HTML

About the Tutorial

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, which is the most widely used language on
Web to develop web pages.

HTML was created by Berners-Lee in late 1991 but "HTML 2.0" was the first standard HTML
specification which was published in 1995. HTML 4.01 was a major version of HTML and it
was published in late 1999. Though HTML 4.01 version is widely used but currently we are
having HTML-5 version which is an extension to HTML 4.01, and this version was published
in 2012.

Audience
This tutorial is designed for the aspiring Web Designers and Developers with a need to
understand the HTML in enough detail along with its simple overview, and practical
examples. This tutorial will give you enough ingredients to start with HTML from where
you can take yourself at higher level of expertise.

Prerequisites
Before proceeding with this tutorial you should have a basic working knowledge with
Windows or Linux operating system, additionally you must be familiar with:

Experience with any text editor like notepad, notepad++, or Edit plus etc.
How to create directories and files on your computer.
How to navigate through different directories.
How to type content in a file and save them on a computer.
Understanding about images in different formats like JPEG, PNG format.

Copyright & Disclaimer

Copyright 2015 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.

All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I)
Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish
any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent
of the publisher.

We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as
possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt.
Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our
website or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our website or
in this tutorial, please notify us at [email protected]

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Table of Contents
About the Tutorial .................................................................................................................................... i

Audience .................................................................................................................................................. i

Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................................ i

Copyright & Disclaimer............................................................................................................................. i

Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... ii

1. HTML OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................. 1

Basic HTML Document ............................................................................................................................ 1

HTML Tags ............................................................................................................................................... 2

HTML Document Structure ...................................................................................................................... 3

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration .................................................................................................................. 3

2. HTML BASIC TAGS............................................................................................................. 4

Heading Tags ........................................................................................................................................... 4

Paragraph Tag ......................................................................................................................................... 5

Line Break Tag ......................................................................................................................................... 5

Centering Content ................................................................................................................................... 6

Horizontal Lines ...................................................................................................................................... 6

Preserve Formatting ................................................................................................................................ 7

Nonbreaking Spaces ................................................................................................................................ 8

3. HTML ELEMENTS .............................................................................................................. 9

HTML Tag vs. Element ............................................................................................................................. 9

Nested HTML Elements ........................................................................................................................... 9

4. HTML ATTRIBUTES .......................................................................................................... 11

Core Attributes...................................................................................................................................... 12

Internationalization Attributes .............................................................................................................. 13

The xml:lang Attribute .......................................................................................................................... 15

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5. HTML FORMATTING ....................................................................................................... 17

Bold Text ............................................................................................................................................... 17

Italic Text .............................................................................................................................................. 17

Underlined Text .................................................................................................................................... 18

Strike Text ............................................................................................................................................. 18

Monospaced Font ................................................................................................................................. 19

Superscript Text .................................................................................................................................... 19

Subscript Text ....................................................................................................................................... 20

Inserted Text ......................................................................................................................................... 20

Deleted Text .......................................................................................................................................... 21

Larger Text ............................................................................................................................................ 21

Smaller Text .......................................................................................................................................... 22

Grouping Content.................................................................................................................................. 22

6. HTML PHRASE TAGS ....................................................................................................... 24

Emphasized Text ................................................................................................................................... 24

Marked Text .......................................................................................................................................... 24

Strong Text ............................................................................................................................................ 25

Text Abbreviation ................................................................................................................................. 25

Acronym Element .................................................................................................................................. 26

Text Direction........................................................................................................................................ 26

Special Terms ........................................................................................................................................ 27

Quoting Text ......................................................................................................................................... 27

Short Quotations ................................................................................................................................... 28

Text Citations ........................................................................................................................................ 28

Computer Code ..................................................................................................................................... 29

Keyboard Text ....................................................................................................................................... 29

Programming Variables ......................................................................................................................... 30

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Program Output .................................................................................................................................... 30

Address Text ......................................................................................................................................... 31

7. HTML META TAGS .......................................................................................................... 32

Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents .................................................................................................. 32

Specifying Keywords ............................................................................................................................. 32

Document Description .......................................................................................................................... 33

Document Revision Date ....................................................................................................................... 33

Document Refreshing ............................................................................................................................ 34

Page Redirection ................................................................................................................................... 35

Setting Cookies...................................................................................................................................... 35

Setting Author Name ............................................................................................................................ 36

Specify Character Set ............................................................................................................................ 36

8. HTML COMMENTS.......................................................................................................... 38

Valid vs Invalid Comments .................................................................................................................... 38

Multiline Comments.............................................................................................................................. 39

Conditional Comments .......................................................................................................................... 40

Using Comment Tag .............................................................................................................................. 40

Commenting Script Code ....................................................................................................................... 41

Commenting Style Sheets ...................................................................................................................... 41

9. HTML IMAGES ................................................................................................................ 43

Insert Image .......................................................................................................................................... 43

Set Image Location ................................................................................................................................ 44

Set Image Width/Height ........................................................................................................................ 44

Set Image Border................................................................................................................................... 45

Set Image Alignment ............................................................................................................................. 46

Free Web Graphics ................................................................................................................................ 46

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10. HTML TABLES ................................................................................................................. 47

Table Heading ....................................................................................................................................... 48

Cellpadding and Cellspacing Attributes ................................................................................................. 49

Colspan and Rowspan Attributes .......................................................................................................... 50

Tables Backgrounds............................................................................................................................... 50

Table Height and Width ........................................................................................................................ 52

Table Caption ........................................................................................................................................ 53

Table Header, Body, and Footer ............................................................................................................ 54

Nested Tables........................................................................................................................................ 55

11. HTML LISTS ..................................................................................................................... 57

HTML Unordered Lists ........................................................................................................................... 57

The type Attribute ................................................................................................................................. 58

HTML Ordered Lists ............................................................................................................................... 60

The type Attribute ................................................................................................................................. 60

The start Attribute ................................................................................................................................ 64

HTML Definition Lists ............................................................................................................................ 64

12. HTML TEXT LINKS............................................................................................................ 66

Linking Documents ................................................................................................................................ 66

The target Attribute .............................................................................................................................. 66

Use of Base Path ................................................................................................................................... 67

Linking to a Page Section ....................................................................................................................... 68

Setting Link Colors ................................................................................................................................. 69

Download Links ..................................................................................................................................... 69

File Download Dialog Box ...................................................................................................................... 70

13. HTML IMAGE LINKS ........................................................................................................ 71

Mouse-Sensitive Images ........................................................................................................................ 71

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Server-Side Image Maps ........................................................................................................................ 72

Client-Side Image Maps ......................................................................................................................... 73

Coordinate System ................................................................................................................................ 74

14. HTML EMAIL LINKS ......................................................................................................... 75

HTML Email Tag ..................................................................................................................................... 75

Default Settings ..................................................................................................................................... 75

15. HTML FRAMES ................................................................................................................ 76

Disadvantages of Frames ...................................................................................................................... 76

Creating Frames .................................................................................................................................... 76

The <frameset> Tag Attributes .............................................................................................................. 78

The <frame> Tag Attributes................................................................................................................... 79

Browser Support for Frames ................................................................................................................. 80

Frame's name and target attributes ...................................................................................................... 80

16. HTML IFRAMES ............................................................................................................... 83

The <Iframe> Tag Attributes .................................................................................................................. 84

17. HTML BLOCKS ................................................................................................................. 85

Block Elements ...................................................................................................................................... 85

Inline Elements ..................................................................................................................................... 85

Grouping HTML Elements ...................................................................................................................... 85

The <div> tag ......................................................................................................................................... 85

The <span> tag ...................................................................................................................................... 87

18. HTML BACKGROUNDS .................................................................................................... 88

Html Background with Colors ................................................................................................................ 88

Html Background with Images .............................................................................................................. 89

Patterned & Transparent Backgrounds ................................................................................................. 90

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19. HTML COLORS ................................................................................................................ 92

HTML Color Coding Methods ................................................................................................................. 92

HTML Colors - Color Names ................................................................................................................... 92

W3C Standard 16 Colors ........................................................................................................................ 93

HTML Colors - Hex Codes....................................................................................................................... 93

HTML Colors - RGB Values ..................................................................................................................... 95

Browser Safe Colors .............................................................................................................................. 96

20. HTML FONTS .................................................................................................................. 99

Set Font Size .......................................................................................................................................... 99

Relative Font Size ................................................................................................................................ 100

Setting Font Face ................................................................................................................................. 101

Specify alternate font faces ................................................................................................................. 101

Setting Font Color ............................................................................................................................... 102

The <basefont> Element: .................................................................................................................... 102

Example of the <basefont> Element .................................................................................................... 103

21. HTML FORMS ............................................................................................................... 104

Form Attributes ................................................................................................................................... 104

HTML Form Controls ........................................................................................................................... 105

Text Input Controls.............................................................................................................................. 105

Single-line text input controls ............................................................................................................. 105

Attributes ............................................................................................................................................ 106

Password Input controls ...................................................................................................................... 106

Attributes ............................................................................................................................................ 107

Multiple-Line Text Input Controls ........................................................................................................ 107

Attributes ............................................................................................................................................ 108

Checkbox Control ................................................................................................................................ 109

Attributes ............................................................................................................................................ 109

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Radio Button Control .......................................................................................................................... 110

Select Box Control ............................................................................................................................... 111

Attributes ............................................................................................................................................ 111

File Upload Box ................................................................................................................................... 112

Button Controls ................................................................................................................................... 113

Hidden Form Controls ......................................................................................................................... 114

22. HTML EMBED MULTIMEDIA ......................................................................................... 115

The <embed> Tag Attributes ............................................................................................................... 116

Supported Video Types ....................................................................................................................... 116

Background Audio ............................................................................................................................... 117

HTML Object tag ................................................................................................................................. 118

23. HTML MARQUEES......................................................................................................... 120

The <marquee> Tag Attributes ............................................................................................................ 120

24. HTML HEADER .............................................................................................................. 123

The HTML <title> Tag .......................................................................................................................... 123

The HTML <meta> Tag ......................................................................................................................... 124

The HTML <base> Tag.......................................................................................................................... 125

The HTML <link> Tag ........................................................................................................................... 125

The HTML <style> Tag ......................................................................................................................... 126

The HTML <script> Tag ........................................................................................................................ 127

25. HTML STYLE SHEET ....................................................................................................... 128

External Style Sheet ............................................................................................................................ 129

Internal Style Sheet ............................................................................................................................. 130

Inline Style Sheet ................................................................................................................................ 131

26. HTML JAVASCRIPT ........................................................................................................... 133

External JavaScript .............................................................................................................................. 133

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Internal Script ..................................................................................................................................... 134

Event Handlers .................................................................................................................................... 135

Hide Scripts from Older Browsers ....................................................................................................... 135

The <noscript> Element ....................................................................................................................... 136

Default Scripting Language .................................................................................................................. 136

27. HTML LAYOUTS............................................................................................................. 138

HTML Layout - Using Tables ................................................................................................................ 138

Multiple Columns Layout - Using Tables .............................................................................................. 139

HTML Layouts - Using DIV, SPAN ......................................................................................................... 141

28. HTML TAG REFERENCE ................................................................................................. 143

HTML <comment> and <!--....--> Tag ................................................................................................... 150

Browser Support ................................................................................................................................. 151

HTML <doctype> Tag ........................................................................................................................... 151

HTML <a> Tag ...................................................................................................................................... 153

Global Attributes ................................................................................................................................. 153

Specific Attributes ............................................................................................................................... 153

Event Attributes .................................................................................................................................. 155

HTML <abbr> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 156

HTML <acronym> Tag .......................................................................................................................... 157

HTML <address> Tag ........................................................................................................................... 158

HTML <applet> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 159

HTML <area> Tag................................................................................................................................. 161

HTML <article> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 164

Global Attributes ................................................................................................................................. 165

Event Attributes .................................................................................................................................. 165

Browser Support ................................................................................................................................. 165

HTML <aside> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 165

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Description .......................................................................................................................................... 165

HTML <audio> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 166

HTML <b> Tag ..................................................................................................................................... 167

HTML <base> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 168

HTML <basefont> Tag .......................................................................................................................... 169

HTML <bdo> Tag ................................................................................................................................. 171

HTML <bdi> Tag................................................................................................................................... 172

HTML <bgsound> Tag .......................................................................................................................... 173

HTML <big> Tag ................................................................................................................................... 174

HTML blink Tag.................................................................................................................................... 175

HTML <blockquote> Tag ...................................................................................................................... 176

HTML <body> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 177

HTML <br> Tag .................................................................................................................................... 178

HTML Button Tag ................................................................................................................................ 179

HTML <canvas> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 181

HTML <caption> Tag ............................................................................................................................ 182

HTML <center> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 184

HTML <cite> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 184

HTML <code> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 185

HTML <col> Tag ................................................................................................................................... 186

HTML colgroup Tag ............................................................................................................................. 188

HTML <comment> and <!--....--> Tag ................................................................................................... 190

HTML <datalist> Tag ............................................................................................................................ 191

HTML <dd> Tag ................................................................................................................................... 192

HTML <del> Tag ................................................................................................................................... 193

HTML <dfn> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 194

HTML <dialog> tag .............................................................................................................................. 195

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HTML <dir> Tag ................................................................................................................................... 196

HTML div Tag....................................................................................................................................... 198

HTML <dl> Tag..................................................................................................................................... 199

HTML <dt> Tag .................................................................................................................................... 201

HTML <em> Tag................................................................................................................................... 202

HTML <embed> Tag............................................................................................................................. 203

HTML <fieldset> Tag ............................................................................................................................ 204

HTML Figcaption Tag ........................................................................................................................... 206

HTML Figure Tag.................................................................................................................................. 207

HTML <font> Tag ................................................................................................................................. 208

HTML Footer Tag ................................................................................................................................. 209

HTML <form> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 210

HTML <frame> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 212

HTML <frameset> Tag ......................................................................................................................... 214

HTML <h1> to <h6> Tag ....................................................................................................................... 216

HTML <head> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 217

HTML Header Tag ................................................................................................................................ 218

HTML <hr> Tag .................................................................................................................................... 219

HTML <html> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 220

HTML <i> Tag....................................................................................................................................... 221

HTML <iframe> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 222

HTML <ilayer> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 224

HTML <img> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 227

HTML <input> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 229

HTML <ins> Tag ................................................................................................................................... 233

HTML <isindex> tag ............................................................................................................................. 235

HTML <kbd> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 236

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HTML keygen Tag ................................................................................................................................ 236

HTML <label> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 238

HTML <layer> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 239

HTML <legend> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 242

HTML <li>Tag ...................................................................................................................................... 243

HTML <link> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 245

HTML Main Tag ................................................................................................................................... 248

HTML <map> Tag................................................................................................................................. 249

HTML Mark Tag ................................................................................................................................... 250

HTML <marquee> Tag ......................................................................................................................... 251

HTML <menu> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 253

HTML <menuitem> tag ........................................................................................................................ 254

HTML <meta> tag ................................................................................................................................ 256

HTML <meter> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 257

HTML <multicol> tag ........................................................................................................................... 259

HTML <nav> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 260

HTML <nobr> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 261

HTML <noembed> Tag ........................................................................................................................ 262

HTML <noframes> Tag......................................................................................................................... 263

HTML <noscript> Tag ........................................................................................................................... 264

HTML <object> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 265

HTML <ol> Tag..................................................................................................................................... 267

HTML <optgroup> Tag ......................................................................................................................... 269

HTML <option> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 270

HTML <output> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 272

HTML <p> Tag ..................................................................................................................................... 273

HTML <param> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 274

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HTML <plaintext> Tag ......................................................................................................................... 276

HTML <pre> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 276

HTML Progress Tag .............................................................................................................................. 278

HTML <q> Tag ..................................................................................................................................... 279

HTML Rp Tag ....................................................................................................................................... 280

HTML Rt Tag ........................................................................................................................................ 281

HTML Ruby Tag ................................................................................................................................... 282

HTML <strike> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 283

HTML Phrase Elements ........................................................................................................................ 284

HTML <script> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 286

HTML Section Tag ................................................................................................................................ 288

HTML <select> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 289

HTML <spacer> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 291

HTML <small> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 292

HTML <source> tag .............................................................................................................................. 293

HTML <span> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 294

HTML <strike> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 295

HTML <strong> tag .............................................................................................................................. 296

HTML <style> tag ................................................................................................................................. 297

HTML <sub> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 298

HTML Summary Tag ............................................................................................................................ 299

HTML <sup> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 300

HTML <table> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 301

HTML <tbody> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 303

HTML <td> Tag .................................................................................................................................... 306

HTML textarea Tag .............................................................................................................................. 309

HTML <tfoot> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 311

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HTML <th> Tag .................................................................................................................................... 314

HTML <thead> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 316

HTML <time> tag ................................................................................................................................. 319

HTML <title> Tag ................................................................................................................................. 320

HTML <tr> Tag ..................................................................................................................................... 321

HTML <track> tag ................................................................................................................................ 323

HTML <tt> Tag ..................................................................................................................................... 324

HTML <u> Tag ..................................................................................................................................... 325

HTML <ul> Tag..................................................................................................................................... 326

HTML <var> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 328

HTML <video> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 328

HTML <wbr> Tag ................................................................................................................................. 330

HTML <xmp> Tag ................................................................................................................................. 331

29. HTML ATTRIBUTE REFERENCE ...................................................................................... 333

Global Attributes ................................................................................................................................. 333

Language Attributes ............................................................................................................................ 334

30. HTML EVENTS REFERENCE .............................................................................................. 335

Window Events Attributes .................................................................................................................. 335

Form Events ........................................................................................................................................ 336

Keyboard Events ................................................................................................................................. 337

Mouse Events ...................................................................................................................................... 337

Media Events ...................................................................................................................................... 338

31. HTML FONTS REFERENCE ............................................................................................. 341

Fonts for Microsoft Systems ................................................................................................................ 342

Fonts for Macintosh Systems .............................................................................................................. 343

Fonts for Unix Systems ........................................................................................................................ 344

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HTML ASCII Codes ............................................................................................................................... 344

7-BIT Printable ASCII Characters .......................................................................................................... 344

7-BIT ASCII Device Control Characters ................................................................................................. 348

32. ASCII TABLE LOOKUP ....................................................................................................... 351

7 Bit ASCII Codes ................................................................................................................................. 351

Extended ASCII Codes .......................................................................................................................... 356

33. HTML COLOR NAMES ................................................................................................... 363

34. HTML ENTITIES ............................................................................................................. 370

Other Entities Supported by HTML Browsers ...................................................................................... 375

35. MIME MEDIA TYPES ........................................................................................................ 377

36. HTML URL ENCODING .................................................................................................. 393

ASCII Control Characters Encoding ...................................................................................................... 394

Non-ASCII control characters encoding ............................................................................................... 395

Reserved Characters Encoding ............................................................................................................ 402

Unsafe Characters Encoding ................................................................................................................ 403

37. LANGUAGE ISO CODES .................................................................................................... 405

Language Codes: ISO 639, Microsoft ................................................................................................... 405

Language Codes: ISO 639, Macintosh .................................................................................................. 412

38. HTML CHARACTER ENCODINGS .................................................................................... 420

39. HTML DEPRECATED TAGS ............................................................................................. 422

HTML Deprecated Attributes............................................................................................................... 422

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 1. HTML OVERVIEW HTML

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most widely used language to
write Web Pages.

Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked
together. Thus, the link available on a webpage is called Hypertext.

As its name suggests, HTML is a Markup Language which means you use HTML
to simply "mark-up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to
structure it to display.

Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like
headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific information
between researchers.

Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags
available in HTML language.

Basic HTML Document

In its simplest form, following is an example of an HTML document:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>

Either you can use Try it option available at the top right corner of the code box to check
the result of this HTML code, or let's save it in an HTML file test.htm using your favorite
text editor. Finally open it using a web browser like Internet Explorer or Google Chrome,
or Firefox etc. It must show the following output:

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HTML Tags
As told earlier, HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to format the
content. These tags are enclosed within angle braces <Tag Name>. Except few tags,
most of the tags have their corresponding closing tags. For example, <html> has its
closing tag</html> and <body> tag has its closing tag </body> tag etc.

Above example of HTML document uses the following tags:

Tag Description

<!DOCTYPE...> This tag defines the document type and HTML version.

This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly comprises
<html> of document header which is represented by <head>...</head> and
document body which is represented by <body>...</body> tags.

This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML
<head>
tags like <title>, <link> etc.

The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the
<title>
document title.

This tag represents the document's body which keeps other HTML tags
<body>
like <h1>, <div>, <p> etc.

<h1> This tag represents the heading.

<p> This tag represents a paragraph.

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To learn HTML, you will need to study various tags and understand how they behave, while
formatting a textual document. Learning HTML is simple as users have to learn the usage
of different tags in order to format the text or images to make a beautiful webpage.

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends to use lowercase tags starting from HTML
4.

HTML Document Structure

A typical HTML document will have the following structure:

Document declaration tag

<html>
<head>
Document header related tags
</head>

<body>
Document body related tags
</body>
</html>

We will study all the header and body tags in subsequent chapters, but for now let's see
what is document declaration tag.

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration tag is used by the web browser to understand the version
of the HTML used in the document. Current version of HTML is 5 and it makes use of the
following declaration:

<!DOCTYPE html>

There are many other declaration types which can be used in HTML document depending
on what version of HTML is being used. We will see more details on this while discussing
<!DOCTYPE...> tag along with other HTML tags.

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Heading Tags
Any document starts with a heading. You can use different sizes for your headings. HTML
also has six levels of headings, which use the elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>,
<h5>, and <h6>. While displaying any heading, browser adds one line before and one
line after that heading.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Heading Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4>
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

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Paragraph Tag
The <p> tag offers a way to structure your text into different paragraphs. Each paragraph
of text should go in between an opening <p> and a closing </p> tag as shown below in
the example:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Paragraph Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Here is a first paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a second paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a third paragraph of text.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Here is a first paragraph of text.

Here is a second paragraph of text.
Here is a third paragraph of text.

Line Break Tag

Whenever you use the <br /> element, anything following it starts from the next line.
This tag is an example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closing
tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.

The <br /> tag has a space between the characters br and the forward slash. If you omit
this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you miss the
forward slash character and just use <br> it is not valid in XHTML.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Line Break Example</title>
</head>
<body>

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<p>Hello<br />
You delivered your assignment on time.<br />
Thanks<br />
Mahnaz</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Hello
You delivered your assignment on time.
Thanks
Mahnaz

Centering Content
You can use <center> tag to put any content in the center of the page or any table cell.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Centring Content Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This text is not in the center.</p>
<center>
<p>This text is in the center.</p>
</center>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This text is not in the center.

This text is in the center.

Horizontal Lines
Horizontal lines are used to visually break-up sections of a document. The <hr> tag
creates a line from the current position in the document to the right margin and breaks
the line accordingly.
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For example, you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as in the given example
below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Horizontal Line Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p>
<hr />
<p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This is paragraph one and should be on top

This is paragraph two and should be at bottom

Again <hr /> tag is an example of the empty element, where you do not need opening
and closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.

The <hr /> element has a space between the characters hr and the forward slash. If you
omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the horizontal line, while if you
miss the forward slash character and just use <hr> it is not valid in XHTML

Preserve Formatting
Sometimes, you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is written in the HTML
document. In these cases, you can use the preformatted tag <pre>.

Any text between the opening <pre> tag and the closing </pre> tag will preserve the
formatting of the source document.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Preserve Formatting Example</title>
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</head>
<body>
<pre>
function testFunction( strText ){
alert (strText)
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

function testFunction( strText ){

alert (strText)

Try using the same code without keeping it inside <pre>...</pre> tags

Nonbreaking Spaces
Suppose you want to use the phrase "12 Angry Men." Here, you would not want a browser
to split the "12, Angry" and "Men" across two lines:

An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."

In cases, where you do not want the client browser to break text, you should use a
nonbreaking space entity &nbsp; instead of a normal space. For example, when coding
the "12 Angry Men" in a paragraph, you should use something similar to the following
code:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Nonbreaking Spaces Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>An example of this technique appears in the movie
"12&nbsp;Angry&nbsp;Men."</p>
</body>
</html>

8
 3. HTML ELEMENTS HTML

An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it
ends with a closing tag, where the element name is preceded by a forward slash as shown
below with few tags:

Start Tag Content End Tag

<p> This is paragraph content. </p>

<h1> This is heading content. </h1>

<div> This is division content. </div>

<br />

So here <p>....</p> is an HTML element, <h1>...</h1> is another HTML element.

There are some HTML elements which don't need to be closed, such as <img.../>, <hr
/> and <br /> elements. These are known as void elements.

HTML documents consists of a tree of these elements and they specify how HTML
documents should be built, and what kind of content should be placed in what part of an
HTML document.

HTML Tag vs. Element

An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it
ends with a closing tag.

For example, <p> is starting tag of a paragraph and </p> is closing tag of the same
paragraph but <p>This is paragraph</p> is a paragraph element.

Nested HTML Elements

It is very much allowed to keep one HTML element inside another HTML element:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>

9
 HTML

<title>Nested Elements Example</title>

</head>
<body>
<h1>This is <i>italic</i> heading</h1>
<p>This is <u>underlined</u> paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>

This will display the following result:

This is italic heading

This is underlined paragraph

10
 4. HTML ATTRIBUTES HTML

We have seen few HTML tags and their usage like heading tags <h1>, <h2>, paragraph
tag <p> and other tags. We used them so far in their simplest form, but most of the HTML
tags can also have attributes, which are extra bits of information.

An attribute is used to define the characteristics of an HTML element and is placed inside
the element's opening tag. All attributes are made up of two parts: a name and a value:

The name is the property you want to set. For example, the paragraph <p>
element in the example carries an attribute whose name is align, which you can
use to indicate the alignment of paragraph on the page.

The value is what you want the value of the property to be set and always put
within quotations. The below example shows three possible values of align
attribute: left, center and right.

Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4
recommendation.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Align Attribute Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p align="left">This is left aligned</p>
<p align="center">This is center aligned</p>
<p align="right">This is right aligned</p>
</body>
</html>

This will display the following result:

This is left aligned

This is center aligned

This is right aligned

11
 HTML

Core Attributes
The four core attributes that can be used on the majority of HTML elements (although not
all) are:

Id
Title
Class
Style

The Id Attribute
The id attribute of an HTML tag can be used to uniquely identify any element within an
HTML page. There are two primary reasons that you might want to use an id attribute on
an element:

If an element carries an id attribute as a unique identifier, it is possible to identify

just that element and its content.

If you have two elements of the same name within a Web page (or style sheet),
you can use the id attribute to distinguish between elements that have the same
name.

We will discuss style sheet in separate tutorial. For now, let's use the id attribute to
distinguish between two paragraph elements as shown below.

Example
<p id="html">This para explains what is HTML</p>
<p id="css">This para explains what is Cascading Style Sheet</p>

The title Attribute

The title attribute gives a suggested title for the element. They syntax for
the title attribute is similar as explained for id attribute:

The behavior of this attribute will depend upon the element that carries it, although it is
often displayed as a tooltip when cursor comes over the element or while the element is
loading.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>The title Attribute Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3 title="Hello HTML!">Titled Heading Tag Example</h3>

12
 HTML

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Titled Heading Tag Example

Now try to bring your cursor over "Titled Heading Tag Example" and you will see that
whatever title you used in your code is coming out as a tooltip of the cursor.

The class Attribute

The class attribute is used to associate an element with a style sheet, and specifies the
class of element. You will learn more about the use of the class attribute when you will
learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS). So for now you can avoid it.

