UNIT - I

1. A 3 phase 220V, balanced supply is applied to a balanced 3 phase Delta connected

load of impedance (6+j8) ph . The current through load impedance is [ ]
a) 22A lags by 53.20 b) 22A leads by 530
22 22
c) A lags by 53.20 d) A lags by 36.80
3 3
2. A balanced star connected star connected load of impedance Z/ph is connected to a
balanced 3 phase supply of V volts and draws a line current of I L . In order that a
balanced delta connected also draw the same line current with the same balanced 3
phase supply the load impedance / ph in delta connected load should be [ ]
1 1
a) Same as Z b) 3 times Z c) timesZ d) timeZ
3 3
3. In a balanced 3-phase star connected load, the power consumed /ph is 500W. The P.F.
of the load is 0.8 lag. The total reactive power taken by the load is [ ]
a) 1875 VAR b) 375 VAR c) 625 VAR d) 1125 VAR
4. A balanced 220V, 3 phase supply is given to a balanced 3 phase delta connected
resistance of 10 / ph. The line current taken by the load is [ ]
22
a) 2 22A b) 3 22A c) 22v d) A
3
5. A balanced 3 phase 200V supply is given to a balanced delta connected 3 phase load
and takes total reactive power of 1200 VAR at a line current of 4 3 Amps. The
power factor of the load is [ ]
a) 0.707 b) 0.5 c) 0.866 d) unity
6. A balanced star connected load is supplied from a balanced 3phase 400V system. The
current in each phase is 30 Amps and is 300 behind the phase voltage. The total power
taken by the load is [ ]
a) 18 KW b) 9 KW c) 6 KW d) 12 KW
3F .
7. A balance star connected load has a capacitance of ph The Equivalent delta
connected load has a capacitance of [ ]
1F 9F 3F 6F
a) ph b) ph c) ph d) ph
8. In a 3 balanced Star connected system, the phase relation between the line
voltages and their respective phase voltages is given by [ ]
a) The line voltages lead their respective phase voltages by 300
b) The phase voltages lead their respective line voltages by 300
c) The line voltages and their respective phase voltages are in phase
d) None
9. In a 3 balanced Delta connected system, the phase relation between the line
currents and their respective phase currents is given by [ ]
a) The line currents lag behind their respective phase currents by 300
b) The phase currents lag behind their respective line currents by 300
c) The line currents and their respective phase currents are in phase
d) None
10. Three coils A, B, C, displaced by 120 0 from each other are mounted on the same axis
and rotated in a uniform magnetic field in clockwise direction. If the instantaneous
value of emf in coil A is E max sin t , the instantaneous value of emf in B and C coils
will be [ ]
2 4
a) E max sin t - ; E max sin t -
3 3
2 4
b) E max sin t ; E max sin t
3 3
2 4
c) E max sin t - ; E max sin t
3 3
d) None
11. In a balanced 3 phase star connected systems, the phase difference between line &
phase voltage is __________ .
12. The expression for total active power taken by a balance 3 phase load is _________ .

13. A.3-phase, 4wire supply is given to a balanced star connected load. The current in the
neutral wire is ___________ .
14. The expression for total reactive power in a 3phase balanced load in terms of line
quantities is ____________ .
15. The resultant voltage in a closed balanced delta circuit given by ___________ .
16. In a balanced 3 phase star connected system, the line voltage is equal to 3 phase
voltage. [T/F]
17. In a balanced 3 phase Delta connected system the line current is equal to 3Iph .
[T/F]
18. The current in the neutral wire of a balanced 3 , 4 wire star connected load is
given by Zero. [T/F]
19. In a 3 system, the volt ampere rating is given by 3VL I L . [T/F]
20. For an unbalanced system the phase angle between each phase are differed by 120 0
electrical degrees. [T/F]

