Ru = Rd x 2

with c2 = E/ ... Wave Speed

Solution: u = f(x-ct) + g(x+ct)

The Wave Equation Analysis calculates

For a pile driving analysis, the D.S.

The soil is represented by resistance

Ram guides for assembly stiffness

Ram: A, L for stiffness, mass

g is the gravitational acceleration

Dynamic analysis ends when

Fuel Port (closed by piston)

Ram segments ~1m long

Ram bottom/impact block

These efficiencies account for energy losses that

Hammer Cushion: Spring

Pile Top Mass

Outer Soil: Interface Soil:

ksi = Rui /qi

End Bearing = From Soil Type,

All are good for a Bearing Graph

Calculate spring forces: uni Mass i Ri

Calculate resistance forces:

Resistance force, Ri Weight, Wi

Force from lower spring, Fi+1

Acceleration: ai = (Fi + Wi Ri Fi+1) / mi

Final Set Quake

Set for 2 Blows

Model hammer, Static Equilibrium

Ram Weight 15.66 kN

Tension Stress (MPa)

Gates ENR GRLWEAP-Clay GRLWEAP-Sand

Analyze a series of Bearing Graphs for different

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