The value of the attribute may also be a space-separated list of class names. For example:

class="className1 className2 className3"

The style Attribute

The style attribute allows you to specify Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) rules within the
element.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>The style Attribute</title>
</head>
<body>
<p style="font-family:arial; color:#FF0000;">Some text...</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Some text...

At this point of time, we are not learning CSS, so just let's proceed without bothering much
about CSS. Here, you need to understand what are HTML attributes and how they can be
used while formatting content.

Internationalization Attributes
There are three internationalization attributes, which are available for most (although not
all) XHTML elements.
13
 HTML

dir
lang
xml:lang

The dir Attribute

The dir attribute allows you to indicate to the browser about the direction in which the text
should flow. The dir attribute can take one of two values, as you can see in the table that
follows:

Value Meaning

ltr Left to right (the default value)

rtl Right to left (for languages such as Hebrew or Arabic that are read right to left)

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html dir="rtl">
<head>
<title>Display Directions</title>
</head>
<body>
This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text.
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text.

When dir attribute is used within the <html> tag, it determines how text will be presented
within the entire document. When used within another tag, it controls the text's direction
for just the content of that tag.

The lang Attribute

The lang attribute allows you to indicate the main language used in a document, but this
attribute was kept in HTML only for backwards compatibility with earlier versions of HTML.
This attribute has been replaced by the xml:lang attribute in new XHTML documents.

The values of the lang attribute are ISO-639 standard two-character language codes.
Check HTML Language Codes: ISO 639 for a complete list of language codes.

14
 HTML

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>English Language Page</title>
</head>
<body>
This page is using English Language
</body>
</html>

The xml:lang Attribute

The xml:lang attribute is the XHTML replacement for the lang attribute. The value of
thexml:lang attribute should be an ISO-639 country code as mentioned in previous
section.

Generic Attributes
Here's a table of some other attributes that are readily usable with many of the HTML tags.

Attribute Options Function

align right, left, center Horizontally aligns tags

valign top, middle, bottom Vertically aligns tags within an HTML

element.

bgcolor numeric, hexidecimal, RGB Places a background color behind an

values element

background URL Places a background image behind an

element

id User Defined Names an element for use with Cascading

Style Sheets.

class User Defined Classifies an element for use with Cascading

Style Sheets.

15
 HTML

width Numeric Value Specifies the width of tables, images, or

table cells.

height Numeric Value Specifies the height of tables, images, or

table cells.

title User Defined "Pop-up" title of the elements.

We will see related examples as we will proceed to study other HTML tags. For a complete
list of HTML Tags and related attributes please check reference to HTML Tags List.

16
 5. HTML FORMATTING HTML

If you use a word processor, you must be familiar with the ability to make text bold,
italicized, or underlined; these are just three of the ten options available to indicate how
text can appear in HTML and XHTML.

Bold Text
Anything that appears within <b>...</b> element, is displayed in bold as shown below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Bold Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <b>bold</b> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word uses a bold typeface.

Italic Text
Anything that appears within <i>...</i> element is displayed in italicized as shown
below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Italic Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <i>italicized</i> typeface.</p>

17
 HTML

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word uses an italicized typeface.

Underlined Text
Anything that appears within <u>...</u> element, is displayed with underline as shown
below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Underlined Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <u>underlined</u> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word uses an underlined typeface.

Strike Text
Anything that appears within <strike>...</strike> element is displayed with
strikethrough, which is a thin line through the text as shown below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Strike Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strike>strikethrough</strike> typeface.</p>
</body>

18
 HTML

</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word uses a strikethrough typeface.

Monospaced Font
The content of a <tt>...</tt> element is written in monospaced font. Most of the fonts
are known as variable-width fonts because different letters are of different widths (for
example, the letter 'm' is wider than the letter 'i'). In a monospaced font, however, each
letter has the same width.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Monospaced Font Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <tt>monospaced</tt> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word uses a monospaced typeface.

Superscript Text
The content of a ^... element is written in superscript; the font size used is
the same size as the characters surrounding it but is displayed half a character's height
above the other characters.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Superscript Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a ^superscript typeface.</p>
19
 HTML

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word uses a superscript typeface.

Subscript Text
The content of a _... element is written in subscript; the font size used is
the same as the characters surrounding it, but is displayed half a character's height
beneath the other characters.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Subscript Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a _subscript typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word uses a subscript typeface.

Inserted Text
Anything that appears within <ins>...</ins> element is displayed as inserted text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Inserted Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>

20
 HTML

</html>

This will produce the following result:

Deleted Text
Anything that appears within <del>...</del> element, is displayed as deleted text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Deleted Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Larger Text
The content of the <big>...</big> element is displayed one font size larger than the rest
of the text surrounding it as shown below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Larger Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <big>big</big> typeface.</p>
</body>

21
 HTML

</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word uses a big typeface.

Smaller Text
The content of the <small>...</small> element is displayed one font size smaller than
the rest of the text surrounding it as shown below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Smaller Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <small>small</small> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word uses a small typeface.

Grouping Content
The <div> and <span> elements allow you to group together several elements to create
sections or subsections of a page.

For example, you might want to put all of the footnotes on a page within a <div> element
to indicate that all of the elements within that <div> element relate to the footnotes. You
might then attach a style to this <div> element so that they appear using a special set of
style rules.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Div Tag Example</title>
</head>
<body>
22
 HTML

<div id="menu" align="middle" >

<a href="/index.htm">HOME</a> |
<a href="/about/contact_us.htm">CONTACT</a> |
<a href="/about/index.htm">ABOUT</a>
</div>

<div id="content" align="left" bgcolor="white">

<h5>Content Articles</h5>
<p>Actual content goes here.....</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

HOME | CONTACT | ABOUT

CONTENT ARTICLES

Actual content goes here.....

The <span> element, on the other hand, can be used to group inline elements only. So,
if you have a part of a sentence or paragraph which you want to group together, you could
use the <span> element as follows

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Span Tag Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is the example of <span style="color:green">span tag</span> and the
<span style="color:red">div tag</span> alongwith CSS</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This is the example of span tag and the div tag along with CSS

These tags are commonly used with CSS to allow you to attach a style to a section of a
page.

23
 6. HTML PHRASE TAGS HTML

The phrase tags have been desicolgned for specific purposes, though they are displayed
in a similar way as other basic tags like <b>, <i>, <pre>, and <tt>, you have seen in
previous chapter. This chapter will take you through all the important phrase tags, so let's
start seeing them one by one.

Emphasized Text
Anything that appears within <em>...</em> element is displayed as emphasized text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Emphasized Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <em>emphasized</em> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word uses an emphasized typeface.

Marked Text
Anything that appears with-in <mark>...</mark> element, is displayed as marked with
yellow ink.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Marked Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word has been <mark>marked</mark> with yellow</p>
</body>
24
 HTML

</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word has been marked with yellow.

Strong Text
Anything that appears within <strong>...</strong> element is displayed as important
text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Strong Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strong>strong</strong> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word uses a strong typeface.

Text Abbreviation
You can abbreviate a text by putting it inside opening <abbr> and closing </abbr> tags.
If present, the title attribute must contain this full description and nothing else.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Text Abbreviation</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>My best friend's name is <abbr title="Abhishek">Abhy</abbr>.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

25
 HTML

My best friend's name is Abhy.

Acronym Element
The <acronym> element allows you to indicate that the text between <acronym> and
</acronym> tags is an acronym.

At present, the major browsers do not change the appearance of the content of the
<acronym> element.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Acronym Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This chapter covers marking up text in <acronym>XHTML</acronym>.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This chapter covers marking up text in XHTML.

Text Direction
The <bdo>...</bdo> element stands for Bi-Directional Override and it is used to
override the current text direction.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Text Direction Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This text will go left to right.</p>
<p><bdo dir="rtl">This text will go right to left.</bdo></p>
</body>
</html>

26
 HTML

This will produce the following result:

This text will go left to right.

This text will go right to left.

Special Terms
The <dfn>...</dfn> element (or HTML Definition Element) allows you to specify that you
are introducing a special term. It's usage is similar to italic words in the midst of a
paragraph.

Typically, you would use the <dfn> element the first time you introduce a key term. Most
recent browsers render the content of a <dfn> element in an italic font.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Special Terms Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word is a <dfn>special</dfn> term.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word is a special term.

Quoting Text
When you want to quote a passage from another source, you should put it in
between<blockquote>...</blockquote> tags.

Text inside a <blockquote> element is usually indented from the left and right edges of
the surrounding text, and sometimes uses an italicized font.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Blockquote Example</title>
</head>
<body>

27
 HTML

<p>The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:</p>

<blockquote>XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML, following on

from earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.</blockquote>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:

XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML, following on from
earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.

Short Quotations
The <q>...</q> element is used when you want to add a double quote within a sentence.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Double Quote Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Amit is in Spain, <q>I think I am wrong</q>.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Amit is in Spain, I think I am wrong.

Text Citations
If you are quoting a text, you can indicate the source placing it between an
opening <cite>tag and closing </cite> tag

As you would expect in a print publication, the content of the <cite> element is rendered
in italicized text by default.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
28
 HTML

<head>
<title>Citations Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This HTML tutorial is derived from <cite>W3 Standard for HTML</cite>.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This HTML tutorial is derived from W3 Standard for HTML.

Computer Code
Any programming code to appear on a Web page should be placed
inside <code>...</code>tags. Usually the content of the <code> element is presented
in a monospaced font, just like the code in most programming books.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Computer Code Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Regular text. <code>This is code.</code> Regular text.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Regular text. This is code. Regular text.

Keyboard Text
When you are talking about computers, if you want to tell a reader to enter some text,
you can use the <kbd>...</kbd> element to indicate what should be typed in, as in this
example.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

29
 HTML

<head>
<title>Keyboard Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Regular text. <kbd>This is inside kbd element</kbd> Regular text.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Regular text. This is inside kbd element Regular text.

Programming Variables
This element is usually used in conjunction with the <pre> and <code> elements to
indicate that the content of that element is a variable.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Variable Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p><code>document.write("<var>user-name</var>")</code></p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

document.write("user-name")

Program Output
The <samp>...</samp> element indicates sample output from a program, and script
etc. Again, it is mainly used when documenting programming or coding concepts.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Program Output Example</title>

30
 HTML

</head>
<body>
<p>Result produced by the program is <samp>Hello World!</samp></p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Result produced by the program is Hello World!

Address Text
The <address>...</address> element is used to contain any address.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Address Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<address>388A, Road No 22, Jubilee Hills - Hyderabad</address>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

388A, Road No 22, Jubilee Hills - Hyderabad

31
 7. HTML META TAGS HTML

HTML lets you specify metadata - additional important information about a document in a
variety of ways. The META elements can be used to include name/value pairs describing
properties of the HTML document, such as author, expiry date, a list of keywords,
document author etc.

The <meta> tag is used to provide such additional information. This tag is an empty
element and so does not have a closing tag but it carries information within its attributes.

You can include one or more meta tags in your document based on what information you
want to keep in your document but in general, meta tags do not impact physical
appearance of the document so from appearance point of view, it does not matter if you
include them or not.

Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents

You can add metadata to your web pages by placing <meta> tags inside the header of
the document which is represented by <head> and </head> tags. A meta tag can have
following attributes in addition to core attributes:

Attribute Description

Name Name for the property. Can be anything. Examples include, keywords,
description, author, revised, generator etc.

content Specifies the property's value.

scheme Specifies a scheme to interpret the property's value (as declared in the
content attribute).

http- Used for http response message headers. For example, http-equiv can be
equiv used to refresh the page or to set a cookie. Values include content-type,
expires, refresh and set-cookie.

Specifying Keywords
You can use <meta> tag to specify important keywords related to the document and later
these keywords are used by the search engines while indexing your webpage for searching
purpose.

Example
Following is an example, where we are adding HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata as important
keywords about the document.

32
 HTML

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Hello HTML5!

Document Description
You can use <meta> tag to give a short description about the document. This again can
be used by various search engines while indexing your webpage for searching purpose.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

Document Revision Date

You can use <meta> tag to give information about when last time the document was
updated. This information can be used by various web browsers while refreshing your
webpage.

33
 HTML

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

Document Refreshing
A <meta> tag can be used to specify a duration after which your web page will keep
refreshing automatically.

Example
If you want your page keep refreshing after every 5 seconds then use the following syntax.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

34
 HTML

Page Redirection
You can use <meta> tag to redirect your page to any other webpage. You can also specify
a duration if you want to redirect the page after a certain number of seconds.

Example
Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If
you want to redirect page immediately then do not specify content attribute.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5; url=http://www.tutorialspoint.com" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

Setting Cookies
Cookies are data, stored in small text files on your computer and it is exchanged between
web browser and web server to keep track of various information based on your web
application need.

You can use <meta> tag to store cookies on client side and later this information can be
used by the Web Server to track a site visitor.

Example
Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If
you want to redirect page immediately then do not specify content attribute.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
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 HTML

<meta http-equiv="cookie" content="userid=xyz; expires=Wednesday, 08-Aug-15

23:59:59 GMT;" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

If you do not include the expiration date and time, the cookie is considered a session
cookie and will be deleted when the user exits the browser.

Note: You can check PHP and Cookies tutorial for a complete detail on Cookies.

Setting Author Name

You can set an author name in a web page using meta tag. See an example below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta ame="author" content="Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

Specify Character Set

You can use <meta> tag to specify character set used within the webpage.

Example
By default, Web servers and Web browsers use ISO-8859-1 (Latin1) encoding to process
Web pages. Following is an example to set UTF-8 encoding:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
36
 HTML

<title>Meta Tags Example</title>

<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta ame="author" content="Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

To serve the static page with traditional Chinese characters, the webpage must contain a
<meta> tag to set Big5 encoding:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta ame="author" content="Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=Big5" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

37
 8. HTML COMMENTS HTML

Comment is a piece of code which is ignored by any web browser. It is a good practice to
add comments into your HTML code, especially in complex documents, to indicate sections
of a document, and any other notes to anyone looking at the code. Comments help you
and others understand your code and increases code readability.

HTML comments are placed in between <!-- ... --> tags. So, any content placed with-in
<!-- ... --> tags will be treated as comment and will be completely ignored by the browser.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head> <!-- Document Header Starts -->
<title>This is document title</title>
</head> <!-- Document Header Ends -->
<body>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result without displaying the content given as a part of
comments:

Document content goes here.....

Valid vs Invalid Comments

Comments do not nest which means a comment cannot be put inside another comment.
Second the double-dash sequence "--" may not appear inside a comment except as part
of the closing --> tag. You must also make sure that there are no spaces in the start-of-
comment string.

Example
Here, the given comment is a valid comment and will be wiped off by the browser.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Valid Comment Example</title>
</head>
<body>
38
 HTML

<!-- This is valid comment -->

<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>

But, following line is not a valid comment and will be displayed by the browser. This is
because there is a space between the left angle bracket and the exclamation mark.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Invalid Comment Example</title>
</head>
<body>
< !-- This is not a valid comment -->
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

< !-- This is not a valid comment -->

Document content goes here.....

Multiline Comments
So far we have seen single line comments, but HTML supports multi-line comments as
well.

You can comment multiple lines by the special beginning tag <!-- and ending tag -->
placed before the first line and end of the last line as shown in the given example below.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html><html>
<head>
<title>Multiline Comments</title>
</head>
<body>
<!--
This is a multiline comment and it can
span through as many as lines you like.
-->

39
 HTML

<p>Document content goes here.....</p>

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Document content goes here.....

Conditional Comments
Conditional comments only work in Internet Explorer (IE) on Windows but they are ignored
by other browsers. They are supported from Explorer 5 onwards, and you can use them
to give conditional instructions to different versions of IE.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html><html>
<head>
<title>Conditional Comments</title>

<!--[if IE 6]>
Special instructions for IE 6 here
<![endif]-->

</head>
<body>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>

You will come across a situation where you will need to apply a different style sheet based
on different versions of Internet Explorer, in such situation conditional comments will be
helpful.

Using Comment Tag

There are few browsers that support <comment> tag to comment a part of HTML code.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html><html>
<head>
<title>Using Comment Tag</title>
</head>

40
 HTML

<body>
<p>This is <comment>not</comment> Internet Explorer.</p>
</body>
</html>

If you are using IE, then it will produce following result:

This is Internet Explorer.

But if you are not using IE, then it will produce following result:

This is Internet Explorer.

Commenting Script Code

Though you will learn JavaScript with HTML, in a separate tutorial, but here you must
make a note that if you are using Java Script or VB Script in your HTML code then it is
recommended to put that script code inside proper HTML comments so that old browsers
can work properly.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html><html>
<head>
<title>Commenting Script Code</title>
<script>
<!--
document.write("Hello World!")
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello , World!</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Hello World!
Hello , World!

Commenting Style Sheets

Though you will learn using style sheets with HTML in a separate tutorial, but here you
must make a note that if you are using Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in your HTML code
41
 HTML

then it is recommended to put that style sheet code inside proper HTML comments so that
old browsers can work properly.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html><html>
<head>
<title>Commenting Style Sheets</title>
<style>
<!--
.example {
border:1px solid #4a7d49;
}
//-->
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="example">Hello , World!</div>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Hello, World!

42
 9. HTML IMAGES HTML

Images are very important to beautify as well as to depict many complex concepts in
simple way on your web page. This tutorial will take you through simple steps to use
images in your web pages.

Insert Image
You can insert any image in your web page by using <img> tag. Following is the simple
syntax to use this tag.

<img src="Image URL" ... attributes-list/>

The <img> tag is an empty tag, which means that, it can contain only list of attributes
and it has no closing tag.

Example
To try following example, let's keep our HTML file test.htm and image file test.png in the
same directory:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src="test.png" alt="Test Image" />
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Simple Image Insert

You can use PNG, JPEG or GIF image file based on your comfort but make sure you specify
correct image file name in src attribute. Image name is always case sensitive.

43
 HTML

The alt attribute is a mandatory attribute which specifies an alternate text for an image,
if the image cannot be displayed.

Set Image Location

Usually we keep all the images in a separate directory. So let's keep HTML file test.htm in
our home directory and create a subdirectory images inside the home directory where we
will keep our image test.png.

Example
Assuming our image location is "image/test.png", try the following example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src="images/test.png" alt="Test Image" />
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Simple Image Insert

Set Image Width/Height

You can set image width and height based on your requirement using width and height
attributes. You can specify width and height of the image in terms of either pixels or
percentage of its actual size.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Set Image Width and Height</title>

44
 HTML

</head>
<body>
<p>Setting image width and height</p>
<img src="test.png" alt="Test Image" width="150" height="100"/>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Setting image width and height

Set Image Border

By default, image will have a border around it, you can specify border thickness in terms
of pixels using border attribute. A thickness of 0 means, no border around the picture.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Set Image Border</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Setting image Border</p>
<img src="test.png" alt="Test Image" border="3"/>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Setting image Border

45
 HTML

Set Image Alignment

By default, image will align at the left side of the page, but you can use align attribute to
set it in the center or right.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Set Image Alignment</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Setting image Alignment</p>
<img src="test.png" alt="Test Image" border="3" align="right"/>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Setting image Alignment

Free Web Graphics

For Free Web Graphics including patterns you can look into Free Web Graphics

46
 10. HTML TABLES HTML

The HTML tables allow web authors to arrange data like text, images, links, other tables,
etc. into rows and columns of cells.

The HTML tables are created using the <table> tag in which the <tr> tag is used to create
table rows and <td> tag is used to create data cells.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Tables</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Row 1, Column 1 Row 1, Column 2

Row 2, Column 1 Row 2, Column 2

Here, the border is an attribute of <table> tag and it is used to put a border across all
the cells. If you do not need a border, then you can use border="0".

47
 HTML

Table Heading
Table heading can be defined using <th> tag. This tag will be put to replace <td> tag,
which is used to represent actual data cell. Normally you will put your top row as table
heading as shown below, otherwise you can use <th> element in any row.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Header</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Name Salary

Ramesh Raman 5000

Shabbir Hussein 7000

48
 HTML

Cellpadding and Cellspacing Attributes

There are two attributes called cellpadding and cellspacing which you will use to adjust the
white space in your table cells. The cellspacing attribute defines the width of the border,
while cellpadding represents the distance between cell borders and the content within a
cell.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Cellpadding</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Name Salary

Ramesh Raman 5000

Shabbir Hussein 7000

49
 HTML

Colspan and Rowspan Attributes

You will use colspan attribute if you want to merge two or more columns into a single
column. Similar way you will use rowspan if you want to merge two or more rows.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Colspan/Rowspan</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td><td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell
3</td></tr>
<tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell 1</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3

Row 1 Cell 1
Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3

Row 3 Cell 1

Tables Backgrounds
You can set table background using one of the following two ways:

bgcolor attribute - You can set background color for whole table or just for one
cell.

50
 HTML

background attribute - You can set background image for whole table or just for
one cell.

You can also set border color also using bordercolor attribute.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Background</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" bordercolor="green" bgcolor="yellow">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td><td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell
3</td></tr>
<tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell 1</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3

Row 1 Cell 1
Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3

Row 3 Cell 1

Here is an example of using background attribute. Here we will use an image available
in /images directory.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Background</title>

51
 HTML

</head>
<body>
<table border="1" bordercolor="green" background="/images/test.png">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td><td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell
3</td></tr>
<tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell 1</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result. Here background image did not apply to table's
header.

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3

Row 1 Cell 1
Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3

Row 3 Cell 1

Table Height and Width

You can set a table width and height using width and height attributes. You can specify
table width or height in terms of pixels or in terms of percentage of available screen area.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Width/Height</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" width="400" height="150">
<tr>

52
 HTML

<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>

<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Row 1, Column 1 Row 1, Column 2

Row 2, Column 1 Row 2, Column 2

Table Caption
The caption tag will serve as a title or explanation for the table and it shows up at the top
of the table. This tag is deprecated in newer version of HTML/XHTML.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Caption</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" width="100%">
<caption>This is the caption</caption>
<tr>
<td>row 1, column 1</td><td>row 1, column 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, column 1</td><td>row 2, column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
53
 HTML

</html>

This will produce the following result:

This is the caption

row 1, column 1 row 1, column 2

row 2, column 1 row 2, column 2

Table Header, Body, and Footer

Tables can be divided into three portions: a header, a body, and a foot. The head and foot
are rather similar to headers and footers in a word-processed document that remain the
same for every page, while the body is the main content holder of the table.

The three elements for separating the head, body, and foot of a table are:

<thead> - to create a separate table header.

<tbody> - to indicate the main body of the table.
<tfoot> - to create a separate table footer.

A table may contain several <tbody> elements to indicate different pages or groups of
data. But it is notable that <thead> and <tfoot> tags should appear before <tbody>

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" width="100%">
<thead>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">This is the head of the table</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">This is the foot of the table</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
54
 HTML

<tr>
<td>Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
<td>Cell 3</td>
<td>Cell 4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This is the head of the table

This is the foot of the table

Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4

Nested Tables
You can use one table inside another table. Not only tables you can use almost all the tags
inside table data tag <td>.

Example
Following is the example of using another table and other tags inside a table cell.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>
<table border="1" width="100%">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
55
 HTML

<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Name Salary

Ramesh Raman 5000

Shabbir Hussein 7000

56
 11. HTML LISTS HTML

HTML offers web authors three ways for specifying lists of information. All lists must
contain one or more list elements. Lists may contain:

<ul> - An unordered list. This will list items using plain bullets.

<ol> - An ordered list. This will use different schemes of numbers to list your
items.

<dl> - A definition list. This arranges your items in the same way as they are
arranged in a dictionary.

HTML Unordered Lists

An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special order or sequence.
This list is created by using HTML <ul> tag. Each item in the list is marked with a bullet.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

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 HTML

The type Attribute

You can use type attribute for <ul> tag to specify the type of bullet you like. By default,
it is a disc. Following are the possible options:

<ul type="square">
<ul type="disc">
<ul type="circle">

Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type="square">

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul type="square">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type="disc">:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

58
 HTML

<body>
<ul type="disc">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type="circle">:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul type="circle">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

o Beetroot
o Ginger
o Potato
o Radish

59
 HTML

HTML Ordered Lists

If you are required to put your items in a numbered list instead of bulleted, then HTML
ordered list will be used. This list is created by using <ol> tag. The numbering starts at
one and is incremented by one for each successive ordered list element tagged with <li>.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

1. Beetroot
2. Ginger
3. Potato
4. Radish

The type Attribute

You can use type attribute for <ol> tag to specify the type of numbering you like. By
default, it is a number. Following are the possible options:

<ol type="1"> - Default-Case Numerals.

<ol type="I"> - Upper-Case Numerals.
<ol type="i"> - Lower-Case Numerals.
<ol type="a"> - Lower-Case Letters.
<ol type="A"> - Upper-Case Letters.

60
 HTML

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="1">

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="1">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

1. Beetroot
2. Ginger
3. Potato
4. Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="I">

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="I">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
61
 HTML

</html>

This will produce the following result:

I. Beetroot
II. Ginger
III. Potato
IV. Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="i">

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="i">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

i. Beetroot
ii. Ginger
iii. Potato
iv. Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="A">

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>

62
 HTML

<ol type="A">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

A. Beetroot
B. Ginger
C. Potato
D. Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="a">

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="a">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

a. Beetroot
b. Ginger
c. Potato
d. Radish

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 HTML

The start Attribute

You can use start attribute for <ol> tag to specify the starting point of numbering you
need. Following are the possible options:

<ol type="1" start="4"> - Numerals starts with 4.

<ol type="I" start="4"> - Numerals starts with IV.
<ol type="i" start="4"> - Numerals starts with iv.
<ol type="a" start="4"> - Letters starts with d.
<ol type="A" start="4"> - Letters starts with D.

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="i" start="4" >

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="i" start="4">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

iv. Beetroot
v. Ginger
vi. Potato
vii. Radish

HTML Definition Lists

HTML and XHTML supports a list style which is called definition lists where entries are
listed like in a dictionary or encyclopedia. The definition list is the ideal way to present a
glossary, list of terms, or other name/value list.

Definition List makes use of following three tags.

<dl> - Defines the start of the list

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 HTML

<dt> - A term
<dd> - Term definition
</dl> - Defines the end of the list

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Definition List</title>
</head>
<body>
<dl>
<dt><b>HTML</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language</dd>
<dt><b>HTTP</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol</dd>
</dl>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

HTML

This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

HTTP

This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

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 12. HTML TEXT LINKS HTML

A webpage can contain various links that take you directly to other pages and even specific
parts of a given page. These links are known as hyperlinks.

Hyperlinks allow visitors to navigate between Web sites by clicking on words, phrases, and
images. Thus you can create hyperlinks using text or images available on a webpage.

Note: I recommend you to go through a short tutorial on Understanding URL

Linking Documents
A link is specified using HTML tag <a>. This tag is called anchor tag and anything between
the opening <a> tag and the closing </a> tag becomes part of the link and a user can
click that part to reach to the linked document. Following is the simple syntax to use <a>
tag.

<a href="Document URL" ... attributes-list>Link Text</a>

Example
Let's try following example which links http://www.tutorialspoint.com at your page:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com" target="_self">Tutorials Point</a>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result, where you can click on the link generated to reach
to the home page of Tutorials Point (in this example).

Click following link

Tutorials Point

The target Attribute

We have used target attribute in our previous example. This attribute is used to specify
the location where linked document is opened. Following are the possible options:

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 HTML

Option Description

_blank Opens the linked document in a new window or tab.

_self Opens the linked document in the same frame.

_parent Opens the linked document in the parent frame.

_top Opens the linked document in the full body of the window.

targetframe Opens the linked document in a named targetframe.

Example
Try following example to understand basic difference in few options given for target
attribute.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/">
</head>
<body>
<p>Click any of the following links</p>
<a href="/html/index.htm" target="_blank">Opens in New</a> |
<a href="/html/index.htm" target="_self">Opens in Self</a> |
<a href="/html/index.htm" target="_parent">Opens in Parent</a> |
<a href="/html/index.htm" target="_top">Opens in Body</a>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result, where you can click on different links to understand
the difference between various options given for target attribute.