1. A 6. A 11. 300 16. T

2. B 7. A 12. 3VphIphCos 17. F
3. D 8. A 13. Zero 18. T
4. B 9. A 14. 3 VLILSin 19. F

5. C 10. B 15. Zero 20. F

UNIT II
1. Three inductors of 10mH each are connected in Delta. The inductance of an
equivalent star connected load is [ ]
a) 20mH b) 30mH c) 5mH d) 10/3mH
2. Three capacitor of 2 F each are connected in delta. The capacitance of an
equivalent star connected load is [ ]
2
a) F b) 6 F c) 4 F d) 2 F
3
3. The value of ZA of equivalent star connected load of the delta connected load shown
in Figure is [ ]

a) j10 b) j10 c) 10 d)5

4. In a 3 phase delta connected system, the line current Ia (5 j10 )A

and Ib (5 j10 )A. The line current Ic is [ ]
a) -5+j10 b) 10A c) -10A d) -5-J10
5. In a 3phase 4 wire system, the line currents are Ia (5 j8)A
Ib (6 j9)A and Ic (3 j5). The current in the neutral wire is [ ]
a) -2+j4 b) zero c) 2-jA d) - 2 J4
6. In a balanced 3phase star connected load the total power dissipated is 1000W. If the
same impedances are connected in delta across the same supply, the total power
dissipated is [ ]
1000
a) 9000W b) W c) 1000W d) 3000W
3
7. In a 2 wattmeter method, one of the wattmeter reads, zero, and the other reads 500W
in a balanced 3phase load. The reactive power taken by the load is [ ]
a) 500 VAR b) 3 500 c) Zerod) 1500 VAR
8. A 400V, 3phase induction motor takes a no load current of 5A. The phase angle of the
current is 750 . The reading of wattmeters in the two wattmeter method for
measurement of power are [ ]
0 0
a) 2000 cos 105 , 2000 cos 45 b) 3 2000 cos 450 , 3 2000 cos 750
0
c) 3 2000 cos 75 each d) 2000 cos 750 , 2000 sin 450
9. In a 3 unbalanced, 4 wire Star connected system, the currents in the neutral
wire is given by [ ]
a) Zero b) 3 times the current in individual phases
c) The vector sum of the currents in the three lines d) None
10. Wattmeter deflection in AC circuit is proportional to the [ ]
a) Maximum power in the circuit b) Instantaneous power in the circuit
c) Average power in the circuit d) None
11. Three equal resistors of 10 each are connected in star. The resistance of an
equivalent delta connected load are equal to __________ .
12. The neutral shift in a balanced 3phase star connected load is ___________ .
13. The sum of the three line current in a 3 phase 3 wire system is equal to __________ .
14. The expression for total reactive power in a 3phase balanced load is ___________ .
15. In a 3 unbalanced Star connected system, the vector sum of the currents in the
three lines is _______ .
16. In a two- wattmeter method of measurement of power in a balanced load, one of the
wattmeter is reading zero. Then the power factor of the load is 0.5. [T/F]
17. A balanced 3 phase load is taking a line current of 5A at 0.866 pf lag from a 400V
W1
balanced 3phase supply. Then ratio of the two wattmeter reading is is 2.
W2
[T/F]
18. In a two-wattmeter method of measurement of power in a balanced load the readings
are W1 400W ; W 2 200W . The P.F of the load is 0.866 lead. [T/F]
19. A single wattmeter is employed to measure reactive power in a balanced 3phase load.
The reading of wattmeter is 500. The total reactive power taken by three phase load is
3 500VAR . [T/F]
20. The reading of the wattmeter connected to measure the reactive power in a three
phase circuit is given by zero, the line voltages is 400 V and line current 15 A; then
the PF of the circuit is not unity. [T/F]

1. D 6. D 11. 30 16. T
2. B 7. B 12. Zero 17. T
3. A 8. A 13. Zero 18. T
4. C 9. C 14. 3 VLILSin 19. F

5. D 10. C 15. Not Zero 20. F

UNIT III
1. The expression for I (t) in a series R-L circuits when a D.C voltage of 10V is
suddenly applied at t = 0 is [ ]
 10
Rt Rt
10 L Rt
Rt
b) R 1 e
L
a) e c) 10 1 e L d) 10 e L
R