Click any of the following links

Opens in New | Opens in Self | Opens in Parent | Opens in Body

Use of Base Path

When you link HTML documents related to the same website, it is not required to give a
complete URL for every link. You can get rid of it if you use <base> tag in your HTML
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 HTML

document header. This tag is used to give a base path for all the links. So your browser
will concatenate given relative path to this base path and will make a complete URL.

Example
Following example makes use of <base> tag to specify base URL and later we can use
relative path to all the links instead of giving complete URL for every link.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/">
</head>
<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href="/html/index.htm" target="_blank">HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result, where you can click on the link generated HTML
Tutorial to reach to the HTML tutorial.

Now given URL <a href="/html/index.htm" is being considered

as <ahref="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/html/index.htm"

Click following link

HTML Tutorial

Linking to a Page Section

You can create a link to a particular section of a given webpage by using name attribute.
This is a two-step process.

First create a link to the place where you want to reach with-in a webpage and name it
using <a...> tag as follows:

<h1>HTML Text Links <a name="top"></a></h1>

Second step is to create a hyperlink to link the document and place where you want to
reach:

<a href="/html/html_text_links.htm#top">Go to the Top</a>

This will produce following link, where you can click on the link generated Go to the Top to
reach to the top of the HTML Text Link tutorial.

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 HTML

Go to the Top

Setting Link Colors

You can set colors of your links, active links and visited links using link, alink and vlink
attributes of <body> tag.

Example
Save the following in test.htm and open it in any web browser to see how link, alink and
vlink attributes work.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/">
</head>
<body alink="#54A250" link="#040404" vlink="#F40633">
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href="/html/index.htm" target="_blank" >HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result. Just check color of the link before clicking on it, next
check its color when you activate it and when the link has been visited.

Click following link

HTML Tutorial

Download Links
You can create text link to make your PDF, or DOC or ZIP files downloadable. This is very
simple; you just need to give complete URL of the downloadable file as follows:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/page.pdf">Download PDF File</a>
</body>
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 HTML

</html>

This will produce following link and will be used to download a file.

Download PDF File

File Download Dialog Box

Sometimes it is desired that you want to give an option where a user will click a link and
it will pop up a "File Download" box to the user instead of displaying actual content. This
is very easy and can be achieved using an HTTP header in your HTTP response.

For example, if you want make a Filename file downloadable from a given link then its
syntax will be as follows.

#!/usr/bin/perl

# Additional HTTP Header

print "Content-Type:application/octet-stream; name=\"FileName\"\r\n";
print "Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=\"FileName\"\r\n\n";

# Open the target file and list down its content as follows
open( FILE, "<FileName" );
while(read(FILE, $buffer, 100)){
print("$buffer");
}

Note: For more detail on PERL CGI programs, go through tutorial PERL and CGI.

70
 13. HTML IMAGE LINKS HTML

We have seen how to create hypertext link using text and we also learnt how to use images
in our webpages. Now, we will learn how to use images to create hyperlinks.

Example
It's simple to use an image as hyperlink. We just need to use an image inside hyperlink at
the place of text as shown below:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Image Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com" target="_self">
<img src="/images/logo.png" alt="Tutorials Point" border="0"/>
</a>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result, where you can click on the images to reach to the
home page of Tutorials Point.

Click following link

This was the simplest way of creating hyperlinks using images. Next we will see how we
can create Mouse-Sensitive Image Links.

Mouse-Sensitive Images
The HTML and XHTML standards provides a feature that lets you embed many different
links inside a single image. You can create different links on the single image based on
different coordinates available on the image. Once different links are attached to different
coordinates, we can click different parts of the image to open target documents. Such
mouse-sensitive images are known as image maps.

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 HTML

There are two ways to create image maps:

Server-side image maps - This is enabled by the ismap attribute of the <img>
tag and requires access to a server and related image-map processing applications.

Client-side image maps - This is created with the usemap attribute of the
<img> tag, along with corresponding <map> and <area> tags.

Server-Side Image Maps

Here you simply put your image inside a hyper link and use ismap attribute which makes
it special image and when the user clicks some place within the image, the browser passes
the coordinates of the mouse pointer along with the URL specified in the <a> tag to the
web server. The server uses the mouse-pointer coordinates to determine which document
to deliver back to the browser.

When ismap is used, the href attribute of the containing <a> tag must contain the URL of
a server application like a cgi or PHP script etc. to process the incoming request based on
the passed coordinates.

The coordinates of the mouse position are screen pixels counted from the upper-left corner
of the image, beginning with (0,0). The coordinates, preceded by a question mark, are
added to the end of the URL.

For example, if a user clicks 20 pixels over and 30 pixels down from the upper-left corner
of the following image:

Click following link

Which has been generated by the following code snippet:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>ISMAP Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href="/cgi-bin/ismap.cgi" target="_self">
<img ismap src="/images/logo.png" alt="Tutorials Point" border="0"/>
</a>
</body>
</html>

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 HTML

Then the browser sends the following search parameters to the web server which can be
processed by ismap.cgi script or map file and you can link whatever documents you like
to these coordinates:

/cgi-bin/ismap.cgi?20,30

This way you can assign different links to different coordinates of the image and when
those coordinates are clicked, you can open corresponding linked document. To learn more
about ismap attribute, you can check How to use Image ismap?

Note: You will learn CGI programming when you will study Perl programming. You can
write your script to process these passed coordinates using PHP or any other script as well.
For now, let's concentrate on learning HTML and later you can revisit this section.

Client-Side Image Maps

Client side image maps are enabled by the usemap attribute of the <img /> tag and
defined by special <map> and <area> extension tags.

The image that is going to form the map is inserted into the page using the <img /> tag
as a normal image, except it carries an extra attribute called usemap. The value of the
usemap attribute is the value which will be used in a <map> tag to link map and image
tags. The <map> along with <area> tags define all the image coordinates and
corresponding links.

The <area> tag inside the map tag, specifies the shape and the coordinates to define the
boundaries of each clickable hotspot available on the image. Here's an example from the
image map:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>USEMAP Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Search and click the hotspot</p>
<img src=/https/www.scribd.com/images/html.gif alt="HTML Map" border="0" usemap="#html"/>
<!-- Create Mappings -->
<map name="html">
<area shape="circle"
coords="80,80,20" href="/css/index.htm" alt="CSS Link" target="_self" />
<area shape="rect"
coords="5,5,40,40" alt="jQuery Link" href="/jquery/index.htm" target="_self"
/>
</map>
</body>

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 HTML

</html>

Coordinate System
The actual value of coords is totally dependent on the shape in question. Here is a
summary, to be followed by detailed examples:

rect = x1 , y1 , x2 , y2

x1 and y1 are the coordinates of the upper left corner of the rectangle; x 2 and y2 are the
coordinates of the lower right corner.

circle = xc , yc , radius

xc and yc are the coordinates of the center of the circle, and radius is the circle's radius. A
circle centered at 200,50 with a radius of 25 would have the attribute coords="200,50,25"

poly = x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 , x3 , y3 , ... xn , yn

The various x-y pairs define vertices (points) of the polygon, with a "line" being drawn
from one point to the next point. A diamond-shaped polygon with its top point at 20,20
and 40 pixels across at its widest points would have the attribute
coords="20,20,40,40,20,60,0,40".

All coordinates are relative to the upper-left corner of the image (0,0). Each shape has a
related URL. You can use any image software to know the coordinates of different
positions.

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 14. HTML EMAIL LINKS HTML

It is not difficult to put an HTML email link on your webpage but it can cause unnecessary
spamming problem for your email account. There are people, who can run programs to
harvest these types of emails and later use them for spamming in various ways.

You can have another option to facilitate people to send you emails. One option could be
to use HTML forms to collect user data and then use PHP or CGI script to send an email.

A simple example, check our Contact Us Form. We take user feedback using this form and
then we are using one CGI program which is collecting this information and sending us
email to the one given email ID.

Note: You will learn about HTML Forms in HTML Forms and you will learn about CGI in our
another tutorial Perl CGI Programming.

HTML Email Tag

HTML <a> tag provides you option to specify an email address to send an email. While
using <a> tag as an email tag, you will use mailto: email address along
with href attribute. Following is the syntax of using mailto instead of using http.

<a href= "mailto: [email protected]">Send Email</a>

This code will generate the following link which you can use to send email.

Send Email

Now, if a user clicks this link, it launches one Email Client (like Lotus Notes, Outlook
Express etc. ) installed on your user's computer. There is another risk to use this option
to send email because if user do not have email client installed on their computer then it
would not be possible to send email.

Default Settings
You can specify a default email subject and email body along with your email address.
Following is the example to use default subject and body.

<a href="mailto:[email protected]?subject=Feedback&body=Message">
Send Feedback
</a>

This code will generate the following link which you can use to send email.

Send Feedback

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 15. HTML FRAMES HTML

HTML frames are used to divide your browser window into multiple sections where each
section can load a separate HTML document. A collection of frames in the browser window
is known as a frameset. The window is divided into frames in a similar way the tables are
organized: into rows and columns.

Disadvantages of Frames
There are few drawbacks with using frames, so it's never recommended to use frames in
your webpages:

Some smaller devices cannot cope with frames often because their screen is not
big enough to be divided up.

Sometimes your page will be displayed differently on different computers due to

different screen resolution.

The browser's back button might not work as the user hopes.

There are still few browsers that do not support frame technology.

Creating Frames
To use frames on a page we use <frameset> tag instead of <body> tag. The <frameset>
tag defines, how to divide the window into frames. The rows attribute of <frameset> tag
defines horizontal frames and cols attribute defines vertical frames. Each frame is
indicated by <frame> tag and it defines which HTML document shall open into the frame.

Example
Following is the example to create three horizontal frames:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Frames</title>
</head>
<frameset rows="10%,80%,10%">
<frame name="top" src="/html/top_frame.htm" />
<frame name="main" src="/html/main_frame.htm" />
<frame name="bottom" src="/html/bottom_frame.htm" />
<noframes>
<body>

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 HTML

Your browser does not support frames.

</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Example
Let's put the above example as follows, here we replaced rows attribute by cols and
changed their width. This will create all the three frames vertically:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Frames</title>
</head>
<frameset cols="25%,50%,25%">
<frame name="left" src="/html/top_frame.htm" />
<frame name="center" src="/html/main_frame.htm" />
<frame name="right" src="/html/bottom_frame.htm" />
<noframes>
<body>
Your browser does not support frames.
</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>

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 HTML

This will produce the following result:

The <frameset> Tag Attributes

Following are important attributes of the <frameset> tag:

Attribute Description

Specifies how many columns are contained in the frameset and the size
of each column. You can specify the width of each column in one of the
four ways:

Absolute values in pixels. For example, to create three vertical frames,

use cols="100, 500,100".

A percentage of the browser window. For example, to create three

vertical frames, use cols="10%, 80%,10%".
cols
Using a wildcard symbol. For example, to create three vertical frames,
use cols="10%, *,10%". In this case wildcard takes remainder of the
window.

As relative widths of the browser window. For example, to create three

vertical frames, use cols="3*,2*,1*". This is an alternative to
percentages. You can use relative widths of the browser window. Here
the window is divided into sixths: the first column takes up half of the
window, the second takes one third, and the third takes one sixth.

This attribute works just like the cols attribute and takes the same
values, but it is used to specify the rows in the frameset. For example,
rows
to create two horizontal frames, use rows="10%, 90%". You can specify
the height of each row in the same way as explained above for columns.

This attribute specifies the width of the border of each frame in pixels.
border
For example, border="5". A value of zero means no border.

This attribute specifies whether a three-dimensional border should be

frameborder displayed between frames. This attribute takes value either 1 (yes) or 0
(no). For example frameborder="0" specifies no border.

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 HTML

This attribute specifies the amount of space between frames in a

frameset. This can take any integer value. For example
framespacing
framespacing="10" means there should be 10 pixels spacing between
each frames.

The <frame> Tag Attributes

Following are the important attributes of <frame> tag:

Attribute Description

This attribute is used to give the file name that should be loaded in the
frame. Its value can be any URL. For example,
src
src="/html/top_frame.htm" will load an HTML file available in html
directory.

This attribute allows you to give a name to a frame. It is used to indicate

which frame a document should be loaded into. This is especially
name important when you want to create links in one frame that load pages
into an another frame, in which case the second frame needs a name to
identify itself as the target of the link.

This attribute specifies whether or not the borders of that frame are
shown; it overrides the value given in the frameborder attribute on the
frameborder
<frameset> tag if one is given, and this can take values either 1 (yes)
or 0 (no).

This attribute allows you to specify the width of the space between the
marginwidth left and right of the frame's borders and the frame's content. The value
is given in pixels. For example marginwidth="10".

This attribute allows you to specify the height of the space between the
marginheight top and bottom of the frame's borders and its contents. The value is
given in pixels. For example marginheight="10".

By default, you can resize any frame by clicking and dragging on the
noresize borders of a frame. The noresize attribute prevents a user from being
able to resize the frame. For example noresize="noresize".

This attribute controls the appearance of the scrollbars that appear on

scrolling the frame. This takes values either "yes", "no" or "auto". For example
scrolling="no" means it should not have scroll bars.

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 HTML

This attribute allows you to provide a link to another page containing a

longdesc long description of the contents of the frame. For example
longdesc="framedescription.htm"

Browser Support for Frames

If a user is using any old browser or any browser, which does not support frames then
<noframes> element should be displayed to the user.

So you must place a <body> element inside the <noframes> element because the
<frameset> element is supposed to replace the <body> element, but if a browser does
not understand <frameset> element then it should understand what is inside the <body>
element which is contained in a <noframes> element.

You can put some nice message for your user having old browsers. For example, Sorry!!
your browser does not support frames. as shown in the above example.

Frame's name and target attributes

One of the most popular uses of frames is to place navigation bars in one frame and then
load main pages into a separate frame.

Let's see following example where a test.htm file has following code:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Target Frames</title>
</head>
<frameset cols="200, *">
<frame src="/html/menu.htm" name="menu_page" />
<frame src="/html/main.htm" name="main_page" />
<noframes>
<body>
Your browser does not support frames.
</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>

Here, we have created two columns to fill with two frames. The first frame is 200 pixels
wide and will contain the navigation menu bar implemented by menu.htm file. The second
column fills in remaining space and will contain the main part of the page and it is
implemented by main.htm file. For all the three links available in menu bar, we have

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 HTML

mentioned target frame as main_page, so whenever you click any of the links in menu
bar, available link will open in main page.

Following is the content of menu.htm file

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body bgcolor="#4a7d49">
<a href="http://www.google.com" target="main_page">Google</a>
<br /><br />
<a href="http://www.microsoft.com" target="main_page">Microsoft</a>
<br /><br />
<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk" target="main_page">BBC News</a>
</body>
</html>

Following is the content of main.htm file:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body bgcolor="#b5dcb3">
<h3>This is main page and content from any link will be displayed here.</h3>
<p>So now click any link and see the result.</p>
</body>
</html>

When we load test.htm file, it produces following result:

Now you can try to click links available in the left panel and see the result.
The targetattribute can also take one of the following values:

Option Description

_self Loads the page into the current frame.

_blank Loads a page into a new browser window.opening a new window.

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 HTML

_parent Loads the page into the parent window, which in the case of a single
frameset is the main browser window.

_top Loads the page into the browser window, replacing any current frames.

targetframe Loads the page into a named targetframe.

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 16. HTML IFRAMES HTML

You can define an inline frame with HTML tag <iframe>. The <iframe> tag is not
somehow related to <frameset> tag, instead, it can appear anywhere in your document.
The <iframe> tag defines a rectangular region within the document in which the browser
can display a separate document, including scrollbars and borders.

The src attribute is used to specify the URL of the document that occupies the inline frame.

Example
Following is the example to show how to use the <iframe>:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Iframes</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Document content goes here...</p>
<iframe src="/html/menu.htm" width="555" height="200">
Sorry your browser does not support inline frames.
</iframe>
<p>Document content also go here...</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Document content goes here...

Document content can also go here...

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 HTML

The <Iframe> Tag Attributes

Most of the attributes of the <iframe> tag, including name, class, frameborder, id,
longdesc, marginheight, marginwidth, name, scrolling, style, and title behave exactly like
the corresponding attributes for the <frame> tag.

Attribute Description

src This attribute is used to give the file name that should be loaded in the
frame. Its value can be any URL. For example,
src="/html/top_frame.htm" will load an HTML file available in html
directory.

name This attribute allows you to give a name to a frame. It is used to indicate
which frame a document should be loaded into. This is especially
important when you want to create links in one frame that load pages
into an another frame, in which case the second frame needs a name to
identify itself as the target of the link.

frameborder This attribute specifies whether or not the borders of that frame are
shown; it overrides the value given in the frameborder attribute on the
<frameset> tag if one is given, and this can take values either 1 (yes)
or 0 (no).

marginwidth This attribute allows you to specify the width of the space between the
left and right of the frame's borders and the frame's content. The value
is given in pixels. For example marginwidth="10".

marginheight This attribute allows you to specify the height of the space between the
top and bottom of the frame's borders and its contents. The value is
given in pixels. For example marginheight="10".

noresize By default, you can resize any frame by clicking and dragging on the
borders of a frame. The noresize attribute prevents a user from being
able to resize the frame. For example noresize="noresize".

scrolling This attribute controls the appearance of the scrollbars that appear on
the frame. This takes values either "yes", "no" or "auto". For example
scrolling="no" means it should not have scroll bars.

longdesc This attribute allows you to provide a link to another page containing a
long description of the contents of the frame. For example
longdesc="framedescription.htm"

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 17. HTML BLOCKS HTML

All the HTML elements can be categorized into two categories (a) Block Level
Elements (b)Inline Elements.

Block Elements
Block elements appear on the screen as if they have a line break before and after them.
For example, the <p>, <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, <h6>, <ul>, <ol>, <dl>,
<pre>, <hr />, <blockquote>, and <address> elements are all block level elements. They
all start on their own new line, and anything that follows them appears on its own new
line.

Inline Elements
Inline elements, on the other hand, can appear within sentences and do not have to appear
on a new line of their own. The <b>, <i>, <u>, <em>, <strong>, <sup>, <sub>, <big>,
<small>, <li>, <ins>, <del>, <code>, <cite>, <dfn>, <kbd>, and <var> elements are
all inline elements.

Grouping HTML Elements

There are two important tags which we use very frequently to group various other HTML
tags (i) <div> tag and (ii) <span> tag

The <div> tag

This is the very important block level tag which plays a big role in grouping various other
HTML tags and applying CSS on group of elements. Even now <div> tag can be used to
create webpage layout where we define different parts (Left, Right, Top etc.) of the page
using <div> tag. This tag does not provide any visual change on the block but this has
more meaning when it is used with CSS.

Example
Following is a simple example of <div> tag. We will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in
a separate chapter but we used it here to show the usage of <div> tag:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML div Tag</title>
</head>
<body>

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<!-- First group of tags -->

<div style="color:red">
<h4>This is first group</h4>
<p>Following is a list of vegetables</p>
<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</div>

<!-- Second group of tags -->

<div style="color:green">
<h4>This is second group</h4>
<p>Following is a list of fruits</p>
<ul>
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Banana</li>
<li>Mango</li>
<li>Strawberry</li>
</ul>
</div>

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

THIS IS FIRST GROUP

Following is a list of vegetables

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

THIS IS SECOND GROUP

Following is a list of fruits
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Apple
Banana
Mango
Strawberry

The <span> tag

The HTML <span> is an inline element and it can be used to group inline-elements in an
HTML document. This tag also does not provide any visual change on the block but has
more meaning when it is used with CSS.

The difference between the <span> tag and the <div> tag is that the <span> tag is used
with inline elements whereas the <div> tag is used with block-level elements.

Example
Following is a simple example of <span> tag. We will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS)
in a separate chapter but we used it here to show the usage of <span> tag:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML span Tag</title>
</head>
<body>

<p>This is <span style="color:red">red</span> and this is <span

style="color:green">green</span></p>

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This is red, and this is green

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 18. HTML BACKGROUNDS HTML

By default, your webpage background is white in color. You may not like it, but no worries.
HTML provides you following two good ways to decorate your webpage background.

Html Background with Colors

Html Background with Images

Now let's see both the approaches one by one using appropriate examples.

Html Background with Colors

The bgcolor attribute is used to control the background of an HTML element, specifically
page body and table backgrounds. Following is the syntax to use bgcolor attribute with
any HTML tag.

<tagname bgcolor="color_value"...>

This color_value can be given in any of the following formats:

<!-- Format 1 - Use color name -->

<table bgcolor="lime" >

<!-- Format 2 - Use hex value -->

<table bgcolor="#f1f1f1" >

<!-- Format 3 - Use color value in RGB terms -->

<table bgcolor="rgb(0,0,120)" >

Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Background Colors</title>
</head>
<body>

<!-- Format 1 - Use color name -->

<table bgcolor="yellow" width="100%">

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<tr><td>
This background is yellow
</td></tr>
</table>

<!-- Format 2 - Use hex value -->

<table bgcolor="#6666FF" width="100%">
<tr><td>
This background is sky blue
</td></tr>
</table>

<!-- Format 3 - Use color value in RGB terms -->

<table bgcolor="rgb(255,0,255)" width="100%">
<tr><td>
This background is green
</td></tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This background is yellow

This background is sky blue

This background is green

Html Background with Images

The background attribute can also be used to control the background of an HTML
element, specifically page body and table backgrounds. You can specify an image to set
background of your HTML page or table. Following is the syntax to use background
attribute with any HTML tag.

Note: The background attribute is deprecated and it is recommended to use Style Sheet for
background setting.

<tagname background="Image URL"...>

The most frequently used image formats are JPEG, GIF and PNG images.

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Example
Here are the examples to set background images of a table.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Background Images</title>
</head>
<body>

<!-- Set table background -->

<table background="/images/html.gif" width="100%" height="100">
<tr><td>
This background is filled up with HTML image.
</td></tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This background is filled up with HTML image.

Patterned & Transparent Backgrounds

You might have seen many pattern or transparent backgrounds on various websites. This
simply can be achieved by using patterned image or transparent image in the background.

It is suggested that while creating patterns or transparent GIF or PNG images, use the
smallest dimensions possible even as small as 1x1 to avoid slow loading.

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Example
Here are the examples to set background pattern of a table:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Background Images</title>
</head>
<body>

<!-- Set a table background using pattern -->

<table background="/images/pattern1.gif" width="100%" height="100">
<tr><td>
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
</td></tr>
</table>

<!-- Another example on table background using pattern -->

<table background="/images/pattern2.gif" width="100%" height="100">
<tr><td>
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
</td></tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

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 19. HTML COLORS HTML

Colors are very important to give a good look and feel to your website. You can specify
colors on page level using <body> tag or you can set colors for individual tags
using bgcolor attribute.

The <body> tag has following attributes which can be used to set different colors:

bgcolor - sets a color for the background of the page.

text - sets a color for the body text.

alink - sets a color for active links or selected links.

link - sets a color for linked text.

vlink - sets a color for visited links - that is, for linked text that you have
already clicked on.

HTML Color Coding Methods

There are following three different methods to set colors in your web page:

Color names - You can specify color names directly like green, blue or red.

Hex codes - A six-digit code representing the amount of red, green, and blue
that makes up the color.

Color decimal or percentage values - This value is specified using the rgb()
property.

Now we will see these coloring schemes one by one.

HTML Colors - Color Names

You can specify direct a color name to set text or background color. W3C has listed 16
basic color names that will validate with an HTML validator but there are over 200 different
color names supported by major browsers.

Note: Check a complete list of HTML Color Name.

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W3C Standard 16 Colors

Here is the list of W3C Standard 16 Colors names and it is recommended to use them.

Black Gray Silver White

Yellow Lime Aqua Fuchsia

Red Green Blue Purple

Maroon Olive Navy Teal

Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color name:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Colors by Name</title>
</head>
<body text="blue" bgcolor="green">
<p>Use different color names for for body and table and see the result.</p>
<table bgcolor="black">
<tr>
<td>
<font color="white">This text will appear white on black background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

HTML Colors - Hex Codes

A hexadecimal is a 6 digit representation of a color. The first two digits(RR) represent a
red value, the next two are a green value(GG), and the last are the blue value(BB).

A hexadecimal value can be taken from any graphics software like Adobe Photoshop,
Paintshop Pro or MS Paint.

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Each hexadecimal code will be preceded by a pound or hash sign #. Following is a list of
few colors using hexadecimal notation.

Color Color HEX

#000000

#FF0000

#00FF00

#0000FF

#FFFF00

#00FFFF

#FF00FF

#C0C0C0

#FFFFFF

Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color code in hexadecimal:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Colors by Hex</title>
</head>
<body text="#0000FF" bgcolor="#00FF00">
<p>Use different color hexa for for body and table and see the result.</p>
<table bgcolor="#000000">
<tr>
<td>
<font color="#FFFFFF">This text will appear white on black background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

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HTML Colors - RGB Values

This color value is specified using the rgb( ) property. This property takes three values,
one each for red, green, and blue. The value can be an integer between 0 and 255 or a
percentage.

Note: All the browsers does not support rgb() property of color so it is recommended not to use it.
Following is a list to show few colors using RGB values.

Color Color RGB

rgb(0,0,0)

rgb(255,0,0)

rgb(0,255,0)

rgb(0,0,255)

rgb(255,255,0)

rgb(0,255,255)

rgb(255,0,255)

rgb(192,192,192)

rgb(255,255,255)

Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color code using rgb() values:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Colors by RGB code</title>
</head>
<body text="rgb(0,0,255)" bgcolor="rgb(0,255,0)">
<p>Use different color code for for body and table and see the result.</p>

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<table bgcolor="rgb(0,0,0)">
<tr>
<td>
<font color="rgb(255,255,255)">This text will appear white on black
background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

Browser Safe Colors

Here is the list of 216 colors which are supposed to be safest and computer independent
colors. These colors very from hexa code 000000 to FFFFFF and they will be supported by
all the computers having 256 color palette.

000000 000033 000066 000099 0000CC 0000FF

003300 003333 003366 003399 0033CC 0033FF

006600 006633 006666 006699 0066CC 0066FF

009900 009933 009966 009999 0099CC 0099FF

00CC00 00CC33 00CC66 00CC99 00CCCC 00CCFF

00FF00 00FF33 00FF66 00FF99 00FFCC 00FFFF

330000 330033 330066 330099 3300CC 3300FF

333300 333333 333366 333399 3333CC 3333FF

336600 336633 336666 336699 3366CC 3366FF

339900 339933 339966 339999 3399CC 3399FF

33CC00 33CC33 33CC66 33CC99 33CCCC 33CCFF

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33FF00 33FF33 33FF66 33FF99 33FFCC 33FFFF

660000 660033 660066 660099 6600CC 6600FF

663300 663333 663366 663399 6633CC 6633FF

666600 666633 666666 666699 6666CC 6666FF

669900 669933 669966 669999 6699CC 6699FF

66CC00 66CC33 66CC66 66CC99 66CCCC 66CCFF

66FF00 66FF33 66FF66 66FF99 66FFCC 66FFFF

990000 990033 990066 990099 9900CC 9900FF

993300 993333 993366 993399 9933CC 9933FF

996600 996633 996666 996699 9966CC 9966FF

999900 999933 999966 999999 9999CC 9999FF

99CC00 99CC33 99CC66 99CC99 99CCCC 99CCFF

99FF00 99FF33 99FF66 99FF99 99FFCC 99FFFF

CC0000 CC0033 CC0066 CC0099 CC00CC CC00FF

CC3300 CC3333 CC3366 CC3399 CC33CC CC33FF

CC6600 CC6633 CC6666 CC6699 CC66CC CC66FF

CC9900 CC9933 CC9966 CC9999 CC99CC CC99FF

CCCC00 CCCC33 CCCC66 CCCC99 CCCCCC CCCCFF

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CCFF00 CCFF33 CCFF66 CCFF99 CCFFCC CCFFFF

FF0000 FF0033 FF0066 FF0099 FF00CC FF00FF

FF3300 FF3333 FF3366 FF3399 FF33CC FF33FF

FF6600 FF6633 FF6666 FF6699 FF66CC FF66FF

FF9900 FF9933 FF9966 FF9999 FF99CC FF99FF

FFCC00 FFCC33 FFCC66 FFCC99 FFCCCC FFCCFF

FFFF00 FFFF33 FFFF66 FFFF99 FFFFCC FFFFFF

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 20. HTML FONTS HTML

Fonts play a very important role in making a website more user friendly and increasing
content readability. Font face and color depends entirely on the computer and browser
that is being used to view your page but you can use HTML <font> tag to add style, size,
and color to the text on your website. You can use a <basefont> tag to set all of your
text to the same size, face, and color.

The font tag is having three attributes called size, color, and face to customize your fonts.
To change any of the font attributes at any time within your webpage, simply use the
<font> tag. The text that follows will remain changed until you close with the </font> tag.
You can change one or all of the font attributes within one <font> tag.

Note: The font and basefont tags are deprecated and it is supposed to be removed in a
future version of HTML. So they should not be used rather, it's suggested to use CSS styles
to manipulate your fonts. But still for learning purpose, this chapter will explain font and
basefont tags in detail.

Set Font Size

You can set content font size using size attribute. The range of accepted values is from
1(smallest) to 7(largest). The default size of a font is 3.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Setting Font Size</title>
</head>
<body>
<font size="1">Font size="1"</font><br />
<font size="2">Font size="2"</font><br />
<font size="3">Font size="3"</font><br />
<font size="4">Font size="4"</font><br />
<font size="5">Font size="5"</font><br />
<font size="6">Font size="6"</font><br />
<font size="7">Font size="7"</font>
</body>
</html>

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This will produce the following result:

Font size="1"

Font size="2"
Font size="3"
Font size="4"
Font size="5"
Font size="6"
Font size="7"
Relative Font Size
You can specify how many sizes larger or how many sizes smaller than the preset font size
should be. You can specify it like <font size="+n"> or <font size="-n">

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Relative Font Size</title>
</head>
<body>
<font size="-1">Font size="-1"</font><br />
<font size="+1">Font size="+1"</font><br />
<font size="+2">Font size="+2"</font><br />
<font size="+3">Font size="+3"</font><br />
<font size="+4">Font size="+4"</font>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Font size="-1"
Font size="+1"
Font size="+2"
Font size="+3"
Font size="+4"
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Setting Font Face

You can set font face using face attribute but be aware that if the user viewing the page
doesn't have the font installed, they will not be able to see it. Instead user will see the
default font face applicable to the user's computer.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Font Face</title>
</head>
<body>
<font face="Times New Roman" size="5">Times New Roman</font><br />
<font face="Verdana" size="5">Verdana</font><br />
<font face="Comic sans MS" size="5">Comic Sans MS</font><br />
<font face="WildWest" size="5">WildWest</font><br />
<font face="Bedrock" size="5">Bedrock</font><br />
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Times New Roman

Verdana
Comic Sans MS
WildWest
Bedrock

Specify alternate font faces

A visitor will only be able to see your font if they have that font installed on their computer.
So, it is possible to specify two or more font face alternatives by listing the font face
names, separated by a comma.

<font face="arial,helvetica">
<font face="Lucida Calligraphy,Comic Sans MS,Lucida Console">

When your page is loaded, their browser will display the first font face available. If none
of the given fonts are installed, then it will display the default font face Times New Roman.

Note: Check a complete list of HTML Standard Fonts.

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Setting Font Color

You can set any font color you like using color attribute. You can specify the color that you
want by either the color name or hexadecimal code for that color.

Note: You can check a complete list of HTML Color Name with Codes.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Setting Font Color</title>
</head>
<body>
<font color="#FF00FF">This text is in pink</font><br />
<font color="red">This text is red</font>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This text is in pink

This text is red

The <basefont> Element:

The <basefont> element is supposed to set a default font size, color, and typeface for any
parts of the document that are not otherwise contained within a <font> tag. You can use
the <font> elements to override the <basefont> settings.

The <basefont> tag also takes color, size and face attributes and it will support relative
font setting by giving size a value of +1 for a size larger or -2 for two sizes smaller.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Setting Basefont Color</title>
</head>
<body>
<basefont face="arial, verdana, sans-serif" size="2" color="#ff0000">
<p>This is the page's default font.</p>

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<h2>Example of the &lt;basefont&gt; Element</h2>

<p><font size="+2" color="darkgray">
This is darkgray text with two sizes larger
</font></p>

<p><font face="courier" size="-1" color="#000000">

It is a courier font, a size smaller and black in color.
</font></p>

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This is the page's default font.

Example of the <basefont> Element

This is darkgray text with two sizes larger

It is a courier font, a size smaller and black in color.

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 21. HTML FORMS HTML

HTML Forms are required, when you want to collect some data from the site visitor. For example,
during user registration you would like to collect information such as name, email address, credit
card, etc.
A form will take input from the site visitor and then will post it to a back-end application such as
CGI, ASP Script or PHP script etc. The back-end application will perform required processing on
the passed data based on defined business logic inside the application.
There are various form elements available like text fields, textarea fields, drop-down menus, radio
buttons, checkboxes, etc.

The HTML <form> tag is used to create an HTML form and it has following syntax:

<form action="Script URL" method="GET|POST">

form elements like input, textarea etc.
</form>

Form Attributes
Apart from common attributes, following is a list of the most frequently used form
attributes:

Attribute Description

action Backend script ready to process your passed data.

method Method to be used to upload data. The most frequently used are GET and
POST methods.

target Specify the target window or frame where the result of the script will be
displayed. It takes values like _blank, _self, _parent etc.

enctype You can use the enctype attribute to specify how the browser encodes the
data before it sends it to the server. Possible values are:

application/x-www-form-urlencoded - This is the standard method most

forms use in simple scenarios.

mutlipart/form-data - This is used when you want to upload binary data in

the form of files like image, word file etc.

Note: You can refer to Perl & CGI for a detail on how form data upload works.

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HTML Form Controls

There are different types of form controls that you can use to collect data using HTML
form:

Text Input Controls

Checkboxes Controls
Radio Box Controls
Select Box Controls
File Select boxes
Hidden Controls
Clickable Buttons
Submit and Reset Button

Text Input Controls

There are three types of text input used on forms:

Single-line text input controls - This control is used for items that require only
one line of user input, such as search boxes or names. They are created using
HTML <input> tag.

Password input controls - This is also a single-line text input but it masks the
character as soon as a user enters it. They are also created using HTMl <input>
tag.

Multi-line text input controls - This is used when the user is required to give
details that may be longer than a single sentence. Multi-line input controls are
created using HTML <textarea> tag.

Single-line text input controls

This control is used for items that require only one line of user input, such as search boxes
or names. They are created using HTML <input> tag.

Example
Here is a basic example of a single-line text input used to take first name and last name:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Text Input Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form >
First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" />
<br>

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Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" />

</form>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

First name:
Last name:

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag for creating text field.

Attribute Description

type Indicates the type of input control and for text input control it will be set
totext.

name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.

value This can be used to provide an initial value inside the control.

size Allows to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of characters.

maxlength Allows to specify the maximum number of characters a user can enter into
the text box.

Password Input controls

This is also a single-line text input but it masks the character as soon as a user enters it.
They are also created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to password.

Example
Here is a basic example of a single-line password input used to take user password:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Password Input Control</title>
</head>

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<body>
<form >
User ID : <input type="text" name="user_id" />
<br>
Password: <input type="password" name="password" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

User ID :
Password:

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag for creating password field.

Attribute Description

type Indicates the type of input control and for password input control it will be
set to password.

name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.

value This can be used to provide an initial value inside the control.

size Allows to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of characters.

maxlength Allows to specify the maximum number of characters a user can enter into
the text box.

Multiple-Line Text Input Controls

This is used when the user is required to give details that may be longer than a single
sentence. Multi-line input controls are created using HTML <textarea> tag.

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Example
Here is a basic example of a multi-line text input used to take item description:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Multiple-Line Input Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
Description: <br />
<textarea rows="5" cols="50" name="description">
Enter description here...
</textarea>
</form>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Description :

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <textarea> tag.

Attribute Description

name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.

rows Indicates the number of rows of text area box.

cols Indicates the number of columns of text area box

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Checkbox Control
Checkboxes are used when more than one option is required to be selected. They are also
created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to checkbox.

Example
Here is an example HTML code for a form with two checkboxes:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Checkbox Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="checkbox" name="maths" value="on"> Maths
<input type="checkbox" name="physics" value="on"> Physics
</form>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Maths Physics

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <checkbox> tag.

Attribute Description

type Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox input control it will be
set to checkbox.

name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.

value The value that will be used if the checkbox is selected.

checked Set to checked if you want to select it by default.

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Radio Button Control

Radio buttons are used when out of many options, just one option is required to be
selected. They are also created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to radio.

Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with two radio buttons:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Radio Box Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="radio" name="subject" value="maths"> Maths
<input type="radio" name="subject" value="physics"> Physics
</form>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Maths Physics

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for radio button.

Attribute Description

type Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox input control it will be
set to radio.

name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.

value The value that will be used if the radio box is selected.

checked Set to checked if you want to select it by default.

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Select Box Control

A select box, also called drop down box which provides option to list down various options
in the form of drop down list, from where a user can select one or more options.

Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with one drop down box

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Select Box Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<select name="dropdown">
<option value="Maths" selected>Maths</option>
<option value="Physics">Physics</option>
</select>
</form>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Maths

Attributes
Following is the list of important attributes of <select> tag:

Attribute Description

name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.

size This can be used to present a scrolling list box.

multiple If set to "multiple" then allows a user to select multiple items from the
menu.

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Following is the list of important attributes of <option> tag:

Attribute Description

value The value that will be used if an option in the select box box is selected.

selected Specifies that this option should be the initially selected value when the
page loads.

label An alternative way of labeling options

File Upload Box

If you want to allow a user to upload a file to your web site, you will need to use a file
upload box, also known as a file select box. This is also created using the <input> element
but type attribute is set to file.

Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with one file upload box:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="file" name="fileupload" accept="image/*" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Attributes
Following is the list of important attributes of file upload box:

Attribute Description

name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.

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accept Specifies the types of files that the server accepts.

Button Controls
There are various ways in HTML to create clickable buttons. You can also create a clickable
button using <input> tag by setting its type attribute to button. The type attribute can
take the following values:

Type Description

submit This creates a button that automatically submits a form.

reset This creates a button that automatically resets form controls to their initial
values.

button This creates a button that is used to trigger a client-side script when the user
clicks that button.

image This creates a clickable button but we can use an image as background of the
button.

Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with three types of buttons:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" />
<input type="reset" name="reset" value="Reset" />
<input type="button" name="ok" value="OK" />
<input type="image" name="imagebutton" src="/html/images/logo.png" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

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 HTML

This will produce the following result:

Submit Reset

Hidden Form Controls

Hidden form controls are used to hide data inside the page which later on can be pushed
to the server. This control hides inside the code and does not appear on the actual page.
For example, following hidden form is being used to keep current page number. When a
user will click next page then the value of hidden control will be sent to the web server
and there it will decide which page will be displayed next based on the passed current
page.

Example
Here is example HTML code to show the usage of hidden control:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<p>This is page 10</p>
<input type="hidden" name="pagename" value="10" />
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" />
<input type="reset" name="reset" value="Reset" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Top of Form

This is page 10

Submit Reset

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 22. HTML EMBED MULTIMEDIA HTML

Sometimes you need to add music or video into your web page. The easiest way to add
video or sound to your web site is to include the special HTML tag called <embed>. This
tag causes the browser itself to include controls for the multimedia automatically provided
browser supports <embed> tag and given media type.

You can also include a <noembed> tag for the browsers which don't recognize the
<embed> tag. You could, for example, use <embed> to display a movie of your choice,
and <noembed> to display a single JPG image if browser does not support <embed>
tag.

Example
Here is a simple example to play an embedded midi file:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML embed Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<embed src="/html/yourfile.mid" width="100%" height="60" >
<noembed><img src="yourimage.gif" alt="Alternative Media" ></noembed>
</embed>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

You can put any media file in src attribute. You can try it yourself by giving various types
of files.

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 HTML

The <embed> Tag Attributes

Following is the list of important attributes which can be used with <embed> tag.

Attribute Description

align Determines how to align the object. It can be set to either center, left or
right.

autostart This boolean attribute indicates if the media should start automatically. You
can set it either true or false.

loop Specifies if the sound should be played continuously (set loop to true), a
certain number of times (a positive value) or not at all (false)

playcount Specifies the number of times to play the sound. This is alternate option
forloop if you are usiong IE.

hidden Specifies if the multimedia object should be shown on the page. A false
value means no and true values means yes.

width Width of the object in pixels

height Height of the object in pixels

name A name used to reference the object.

src URL of the object to be embedded.

volume Controls volume of the sound. Can be from 0 (off) to 100 (full volume).

Supported Video Types

You can use various media types like Flash movies (.swf), AVI's (.avi), and MOV's (.mov)
file types inside embed tag.

.swf files - are the file types created by Macromedia's Flash program.
.wmv files - are Microsoft's Window's Media Video file types.
.mov files - are Apple's Quick Time Movie format.
.mpeg files - are movie files created by the Moving Pictures Expert Group.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>

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 HTML

<title>HTML embed Tag</title>

</head>
<body>
<embed src="/html/yourfile.swf" width="200" height="200" >
<noembed><img src="yourimage.gif" alt="Alternative Media" ></noembed>
</embed>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Background Audio
You can use HTML <bgsound> tag to play a soundtrack in the background of your
webpage. This tag is supported by Internet Explorer only and most of the other browsers
ignore this tag. It downloads and plays an audio file when the host document is first
downloaded by the user and displayed. The background sound file also will replay
whenever the user refreshes the browser.

This tag is having only two attributes loop and src. Both these attributes have same
meaning as explained above.

Here is a simple example to play a small midi file:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML embed Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<bgsound src="/html/yourfile.mid">
<noembed><img src="yourimage.gif" ></noembed>
</bgsound>
</body>
</html>

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 HTML

This will produce the blank screen. This tag does not display any component and remains
hidden.

Internet Explorer can also handle only three different sound format files: wav, the native
format for PCs; au, the native format for most Unix workstations; and MIDI, a universal
music-encoding scheme.

HTML Object tag

HTML 4 introduces the <object> element, which offers an all-purpose solution to generic
object inclusion. The <object> element allows HTML authors to specify everything
required by an object for its presentation by a user agent.

Here are a few examples:

Example - 1
You can embed an HTML document in an HTML document itself as follows:

<object data="data/test.htm" type="text/html" width="300" height="200">

alt : <a href="data/test.htm">test.htm</a>
</object>

Here alt attribute will come into picture if browser does not support object tag.

Example - 2
You can embed a PDF document in an HTML document as follows:

<object data="data/test.pdf" type="application/pdf" width="300" height="200">

alt : <a href="data/test.pdf">test.htm</a>
</object>

Example - 3
You can specify some parameters related to the document with the <param> tag. Here
is an example to embed a wav file:

<object data="data/test.wav" type="audio/x-wav" width="200" height="20">

<param name="src" value="data/test.wav">
<param name="autoplay" value="false">
<param name="autoStart" value="0">
alt : <a href="data/test.wav">test.wav</a>
</object>

Example - 4
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 HTML

You can add a flash document as follows:

<object classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" id="penguin"

codebase="someplace/swflash.cab" width="200" height="300">
<param name="movie" value="flash/penguin.swf" />
<param name="quality" value="high" />
<img src="penguin.jpg" width="200" height="300" alt="Penguin" />
</object>

Example - 5
You can add a java applet into HTML document as follows:

<object classid="clsid:8ad9c840-044e-11d1-b3e9-00805f499d93"
width="200" height="200">
<param name="code" value="applet.class">
</object>

The classid attribute identifies which version of Java Plug-in to use. You can use the
optional codebase attribute to specify if and how to download the JRE.

119
 23. HTML MARQUEES HTML

An HTML marquee is a scrolling piece of text displayed either horizontally across or

vertically down your webpage depending on the settings. This is created by using HTML
<marquees> tag.

Note: The HTML <marquee> tag may not be supported by various browsers so it is not
recommended to rely on this tag, instead you can use JavaScript and CSS to create such
effects.

Syntax
A simple syntax to use HTML <marquee> tag is as follows:

<marquee attribute_name="attribute_value"....more attributes>

One or more lines or text message or image

</marquee>

The <marquee> Tag Attributes

Following is the list of important attributes which can be used with <marquee> tag.

Attribute Description

width This specifies the width of the marquee. This can be a value like 10 or
20% etc.

height This specifies the height of the marquee. This can be a value like 10 or
20% etc.

direction This specifies the direction in which marquee should scroll. This can be a
value like up, down, left or right.

behavior This specifies the type of scrolling of the marquee. This can have a value
like scroll, slide and alternate.

scrolldelay This specifies how long to delay between each jump. This will have a
value like 10 etc.

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 HTML

scrollamount This specifies the speed of marquee text. This can have a value like 10
etc.

loop This specifies how many times to loop. The default value is INFINITE,
which means that the marquee loops endlessly.

bgcolor This specifies background color in terms of color name or color hex value.

hspace This specifies horizontal space around the marquee. This can be a value
like 10 or 20% etc.

vspace This specifies vertical space around the marquee. This can be a value like
10 or 20% etc.

Below are few examples to demonstrate the usage of marquee tag.

Examples - 1
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<marquee>This is basic example of marquee</marquee>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Examples - 2
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<marquee width="50%">This example will take only 50% width</marquee>

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 HTML

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Examples - 3
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<marquee direction="right">This text will scroll from left to right</marquee>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Examples - 4
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<marquee direction="up">This text will scroll from bottom to up</marquee>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

122
 24. HTML HEADER HTML

We have learnt that a typical HTML document will have following structure:

Document declaration tag

<html>
<head>
Document header related tags
</head>

<body>
Document body related tags
</body>
</html>

This chapter will give a little more detail about header part which is represented by HTML
<head> tag. The <head> tag is a container of various important tags like <title>,
<meta>, <link>, <base>, <style>, <script>, and <noscript> tags.

The HTML <title> Tag

The HTML <title> tag is used for specifying the title of the HTML document. Following is
an example to give a title to an HTML document:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Title Tag Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello, World!</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Hello, World!

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 HTML

The HTML <meta> Tag

The HTML <meta> tag is used to provide metadata about the HTML document which
includes information about page expiry, page author, list of keywords, page description
etc.

Following are few of the important usages of <meta> tag inside an HTML document:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Meta Tag Example</title>

<!-- Provide list of keywords -->

<meta name="keywords" content="C, C++, Java, PHP, Perl, Python">

<!-- Provide description of the page -->

<meta name="description" content="Simply Easy Learning by Tutorials Point">

<!-- Author information -->

<meta name="author" content="Tutorials Point">

<!-- Page content type -->

<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">

<!-- Page refreshing delay -->

<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="30">

<!-- Page expiry -->

<meta http-equiv="expires" content="Wed, 21 June 2006 14:25:27 GMT">

<!-- Tag to tell robots not to index the content of a page -->
<meta name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow">

</head>
<body>
<p>Hello, World!</p>
</body>
</html>

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 HTML

This will produce the following result:

Hello, World!

The HTML <base> Tag

The HTML <base> tag is used for specifying the base URL for all relative URLs in a page,
which means all the other URLs will be concatenated into base URL while locating for the
given item.

For example, all the given pages and images will be searched after prefixing the given
URLs with base URL http://www.tutorialspoint.com/ directory:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Base Tag Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
</head>
<body>

<img src="/images/logo.png" alt="Logo Image"/>

<a href="/html/index.htm" title="HTML Tutorial"/>HTML Tutorial</a>

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

But if you change base URL to something else, for example, if base URL is
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/home then image and other given links will become like
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/home/images/logo.png and
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/home/html/index.htm

The HTML <link> Tag

The HTML <link> tag is used to specify relationships between the current document and
external resource. Following is an example to link an external style sheet file available
in css sub-directory within web root:

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 HTML

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML link Tag Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/style.css">
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello, World!</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Hello, World!

The HTML <style> Tag

The HTML <style> tag is used to specify style sheet for the current HTML document.
Following is an example to define few style sheet rules inside <style> tag:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML style Tag Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
<style type="text/css">
.myclass{
background-color: #aaa;
padding: 10px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class="myclass">Hello, World!</p>
</body>
</html>

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 HTML

This will produce the following result:

Hello, World!

Note: To learn about how Cascading Style Sheet works, kindly check a separate tutorial
available at http://www.tutorialspoint.com/css

The HTML <script> Tag

The HTML <script> tag is used to include either external script file or to define internal
script for the HTML document. Following is an example where we are using JavaScript to
define a simple JavaScript function:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML script Tag Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
<script type="text/JavaScript">
function Hello(){
alert("Hello, World");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="button" onclick="Hello();" name="ok" value="OK" />
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result, where you can try to click on the given button:

Note: To learn about how JavaScript works, kindly check a separate tutorial
available at: http://www.tutorialspoint.com/javascript

127
 25. HTML STYLE SHEET HTML

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) describe how documents are presented on screens, in print,
or perhaps how they are pronounced. W3C has actively promoted the use of style sheets
on the Web since the consortium was founded in 1994.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) provide easy and effective alternatives to specify various
attributes for the HTML tags. Using CSS, you can specify a number of style properties for
a given HTML element. Each property has a name and a value, separated by a colon (:).
Each property declaration is separated by a semi-colon (;).

Example
First let's consider an example of HTML document which makes use of <font> tag and
associated attributes to specify text color and font size:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML CSS</title>
</head>
<body>
<p><font color="green" size="5">Hello, World!</font></p>
</body>
</html>

We can re-write above example with the help of Style Sheet as follows:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML CSS</title>
</head>
<body>
<p style="color:green;font-size:24px;">Hello, World!</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Hello, World!

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 HTML

You can use CSS in three ways in your HTML document:

External Style Sheet: Define style sheet rules in a separate .css file and then
include that file in your HTML document using HTML <link> tag.

Internal Style Sheet: Define style sheet rules in header section of the HTML
document using <style> tag.

Inline Style Sheet: Define style sheet rules directly along-with the HTML elements
using style attribute.

Let's see all the three cases one by one with the help of suitable examples.

External Style Sheet

If you need to use your style sheet to various pages, then its always recommended to
define a common style sheet in a separate file. A cascading style sheet file will have
extension as .css and it will be included in HTML files using <link> tag.

Example
Consider we define a style sheet file style.css which has following rules:

.red{
color: red;
}
.thick{
font-size:20px;
}
.green{
color:green;
}

Here we defined three CSS rules which will be applicable to three different classes defined
for the HTML tags. I suggest you should not bother about how these rules are being defined
because you will learn them while studying CSS. Now let's make use of the above external
CSS file in our following HTML document:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML External CSS</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/html/style.css">
</head>
<body>
<p class="red">This is red</p>

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 HTML

<p class="thick">This is thick</p>

<p class="green">This is green</p>

<p class="thick green">This is thick and green</p>

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This is red

This is thick

This is green

This is thick and green

Internal Style Sheet

If you want to apply Style Sheet rules to a single document only, then you can include
those rules in header section of the HTML document using <style> tag.

Rules defined in internal style sheet overrides the rules defined in an external CSS file.

Example
Let's re-write above example once again, but here we will write style sheet rules in the
same HTML document using <style> tag:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Internal CSS</title>
<style type="text/css">
.red{
color: red;
}
.thick{
font-size:20px;
}
.green{

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 HTML

color:green;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class="red">This is red</p>

<p class="thick">This is thick</p>

<p class="green">This is green</p>

<p class="thick green">This is thick and green</p>

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This is red

This is thick

This is green

This is thick and green

Inline Style Sheet

You can apply style sheet rules directly to any HTML element using style attribute of the
relevant tag. This should be done only when you are interested to make a particular change
in any HTML element only.

Rules defined inline with the element overrides the rules defined in an external CSS file as
well as the rules defined in <style> element.

Example
Let's re-write above example once again, but here we will write style sheet rules along
with the HTML elements using style attribute of those elements.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Inline CSS</title>
</head>

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 HTML

<body>
<p style="color:red;">This is red</p>

<p style="font-size:20px;">This is thick</p>

<p style="color:green;">This is green</p>

<p style="color:green;font-size:20px;">This is thick and green</p>

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This is red

This is thick

This is green

This is thick and green

132
 26. HTML JAVASCRIPT HTML

A script is a small piece of program that can add interactivity to your website. For
example, a script could generate a pop-up alert box message, or provide a dropdown
menu. This script could be written using JavaScript or VBScript.

You can write various small functions, called event handlers using any of the scripting
language and then you can trigger those functions using HTML attributes.

Now-a-days, only JavaScript and associated frameworks are being used by most of the
web developers, VBScript is not even supported by various major browsers.

You can keep JavaScript code in a separate file and then include it wherever it's needed,
or you can define functionality inside HTML document itself. Let's see both the cases one
by one with suitable examples.

External JavaScript
If you are going to define a functionality which will be used in various HTML documents
then it's better to keep that functionality in a separate JavaScript file and then include that
file in your HTML documents. A JavaScript file will have extension as .js and it will be
included in HTML files using <script> tag.

Example
Consider we define a small function using JavaScript in script.js which has following code:

function Hello()
{
alert("Hello, World");
}

Now let's make use of the above external JavaScript file in our following HTML document:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript External Script</title>
<script src="/html/script.js" type="text/JavaScript"/></script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="button" onclick="Hello();" name="ok" value="Click Me" />
</body>
</html>

133
 HTML

This will produce the following result, where you can try to click on the given button:

Internal Script
You can write your script code directly into your HTML document. Usually we keep script
code in header of the document using <script> tag, otherwise there is no restriction and
you can put your source code anywhere in the document but inside <script> tag.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Internal Script</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
<script type="text/JavaScript">
function Hello(){
alert("Hello, World");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="button" onclick="Hello();" name="ok" value="Click Me" />
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result, where you can try to click on the given button:

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 HTML

Event Handlers
Event handlers are nothing but simply defined functions which can be called against any
mouse or keyboard event. You can define your business logic inside your event handler
which can vary from a single to 1000s of line code.

Following example explains how to write an event handler. Let's write one simple
functionEventHandler() in the header of the document. We will call this function when any
user brings mouse over a paragraph.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Event Handlers Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
<script type="text/JavaScript">
function EventHandler(){
alert("I'm event handler!!");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p onmouseover="EventHandler();">Bring your mouse here to see an alert</p>
</body>
</html>

Now This will produce the following result. Bring your mouse over this line and see the
result:

Bring your mouse here to see an alert

Hide Scripts from Older Browsers

Although most (if not all) browsers these days support JavaScript, but still some older
browsers don't. If a browser doesn't support JavaScript, instead of running your script, it
would display the code to the user. To prevent this, you can simply place HTML comments
around the script as shown below.

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 HTML

JavaScript Example:
<script type="text/JavaScript">
<!--
document.write("Hello JavaScript!");
//-->
</script>

VBScript Example:
<script type="text/vbscript">
<!--
document.write("Hello VBScript!")
'-->
</script>

The <noscript> Element

You can also provide alternative info to the users whose browsers don't support scripts
and for those users who have disabled script option their browsers. You can do this using
the<noscript> tag.