2. The voltage across inductance in a series R-L circuit having R=5 and L=0.2H,
when a D.C. Voltage of 10V is suddenly applied at t=0 is [ ]
-25t -25t -25t -25t
a) 50 e b) 2e c) 10e d) 20e
3. A series R-C circuits has R=5 and C=2.5 F . The time constant of the circuits is
[ ]
1
a) 12.5 sec b) 0.5 sec c) 2 sec d) sec
12.5
4. A series R-L-C circuit is energized with a D.C source of V volts at t=0. The
expression for i(t) when the circuits is critically damped is [ ]
V Rt V Rt V Rt
a) te b) te c) te
2L L 2L 2L L L
V Rt
d) te
L 2L
5. The condition for critical Damping in a series R-L-C circuit is [ ]
L L
a) R=2LC b) R 4 c) R2 = 4 d) R2=4LC
C C
6. To a series R-L C circuit having R=10 , L=1H and C=10 F a D.C voltage of
di
10V is suddenly applied at t=0. The circuit is initially relaxed. Then at t 0 is [
di
]
a) 5 A/sec b) 10 A/sec c) 1.0e-t/3 d) 1.0e-3t
7. A series R-C circuits having R=15 and C=0.2F.A constant voltage of 15V is
applied at t=0. The expression for i(t)is [ ]
a)1.5e-t/3 b)15e-t/3 c)1.0e-t/3 d) 1.0e-3t
8. In a series R-C circuits having R=10 and C=0.1 F.A constant voltage of 5V is
applied at t=0. The expression for voltage across capacitor is [ ]
a) 51 e
t
b) 51 e 10 t
c) 101 e
t
d) 5e t
9. The time constant of a circuit having R=5 and L=0.2H is [ ]
a) 2sec b) 1sec c) 0.04 sec d) 2.5 sec
10. A series R-C circuits having R=5 and C=0.1 f and a D.C voltage of 5V is suddenly
applied at t=0 across the circuits is initially relaxed. Then the current at t=0 + is
[ ]
a) 0.5 A b) 5A c) Zero d) 1A.
11. The capacitor at t= for D.C voltage will act as _________ .
12. The inductor at t= for D.C voltage will act as ___________ .
13. The ___________ cannot change instantaneously in an inductor.
14. The ___________ cannot change instantaneously in a capacitor.
15. The final steady state value of current in a series RLC circuit when a D.C voltage of
V volts is applied to it at t = is __________ .
16. A series R-L circuits having R=5 and L=0.1 H is suddenly connected to a D.C
Voltage of 10V at t=0. The current reaches almost its steady state value in a time of
5 Time constant . [T/F]
17. A series R-L circuits having R=5 and L=0.1 H is suddenly connected to a D.C
Voltage of 10V, the values of current at t equal to Time constant is 1.264A [T/F]
18. To a series R-L circuits with R=20 and L=5H, a D.C voltage of 10V is applied to
it at t=0. The circuit is initially relaxed. The voltage across inductor is 10e-t [T/F]
19. Inductor does not allow sudden changes in Voltages [T/F]

20. A capacitor does not allow sudden change in Currents [T/F]

1. B 6. B 11. Open circuit 16. T

2. C 7. C 12. Short circuit 17. T
3. A 8. A 13. Current 18. F
4. A 9. C 14. Voltage 19. F
5. C 10. D 15. Zero 20. F
 UNIT IV
1. Transient behaviour occurs in any circuit when [ ]
a) There are sudden changes of applied voltage
b) The voltage source is shorted
c) The circuit is connected or disconnected from the supply
d) All of the above happen
2. The transient response occurs [ ]
a) Only in resistive circuits b) Only in inductive circuits
c) Only in capacitive circuits d) Both b and c
3. Inductor does not allow sudden changes in [ ]
a) Currents b) Voltages c) Both a and b d) None
4. When a series RL circuit is connected to a voltage source V at t=0, the current passing
through the inductor L at t=0+ is [ ]
V V
a) b)infinite c)zero d)
R L
5. The time constant of a series RL circuit is [ ]
L R
a) LR b) c) d) e R / L
R L
6. A capacitor does not allow sudden change [ ]
a) in currents b) in voltages
c) in both current & voltage d) in neither of the two
7. When a series RC circuit is connected to a constant voltage at t=0, the current passing
through the circuits at t 0 is [ ]
V V
a) infinite b) zero c) d)
R C
8. The time constant of a series RC circuit is [ ]
1 R
a) b) c)RC d) e RC
RC C
9. During the steady state condition the capacitor behaves as [ ]
a) open circuit b) Short circuit
c) short circuit if the source is AC supply d) None
10. An RLC circuit has R=10 , L=2H. The value of capacitance at which the circuit
will critically damped. [ ]
a) 0.05F b) 0.08F c) 0.06F d) 0.07F
11. A series R-L circuits having R=10 , L=0.5H, is suddenly connected to a sinusoidal
voltage of 10 sin (314t+ ). The expression for transient component of current is
________ .
12. A series R-L circuit is suddenly connected to a sinusoidal voltage Vm sin ( t ) . In
order that the transient component does not exist the values of in terms of
impedance angle is _________ .
13. The steady state value of current in a series R-L circuit with sinusoidal applied Vm sin
( t ) . Is __________ .
14. The condition for critical damping in a series R-L Circuits is ________ .
15. The current response in an under damped series RLC circuit with D.C excitation is
________ .
16. The transient current in a loss- free LC circuits when excited from an ac source is an
undamped sine wave. [T/F]
17. Transient current in an RLC circuit is oscillatory when R < 2 L / C . [T/F]
18. The unit of time constant is seconds. [T/F]
19. During the steady state condition the inductor behaves as open circuit. [T/F]
20. The time constant of series RC circuit is R/C [T/F]