JavaScript Example:
<script type="text/JavaScript">
<!--
document.write("Hello JavaScript!");
//-->
</script>
<noscript>Your browser does not support JavaScript!</noscript>
VBScript Example:
<script type="text/vbscript">
<!--
document.write("Hello VBScript!")
'-->
</script>
<noscript>Your browser does not support VBScript!</noscript>

Default Scripting Language

There may be a situation when you will include multiple script files and ultimately using
multiple <script> tags. You can specify a default scripting language for all your script tags.

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 HTML

This saves you from specifying the language every time you use a script tag within the
page. Below is the example:

<meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/JavaScript" />

Note that you can still override the default by specifying a language within the script tag.

137
 27. HTML LAYOUTS HTML

A webpage layout is very important to give better look to your website. It takes
considerable time to design a website's layout with great look and feel.

Now- a-days, all modern websites are using CSS and JavaScript based framework to come
up with responsive and dynamic websites but you can create a good layout using simple
HTML tables or division tags in combination with other formatting tags. This chapter will
give you few examples on how to create a simple but working layout for your webpage
using pure HTML and its attributes.

HTML Layout - Using Tables

The simplest and most popular way of creating layouts is using HTML <table> tag. These
tables are arranged in columns and rows, so you can utilize these rows and columns in
whatever way you like.

Example
For example, the following HTML layout example is achieved using a table with 3 rows and
2 columns but the header and footer column spans both columns using the colspan
attribute:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Layout using Tables</title>
</head>
<body>
<table width="100%" border="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#b5dcb3">
<h1>This is Web Page Main title</h1>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td bgcolor="#aaa" width="50">
<b>Main Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...

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 HTML

</td>
<td bgcolor="#eee" width="100" height="200">
Technical and Managerial Tutorials
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#b5dcb3">
<center>
Copyright 2007 Tutorialspoint.com
</center>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This is Web Page Main title

Main Menu Technical and Managerial Tutorials
HTML
PHP
PERL...

Copyright 2007 Tutorialspoint.com

Multiple Columns Layout - Using Tables

You can design your webpage to put your web content in multiple pages. You can keep
your content in middle column and you can use left column to use menu and right column
can be used to put advertisement or some other stuff. This layout will be very similar to
what we have at our website tutorialspoint.com.

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 HTML

Example
Here is an example to create three column layout:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Three Column HTML Layout</title>
</head>
<body>
<table width="100%" border="0">
<tr valign="top">
<td bgcolor="#aaa" width="20%">
<b>Main Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
<td bgcolor="#b5dcb3" height="200" width="60%">
Technical and Managerial Tutorials
</td>
<td bgcolor="#aaa" width="20%">
<b>Right Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
</tr>
<table>
</body>
</html>

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 HTML

This will produce the following result:

Main Menu Technical and Managerial Tutorials Right Menu

HTML HTML
PHP PHP
PERL... PERL...

HTML Layouts - Using DIV, SPAN

The <div> element is a block level element used for grouping HTML elements. While the
<div> tag is a block-level element, the HTML <span> element is used for grouping
elements at an inline level.

Although we can achieve pretty nice layouts with HTML tables, but tables weren't really
designed as a layout tool. Tables are more suited to presenting tabular data.

Note: This example makes use of Cascading Style Sheet (CSS), so before understanding
this example you need to have a better understanding on how CSS works.

Example
Here we will try to achieve same result using <div> tag along with CSS, whatever you
have achieved using <table> tag in previous example.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Layouts using DIV, SPAN</title>
</head>
<body>
<div style="width:100%">
<div style="background-color:#b5dcb3; width:100%">
<h1>This is Web Page Main title</h1>
</div>
<div style="background-color:#aaa; height:200px;width:100px;float:left;">
<div><b>Main Menu</b></div>
HTML<br />

PHP<br />
PERL...
</div>
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 28. HTML

<div style="background-color:#eee; height:200px;width:350px;float:left;">

<p>Technical and Managerial Tutorials</p>
</div>
<div style="background-color:#aaa; height:200px;width:100px;float:right;">
<div><b>Right Menu</b></div>
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</div>
<div style="background-color:#b5dcb3;clear:both">
<center>
Copyright 2007 Tutorialspoint.com
</center>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

You can create better layout using DIV, SPAN along with CSS. For more information on
CSS, please refer to CSS Tutorial.

142
 28. HTML TAG REFERENCE HTML

Following tags have been introduced in older versions of HTML but all the tags marked
with are part of HTML-5.

Tag Description Version

<!--...--> Specifies a comment

<!DOCTYPE> Specifies the document type

<a> Specifies an anchor

<abbr> Specifies an abbreviation

<acronym> Specifies an acronym

<address> Specifies an address element

<applet> Deprecated. Specifies an applet

<area> Specifies an area inside an image map

<article> Specifies an article

Specifies some content loosely related to

<aside> the page content. If it is removed, the
remaining content still makes sense

<audio> Specifies a sound content

<b> Specifies bold text

Specifies a base URL for all the links in a

<base>
page

<basefont> Deprecated. Specifies a base font

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 HTML

<bdo> Specifies the direction of text display

Represents text that must be isolated

from its surrounding for bidirectional text
<bdi> formatting. It allows embedding a span of
text with a different, or unknown,
directionality

<bgsound> Specifies background music

<big> Specifies big text

<blink> Specifies a text which blinks

<blockquote> Specifies a long quotation

<body> Specifies the body element

<br> Inserts a single line break

<button> Specifies a push button

<canvas> For making graphics with a script

<caption> Specifies a table caption

<center> Deprecated. Specifies centered text

<cite> Specifies a citation

<code> Specifies computer code text

<col> Specifies attributes for table columns

<colgroup> Specifies groups of table columns

<comment> Puts a comment in the document

<datalist> A list of options for input values

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 HTML

<dd> Specifies a definition description

<del> Specifies deleted text

<dfn> Specifies a definition term

<dialog> Specifies a dialog box or window

<dir> Deprecated. Specifies a directory list

<div> Specifies a section in a document

<dl> Specifies a definition list

<dt> Specifies a definition term

<em> Specifies emphasized text

Specifies a container for an external (non-

<embed>
HTML) application

<fieldset> Specifies a fieldset

<figcaption> Specifies a caption for a <figure> element

<figure> Specifies self-contained content

Deprecated. Specifies text font, size, and

<font>
color

Specifies a footer for a document or

<footer>
section

<form> Specifies a form

<frame> Specifies a sub window (a frame)

<frameset> Specifies a set of frames

<h1> to <h6> Specifies header 1 to header 6

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 HTML

<head> Specifies information about the document

Specifies a header for a document or

<header>
section

<hr> Specifies a horizontal rule

<html> Specifies an html document

<i> Specifies italic text

<iframe> Specifies an inline sub window (frame)

<ilayer> Specifies an inline layer

<img> Specifies an image

<input> Specifies an input field

<ins> Specifies inserted text

Deprecated. Specifies a single-line input

<isindex>
field

<kbd> Specifies keyboard text

<keygen> Generate key information in a form

<label> Specifies a label for a form control

<layer> Specifies a layer

<legend> Specifies a title in a fieldset

<li> Specifies a list item

<link> Specifies a resource reference

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 HTML

Specifies the main or important content in

<main> the document. There is only one element
in the document

<map> Specifies an image map

Specifies a text highlighted for reference

<mark> purposes, that is for its relevance in
another context

<marquee> Creates a scrolling-text marquee

<menu> Deprecated. Specifies a menu list

Specifies a command/menu item that the

<menuitem>
user can invoke from a popup menu

Specifies meta data of an html document

<meta>
which is not displayed on the page

Specifies a scalar measurement within a

<meter>
known range (a gauge)

<multicol> Specifies a multicolumn text flow

Specifies a section that contains only

<nav>
navigation links

<nobr> No breaks allowed in the enclosed text

Specifies content to be presented by

<noembed> browsers that do not support the
<embed> tag

<noframes> Specifies a noframe section

<noscript> Specifies a noscript section

<object> Specifies an embedded object

<ol> Specifies an ordered list

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 HTML

<optgroup> Specifies an option group

<option> Specifies an option in a drop-down list

<output> Specifies the result of a calculation

<p> Specifies a paragraph

<param> Specifies a parameter for an object

Deprecated. Render the remainder of the

<plaintext>
document as preformatted plain text

<pre> Specifies preformatted text

<progress> Specifies a completion progress of a task

<q> Specifies a short quotation

Specifies to show browsers that do not

<rp>
support the ruby element

<rt> Specifies an text ruby annotation

<ruby> Specifies an ruby annotation

<s> Deprecated. Specifies strikethrough text

<samp> Specifies sample computer code

<script> Specifies a script

<section> Specifies a section in a document

<select> Specifies a selectable list

<spacer> Specifies a white space

<small> Specifies small text

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 HTML

Specifies a media resources for media

<source> elements, defined inside video or audio
elements

<span> Specifies a section in a document

<strike> Deprecated. Specifies strikethrough text

<strong> Specifies strong text

<style> Specifies a style definition

<sub> Specifies subscripted text

Specifies a summary, caption, or legend

<summary>
for a given <details>

<sup> Specifies superscripted text

<table> Specifies a table

<tbody> Specifies a table body

<td> Specifies a table cell

<textarea> Specifies a text area

<tfoot> Specifies a table footer

<th> Specifies a table heading

<thead> Specifies a table header

<time> Specifies a date and time <details>

<title> Specifies the document title

<tr> Specifies a table row

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 HTML

Specifies a text tracks used in

<track>
mediaplayers

<tt> Specifies teletype text

<u> Deprecated. Specifies underlined text

<ul> Specifies an unordered list

<var> Specifies a variable

Specifies a text tracks used in media

<video>
players

Indicates a potential word break point

<wbr>
within a <nobr> section

<xmp> Deprecated. Specifies preformatted text

HTML <comment> and <!--....--> Tag

Description
The HTML <comment> tag allows authors to comment their HTML code. This tag is
supported by IE only.

It is recommended to use <!--....--> to comment your tags. This tag is compatible to all
browsers.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML <!--....--> Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<comment>This is a commented line in IE</comment>
<!-- This is a commented line supported by almost every browser. It will not
appear in output as its a comment. -->
</body>

150
 HTML

</html>

This will produce the following result:

Browser Support
Browser Support for <comment> tag

Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Not Not Yes Not Not Not

Supported Supported Supported Supported Supported

Browser Support for <!--...--> tag

Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <doctype> Tag

Description
The HTML <doctype> tag is used for specifying which version of HTML the document is
using. This is referred to as the document type declaration (DTD).

NOTE: The <!DOCTYPE> tag does not have an end tag!.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML doctype Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>doctype declaration <doctype> is mentioned at the starting of every HTML
document.</p>
</body>

151
 HTML

</html>

This will produce the following result:

doctype declaration <doctype> is mentioned at the starting of every HTML

document.

Declaration
HTML 4.01 has 3 possible doctypes: HTML 4 Strict, HTML 4 Transitional, and HTML 4
Frameset. Every HTML document you create should have one of these three DTDs.

HTML 4 Strict
This document type includes all HTML elements except those that have been deprecated,
and those that appear in frameset documents.

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">

HTML 4 Transitional
This document type includes all HTML elements including those that have been deprecated.

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">;

HTML 4 Frameset
This document type includes all HTML elements in the transitional DTD as well as those in
framed document.

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd">

HTML 5 Declaration
In HTML5 there is only one declaration i.e.

<!DOCTYPE html>

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

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 HTML

HTML <a> Tag

Description
The HTML <a> tag is used for creating a hyperlink to either another document, or
somewhere within the current document.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML a Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>
This is a link to <a href="http://www.amrood.com">AMROOD.com</a>
</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This is a link to AMROOD.com

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <a> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

Defines the character

charset character_encoding encoding of the linked
document.

if shape="rect" then
coords="left,top,right,bottom" Specifies the
if shape="circ" then coordinates
coords appropriate to the
coords="centerx,centery,radius" if
shape="poly" then shape attribute to
coords="x1,y1,x2,y2,..,xn,yn" define a region of an

153
 HTML

image for image

maps.

This downloads the

target when user
download filename
clicks on the
hyperlink.

Specifies the URL of a

page or the name of
href URL
the anchor that the
link goes to.

Language code of the

hreflang language_code
destination URL.

It specifies what
media the linked
media media_query
document is optimized
for

Marks an area of the

name section name page that a link jumps
to.

alternate
designates
stylesheet
start
next
prev
Describes the
contents
relationship between
index
rel the current document
glossary
and the destination
copyright
URI.
chapter
section
subsection
appendix
help
bookmark

alternate Specifies the

designates relationship between
rev stylesheet the target URL and the
start current document.
next

154
 HTML

prev
contents
index
glossary
copyright
chapter
section
subsection
appendix
help
bookmark

rect rectangle
circ
Specifies the shape of
shape circle
the image map
poly
polygon

Where to open the

target URL.
_blank - the target
URL will open in a new
window
_self - the target URL
_blank _parent
will open in the same
target _self
frame as it was clicked
_top
_parent - the target
URL will open in the
parent frameset
_top - the target URL
will open in the full
body of the window

Specifies the MIME

(Multipurpose
type mime_type Internet Mail
Extensions) type of
the target URL

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

155
 HTML

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <abbr> Tag

Description
The HTML <abbr> tag is used for indicating an abbreviation like etc., pvt.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML abbr Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>
<abbr title="Private">pvt.</abbr><br />
<abbr title="International Cricket Council">ICC.</abbr> promotes the global
game.<br />
</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

pvt.
ICC promotes the global game.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

156
 HTML

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <acronym> Tag

Description
The HTML <acronym> tag is used for indicating an acronym.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML acronym Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>
<acronym title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</acronym>
</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

HTML

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

157
 HTML

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Not

Supported

HTML <address> Tag

Description
The HTML <address> tag is used for indicating an address. The address usually renders
in italic.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML address Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<address>
600 Wisdon Apartments<br />
Filmcity, Kondiura<br />
New Delhi - 50027
</address>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

600 Wisdon Apartments

Filmcity, Kondiura
New Delhi - 50027

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

158
 HTML

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <applet> Tag

Description
The HTML <applet> tag specifies an applet. It is used for embedding a Java applet within
an HTML document. It is not supported in HTML5.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML applet Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<applet code="newClass.class" width="300" height="200">
</applet>
</body>
</html>

Here is the newClass.java file:

import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class newClass extends Applet

{
public void paint (Graphics gh)
{
g.drawString("Tutorialspoint.com", 300, 150);
}
}

159
 HTML

This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

align URL Deprecated - Defines the text alignment around the

applet

alt URL Alternate text to be displayed in case browser does

not support applet

archive URL Applet path when it is stored in a Java Archive ie.

jar file

code URL A URL that points to the class of the applet

codebase URL Indicates the base URL of the applet if the code
attribute is relative

height pixels Height to display the applet

hspace pixels Deprecated - Defines the left and right spacing

around the applet

name name Defines a unique name for the applet

object name Specifies the resource that contains a serialized

representation of the applet's state.

160
 HTML

title test Additional information to be displayed in tool tip of

the mouse

vspace pixels Deprecated - Amount of white space to be inserted

above and below the object.

width pixels Width to display the applet.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

No Yes Yes No Yes No

HTML <area> Tag

Description
The HTML <area> tag is used for defining an area in an image map.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML area Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<img src=/https/www.scribd.com/images/usemap.gif alt="usemap" border="0"
usemap="#tutorials"/>
<map name="tutorials">
<area shape="poly"
coords="74,0,113,29,98,72,52,72,38,27"
href="/perl/index.htm"
alt="Perl Tutorial"
target="_blank" />

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 HTML

<area shape="rect"
coords="22,83,126,125"
alt="HTML Tutorial"
href="/html/index.htm"
target="_blank" />
<area shape="circle"
coords="73,168,32"
alt="PHP Tutorial"
href="/php/index.htm"
target="_blank" />
</map>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <area> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

162
 HTML

Attribute Value Description

Specifies an alternate text for the

alt text
area.

if shape="rect" then
coords="left,top,right,bottom" Specifies the coordinates
if shape="circ" then appropriate to the shape attribute
coords
coords="centerx,centery,radius" to define a region of an image for
if shape="poly" then image maps.
coords="x1,y1,x2,y2,..,xn,yn"

Specifies that the target gets

download filename downloaded when hyperlink is
clicked by user.

Specifies the URL of a page or the

href URL name of the anchor that the link
goes to.

Specifies the language of the

hreflang language_code
target URL.

Specifies media/device the target

media media query
URL is optimized for.

Excludes an area from the image

nohref true/false
map

alternate
author
bookmark
help
license
Specifies relationship between the
next
rel current document and the target
nofollow
URL
noreferrer
prefetch
prev
search
tag

rect
rectangle Specifies the shape of the image
shape
circ map
circle

163
 HTML

poly
polygon

Where to open the target URL.

_blank - the target URL will open in
a new window
_blank
_self - the target URL will open in
_parent
target the same frame as it was clicked
_self
_parent - the target URL will open
_top
in the parent frameset
_top - the target URL will open in
the full body of the window

Specifies the MIME (Multipurpose

type mime_type Internet Mail Extensions) type of
the target URL.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <article> Tag

Description
The HTML <article> tag is used in a blog post, forum post, newspaper article etc. It
specifies self-contained composition in a site, document, page or application.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Article Tag</title>
</head>
<body>

164
 HTML

<article>
<h2>PHP</h2>
<p>PHP is PHP Hypertext Preprocessor</p>
</article>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

PHP
PHP is PHP Hypertext Preprocessor.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <aside> Tag

Description
The HTML <aside> tag is used to specify a section of a page aside from the related section.
This tag can be used for glossary definitions, author biography, author profile etc.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML aside Tag</title>
</head>

165
 HTML

<body>
<aside>
<h3>Java History</h3>
<p>Java is a programming language developed by James Gosling in 1994.</p>
</aside>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Java History
Java is a programming language developed by James Gosling in 1994.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <audio> Tag

Description
The HTML <audio> tag is used to embed audio in web pages.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML audio Tag</title>
</head>
<body>

166
 HTML

<p>Click on Play button...</p>

<p>(Song: Kalimba which is provided as a Sample Music in Windows)</p>
<audio controls>
<source src="/html/Kalimba.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Click on Play button...

(Song: Kalimba which is provided as a Sample Music in Windows)

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Mobile

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <b> Tag

Description
The HTML <b> tag specifies bold text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML b Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
This web page gives explanation on <b>bold</b> tag.
</body>
</html>

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 HTML

This will produce the following result:

This web page gives explanation on bold tag.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <base> Tag

Description
The HTML <base> tag is used to specify a base URI, or URL, for relative links.

For example, you can set the base URL once at the top of your page in header section,
then all subsequent relative links will use that URL as a starting point.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML base Tag</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com" />
</head>
<body>
HTML: <img src="/images/html.gif" />
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

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 HTML

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <base> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

href URL Specifies the URL of a page or the name of the

anchor that the link goes to.

target _blank Where to open the target URL.

_parent _blank - the target URL will open in a new window.
_self _self - the target URL will open in the same frame
_top as it was clicked.
_parent - the target URL will open in the parent
frameset
_top - the target URL will open in the full body of
the window

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <basefont> Tag

Description
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 HTML

The HTML <basefont> tag is used to specify a base font for the document to use. This
base font is applied to complete document. This tag is depreciated now.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML basefont Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<basefont face="cursive,serif" color="#ff9900" size="4"/>
<p>The HTML basefont tag is now deprecated. You should use CSS font to set font
properties instead.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The HTML basefont tag is now deprecated. You should use CSS font to set font properties
instead.

This result may vary browser to browser.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <basefont> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

rgb(x,x,x)
Deprecated - Specifies the color of
color #xxxxxx
the text.
colorname

Deprecated - Specifies the font

face font names separated by comma
family of the text.

Deprecated - Specifies the font

size 1 to 7
size of the text.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference
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 HTML

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Not Not Yes Not Not Not

Supported Supported Supported Supported Supported

HTML <bdo> Tag

Description
The HTML <bdo> tag is used to override the default text direction.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML bdo Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<bdo dir="rtl">Here's some English embedded in text in another language
requiring a right-to-left presentation.</bdo>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <bdo> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

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 HTML

dir ltr|rtl Defines the text direction.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <bdi> Tag

Description
The HTML <bdi> tag is Bi-directional isolation element which is used to embed text with
a different direction from another text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML bdi Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Tutorialspoint list of tutorials:</p>
<ul>
<li>Web: HTML</li>
<li>Programming: <bdi>Java</bdi></li>
<li>Scripting: <bdi>VBScript</bdi></li>
<li>Mobile: <bdi>Android</bdi></li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

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 HTML

This will produce the following result:

Tutorials point list of tutorials:

Web: HTML
Programming: Java
Scripting: VBScript
Mobile: Android

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Not Not Not Not

Supported Supported Supported Supported

HTML <bgsound> Tag

Description
The HTML <bgsound> tag is used to play a soundtrack in the background. This tag is for
Internet Explorer only.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML bgsound Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<bgsound src="/html/yourfile.mdi"/>
<p>This does create any result on the screen but it plays sound file in the
background.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

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 HTML

This does create any result on the screen but it plays sound file in the
background.

Specific Attributes
The HTML <bgsound> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

loop number Lets you replay a background soundtrack a certain

number of times.

src URL Specifies the path of the sound file.

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

No No Yes No No No

HTML <big> Tag

Description
The HTML <big> tag increases the font size. This tag is not supported in HTML5.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML big Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p><big>Website: complieonline.com</big>(Online Compiler)</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Website: complieonline.com (Online Compiler)

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 HTML

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML blink Tag

Description
The HTML <blink> tag is used to enclose a text to make it blink. This tag was supported
by Netscape and now this is obsolete.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML blink Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<blink>This text will blink in Netscape Version 5.0</blink>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This text will blink in Netscape Version 5.0

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Not Not Not Not Not Not

Supported Supported Supported Supported Supported Supported

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 HTML

HTML <blockquote> Tag

Description
The HTML <blockquote> tag is used for indicating long quotations (i.e. quotations that
span multiple lines). It should contain only block-level elements within it, and not just
plain text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML blockquote Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<blockquote>Browsers generally render blockquote text as indented text. If your
quoted text needs to display within a non-quoted paragraph, you should use the
HTML q tag. Most browsers surround q text with quotation marks.</blockquote>
<q>Browsers generally render blockquote text as indented text. If your quoted
text needs to display within a non-quoted paragraph, you should use the HTML q
tag. Most browsers surround q text with quotation marks.</q>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Browsers generally render blockquote text as indented text. If your quoted text needs to display
within a non-quoted paragraph, you should use the HTML q tag. Most browsers surround q text
with quotation marks.

Browsers generally render blockquote text as indented text. If your quoted text needs to display
within a non-quoted paragraph, you should use the HTML q tag. Most browsers surround q text
with quotation marks

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <blockquote> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

cite URL URL of the quote, if it is taken from the web.

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 HTML

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <body> Tag

Description
The HTML <body> tag is used for indicating the main content section of the HTML
document.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML body Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
Body of the document...
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Body of the document...

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

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 HTML

Specific Attributes
The HTML <body> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

alink rgb(x,x,x) Deprecated - Specifies the color of the active links

#xxxxxx in the document.
colorname

background URL Deprecated - Specifies the background image file

path.

bgcolor rgb(x,x,x) Deprecated - Specifies the background color.

#xxxxxx
colorname

link rgb(x,x,x) Deprecated - Specifies the color of all the links in the
#xxxxxx document.
colorname

text rgb(x,x,x) Deprecated - Specifies the color of the text in the

#xxxxxx document.
colorname

vlink rgb(x,x,x) Deprecated - Specifies the color of the visited links

#xxxxxx in the document.
colorname

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <br> Tag

Description
The HTML <br> tag is used to give a line break.

178
 HTML

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML br Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is before the line break<br />
and this after the line break.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This is before the line break

and this after the line break.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML Button Tag

Description
The HTML <button> tag is used for creating a button within HTML form. You can also use
<input> tag to create similar buttons.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>

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 HTML

<title>HTML Button Tag</title>

</head>
<body>
<form>
<button name="button" value="OK" type="button">Click Me</button>
</form>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Top of Form

Click Me

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <button> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

Specifies that the button should have input

autofocus autofocus
focus when the page loads.

disabled disabled Specifies the button is disabled.

form form_id Specifies the forms to which button belongs.

formaction URL Specifies the link where the form submits.

application
Specifies how the form data is encoded
formenctype multipart/form-data
before sending it to server.
text/plain

get
formmethod Specifies how to send form data.
post

Specifies that the form data should not be

formnovalidate formnovalidate
validated.

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 HTML

_blank
_self Specifies where the response should be
formtarget
_parent validated.
_top

name name Specifies the button name.

button
type reset Specifies the button type.
submit

value text Specifies button's initial value.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <canvas> Tag

Description
The HTML <canvas> tag is for drawing graphics, animations etc using scripting.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Canvas Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="newCanvas">Your browser does not support canvas tag.</canvas>
<script>
var c=document.getElementById('newCanvas');
var ctx=c.getContext('2d');

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 HTML

ctx.fillStyle='#00FD00';
ctx.fillRect(0,0,200,60);
</script>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <canvas> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

height pixels Specifies height of the canvas.

width pixels Specifies width of the canvas.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ?

HTML <caption> Tag

Description
The HTML <caption> tag is used for creating a caption for a table. There could be only one
caption per table.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

182
 HTML

<head>
<title>HTML caption Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Cricketers List</h2>
<table width="100%">
<caption>Indian Cricketers</caption>
<th>Name</th>
<tr><td>Sachin Tendulkar</td></tr>
<tr><td>M S Dhoni</td></tr>
<tr><td>Suresh Raina</td></tr>
<tr><td>Virat Kohli</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Cricketers List
Indian Cricketers

Name

Sachin Tendulkar

M S Dhoni

Suresh Raina

Virat Kohli

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

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 HTML

HTML <center> Tag

Description
The HTML <center> tag is used for centering the content enclosed with this tag. This tag
is depreciated.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML center Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<center>This text is centered</center>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This text is centered

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ?

HTML <cite> Tag

Description
The HTML <cite> tag specifies a citation. It can be defined as title of a work.

184
 HTML

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML cite Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The learning content can be referred from <cite>Data Structures & Algorithms
in Java</cite><p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The learning content can be referred from Data Structures & Algorithms in Java

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <code> Tag

Description
The HTML <code> tag specifies computer code text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML code Tag</title>
</head>

185
 HTML

<body>
<p>The header file for C++ Program is :<code>#include<iostream.h></code>.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The header file for C++ Program is :#include<iostream.h>.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <col> Tag

Description
The HTML <col> tag allows authors to group together attribute specifications for table
columns. It does not group columns together structurally -- that is the role of the element.

The elements are empty and serve only as a support for attributes.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML col Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This example shows a colgroup that has three columns of different
widths:</p>
<table border="1">
<colgroup span="3">

186
 HTML

<col width="50"></col>
<col width="100"></col>
<col width="150"></col>
<col width="50"></col>
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td>col 1</td>
<td>col 2</td>
<td>col 3</td>
<td>col 4</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This example shows a colgroup that has three columns of different widths:

col 1 col 2 col 3 col 4

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <col> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

right
left
Defines horizontal alignment, not supported in
align center
Html5.
justify
char

Defines a character to use to align text on (use with

char character
align="char"), not supported in Html5.

Specifies an alignment offset (either in pixels or

percentage value) against the first character as
charoff pixel
specified with the char attribute, not supported in
Html5.

187
 HTML

Defines the number of columns the <col> should

span number
span, not supported in Html5.

bottom
middle
valign Defines vertical alignment, not supported in Html5.
top
baseline

Specifies a default width for each column spanned

width pixels or %
by the current col element, not supported in Html5 .

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ?

HTML colgroup Tag

Description
The HTML <colgroup> tag is used for specifying properties for a group of columns within
a table.

If you need to apply different properties to a column within a colgroup, you can use the
HTML col tag within the colgroup tag..

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML colgroup Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This example shows a colgroup that has three columns of different
widths:</p>
<table border="1">

188
 HTML

<colgroup span="3">
<col width="50"></col>
<col width="100"></col>
<col width="200"></col>
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td>col 1</td>
<td>col 2</td>
<td>col 3</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This example shows a colgroup that has three columns of different widths:

col 1 col 2 col 3

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <colgroup> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

right
left
Defines horizontal alignment, not supported in
align center
Html5.
justify
char

Defines a character to use to align text on (use with

char character
align="char"), not supported in Html5.

Specifies an alignment offset (either in pixels or

percentage value) against the first character as
charoff pixel
specified with the char attribute, not supported in
Html5.

189
 HTML

Defines the number of columns the <col> should

span number
span, not supported in Html5.

bottom
middle
valign Defines vertical alignment, not supported in Html5.
top
baseline

Specifies a default width for each column spanned

width pixels or %
by the current col element, not supported in Html5 .

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <comment> and <!--....--> Tag

Description
The HTML <comment> tag allows authors to comment their HTML code. This tag is
supported by IE only.

It is recommended to use <!--....--> to comment your tags. This tag is compatible with
all browsers.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML <!--....--> Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<comment>This is a commented line in IE</comment>
<!-- This is a commented line supported by almost every browser. It will not
appear in output as its a comment. -->
</body>
190
 HTML

</html>

This will produce the following result:

Browser Support
Browser Support for <comment> tag

Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Not Not Yes Not Not Not

Supported Supported Supported Supported Supported

Browser Support for <!--...--> tag

Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <datalist> Tag

Description
The HTML <datalist> tag specifies set of options for <input> element.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Datalist Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<input list="tutorials" />
<datalist id="tutorials">
<option value="Java">
<option value="ASP">
<option value="PHP">
<option value="Ruby">
<option value="jQuery">
</datalist>
191
 HTML

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Not Yes

Supported

HTML <dd> Tag

Description
The HTML <dd> tag is used for specifying a definition description in a definition list.

A definition list is similar to other lists but in a definition list, each list item contains two
entries; a term and a description.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML dd Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<dl>
<dt>Definition List</dt>
<dd>A list of terms and their definitions/descriptions.</dd>
<dt>HTML</dt>
<dd>An HTML tutorial.</dd>

192
 HTML

<dt>PHP</dt>
<dd>An PHP tutorial.</dd>
</dl>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Definition List

A list of terms and their definitions/descriptions.

HTML

An HTML tutorial.

PHP

An PHP tutorial.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <del> Tag

Description
The HTML <del> tag is used for markup of deleted text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
193
 HTML

<head>
<title>HTML del Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Following text is deleted using <del>HTML del tag
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <del> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

cite URL Defines a URL to another document which explains

why the text was deleted.

datetime YYYYMMDD Defines the date and time the text was deleted.
HH:MM:SS

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <dfn> Tag

Description
The HTML <dfn> tag specifies a definition term.

194
 HTML

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML dfn Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<dl>
<dt>
<dfn>
<abbr title="Java Server Pages">JSP</abbr>
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>JSP is used to create dynamically generated web pages.</dd>
</dl>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

JSP

JSP is used to create dynamically generated web pages.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <dialog> tag

Description

195
 HTML

The HTML <dialog> tag is used for defining a dialog box.

<!Doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML dialog Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<dialog open>this will be shown in a dialog</dialog>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

this will be shown in a dialog

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <dialog> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

open open opens a dialog box and user can interact with it

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes (Canary) No No No 6.0 No

HTML <dir> Tag

Description

196
 HTML

The HTML <dir> tag is used for specifying a directory list. This is very similar to <ul> tag but now
this is deprecated.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML dir Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<dir>
<li>dir</li>
<li>menu</li>
<li>ul</li>
</dir>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

dir
menu
ul

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <dir> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

compact compact Deprecated - Specifies a compact rendering.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support

197
 HTML

Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML div Tag

Description
The HTML <div> tag is used for defining a section of your document. With the div tag, you
can group large sections of HTML elements together and format them with CSS.

The difference between the div tag and the span tag is that the div tag is used with block-
level elements whilst the span tag is used with inline elements.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML div Tag</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style2.css">
</head>
<body>
<div id="contentinfo">
<p>Welcome to our website. We provide tutorials on various subjects.</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>

Here is the css file style2.css

#contentinfo p {
line-height: 20px;
margin: 30px;
padding-bottom: 20px;
text-align: justify;
width: 140px;
color: red;
}

198
 HTML

This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <div> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

autofocus autofocus Specifies

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <dl> Tag

Description
The HTML <dl> tag is used for declaring a definition list. This tag is used within <dd> tag.

A definition list is similar to other lists but in a definition list, each list item contains two
entries; a term and a description.

Example
199
 HTML

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML dl Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<dl>
<dt>Definition List</dt>
<dd>A list of terms and their definitions/descriptions.</dd>
<dt>HTML</dt>
<dd>An HTML tutorial.</dd>
<dt>PHP</dt>
<dd>An PHP tutorial.</dd>
</dl>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Definition List

A list of terms and their definitions/descriptions.

HTML

An HTML tutorial.

PHP

An PHP tutorial.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support

200
 HTML

Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <dt> Tag

Description
The HTML <dt> tag is used to define the start of a term in a definition list.

A definition list is similar to other lists but in a definition list, each list item contains two
entries; a term and a description.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML dt Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<dl>
<dt>Definition List</dt>
<dd>A list of terms and their definitions/descriptions.</dd>
<dt>JAVA</dt>
<dd>Tutorial on JAVA Programming Language.</dd>
<dt>Android</dt>
<dd>Tutorial on Android Operating System.</dd>
</dl>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Definition List

A list of terms and their definitions/descriptions.

JAVA

Tutorial on JAVA Programming Language.

201
 HTML

Android

Tutorial on Android Operating System.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <em> Tag

Description
The HTML <em> tag formats the text in a document. It specifies emphasized text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML em Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Insert an image in a web page using <em>image</em> tag.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Insert an image in a web page using image tag.

Global Attributes
202
 HTML

This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <embed> Tag

Description
The HTML <embed> tag represents a container for external application or interactive
content.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Embed Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<embed src="/html/yourfile.mid" width="250" height="100" />
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
203
 HTML

This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <video> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

height pixels Specifies the height.

src URL Specifies the address of the source file.

type MIME_type Specifies the MIME type.

width pixels Specifies the width.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <fieldset> Tag

Description
The HTML <fieldset> tag is used for grouping related form elements. By using the fieldset
tag and the legend tag, you can make your forms much easier to understand for your
users.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML fieldset Tag</title>
</head>
<body>

204
 HTML

<form>
<fieldset>
<legend>Details</legend>
Student Name: <input type="text"><br />
MCA Subjects:<input type="text"><br />
Course Link:<input type="url" name="websitelink">
</fieldset>
</form>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

DetailsStudent Name:
MCA Subjects:
Course Link:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <fieldset> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

left
right
align center Deprecated - Specifies the content alignment.
top
bottom

Specifies that a group of related form elements

disabled disabled
should be disabled.

form form_id Specifies forms which belongs to fieldset.

name text Specifies a name for fieldset.

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Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML Figcaption Tag

Description
The HTML <figcaption> tag specifies a caption for an element.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Figcaption Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<figure><img src="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/scripts/img/logo.png"/>
<figcaption>Tutorials Point Logo</figcaption>
</figure>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Tutorials Point Logo

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

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 HTML

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML Figure Tag

Description
The HTML <figure> tag specifies self-contained content.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Figure Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Tutorials Point Logo<h2>
<figure><img src="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/scripts/img/logo.png"/>
</figure>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Tutorials Point Logo

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support

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Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <font> Tag

Description
The HTML <font> tag is used to specify the font of the text. It is deprecated in HTML as
well as in XHTML.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML font Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<font face="cursive,serif" color="#ff9900" size="4">
The HTML font tag is now deprecated. You should use start using CSS to set font
size and family.
</font>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The HTML font tag is now deprecated. You should use start using CSS to set font
size and family.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <font> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
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Attribute Value Description

color rgb(x,x,x) Deprecated - Specifies the color of the text.

#hexcode
colorname

face List of font names Deprecated - Specifies the font families.

size number Deprecated - Specifies the font size from 1 to 7.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML Footer Tag

Description
The HTML <footer> tag specifies a footer for a document or section.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Footer Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>Simply Easy Learning</h1>
<p>You're visiting tutorialspoint.com - tutorial hub for simply easy
learning.</p>
</header>
<footer>
Copyright 2014, All Rights Reserved
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</footer>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Simply Easy Learning

You're visiting tutorialspoint.com - tutorial hub for simply easy learning.

Copyright 2014, All Rights Reserved

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <form> Tag

Description
The HTML <form> tag is used for creating a form for user input. A form can contain
textfields, checkboxes, radio-buttons and more. Forms are used to pass user-data to a
specified URL.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML form Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/cgi-bin/hello_get.cgi" method="get">
First name:
<input type="text" name="first_name" value="" maxlength="100" />
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<br />
Last name:
<input type="text" name="last_name" value="" maxlength="100" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

First name:
Submit
Last name:

Bottom of Form

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <form> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

Specifies a comma-separated list of content types

accept MIME_type
that the server accepts.

Specifies a list of character encodings that the

accept-charset charset list
server accepts. The default value is "unknown".

Specifies a URI/URL of the back-end script that will

action URL
process the form

on Specifies whether form should have autocomplete

autocomplete off on or off

The mime type used to encode the content of the

enctype mimetypes
form.

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 HTML

Specifies the HTTP method to use when the form is

submitted. Possible values:
get
method get (the form data is appended to the URL when
post
submitted)
post (the form data is not appended to the URL)

name form name Defines a unique name for the form.

Specifies that the form should not be validated

novalidate novalidate
when submitted.

Target to open the given URL.

_blank - the target URL will open in a new window
_blank _self - the target URL will open in the same frame
_self as it was clicked
target
_parent _parent - the target URL will open in the parent
_top frameset
_top - the target URL will open in the full body of
the window

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <frame> Tag

Description
The HTML <frame> tag is used to specify each frame within a frameset tag. This tag is
not supported in HTML5.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>

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 HTML

<title>HTML frame Tag</title>

</head>
<frameset cols="200, *">
<frame src="/html/menu.htm" name="menu_page" />
<frame src="/html/main.htm" name="main_page" />
<noframes>
<body>
Your browser does not support frames.
</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>

This will produce the following result, refer the image given below. The left frame is
menu.htm and the right one is main.htm:

Specific Attributes
The HTML <frame> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

Specifies whether or not to display border around

frameborder 0 or 1
the frame.

Allows you to specify the width of the space between

the left and right of the frame's borders and the
marginheight pixels
frame's content. The value is given in pixels. For
example marginwidth="10".

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Specifies the margin, in pixels, between the frame's

marginwidth pixels
contents and it's left and right margins.

name frame name Name of the frame.

When set to noresize the user cannot resize the

noresize noresize
frame.

yes
scrolling no Determines scrollbar action.
auto

src URL Location of the frame contents file.

Browsers Supported
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <frameset> Tag

Description
The HTML <frameset> tag is used to divide the window into frames. This tag is not
supported in HTML5.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML frameset Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<frameset cols="200, *">

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<frame src="/html/menu.htm" name="menu_page" />

<frame src="/html/main.htm" name="main_page" />
<noframes>
<body>
Your browser does not support frames.
</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>

This will produce the following result, refer the image given below. The left frame is
menu.htm and the right one is main.htm:

Specific Attributes
The HTML <frameset> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

Specifies the number of columns and their width in

cols column size either pixels, percentages, or relative lengths.
Default is 100%

Specifies the number of rows and their height in

rows row size either pixels, percentages, or relative lengths.
Default is 100%.

215
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Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <h1> to <h6> Tag

Description
The HTML <h1> to <h6> tag is used to define headings in an HTML document. <h1>
defines largest heading and <h6> defines smallest heading.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML <h1> to <h6> Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Around the World</h1>
<h2>Asian Countries</h2>
<h3>India</h3>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Around the World

Asian Countries
India

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <h1> to <h6> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

216
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Attribute Value Description

left
right Deprecated - Specifies the alignment of the content
align
center enclosed.
justify

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <head> Tag

Description
The HTML <head> tag is used for indicating the head section of the HTML document. Tags
included inside head tags are not displayed on browser window.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML head Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
actual content goes here
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

actual content goes here

Specific Attributes
The HTML <head> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
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Attribute Value Description

profile URL Specifies the URI/URL of one or more meta data

profiles. It is not supported in HTML5.

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML Header Tag

Description
The HTML <header> tag specifies a header for a document or section.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Header Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>Simply Easy Learning</h1>
<p>You're visiting tutorialspoint.com - tutorial hub for simply easy
learning.</p>
</header>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Simply Easy Learning

You're visiting tutorialspoint.com - tutorial hub for simply easy learning.

218
 HTML

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <hr> Tag

Description
The HTML <hr> tag is used for creating a horizontal line. This is also called Horizontal Rule
in HTML.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML hr Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This text will be followed by a horizontal line <hr /></p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This text will be followed by a horizontal line

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <hr> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

219
 HTML

Attribute Value Description

left
Deprecated-Specifies the alignment of the
align right
horizontal rule.
center

Deprecated-Removes the usual shading effect that

noshade noshade
most browsers display.

Deprecated-Specifies the height of the horizontal

size pixels or %
rule.

Deprecated-Specifies the width of the horizontal

width pixels or %
rule.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <html> Tag

Description
The HTML <html> tag is the container that contains all other HTML elements except for
the !doctype tag which is located before the opening <html> tag. All other HTML elements
are nested between the <html> and </html> tags.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML html Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Actual content goes here... </p>

220
 HTML

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Actual content goes here...

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

manifest URL It is for offline browsing i.e. the

address of the document's cache
manifest.

xmlns http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml Deprecated-Specifies the XML

namespace attribute.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <i> Tag

Description
The HTML <i> tag is used to display the content in italic.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
221
 HTML

<title>HTML i Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>We liked the movie <i>3 Idiots</i></p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

We liked the movie 3 Idiots

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <iframe> Tag

Description
The HTML <iframe> tag is used to create an inline frame.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML iframe Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<iframe src ="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/index.htm" width="100%"></iframe>
</body>
</html>

222
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This will produce the following result:

This word is shifted down, while this one is shifted over. With a negative
value, words can be moved up and to the left.

The result will only work on Netscape 4.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <iframe> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

left
right
Specifies how to align the iframe according to
align top
the surrounding text
middle
bottom

1 Specifies whether or not to display border

frameborder
0 around the frame.

height pixels Specifies the height of the inline frame.

A URL to a long description of the frame

longdesc URL
contents.

Allows you to specify the width of the space

between the left and right of the frame's
marginheight pixels borders and the frame's content. The value is
given in pixels. For example
marginwidth="10".

Specifies the margin, in pixels, between the

marginwidth pixels
frame's contents and it's left and right margins.

name text Name of the frame

"" Enables a set of extra restrictions for the

sandbox allow-forms content in the iframe.
allow-same-origin

223
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allow-scripts
allow-top-navigation

yes
scrolling no Determines scrollbar action
auto

Specifies that the iframe should look like it is a

seamless seamless
part of the containing document

src URL Location of the frame contents file

Specifies the HTML content of the page to show

srcdoc HTML_code
in the iframe

width pixels Specifies the width of the inline frame.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <ilayer> Tag

Description
The HTML <ilayer> tag is used to create a layer that occupies space in the containing text
flow. Subsequent content is placed after the space occupied by the <ilayer>.

This is in contrast to the <layer> tag, which creates a layer above the containing text flow,
allowing subsequent content to be placed under the layer just created.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML ilayer Tag</title>

224
 HTML

</head>
<body>
This <ilayer top="4">word</ilayer> is shifted down, while
this <ilayer left="10">one</ilayer> is shifted over. With a negative
value, words can be moved <ilayer top="-4">up</ilayer> and to
the <ilayer left="-10">left</ilayer>.
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This word is shifted down, while this one is shifted over. With a negative value,
words can be moved up and to the left.

The result will only work on Netscape 4.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <ilayer> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

above layer The name of the inline layer that will be positioned
name directly above the current layer in the z-order.

background URL A filename or URL for an image upon which the inline
layer's text and images will appear.

below layer The name of the inline layer that will be positioned
name directly below the current layer in the z-order.

bgcolor rgb(x,x,x) The color to use for the inline layer background.
#xxxxxx
colorname

clip number The coordinates of the inline layer's viewable area.

height pixels The inline layer's height, in pixels.

left number The position of the left side of the inline layer. If the
current inline layer is part of another layer.called the

225
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parent layer-then the position is relative to the

parent layer.

name layer The name of the inline layer.

name

pagex number The position of the left side of the inline layer relative
to the browser window.

pagey number The position of the top of the inline layer relative to
the browser window.

src URL The URL of a page that will appear inside the inline
layer.

top number The position of the top of the inline layer. If the
current inline layer is part of another layer--called the
parent layer--then the position is relative to the
parent layer.

visibility show Determines whether the inline layer is visible.

hide
inherit

width pixels The inline layer's width, in pixels.

z-index number The inline layer's position within the z-order. Inline
layers with higher Z-INDEX values are positioned
above inline layers with lower Z-INDEX values.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

No No No No No No

226
 HTML

HTML <img> Tag

Description
The HTML <img> tag is used to put an image in an HTML document.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<img src="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/images/html.gif" alt="HTML Tutorial"
height="150" width="140" />
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <img> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

top
bottom
Deprecated-Specifies the alignment for
align middle
the image.
left
right

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alt text Specifies alternate text

Deprecated - Specifies the width of the

border pixels
image border.

It allows images from third-party sites

crossorigin anonymous use-credentials that allow cross-origin access to be
reused with canvas.

height pixels or % Specifies the height of the image.

Deprecated - Amount of white space to

hspace pixels be inserted to the left and right of the
object.

Defines the image as a server-side

ismap URL
image map.

Deprecated-Specifies a URI/URL of a
long description - this can elaborate on
longdesc text
a shorter description specified with the
alt attribute.

src URL the url of an image

Defines the image as a client-side image

usemap #mapname map and used alongwith <map> and
<area> tags.

Deprecated - Amount of white space to

vspace pixels be inserted to the top and bottom of the
object.

Sets the width of an image in pixels or

width pixels or %
in %.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

228
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Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <input> Tag

Description
The HTML <input> tag is used within a form to declare an input element - a control that
allows the user to input data.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML input Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/cgi-bin/hello_get.cgi" method="get">
First name:
<input type="text" name="first_name" value="" maxlength="100" />
<br />
Last name:
<input type="text" name="last_name" value="" maxlength="100" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

First name:
Submit
Last name:

229
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Bottom of Form
Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <input> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

Specifies a comma-
separated list of content
accept content types
types that the server
accepts.

left
right
Deprecated-Defines the
align top
alignment of content
middle
bottom

This specifies text to be

used in case the
alt text
browser/user agent can't
render the input control.

Specifies for enabling or

on
autocomplete disabling of autocomplete in
off
<input> element

pecifies that <input>

element should
autofocus autofocus
automatically get focus
when the page loads

If type="radio" or
type="checkbox" it will
checked checked
already be selected when
the page loads.

Disables the input control.

disabled disabled The button won't accept
changes from the user. It
also cannot receive focus

230
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and will be skipped when

tabbing.

form form_id Specifies one or more forms

Specifies the URL of the file

that will process the input
formaction URL
control when the form is
submitted

application/x-www-form-urlencoded Specifies how the form-data

formenctype multipart/form-data should be encoded when
text/plain submitting it to the serve

Defines the HTTP method

post
formmethod for sending data to the
get
action URL

Defines that form elements

formnovalidate formnovalidate should not be validated
when submitted

_blank Specifies the target where

_self the response will be display
formtarget
_parent that is received after
_top submitting the form

height pixels Specifies the height

Specifies the <datalist>

element that contains pre-
list datalist_id
defined options for an
<input> element

Specifies the maximum

max autofocus
value.

Defines the maximum

maxlength number number of characters
allowed in a text field

Specifies the minimum

min number
value.

231
 HTML

Specifies that a user can

multiple multiple
enter multiple values

Assigns a name to the input

name text
control.

Specifies a regular
expression that an <input>
pattern regexp
element's value is checked
against

Specifies a short hint that

placeholder text describes the expected
value.

Sets the input control to

read-only. It won't allow the
user to change the value.
readonly readonly The control however, can
receive focus and are
included when tabbing
through the form controls.

Specifies that an input field

required required must be filled out before
submitting the form

Specifies the width of the

control. If type="text" or
size number type="password" this refers
to the width in characters.
Otherwise it's in pixels.

Defines the URL of the

src URL image to display. Used only
for type="image".

Specifies the legal number

step number
intervals for an input field

button
checkboxcolor
date Specifies the type of
type
datetime control.
datetime-local
email

232
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file
hidden
image
month
number
password
radio
range
reset
search
submit
tel
text
time
url
week

Specifies the intial value for

the control.If
value text type="checkbox" or
type="radio" this attribute
is required.

width pixels Specifies the width

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <ins> Tag

Description
The HTML <ins> tag is used to indicate newly inserted text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

233
 HTML

<head>
<title>HTML ins Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Following text is inserted newly <ins>HTML ins tag</ins>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Following text is inserted newly HTML ins tag

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <ins> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

Defines a URL to another document which explains

cite URL
why the text was deleted.

YYYYMMDD
datetime Defines the date and time the text was deleted.
HH:MM:SS

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

234
 HTML

HTML <isindex> tag

Description
The HTML <isindex> tag is used for querying a document through a text field. The tag can
be used anywhere but head tag is preferable. It is a deprecated tag and should not be
used.

<!Doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML isindex Tag</title>
<isindex prompt = "Search" />
</head>
</html>

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <isindex> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

prompt string Label for the text field

used when a query needs to be sent to a different

action URL
URL

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes (partial) Yes (partial) Yes (partial) Yes (partial) Yes (partial) No

235
 HTML

HTML <kbd> Tag

Description
The HTML <kbd> tag defines keyboard input. It is a phrase tag.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML kbd Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Open previously closed tab using
<kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>Shift</kbd>+<kbd>T</kbd>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Open previously closed tab using Ctrl+Shift+T

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML keygen Tag

Description
The HTML <keygen> tag is used to process Web forms with certificate management
systems. The element generates a secure key and submits the public key.

236
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Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML keygen Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<keygen name="random_key" challenge="0987654321">
<input name="firstname" value="first name">
</form>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

first name

Bottom of Form
Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <keygen> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

autofocus autofocus Specifies that when the page loads the <keygen>
element automatically gets focus.

challenge challenge Specifies the challenge string to be packaged with

the public key in the PublicKeyAndChallenge for use
in verification of the form submission. If no
challenge string is provided, then it is encoded as an
IA5STRING of length zero./td>

disabled disabled Specifies that <keygen> element should be

disabled.

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form form_id Specifies one or more forms.

keytype rsa Specifies the secret algorithm which is for the key.
dsa
ec

name autofocus Specifies a name.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes

HTML <label> Tag

Description
The HTML <label> tag is used to add a label to a form control like text, textarea etc.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML label Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<label for="email">EMAIL-ID:<br /> <input type="email" value="" name="emailid"
size="30" placeholder="Enter a valid email address"><br /><br />
<label for="phone">PHONE NO:<br /> <input type="text" value="" name="phno"
size="30" maxlength="10" placeholder="Enter a valid phone number" pattern="[0-
9]{10}"><br /><br />
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

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 HTML

EMAIL-ID:

PHONE NO:

Bottom of Form

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <label> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

form form_id It specifies one or more forms the label belongs to

for control id Specifies the input control that this label is for. This
value must be the same as the value in the input
control's "id" attribute.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <layer> Tag

Description
The HTML <layer> tag is used to position and animate (through scripting) elements in a
page. A layer can be thought of as a separate document that resides on top of the main
one, all existing within one window.

This tag has support in Netscape 4 and higher versions of it.

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Example
This example creates three overlapping layers. The back one is red, the middle one is blue,
and the front one is green.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML layer Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<layer id="layer1" top="250" left="50" width="200"
height="200" bgcolor="red">
<p>layer 1</p>
</layer>
<layer id="layer2" top="350" left="150" width="200"
height="200" bgcolor="blue">
<p>layer 2</p>
</layer>
<layer id="layer3" top="450" left="250" width="200"
height="200" bgcolor="green">
<p>layer 3</p>
</layer>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result, it will work in Netscape 4 and higher versions.

layer 1

layer 2

layer 3

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <layer> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

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above layer name The name of the inline layer that will be positioned
directly above the current layer in the z-order.

background URL A filename or URL for an image upon which the inline
layer's text and images will appear.

below layer name The name of the inline layer that will be positioned
directly below the current layer in the z-order.

bgcolor rgb(x,x,x) The color to use for the inline layer background.
#xxxxxx
colorname

clip number The coordinates of the inline layer's viewable area.

height pixels The inline layer's height, in pixels.

left number The position of the left side of the inline layer. If the
current inline layer is part of another layer.called the
parent layer-then the position is relative to the
parent layer.

name layer name The name of the inline layer.

pagex number The position of the left side of the inline layer
relative to the browser window.

pagey number The position of the top of the inline layer relative to
the browser window.

src URL The URL of a page that will appear inside the inline
layer.

top number The position of the top of the inline layer. If the
current inline layer is part of another layer--called
the parent layer--then the position is relative to the
parent layer.

visibility show Determines whether the inline layer is visible.

hide
inherit

width pixels The inline layer's width, in pixels.