1. D 6. B 11. 10 16. T
Sin( 86.360 ) e 20 t
157.38
2. B 7. C 12. n 17. T
3. A 8. A 13. Vm 18. T
Sin(t )
Z
4. C 9. A 14. 4L 19. F
R2
C
5. B 10. B 15. Exponentially decaying sinusoidal 20. F

UNIT-V
1. A voltage of 10V applied at port (1) results in I 1 5 A andV 2 5V when port 2 is
open circuited. The open circuits transfer impedance is [ ]
a) 2 b)1 c)3 d)4
2. For a two port network Z 11 & Z 22 are equal and also Z 12 Z 21 . Then the two port
network is [ ]
a) Symmetric only b) Reciprocal but not symmetrical
c)Symmetric and Reciprocal d) Symmetrical but not reciprocal
3. The parameter Y11 in terms of Z parameters is [ ]
Z 22 z12 z11 z21
a) b) c) d)
Dz Dz Dz Dz
4. With port (1) short circuited, a voltage of 10V is applied at port (2) result in
I 2 4 AandI 1 2 A. The S/C dividing point admittance at port (2) is [ ]
a)-0.4 b)+0.2 c)-0.2 d)0.4
5. For a given two port network the S/C parameters are
Y11 10 Y12 Y21 2 Y22 5 The values of Z 21 is [ ]
10 5 1 1
a) b) c) d)
23 23 23 23
6. What is the unit of parameter A? [ ]
a) Ohm b) Mho c) Siemen d) No units
7. In a two port network, the parameters A=D=2 and B=3 . Then value of parameter C
is [ ]
1 1
a) 2 b)1Mho c) Mho d) Mho
2 3
8. For a given Two Port network, Y11=12, Y12=Y21=4 and Y22=7, then the value of Z22 is [
]

12 12 12 12
a) b) c) d)
62 66 68 70

9. In h parameters h12 represents [ ]

a) Input impedance b) Forward current gain
c) Reverse voltage gain d) Output admittance
10. The condition for reciprocal in ABCD parameters is [ ]
a) A=D b) AD-BC=1 c) A=1 d) B=C

11) Condition for reciprocity in terms of Z-parameters is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

12) The value of Z11 in terms of Y-parameters is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

13) Condition for symmetry in terms of ABCD parameters is _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ .

14) The value of h11in terms of Y-parameters is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

15) Condition for reciprocity in terms of Y-parameters is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

TRUE/FALSE:

16) Z-parameter is called as open circuit parameters [T/F].

17) The value of Y11 in terms of Z-parameters is Z11 [T/F].

18) The condition of reciprocity for ABCD parameters is A=D.[T/F]

19) ABCD parameters are called as short circuit parameters [T/F].

20) Z21 in terms of Y-parameters is Y21/Y. [T/F].