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z-index number The inline layer's position within the z-order. Inline
layers with higher Z-INDEX values are positioned
above inline layers with lower Z-INDEX values.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

No No No No No No

HTML <legend> Tag

Description
The HTML <legend> tag s used to define a caption for <fieldset> tag.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML legend Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<fieldset>
<legend>Details</legend>
Student Name: <input type="text"><br />
MCA Subjects:<input type="text"><br />
Course Link:<input type="url" name="websitelink">
</fieldset>
</form>
</body>
</html>

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This will produce the following result:

DetailsStudent Name:
MCA Subjects:
Course Link:
Bottom of Form

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <legend> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

align top Deprecated- Specifies the content alignment.

bottom
left
right

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <li>Tag

Description
The HTML <li> tag is used for specifying a list item in ordered, unordered, directory, and
menu lists.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

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 HTML

<head>
<title>HTML li Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul>
<li>ol - ordered list</li>
<li>ul - unordered list</li>
<li>dir - directory list</li>
<li>menu - menu list</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

ol - ordered list
ul - unordered list
dir - directory list
menu - menu list

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <li> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

type A Deprecated - Specifies the type of the list.

a
I
i
1
disc
square
circle

value number Specifies the value of a list item.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

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Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <link> Tag

Description
The HTML <link> tag is used for defining a link to an external document. It is placed in
the <head> section of the document.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML link Tag</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="stylenew.css">
</head>
<body>
<div id="contentinfo">
<p>Welcome to our website. We provide tutorials on various subjects.</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>

Here is the css file stylenew.css

#contentinfo p {
line-height: 20px;
margin: 30px;
padding-bottom: 20px;
text-align: justify;
width: 140px;
color: red;
}

This will produce the following result:

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 HTML

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <link> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

Defines the character encoding of the linked

charset charset
document.

href URL Specifies the URL of the resource document.

hreflang language Language code of the destination URL

screen
tty
tv
projection
Specifies the device the document will be displayed
media handheld
on
print
braille
aural
all

alternate
appendix
bookmark
chapter Describes the relationship between the current
rel contents document and the destination URL.
copyright
glossary
help
home

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 HTML

index
next
prev
section
start
stylesheet
subsection

alternate
appendix
bookmark
chapter
contents
copyright
glossary
help Describes a reverse between the destination URI
rev
home and the current document.
index
next
prev
section
start
stylesheet
subsection

sizes HeightxWidth Specifies the size of the linked resource.

blank
_self
target Specifies the target frame to load the page into.
_top
_parent

type mimetype The MIMEtype of content at the link destination

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

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HTML Main Tag

Description
The HTML <main> tag specifies main or important content in the document. It can be
used only once per page and can't be used as a descendent of <article>, <aside>,
<footer>, <header>, <nav> element.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<main>
<h1>Learning</h1>
<p>Learn to gain experience and try to share your knowledge with others.</p>
<article>
<h3>Web Development Tutorials</h3>
<p>Consist of CSS, HTML, and PHP tutorials for 2nd Semester exams.</p>
</article>
<article>
<h3>Academic Tutorials</h3>
<p>Consist of Computer Fundamental, Computer Network tutorials for 1st
Semester exams.</p>
</article>
</main>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Learning
Learn to gain experience and try to share your knowledge with others.
Web Development Tutorials
Consist of CSS, HTML, and PHP tutorials for 2nd Semester exams.
Academic Tutorials
Consist of Computer Fundamental, Computer Network tutorials for 1st Semester
exams.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

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Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes No Yes Yes No

HTML <map> Tag

Description
The HTML <map> tag is used for defining an image map along with <img> tag.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML map Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<img src="/images/html.gif" alt="HTML Map" border="0" usemap="#html"/>

<!-- Create Mappings -->

<map name="html">
<area shape="circle"
coords="154,150,59" href="about/about_team.htm" alt="Team"
target="_self" />
</map>
</body>
</html>

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This will produce the following result, find the image map on bottom right:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <map> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

name unique_name Defines a unique name for the map tag.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML Mark Tag

Description
The HTML <mark> tag specifies a text highlighted for reference purposes, that is for its
relevance in another context.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

250
 HTML

<head>
<title>HTML Mark Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Cricketers in India</h2>
<p>Sachin Tendulkar is <mark>god</mark> of cricket.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Cricketers in India
Sachin Tendulkar is god of cricket.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <marquee> Tag

Description
The HTML <marquee> tag is used for scrolling piece of text or image displayed either
horizontally across or vertically down your web site page depending on the settings.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
251
 HTML

<marquee>This is basic example of marquee</marquee>

<marquee direction="up">The direction of text will be from bottom to
top.</marquee>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <marquee> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

scroll
behavior slide Defines the type of scrolling.
alternate

rgb(x,x,x)
Deprecated-Defines the direction of scrolling the
bgcolor #xxxxxx
content.
colorname

up
down
direction Defines the direction of scrolling the content.
left
right

height pixels or % Defines the height of marquee.

hspace pixels Specifies horizontal space around the marquee.

Specifies how many times to loop. The default value

loop number is INFINITE, which means that the marquee loops
endlessly.

scrolldelay seconds Defines how long to delay between each jump.

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scrollamount number Defines how how far to jump.

width pixels or % Defines the width of marquee.

vspace pixels Specifies vertical space around the marquee.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ?

HTML <menu> Tag

Description
The HTML <menu> tag is used for creating a menu list. This tag has been deprecated in
HTML and redefined in HTML5.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML menu Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<menu>
<li>ol - ordered list</li>
<li>ul - unordered list</li>
<li>dir - directory list</li>
<li>menu - menu list</li>
</menu>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

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 HTML

ol - ordered list
ul - unordered list
dir - directory list
menu - menu list

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <menu> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

label text Specifies a visible label.

popup
type toolbar Specifies the type of menu to be displayed.
context

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

No Yes No No No No

HTML <menuitem> tag

Description
The HTML <menuitem> tag is used for defining a menu item for a menu.

<!Doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML menuitem Tag</title>
</head>
<body>

254
 HTML

<div style="border:1px solid #000;padding:20px;" contextmenu="clickmenu">

<p>Right click inside here....</p>

<menu type="context" id="clickmenu">

<menuitem label="Tutorialspoint" onclick="">
</menuitem>
</menu>
</div>

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result in Firefox browser only:

Right-click inside here....

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <menuitem> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

checked checked defines that a menuitem should be checked

command

default default a menuitem is marked as a default command

disabled disabled disables a menuitem and cannot be clicked

icon url defines an icon for a menuitem

defines a name for a menuitem which is displayed

label text
to the user

defiens a group of commands out of which only one

radiogroup groupname
can be selected

255
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checkbox
defines type of command for a menuitem default is
type command
command
radio

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

No Yes No No No No

HTML <meta> tag

Function
The HTML <meta> tag is used for declaring metadata for the HTML document.

Difference between HTML and XHTML

In HTML the <meta> tag has no end tag.

In XHTML the <meta> tag must be properly closed.

Example
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML meta tag</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, meta tag, metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Brief description of the document" />
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="10" />
</head>
<body style="background-color:orange">
Document content goes here
</body>
</html>

For more detail on Meta Tag please go through Meta Tag

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Attributes
Attribute Value Description

Name author Name for the property.

description
keywords
generator
revised
others

content text Defines meta information to be associated with http-equiv or

name.

http- content- Connects the content attribute to an HTTP header.

equiv type
expires
refresh
set-cookie

scheme text Defines a format to be used to interpret the value of the

content attribute.

Standard Attributes
Attribute Description

dir Specifies the direction of the text

lang Sets the language code.

xml:lang Sets the language code.

HTML <meter> Tag

Description
The HTML <meter> tag specifies a scalar measurement within a known range (a gauge).

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML meter Tag</title>
</head>
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 HTML

<body>
<meter value="7" min="0" max="10">2 out of 10</meter><br />
<p>gauge value can be seen here</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

gauge value can be seen here

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <meter> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

form form_id Specifies one or more forms.

high number Specifies high value range.

low number Specifies low value range.

max number Specifies the maximum value of the range

min number Specifies the minimum value of the range

optimum number Specifies the optimal value.

value number Specifies current value of the gauge - Required.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support

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Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes No Yes Yes No

HTML <multicol> tag

Function
The HTML <multicol> tag is used to create multiple columns of text and lets you control
the size and number of the columns.

The <multicol> tag can contain any other HTML content, much like the <div> tag. All of
the content within the <multicol> tag is displayed just like conventional content, except
that Netscape 4 places the contents into multiple columns instead of just one.

This tag is supported by Netscape 3 and higher versions only.

Difference between HTML and XHTML

NONE

Example
Following example will create a three columns layout in Netscape 4.

<h1>Breaking News</h1>
<multicol cols=3>
<p>State media said more than 2,000 soldiers, police and miners closed the
breach in the dike in Shandong province early Sunday and installed pipes and
five high-speed pumps, but gave no indication if there were any signs of
life.<p>
<p>The Huayuan Mining Co. mine flooded on Friday afternoon when the Wen river
burst a dike, sending water pouring into a shaft and trapping 172 miners,
Xinhua and state television said.<p>
</multicol>

Attributes
Attribute Value Description

specifies the number of text columns for the text display. The
browser attempts to flow elements evenly across the columns to
cols number make each column be about the same height. Unless the WIDTH
attribute is present, column width is adjusted to fill the available
width.

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 HTML

gutter number specifies the distance between each column in pixels.

specifies the width of each column in pixels. All columns are the
width number same width. If this attribute is not present, its value is calculated
from the gutter width and the number of columns.

Standard Attributes
Attribute Description

class Document wide identifier

dir Specifies the direction of the text

id Document wide identifier

style Helps to include inline casecadubf style sheet.

lang Sets the language code.

xml:lang Sets the language code.

HTML <nav> Tag

Description
The HTML <nav> tag specifies a section that contains only navigation links.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Nav Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Database Tutorials:</p>
<nav>
<a href="dbms/index.htm">DBMS</a> |
<a href="mongodb/index.htm">MongoDB</a> |
<a href="mysql/index.htm">MySQL</a> |
<a href="plsql/index.htm">PL/SQL</a> |

260
 HTML

<a href="sql/index.htm">SQL</a>
</nav>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Database Tutorials:

DBMS | MongoDB | MySQL | PL/SQL | SQL

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <nobr> Tag

Description
The HTML <nobr> tag is used to instruct the browser not to break the specified text (such
as the usual line wrap that occurs at the right edge of the browser window).

This is used with the <wbr> tag, <wbr> advises the extended browser when it may insert
a line break in an otherwise nonbreakable sequence of text. Unlike the <br> tag, which
always causes a line break, even within a <nobr>- tagged segment, the <wbr> tag works
only when placed inside a <nobr>- tagged content segment and causes a line break only
if the current line has already extended beyond the browser's display window margins.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML nobr Tag</title>
</head>

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<body>
<nobr>
This is a very long sequence of text that is
forced to be on a single line, even if doing so causes
<wbr />
the browser to extend the document window beyond the
size of the viewing pane and the poor user must scroll right
<wbr />
to read the entire line.
</nobr>
</body>
</html>

This is a very long sequence of text that is forced to be on a single line, even if doing so
causes the browser to extend the document window beyond the size of the viewing pane
and the poor user must scroll right to read the entire line.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Browser Support
This tag is available in Netscape 4 and higher version only.

Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

No No No No No No

HTML <noembed> Tag

Description
The HTML <noembed> tag is used to handle browsers which do not support the <embed>
tag. The <noembed> tag makes it easy to supply alternative content that tells users what
they are missing.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML noembed Tag</title>
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</head>
<body>
<embed src="/html/yourfile.swf" width="200" height="200" >
<noembed><img src="yourimage.gif" alt="Alternative Media" ></noembed>
</embed>
</body>
</html>

The message inside <noembed> tag will appear only when your browser does not support
<embed> tag. So based on your browser it will display following result:

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <noframes> Tag

Description
The HTML <noframes> tag is used to handle the browsers which do not support <frame>
tag. This tag is used to display alternate text message.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML noframes Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<frameset cols="200, *">
<frame src="/html/menu.htm" name="menu_page" />
<frame src="/html/main.htm" name="main_page" />
<noframes>
Your browser does not support frames.
</noframes>
</frameset>
</body>

263
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</html>

This will produce the following result,refer the image given below. The left frame is
menu.htm and the right one is main.htm. If the browser doesn't support frames, it will
display the message "Your browser does not support frames."

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <noscript> Tag

Description
The HTML <noscript> tag is used to handle the browsers which do recognize <script> tag
but do not support scripting. This tag is used to display alternate text message.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML noscript Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/JavaScript">

264
 HTML

<!--
document.write("Hello JavaScript!")

-->
</script>
<noscript>
Your browser does not support JavaScript!
</noscript>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result, browser that doesn't support will show the text under
<noscript> tag as output ie. "Your browser does not support JavaScript!".

Hello JavaScript!

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <object> Tag

Description
The HTML <object> tag is used to embed multimedia in an HTML document. The <param>
tag is also used along with this tag to define various parameters.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML object Tag</title>
</head>
<body>

265
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<object data="data/test.htm" type="text/html" width="300" height="200">

alt : <a href="data/test.htm">test.htm</a>
</object>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

alt : test.htm

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <object> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

left
right
align Defines visual alignment of the object
top
bottom

archive URL A space separated list of URL's to archives.

border pixels Specifies border width around the object

Defines a class ID value as set in the Windows

classid Class ID
Registry or a URL.

codebase URL Specifies the path where object code is located.

The internet media type of the code referred to by

codetype mime type
the classid attribute.

data URL Specifies the URL for Object data.

Defines that the object should only be declared, not

declare declare
created or instantiated until needed.

height pixels Specifies the hight of the object.

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hspace pixels Specifies the horizontal space around the object.

object
name Specifies a unique name for the object
name

standby text Defines a text to display while the object is loading.

Defines the MIME type of data specified in the data

type mime type
attribute.

Specifies a URL of a client-side image map to be

usemap URL
used with the object

vspace pixels Specifies the vertical space around the object.

width pixels Specifies the width of the object.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <ol> Tag

Description
The HTML <ol> tag is used for creating an ordered list.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML ol Tag</title>
</head>

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<body>
<ol>
<li>ol - ordered list</li>
<li>ul - unordered list</li>
<li>dir - directory list</li>
<li>menu - menu list</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

ol - ordered list
ul - unordered list
dir - directory list
menu - menu list

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <ol> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

compact autofocus Defines if compact rendering is required.

reversed reversed Specifies the order of the list (descending).

start number Specifies the initial number to start the list.

type A Specifies the style of the list.

a
I
i
1

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support

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 HTML

Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <optgroup> Tag

Description
The HTML <optgroup> tag is used for grouping related options within your select list. This
makes it easier for users to comprehend their choices when looking at a large list.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML optgroup Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<select>
<optgroup label="India">
<option value ="mumbai">Mumbai</option>
<option value ="delhi">Delhi</option>
</optgroup>
<optgroup label="USA">
<option value ="florida">Florida</option>
<option value ="newyork">New York</option>
</optgroup>
</select>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

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 HTML

Specific Attributes
The HTML <optgroup> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

Disables the input control. The button won't accept

disabled disabled changes from the user. It also cannot receive focus
and will be skipped when tabbing.

label text Defines a label to use when using <optgroup>.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <option> Tag

Description
The HTML <option> tag is used within a form for defining options in the drop-down list.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML option Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/cgi-bin/dropdown.cgi" method="post">
<select name="dropdown">
<option value="Java" selected>Maths</option>
<option value="Ruby">Physics</option>
</select>
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />

270
 HTML

</form>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Java Submit

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <option> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

Disables the input control. The button won't accept

disabled disabled changes from the user. It also cannot receive focus
and will be skipped when tabbing.

label text Defines a label to use when using <optgroup>.

Defines the default option to be selected when page

selected selected
loads.

Specifies the value of the option to be sent to the

value text
server.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

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 HTML

HTML <output> Tag

Description
The HTML <output> tag specifies the result of a calculation.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Output Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<form
oninput="sumresult.value=parseInt(z1.value)+parseInt(z2.value)+parseInt(z3.valu
e)">
<input type="range" name="z1" value="0" /> +
<input type="number" name="z2" value="20" /> +
<input type="number" name="z3" value="40" /><br />
The output is: <output name="sumresult"></output>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <output> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

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 HTML

List of IDs of other elements, i.e it indicates the

for for elements who have contributed input value to the
calculation.

Enables to place output elements anywhere within a

form form
document.

name name It is the name of the element.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes No Yes Yes No

HTML <p> Tag

Description
The HTML <p> tag defines a paragraph of text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML p Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This paragraph is defined using the HTML p tag</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This paragraph is defined using the HTML p tag

Global Attributes
273
 HTML

This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <p> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

left
right
align Specifies text alignment within a paragraph.
center
justify

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <param> Tag

Description
The HTML <param> tag is used for passing parameters to an embedded object using
<object> tag.

Example
You can specify some parameters related to the document with the tag. Here is an example
to embed a wav file:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML param Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<object title="Test Object." classid="java.class">
<param name="audio" value="music.wav" />
<param name="width" value="600" />

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 HTML

<param name="height" value="400" />

</object>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <param> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

name parameter type Defines a unique name for the parameter.

type MIME type Specifies the internet media type for the parameter.

value value Specifies the value of the parameter.

valuetype data Specifies the MIME type of the value.

ref
object

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

275
 HTML

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <plaintext> Tag

Description
The HTML <plaintext> tag is used to render all text in the document exactly as it was
typed in, including all tags and even the document tags.

This tag ignores all formatting for the rest of the document, displaying all text exactly as
is. It cannot be stopped, it cannot be turned off. It is deprecated because it messes up the
balance of the document tags.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML plaintext Tag</title>
</head>
<body>

</body>
</html>

Browser Support
This tag is available in Netscape 4 and higher version only.

Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

No No No No No No

HTML <pre> Tag

Description
The HTML <pre> tag is used for indicating preformatted text. The code tag surrounds the
code being marked up.

Browsers normally render pre text in a fixed-pitched font, with whitespace in tact, and
without word wrap.

Example
276
 HTML

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML pre Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<pre>
This text is
in a fixed-pitch
font, and it preserves
both spaces and line breaks
</pre>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This text is
in a fixed-pitch
font, and it preserves
both spaces and line breaks

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <pre> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

width number Deprecated: It specifies the desired width of the

pre-formatted text.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

277
 HTML

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML Progress Tag

Description
The HTML <progress> tag specifies a completion progress of a task. It is displayed as a
progress bar. The value of progressbar can be manipulated by JavaScript.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Progress Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Student's Intelligence level</h1>
<progress value="20" max="100"/>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Student's Intelligence Level

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes

278
 HTML

The HTML <progress> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

max max It should have a value greater than zero and a valid
floating point number.

value value Specifies how much of the task that has been
completed. It should be a floating point number
between 0 and max or 0 and 1 if max is omitted.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <q> Tag

Description
The HTML <q> tag is used for indicating short quotations (i.e. quotations that span
multiple lines).

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML q Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
Here comes a short quotation: <q> here is a short quotation </q>
</body>
</html>

279
 HTML

This will produce the following result:

Here comes a short quotation: here is a short quotation

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <q> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

cite URL URL of the quote, if it is taken from the web.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML Rp Tag

Description
The HTML <rp> tag specifies to show browsers that do not support the ruby annotations.
Ruby Annotations are used in East Asian typography.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Rp Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<ruby>
<rp>(</rp><rt>Kan</rt><rp>)</rp>

<rp>(</rp><rt>ji</rt><rp>)</rp>
280
 HTML

</ruby>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Kanji

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Not Yes Not Yes Yes

Supported Supported

HTML Rt Tag

Description
The HTML <rt> tag is used for pronunciation of character in ruby annotations. These are
for showing pronunciation of East Asian characters.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Rt Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<ruby>
<rp>(</rp><rt>Kan</rt><rp>)</rp>

<rp>(</rp><rt>ji</rt><rp>)</rp>
</ruby>
</body>

281
 HTML

</html>

This will produce the following result:

Kanji

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Not Yes Not Yes Yes

Supported Supported

HTML Ruby Tag

Description
The HTML <ruby> tag specifies ruby annotations which are for East Asian characters
pronunciation.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ruby Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<ruby>
<rp>(</rp><rt>This is it</rt><rp>)</rp>
</ruby>
</body>
</html>

282
 HTML

This will produce the following result:

This is it

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Not Yes Not Yes Yes

Supported Supported

HTML <strike> Tag

Description
The HTML <strike> tag specifies strikethrough text. This tag is deprecated now, <del>
should be used instead.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML strike Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
The HTML strike tag renders a <strike>strike</strike> through the middle of the
text .
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The HTML strike tag renders a strike through the middle of the text.

Global Attributes
283
 HTML

This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

HTML Phrase Elements

Function
Phrase elements add structural information to text fragments. The usual meanings of
phrase elements are following:

<abbr> Indicates an abbreviated form like pvt. inc. etc.

<acronym> Indicates an acronym (e.g., WAC, radar, etc.).
<em> Indicates emphasis.
<strong> Indicates stronger emphasis.
<cite> Contains a citation or a reference to other sources.
<dfn> Indicates that this is the defining instance of the enclosed term.
<code> Designates a fragment of computer code.
<samp> Designates sample output from programs, scripts, etc.
<kbd> Indicates text to be entered by the user.
<var> Indicates an instance of a variable or program argument.

Difference between HTML and XHTML

NONE

Example
<abbr>pvt. or inc.</abbr><br />
<acronym>HTML</acronym><br />
<cite>Citation</cite><br />
<em>Emphasized text</em><br />
<strong>Strong text</strong><br />
<dfn>Definition term</dfn><br />

284
 HTML

<code>Computer code text</code><br />

<samp>Sample computer code text</samp><br />
<kbd>Keyboard text</kbd><br />
<var>Variable</var><br />

This will produce following result:

pvt. or inc.
HTML
Citation
Emphasized text
Strong text
Definition term
Computer code text
Sample computer code text
Keyboard text
Variable

Online Practice
To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Standard Attributes
Attribute Description

class Document wide identifier

dir Specifies the direction of the text

id Document wide identifier

title Specifies a title to associate with the element.

style Helps to include inline casecadubf style sheet.

lang Sets the language code.

Event Attributes
Attribute Description

285
 HTML

onclick Script runs when a mouse click

ondblclick Script runs when a mouse double-click

onmousedown Script runs when mouse button is pressed

onmouseup Script runs when mouse button is released

onmouseover Script runs when mouse pointer moves over an element

onmousemove Script runs when mouse pointer moves

onmouseout Script runs when mouse pointer moves out of an element

onkeypress Script runs when key is pressed and released

onkeydown Script runs when key is pressed

onkeyup Script runs when key is released

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <script> Tag

Description
The HTML <script> tag is used for declaring a script (such as JavaScript) within your HTML
document.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML script Tag</title>
</head>
286
 HTML

<body>
<script type="text/JavaScript">

document.write("You're visiting tutorialspoint!")

</script>

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

You're visiting tutorialspoint!

For more detail on <script> tag please check HTML Scripts chapter.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <script> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

Specifies that the script is executed

async sync
asynchronously.

Defines the character encoding that

charset charset
the script uses.

Declares that the script will not

generate any content. Therefore,
defer defer the browser/user agent can
continue parsing and rendering the
rest of the page.

Specifies a URI/URL of an external

src URL
script.

text/JavaScript Specifies the scripting language as

type
application/ecmascript a content-type (MIME type).

287
 HTML

application/JavaScript
text/vbscript

Deprecated- Whether the

xml:space preserve whitespace in code should be
preserved

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML Section Tag

Description
The HTML <section> tag specifies a section in a document.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Section Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<section>
<h1>Java</h1>
<h3>Inheritance</h3>
<p>Inheritance defines the relationship between superclass and subclass.</p>
</section>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

288
 HTML

Java
Inheritance
Inheritance defines the relationship between superclass and subclass.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <select> Tag

Description
The HTML <select> tag is used within a form for defining a select list.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML select Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/cgi-bin/dropdown.cgi" method="post">
<select name="dropdown">
<option value="Data Structures" selected>Data Structures</option>
<option value="Data Mining">Data Mining</option>
</select>
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
289
 HTML

</form>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Data Structures Submit

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <select> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

Specifies that on page load the drop-down list

autofocus autofocus
should automatically get focus.

Disables the input control. The button won't accept

disabled disabled changes from the user. It also cannot receive focus
and will be skipped when tabbing.

form form_id Specifies one or more forms.

When set, it specifies that multiple items can be

multiple multiple
selected at a time

name name Assigns a name to the input control.

Before submitting the form the user is required to

required required
select a value, else it won't proceed ahead.

Defines the number of visible items in the drop-

size number
down list

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support

290
 HTML

Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <spacer> Tag

Description
The HTML <spacer> tag specifies a whitespace.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML spacer Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
Create some space <spacer type="block" width="50" /> here.
</body>
</html>

<spacer> tag is available in Netscape 4 and higher version only. This will produce the
following result:

Create some space here.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <object> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

vertical
The type attribute is used to specify whether the spacer
type horizontal
will be horizontal, vertical, or block.
block

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 HTML

Specifies the number of pixels tall or wide the spacer will

be This attribute is only used if the spacer type is
size number
"horizontal" or "vertical." If the spacer type is "block," then
the width attribute is used.

The width attribute is used when the spacer type="block".

width number Between the quotes specify a pixel value for the width of
the block.

The height attribute is used when the spacer

height number type="block". Between the quotes specify a pixel value
for the height of the block.

left The align tag is used to specify the alignment of the block
align right of white space. Valid alignments are left, right, and
center center.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
This tag is available in Netscape 4 and higher version only.

Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

No No No No No No

HTML <small> Tag

Description
The HTML <small> tag makes the font size one size smaller.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML small Tag</title>
</head>
292
 HTML

<body>
<h2>www.tutorialspoint.com</h2>
<p><small> Simply Easy Learning</small></p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

www.tutorialspoint.com
Simply Easy Learning

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <source> tag

Description
The HTML <source> tag is used for defining multimedia resources for <audio> and
<video> elements. The browser can make a choice from the source based on media type
and codec support.

<!Doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML source Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<audio controls>
<source src = "yourfile.mp3">

293
 HTML

<p>The browser doesnot support the file</p>

</audio>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <source> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

media media_query defines the type of media resource

src URL URL of the media file

type media_type media type of media resource

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes (4.0) Yes (3.5) Yes (9) Yes (10.5) Yes (4.0) No

HTML <span> Tag

Description
The HTML <span> tag is used for grouping and applying styles to inline elements.

294
 HTML

There is a difference between the span tag and the div tag. The span tag is used with
inline elements whilst the div tag is used with block-level content.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML span Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph <span style="color:#FF0000;">
This is a paragraph</span>
This is a paragraph</p>
<p><span style="color:#8866ff;">
This is another paragraph</span></p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This is a paragraph This is a paragraph This is a paragraph

This is another paragraph

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <strike> Tag

Description

295
 HTML

The HTML <strike> tag specifies strikethrough text. This tag is deprecated now, <del>
should be used instead.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML strike Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
The HTML strike tag renders a <strike>strike</strike> through the middle of the
text .
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The HTML strike tag renders a strike through the middle of the text.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <strong> tag

Description
The HTML <strong> tag is used for emphasizing an important text.

<!Doctype html>
<html>
<head>

296
 HTML

<title>HTML strong Tag</title>

</head>
<body>
<p>This is a <strong>strong</strong> text</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This is a strong text

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <style> tag

Function
The HTML <style> tag is used for declaring style sheets within the head of your HTML
document.

Difference between HTML and XHTML:

NONE

Example
<head>
<style type="text/css">
h1 { color:#F1F1F1 }
</style>
</head>

297
 HTML

For more detail on <style> tag please check HTML Styles chapter.

Online Practice
To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Attributes
Attribute Value Description

type text/css Specifies the style sheet language as a content-type (MIME type).

media screen Specifies the device the document will be displayed on.
tty
tv
projection
handheld
print
braille
aural
all

Standard Attributes
Attribute Description

dir Specifies the direction of the text

id Document wide identifier

lang Sets the language code.

xml:space Sets the language code.

HTML <sub> Tag

Description
The HTML <sub> tag is used for defining subscript text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML sub Tag</title>
</head>
298
 HTML

<body>
Value of y₁ - y₃ = 17
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Value of y1 - y3 = 17

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML Summary Tag

Description
The HTML <summary> tag specifies a summary, caption or legend for a given details.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Summary Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<details>
<summary>Some details</summary>
<p>Provide more info about the details here.</p>
</details>
</section>

299
 HTML

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Some details

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Not Not Not Not Yes

Supported Supported Supported Supported

HTML <sup> Tag

Description
The HTML <sup> tag is used for defining superscript text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML sup Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
Value of 5² + 3³ = 52
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

300
 HTML

Value of 52 + 33 = 52

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <table> Tag

Description
The HTML <table> tag is used for defining a table. The table tag contains other tags that
define the structure of the table.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML table Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Team</th>
<th>Ranking</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>India</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
301
 HTML

<td>South Africa</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Australia</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Team Ranking

India 1

South Africa 2

Australia 3

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <table> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

Deprecated-Specifies an abbreviated version of

abbr abbreviated_text
the content in a cell.

right
left
align center Deprecated-Visual alignment.
justify
char

rgb(x,x,x)
Deprecated-Specifies the background color of the
bgcolor #hexcode
table.
colorname

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 HTML

Deprecated-Specifies the border width. A value of

border pixels
"0" means no border.