1. B 6. A 11. Z12=Z21 16. T

2. C 7. B 12. 17. F

3. A 8. C 13. A=D 18. F

4. B 9. C 14. 19. F

5. C 10. B 15. Y12=Y21 20. T

UNIT-VI
1. In a two port network, the expression for Z 11 in terms of ABCD parameters is [ ]
D 1 B A
a) b) c) d)
C C C C

2. The value of Z 11 the following network (in s-domain) given by

Figure is [ ]
1 1
a) 2 b)1+s c) 1 d)2+s
s s

3. A two port network has A=D=5 b=3 and C=8The parameter h11 for the above
network is [ ]
a)1/5 b)8/5 c)3/5 d)13/5

4. For a two port symmetrical network, the relation in transmission parameters is [ ]

1 1
a) A b) CA=BD c) A d)A=D
CD D
5. Two identical two port network, (having same two port parameters) are connected in
cascade. The parameters A of the combined network is [ ]
B A
a) A+BC b) A 2 BC c) A d)
C 2

6. The impedance matrices of two, two port networks are given as and .
The total impedance if the two networks are connected in series is [ ]

a) b)

c) d)

7. Y11 represents [ ]
a) input admittance b) output admittance
c) forward transfer admittance d) reverse transfer admittance

8. Z11 represents [ ]
a) input impedance b) output impedance
c) forward transfer impedance d) reverse transfer impedance
9. The units of Z12 is [ ]
a) Ohm b) Mho c) Siemen d) No units
10. The units of Y21 is [ ]
a) Ohm b) Mho c) Siemen d) No units
11) Transformed variable of resistance 10 is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
12) Transformed variable of inductance 5H is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

13) Transformed variable of capacitance 10F is _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _.

14) Equivalent ABCD parameters of cascade connection of two two-port network is _ _

_ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ of respective ABCD parameters.

15) Equivalent parameters of two-port network is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of respective Z-

parameters.

TRUE/FALSE:

16) Laplace transform of di/dt is [S I(S)-I(0). ] [T/F].

17) Laplace transforms of d i dt is SI(S). [T/F].

18) Equivalent Y-parameter of parallel connection of two port network is product of

respective Y-parameters [T/F].

19) Transformed variable of 10 is 10/S. [T/F].

20) Transformed variable of 10F is 10 [T/F].

1. D 6. B 11. 10 16. T
2. B 7. A 12. 5S 17. F
3. C 8. A 13. 18. F

4. D 9. A 14. PRODUCT 19. T

5. B 10. B 15. SUM 20. F

UNIT-VII
1, A non-sinusoidal periodic signal is generally referred to__________ as signal.
2. Which of the following represents average value of a non-sinusoidal periodic
 Signal y(t) [ ]

a) a = 1/T Y (t ) dt b) a = 2/T Y (t ) dt

c) a = 1/T d) a = T. Y (t ) dt

3. If a signal is even signal then the trigonometric Fourier series representation does not
contain __________ coefficient. [ ]
a) a b) b c) both a and b d) constant term
4. If a signal Y(t) exhibits half wave symmetry with a periodic 2 then which of the
following holds good . [ ]
a) Y(t) = - y(t + 2) b) Y(t) = - y(t + )
c) Y(t) = y(t + 2) d) Y(t) = y(t + )
5. A given function f(t) can be represented by a Fourier series if it [ ]
a) is periodic b) is single valued
c) has a finite number of maxima and minima in any one period
d) all the above.
6. A periodic function f(t) is said to posses odd quarter-wave symmetry if [ ]
a) f(t)= f(-t) b) f(-t)= -f(t) c) f(t)=-f(t+T/2) d) Both b and c
7. in the case of a periodic function possessing half wave symmetry , which Fourier
coefficient is zero. [ ]
a) an b) bn c) an d) none
8. which of the following periodic functions possesses even symmetry. [ ]
a) cos3t b) sin3t c) tcos5t d) (t+t2+t5)
9. In following which are the dirchlet conditions: [ ]
a) it has at most a finite number of discontinuities in one period
b) it has at most a finite number of maxima and minima in a period

c) the integral | f () d is finite.

d) all the above

10. Find the Fourier series expansion of periodic rectangular wave [ ]

f(t)
A

3T/4 T/4 0 T/4 3T/4



a) F (t ) A 2 A (1) k 1 1
cos(2k 1)t
2 k 1 ( 2k 1)

b) F (t ) A 2 A (1) k 1 1
cos(2k 1)t
2 k 1 ( 2k 1)

c) f (t ) A 2 A (1) k 1
cos( 2k 1)t
2 k 1 ( 2k 1)

d) f (t ) A 2 A (1) k 1 1
cos(2k 1)t
2 k 1 ( 2k 1)

11. Symmetry condition of even function is f c () f c ( ) [T/F]

12. Folding property of Fourier transform is F(f( t)) = F( j). [T/F]

13. Any periodic signal is a power signal. [T/F]

14. If Y(t) is a current or voltage signal then the energy in the signal is

given by Y (t ) dt [T/F].

15. A function f() is said to be periodic in with periodic condition as f( + P) = f()

for all [T/F].
16. The Fourier series of a waveform possessing even quarter wave symmetry has
only -----------------
17. Fourier transform of unit step signal is
18. Modulation property is defined as .
19. Inverse Fourier transform is defined as-----------------------
20. Cos3t possesses _________________ symmetry.

1. Sub-Standard 6. D 11. T 16. Odd cosine terms

2. A 7. C 12. T 17. 1/jw
3. B 8. A 13. T 18. F[f(t)ejwo] = F(w+wo)
4. C 9. D 14. T 19. 1

f (t ) F ( jw)e
jwt
dw
2
5. D 10. D 15. T 20. Even

UNIT-VIII
1. Which of the following is know as kernel ? [ ]
a) x(t)dt b) e jwtdt c) e -jwtdt d) None
2. Which of the following can be applied for both periodic and aperiodic signal? [ ]
 a) Fourier series b) Fourier transforms c) both a & b d) none
3. Which of the following is know as special density if x(t) X(w) ? [ ]

a) X ( w) 2
b) X ( w) c) X ( w) d) X ( w) 3

4. The power produced in a resistor R due to I RMS can be given as [ ]

a) I RMS R b) I RMS R2 c) I RMS 2 R d) I RMS R

5. Find the RMS value when V0 = 5, V1 = 100, V2 = 20 [ ]

a) Vr m s = 75.284V b) Vr m s = 71.284 V
c) Vr m s = 72.824 V d) Vr m s = 72.284 Volts
6. Find i(t) when R = 10, L = 0.0318 H and V(t) = 100 sin 314 t. [ ]
a) 7.5 sin 314 t 75 Amp b) 2.5 sin 314 t 44 Amp
c) 7.076 sin 314 t 44.957 Amp d) 7.076 sin 314 t 75 Amp
7. The effective value of the current waveform represented by i = 200 sin t + 100
sin 3t + 50 sin 5t. [ ]
a) 162.018 A b) 163.5 Amp c) 161.018 A d) 163.495 Amp
8. The complex power P is represented as [ ]
a) S Pr m s jQ b) S Pa v jQ c) S P j Q d) S P 2 jQ 2

9. Fourier transforms is not defined for unstable signals. [T/F]

10. x(t (t-t0) = x(t-t0) [T/F]
1
11. If Y(t) = t.e-2tu(t) then Y(w) = [T/F]
2 jw
2

12. The discrete spectrum of Fourier series is converted to continuous spectrum

using Fourier transforms [T/F]

-2t
e-2(2+jw)
13. If Y(t) = e u(t-2) then Y(w) = [T/F]
2 jw
14. If Sincx = Sinx/x then the value of sinc(0) = .-------------
15. The value of scaling factor in the definition of inverse Fourier transforms is
 ---------------------------------

16. The average power factor for non-sinusoidal wave is defined as..
17. Give the value of instantaneous power...when V(t) = 50
cos(t 30) i(t) = 3 sin(t 30).
18. If the control and regulating circuits are not properly heated from the power side
------------ affects the operation and malfunctioning is resulted.
19. Find the function of the given waveform -------------------
i(t)
2
1

0 1 2 3 t
20. The harmonics effect the operation of other equipment connected to the same
system through.

1. C 6. C 11. T 16. 1
T
Pav RI
2
(t ) dt
T 0

2. B 7. A 12. T 17. P(t)=75sin(2wt+0.866)

3. A 8. B 13. T 18. harmonics
4. C 9. T 14. 1 19. i(t)= 2-t ; 0<t<1;
(t)=0; 1<t<2.

5. D 10. T 15. 1 20. conduction or by

2 radio
interference