Deprecated-Specifies the space between the cell

cellpadding pixels or %
borders and their contents.

cellspacing pixels or % Deprecated-Specifies the space between cells.

void
above
below
Deprecated-Used in conjunction with the border
hsides
attribute, specifies which side of the frame that
frame lhs
makes up the border surrounding the table is
rhs
displayed.
vsides
box
border

none
groups Deprecated-Used in conjunction with the border
rules rows attribute, specifies which rules appear between the
cols cells of the table.
all

summary text Deprecated-Specifies the summary of the content.

width pixels or % Deprecated-Specifies the width of the table.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <tbody> Tag

Description

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 HTML

The HTML <tbody> tag is used in adding a body to a table. The tbody tag is used in
conjunction with the thead tag and the tfoot tag in determining each part of the table
(header, footer, body).

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML tbody Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<table style="width:100%" border="1">
<thead>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">This is the head of the table</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">This is the foot of the table</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
<td>Cell 3</td>
<td>Cell 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
...more rows here containing four cells...
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
<td>Cell 3</td>
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 HTML

<td>Cell 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
...more rows here containing four cells...
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

...more rows here containing four cells... ...more rows here containing four cells...

This is the head of the table

Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4

Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4

This is the foot of the table

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <tbody> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

right
left
align center Deprecated-Visual alignment.
justify
char

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Deprecated-Specifies which character to align text

char character
on. Used when align="char"

Deprecated-Specifies an alignment offset (either in

pixels or percentage value) against the first
charoff pixels or %
character as specified with the char attribute. Used
when align="char"

top
middle
valign Deprecated-Vertical alignment.
bottom
baseline

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <td> Tag

Description
The HTML <td> tag is used for specifying a cell or table data within a table.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML td Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Subject</th>
<th>Topic</th>

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 HTML

</tr>
<tr>
<td>Java</td>
<td>Threading</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C++</td>
<td>Virtual Functions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Linux</td>
<td>File Systems</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Subject Topic

Java Threading

C++ Virtual Functions

Linux File Systems

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <td> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

Deprecated-Specifies an abbreviated version of

abbr abbreviated_text
the content in a cell.

right
align left Deprecated-Visual alignment.
center

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 HTML

justify
char

Deprecated-Specifies a category for this td. This

can potentially be used to perform queries against
axis name
the table data and can be beneficial in the context
of a speech browser.

rgb(x,x,x)
Deprecated-Specifies the background color of the
bgcolor #hexcode
table cell.
colorname

Deprecated-Specifies which character to align text

char character
on. Used when align="char"

Deprecated-Specifies an alignment offset (either

in pixels or percentage value) against the first
charoff pixels or %
character as specified with the char attribute. Used
when align="char"

Specifies the number of columns the current cell

colspan number
spans across.

Specifies a space-separated list of header cells

that contain information about this cell. The value
header id needs to correspond with the id of the header cell
(which is set using the id attribute). This attribute
is useful for non-visual browsers.

height pixels Deprecated-Specifies the height of the table cell.

Deprecated-Prevents text from automatically

nowrap nowrap
wrapping.

Specifies the number of rows the current cell spans

rowspan numbers
across.

col
colgroup Deprecated-This attribute is used on header cells
scope and specifies the cells that will use this header's
row information.
rowgroup

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 HTML

top
middle
valign Deprecated-Vertical alignment.
bottom
baseline

width pixels or % Deprecated-Specifies the width of the table cell

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML textarea Tag

Description
The HTML <textarea> tag is used within a form to declare a textarea element - a control
that allows the user to input text over multiple rows.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML textarea Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/cgi-bin/hello_get.cgi" method="get">
Fill the Detail: <br />
<textarea rows="5" cols="50" name="description">
Enter your name
</textarea>
<input type="submit" value="submit" />
</form>
</body>

309
 HTML

</html>

This will produce the following result:

Fill the Detail:

submit

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <textarea> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

Specifies that on page load the text area should

autofocus autofocus
automatically get focus.

Specifies the width of the textarea based on the

cols number
number of visible character widths.

Specifies the width of the textarea based on the

disabled disabled
number of visible character widths.

form form_id Specifies one or more forms.

Specifies the maximum number of characters in

maxlength number
textarea.

name text Assigns a name to the input control.

placeholder text Specifies a short hint of the value in textarea.

Sets the input control to read-only. It won't

allow the user to change the value. The control
readonly readonly
however, can receive focus and are included
when tabbing through the form controls.

310
 HTML

required required Specifies that a textarea is required

Specifies the height of the textarea based on

the number of visible lines of text. If there's
rows number
more text than this allows, users can scroll
using the textarea's scrollbars.

hard
wrap Specifies the text to be wrapped in textarea.
soft

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <tfoot> Tag

Description
The HTML <tfoot> tag is used in adding a footer to a table. The tfoot tag is used in
conjunction with the tbody tag and the thead tag in determining each part of the table
(header, footer, body).

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML tfoot Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<table style="width:100%" border="1">
<thead>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">This is the head of the table</td>
</tr>

311
 HTML

</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">This is the foot of the table</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
<td>Cell 3</td>
<td>Cell 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
...more rows here containing four cells...
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
<td>Cell 3</td>
<td>Cell 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
...more rows here containing four cells...
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

...more rows here containing four cells... ...more rows here containing four cells...

This is the head of the table

Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4

312
 HTML

This is the head of the table

Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4

This is the foot of the table

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <tfoot> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

right
left
align center Deprecated-Visual alignment.
justify
char

Deprecated-Specifies which character to align text

char character
on. Used when align="char"

Deprecated-Specifies an alignment offset (either in

pixels or percentage value) against the first
charoff pixels or %
character as specified with the char attribute. Used
when align="char"

top
middle
valign Deprecated-Vertical alignment.
bottom
baseline

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

313
 HTML

HTML <th> Tag

Description
The HTML <th> tag is used for specifying a header cell or table header within a table.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML th Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>ID</th>
<th>Product Details</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>00L1</td>
<td>i3, 500gb laptop</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Product
ID
Details

i3, 500gb
00L1
laptop

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <th> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

314
 HTML

Attribute Value Description

Deprecated-Specifies an abbreviated version of

abbr abbreviated_text
the content in a header cell.

right
left
align center Deprecated-Content alignment in header cell.
justify
char

axis name Deprecated-Specifies a category for this th.

rgb(x,x,x)
Deprecated-Specifies the background color of the
bgcolor #hexcode
header cell.
colorname

Deprecated-Specifies which character to align text

char character
on. Used when align="char"

Deprecated-Specifies an alignment offset (either

in pixels or percentage value) against the first
charoff pixels or %
character as specified with the char attribute. Used
when align="char"

Specifies the number of columns the header cell

colspan number
spans across.

Specifies one or more header cells a cell is related

headers id
to.

height pixels Deprecated-Specifies the height of the header cell.

Deprecated-Prevents text from automatically

nowrap nowrap
wrapping.

Specifies the number of rows the header cell spans

rowspan numbers
across.

col
colgroup This attribute is used on header cells and specifies
scope
row the cells that will use this header's information.
rowgroup

315
 HTML

top
middle
valign Deprecated-Vertical alignment.
bottom
baseline

width pixels or % Deprecated-Specifies the width of the header cell

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <thead> Tag

Description
The HTML <thead> tag is used in adding a header to a table. The thead tag is used in
conjunction with the tbody tag and the tfoot tag in determining each part of the table
(header, footer, body).

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML thead Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<table style="width:100%" border="1">
<thead>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">This is the head of the table</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr>
316
 HTML

<td colspan="4">This is the foot of the table</td>

</tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
<td>Cell 3</td>
<td>Cell 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
...more rows here containing four cells...
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
<td>Cell 3</td>
<td>Cell 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
...more rows here containing four cells...
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

...more rows here containing four cells... ...more rows here containing four cells...

This is the head of the table

Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4

Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4

317
 HTML

This is the head of the table

This is the foot of the table

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <thead> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

right
left
align center Deprecated-Visual alignment.
justify
char

Deprecated-Specifies which character to align text

char character
on. Used when align="char"

Deprecated-Specifies an alignment offset (either in

pixels or percentage value) against the first
charoff pixels or %
character as specified with the char attribute. Used
when align="char"

top
middle
valign Deprecated-Vertical alignment.
bottom
baseline

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

318
 HTML

HTML <time> tag

Description
The HTML <time> tag is used for displaying the human readable date and time.

<!Doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML time Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The time is <time>12:51 pm</time></p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The time is 12:51 pm

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <time> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

datetime datetime it is machine readable date time

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes (6.0) Yes (4.0) Yes (9.0) Yes (11.1) Yes (5.0) No

319
 HTML

HTML <title> Tag

Description
The HTML <title> tag is used for indicating the title of the HTML document. The body title
is placed between the and the tags.

HTML document title is visible via browsers title bar.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title comes here</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>title tag is used for indicating the title of the HTML document. HTML
document title is visible via browsers title bar.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

title tag is used for indicating the title of the HTML document. HTML document
title is visible via browsers title bar.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <tr> Tag

Description
The HTML <tr> tag is used for specifying a table row within a table.

Example
320
 HTML

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML tr Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Cricketers</th>
<th>Ranking</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>M.S Dhoni</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Yuvraj Singh</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Virat Kohli</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Cricketers Ranking

M.S Dhoni 1

Yuvraj Singh 2

Virat Kohli 3

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

321
 HTML

Specific Attributes
The HTML <tr> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

right
left
align center Deprecated-Visual alignment.
justify
char

rgb(x,x,x)
Deprecated-Specifies the background color of the
bgcolor #hexcode
table cell.
colorname

Deprecated-Specifies which character to align text

char character
on. Used when align="char".

Deprecated-Specifies an alignment offset (either in

pixels or percentage value) against the first
charoff pixels or %
character as specified with the char attribute. Used
when align="char".

top
middle
valign Deprecated-Vertical alignment.
bottom
baseline

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <track> tag

Description

322
 HTML

The HTML <track> tag is used for defining captions, subtitles, and other content for
<audio> and <video> tags

<!Doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML source Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<audio controls>
<source src = "yourfile.mp3">
<track src = "subtitles.vtt" kind="subtitles" srclang="en" label="English">
<p>:The browser doesnot support the file</p>
</audio>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <track> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

default default uses the default track

captions

chapters

kind descriptions kind of track to be used

metadata

subtitles

label text displays title of text track

src URL URL of track file

323
 HTML

srclang class="inline" language_code specifies language of the text

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <tt> Tag

Description
The HTML <tt> tag specifies teletype text. This is not supported in HTML5.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML tt Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>tutorialspoint</p>
<tt>learning website</tt>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

tutorialspoint
learning website

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

324
 HTML

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <u> Tag

Description
The HTML <u> tag is used to underline a text. This tag is deprecated now and should not
be used.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML u Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<u>tutorialspoint.com</u> was started by <b>Mr. Mohammad Mohtashim,</b> in the
year 2006.
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

tutorialspoint.com was started by Mr. Mohammad Mohtashim, in the year 2006.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference
325
 HTML

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <ul> Tag

Description
The HTML <ul> tag is used for creating an unordered list.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML ul Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Sports Club Games</p>
<ul>
<li>Cricket</li>
<li>Football</li>
<li>Hockey</li>
<li>Badminton</li>
<li>Squash</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Sports Club Games

Cricket
Football
326
 HTML

Hockey
Badminton
Squash

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <ul> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

type disc Deprecated-Specifies the style of the bullet.

circle
square

compact compact Deprecated-Defines if compact rendering is

required.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <var> Tag

Description
The HTML <var> tag is used to format text in a document. It can include a variable in a
mathematical expression.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

327
 HTML

<head>
<title>HTML var Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p> The equations: <var>3x</var> - <var>7z</var> = <var>8y</var> + 2 and
<var>x</var> + <var>3z</var> = <var>4y</var> + 9 </p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The equations: 3x - 7z = 8y + 2 and x + 3z = 4y + 9

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <video> Tag

Description
The HTML <video> tag is used to embed video into your web page, it has several video
sources.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML video Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Run your first program using an Online Compiler (compileonline.com)</p><br
/>
328
 HTML

<video width="500" height="300" controls>

<source src="/html/compileonline.mp4" type="video/mp4">
This browser doesn't support video tag.
</video>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <video> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute Value Description

autoplay autoplay Specifies that the video will play automatically.

controls controls Specifies that the video controls gets displayed.

height pixels Specifies the height

329
 HTML

loop loop Specifies that the video will start again every time
after finish

muted muted Specifies that the audio should be muted

poster URL Specifies the image to be shown while the video is

downloading.

preload auto Specifies what author thinks will lead to user

metadata experience at its best.
none

src URL Specifies the URL

width pixels Specifies the width

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Mobile

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <wbr> Tag

Description
The HTML <wbr> tag defines a potential line break point if needed. This stands for Word
Break Opportunity.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML wbr Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
330
 HTML

<wbr />
the browser to extend the document window beyond the size of the viewing pane
and the poor user must scroll right
<wbr />
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The browser to extend the document window beyond the size of the viewing pane and the poor
user must scroll right

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

HTML <xmp> Tag

Description
The HTML <xmp> tag specifies preformatted text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML xmp Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<xmp>HTML tags include <b> for bold text, <i> for italic text.</xmp>
</body>
</html>

331
 HTML

This will produce the following result:

HTML tags include

<b> for bold text</b>, <i> for italic text.</i>

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Browser Support
Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

332
 29. HTML ATTRIBUTE REFERENCE HTML

There are few HTML attributes which are standard and associated to all the HTML tags.
These attributes are listed here with a brief description.

Global Attributes
Not valid in base, head, html, meta, param, script, style, and title elements.

Attribute HTML-5 Description

accesskey Specifies a shortcut key for an element to be used in

place of keyboard.

class The class of the element

contenteditable Yes Boolean attribute to specify whether the element is

editable or not.

contextmenu Yes Specifies a context menu for an element.

data-* Yes Used to store custom data associated with the element.

draggable Yes Boolean attribute to specify whether the element can

be dragged or not.

dropzone Yes Specifies whether the dragged data is copied, moved,

or linked, when dropped.

hidden Yes Specifies whether element should be visible or not.

id A unique id for the element

spellcheck Yes Specifies if the element must have it's spelling or

grammar checked.

style An inline style definition

tabindex Specifies the tab order of an element.

333
 HTML

title A text to display in a tool tip

translate Yes Boolean attribute specifies whether the content of an

element should be translated or not

Language Attributes
The lang attribute indicates the language being used for the enclosed content. The
language is identified using the ISO standard language abbreviations, such
as fr for French,en for English, and so on.

RFC 1766 (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1766.txt) describes these codes and their formats.

Not valid in base, br, frame, frameset, hr, iframe, param, and script elements.

Attribute Value Description

dir ltr | rtl Sets the text direction

lang language_code Sets the language code

334
 30. HTML EVENTS REFERENCE HTML

When users visit your website, they do things like click various links, bring mouse over
text and images etc. These are examples of what we call events in JavaScript and VBScript
terminologies.

We can write our event handlers using JavaScript or VBScript and can specify some actions
to be taken against these events. Though these are the events but they will be specified
as attributes for the HTML tags.

The HTML 4.01 specification had defined 19 events but later HTML-5 has added many
other events which we have listed down here:

Window Events Attributes

Following events have been introduced in older versions of HTML but all the tags marked
with are part of HTML-5.

Events HTML-5 Description

onafterprint Triggers after a document is printed

onbeforeprint Triggers before a document is printed

onbeforeonload Triggers before a document loads

onerror Triggers when an error occurs

onhaschange Triggers when a document has changed

onload Triggers when a document loads

onmessage Triggers when a message is triggered

onoffline Triggers when a document goes offline

ononline Triggers when a document comes online

onpagehide Triggers when a window is hidden

335
 HTML

onpageshow Triggers when a window becomes visible

onpopstate Triggers when a window's history changes

onredo Triggers when a document performs a redo

onresize Triggers when a window is resized

onstorage Triggers when a document loads

onundo Triggers when a document performs an undo

onunload Triggers when a user leaves the document

Form Events
Following tags have been introduced in older versions of HTML but all the tags marked
with are part of HTML-5.

Events HTML-5 Description

onblur Triggers when a window loses focus

onchange Triggers when an element changes

oncontextmenu Triggers when a context menu is triggered

onfocus Triggers when a window gets focus

onformchange Triggers when a form changes

onforminput Triggers when a form gets user input

oninput Triggers when an element gets user input

oninvalid Triggers when an element is invalid

onreset Triggers when a form is reset

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onselect Triggers when an element is selected

onsubmit Triggers when a form is submitted

Keyboard Events
Events HTML-5 Description

onkeydown Triggers when a key is pressed

onkeypress Triggers when a key is pressed and released

onkeyup Triggers when a key is released

Mouse Events
Following tags have been introduced in older versions of HTML but all the tags marked
with are part of HTML-5.

Events HTML-5 Description

onclick Triggers on a mouse click

ondblclick Triggers on a mouse double-click

ondrag Triggers when an element is dragged

ondragend Triggers at the end of a drag operation

ondragenter Triggers when an element has been dragged to a valid drop

target

ondragleave Triggers when an element leaves a valid drop target

ondragover Triggers when an element is being dragged over a valid

drop target

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ondragstart Triggers at the start of a drag operation

ondrop Triggers when a dragged element is being dropped

onmousedown Triggers when a mouse button is pressed

onmousemove Triggers when the mouse pointer moves

onmouseout Triggers when the mouse pointer moves out of an element

onmouseover Triggers when the mouse pointer moves over an element

onmouseup Triggers when a mouse button is released

onmousewheel Triggers when the mouse wheel is being rotated

onscroll Triggers when an element's scrollbar is being scrolled

Media Events
Following tags have been introduced in older versions of HTML but all the tags marked
with are part of HTML-5.

Events HTML-5 Description

onabort Triggers on an abort event

oncanplay Triggers when a media can start play, but might has
to stop for buffering

oncanplaythrough Triggers when a media can be played to the end,

without stopping for buffering

ondurationchange Triggers when the length of a media is changed

onemptied Triggers when a media resource element suddenly

becomes empty.

onended Triggers when a media has reached the end

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onerror Triggers when an error occurs

onloadeddata Triggers when media data is loaded

onloadedmetadata Triggers when the duration and other media data of a

media element is loaded

onloadstart Triggers when the browser starts loading the media

data

onpause Triggers when media data is paused

onplay Triggers when media data is going to start playing

onplaying Triggers when media data has started playing

onprogress Triggers when the browser is fetching the media data

onratechange Triggers when the playing rate of media data has

changed

onreadystatechange Triggers when the ready-state changes

onseeked Triggers when the seeking attribute of a media

element is no longer true, and the seeking has ended

onseeking Triggers when the seeking attribute of a media

element is true, and the seeking has begun

onstalled Triggers when there is an error in fetching media data

onsuspend Triggers when the browser has been fetching media

data, but stopped before the entire media file was
fetched

ontimeupdate Triggers when media changes its playing position

onvolumechange Triggers when a media changes the volume, also

when volume is set to "mute"

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onwaiting Triggers when media has stopped playing, but is

expected to resume

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 31. HTML FONTS REFERENCE HTML

Fonts are specific to platform. You will have different look and feel of a web page on
different machines running different operating systems like Windows, Linux or Mac iOS.
Here we are giving a list of fonts which are available in various operating systems.

HTML <font> tag is deprecated in version 4.0 onwards and now all fonts are set by using
CSS. Here is the simple syntax of setting font of a body of web page.

body { font-family: "new century schoolbook"; }

or

<body style="font-family:new century schoolbook;">

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Font Setting Using CSS</title>
</head>
<body>

<p>Change any of the style and try it.</p>

<div style="font-family:verdana;">This is demo for font family</div>
<br />
<div style="font-size:120%;">This is demo for font size</div>
<br />
<div style="font-size:14pt;">This is demo for font size</div>

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Change any of the style and try it.

This is demo for font family

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This is demo for font size

This is demo for font size

Fonts for Microsoft Systems

Font Font Font

Andale Mono Arial Arial Bold

Arial Italic Arial Bold Italic Arial Black

Comic Sans MS Comic Sans MS Bold Courier New

Courier New Bold Courier New Italic Courier New Bold Italic

Georgia Georgia Bold Georgia Italic

Georgia Bold Italic Impact Lucida Console

Lucida Sans Unicode Marlett Minion Web

Symbol Times New Roman Times New Roman Bold

Times New Roman Italic Times New Roman Bold Tahoma

Italic

Trebuchet MS Trebuchet MS Bold Trebuchet MS Italic

Trebuchet MS Bold Italic Verdana Verdana Bold

Verdana Italic Verdana Bold Italic Webdings

You can check example fonts here: Microsoft Fonts Examples. You can also have more
information on Microsoft Fonts at http://www.microsoft.com/typography/fonts.

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Fonts for Macintosh Systems

Following is the list of fonts supported by Macintosh System 7 and higher versions

Font Font Font

American Typewriter Andale Mono Apple Chancery

Arial Arial Black Brush Script

Baskerville Big Caslon Comic Sans MS

Copperplate Courier New Gill Sans

Futura Herculanum Impact

Lucida Grande Marker Felt Optima

Trebuchet MS Verdana Webdings

Palatino Symbol Times

Osaka Papyrus Times New Roman

Textile Zapf Dingbats Zapfino

Techno Hoefler Text Skia

Hoefler Text Ornaments Capitals Charcoal

Gadget Sand

You can check example fonts here: Mac Fonts Examples

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Fonts for Unix Systems

Following is the list of fonts supported by most Unix System variants

Font Font Font

Charter Clean Courier

Fixed Helvetica Lucida

Lucida bright Lucida Typewriter New Century Schoolbook

Symbol Terminal Times

Utopia

You can check example fonts here: Unix Fonts Examples

HTML ASCII Codes

There are 27 = 128 printable characters which can be represented by different 7-BIT ASCII
codes. Another set of characters are not for HTML representation but they are devised to
control hardware.

Following tables list down all the 7-BIT ASCII codes and their equivalent HTML Entity
Codes.

If you want to see equivalent HEX, OCT and extended set of ASCII codes then check next
chapter.

7-BIT Printable ASCII Characters

ASCII Characters Description HTML Entity Codes

space &#32;

! exclamation mark &#33;

" quotation mark &#34;

# number sign &#35;

$ dollar sign &#36;

% percent sign &#37;

& ampersand &#38;

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' apostrophe &#39;

( left parenthesis &#40;

) right parenthesis &#41;

* asterisk &#42;

+ plus sign &#43;

, comma &#44;

- hyphen &#45;

. period &#46;

/ slash &#47;

0 digit 0 &#48;

1 digit 1 &#49;

2 digit 2 &#50;

3 digit 3 &#51;

4 digit 4 &#52;

5 digit 5 &#53;

6 digit 6 &#54;

7 digit 7 &#55;

8 digit 8 &#56;

9 digit 9 &#57;

: colon &#58;

; semicolon &#59;

< less-than &#60;

= equals-to &#61;

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> greater-than &#62;

? question mark &#63;

@ at sign &#64;

A uppercase A &#65;

B uppercase B &#66;

C uppercase C &#67;

D uppercase D &#68;

E uppercase E &#69;

F uppercase F &#70;

G uppercase G &#71;

H uppercase H &#72;

I uppercase I &#73;

J uppercase J &#74;

K uppercase K &#75;

L uppercase L &#76;

M uppercase M &#77;

N uppercase N &#78;

O uppercase O &#79;

P uppercase P &#80;

Q uppercase Q &#81;

R uppercase R &#82;

S uppercase S &#83;

T uppercase T &#84;

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U uppercase U &#85;

V uppercase V &#86;

W uppercase W &#87;

X uppercase X &#88;

Y uppercase Y &#89;

Z uppercase Z &#90;

[ left square bracket &#91;

\ backslash &#92;

] right square bracket &#93;

^ caret &#94;

_ underscore &#95;

` grave accent &#96;

a lowercase a &#97;

b lowercase b &#98;

c lowercase c &#99;

d lowercase d &#100;

e lowercase e &#101;

f lowercase f &#102;

g lowercase g &#103;

h lowercase h &#104;

i lowercase i &#105;

j lowercase j &#106;

k lowercase k &#107;

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l lowercase l &#108;

m lowercase m &#109;

n lowercase n &#110;

o lowercase o &#111;

p lowercase p &#112;

q lowercase q &#113;

r lowercase r &#114;

s lowercase s &#115;

t lowercase t &#116;

u lowercase u &#117;

v lowercase v &#118;

w lowercase w &#119;

x lowercase x &#120;

y lowercase y &#121;

z lowercase z &#122;

{ left curly brace &#123;

| vertical bar &#124;

} right curly brace &#125;

~ tilde &#126;

7-BIT ASCII Device Control Characters

ASCII Characters Description HTML Entity Codes

NUL null character &#00;

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SOH start of header &#01;

STX start of text &#02;

ETX end of text &#03;

EOT end of transmission &#04;

ENQ enquiry &#05;

ACK acknowledge &#06;

BEL bell (ring) &#07;

BS backspace &#08;

HT horizontal tab &#09;

LF line feed &#10;

VT vertical tab &#11;

FF form feed &#12;

CR carriage return &#13;

SO shift out &#14;

SI shift in &#15;

DLE data link escape &#16;

DC1 device control 1 &#17;

DC2 device control 2 &#18;

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DC3 device control 3 &#19;

DC4 device control 4 &#20;

NAK negative acknowledge &#21;

SYN synchronize &#22;

ETB end transmission block &#23;

CAN cancel &#24;

EM end of medium &#25;

SUB substitute &#26;

ESC escape &#27;

FS file separator &#28;

GS group separator &#29;

RS record separator &#30;

US unit separator &#31;

DEL delete (rubout) &#127;

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 32. ASCII TABLE LOOKUP HTML

ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. There are 128
standard ASCII codes, each of which can be represented by a 7-digit binary number:
0000000 through 1111111.

Extended ASCII adds an additional 128 characters that vary between computers, programs
and fonts.

7 Bit ASCII Codes

DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Code Description

0 000 00 00000000 NUL &#000; Null char

1 001 01 00000001 SOH &#001; Start of Heading

2 002 02 00000010 STX &#002; Start of Text

3 003 03 00000011 ETX &#003; End of Text

4 004 04 00000100 EOT &#004; End of Transmission

5 005 05 00000101 ENQ &#005; Enquiry

6 006 06 00000110 ACK &#006; Acknowledgment

7 007 07 00000111 BEL &#007; Bell

8 010 08 00001000 BS &#008; Back Space

9 011 09 00001001 HT &#009; Horizontal Tab

10 012 0A 00001010 LF &#010; Line Feed

11 013 0B 00001011 VT &#011; Vertical Tab

12 014 0C 00001100 FF &#012; Form Feed

13 015 0D 00001101 CR &#013; Carriage Return

14 016 0E 00001110 SO &#014; Shift Out / X-On

15 017 0F 00001111 SI &#015; Shift In / X-Off

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16 020 10 00010000 DLE &#016; Data Line Escape

17 021 11 00010001 DC1 &#017; Device Control 1 (oft. XON)

18 022 12 00010010 DC2 &#018; Device Control 2

19 023 13 00010011 DC3 &#019; Device Control 3 (oft. XOFF)

20 024 14 00010100 DC4 &#020; Device Control 4

21 025 15 00010101 NAK &#021; Negative Acknowledgement

22 026 16 00010110 SYN &#022; Synchronous Idle

23 027 17 00010111 ETB &#023; End of Transmit Block

24 030 18 00011000 CAN &#024; Cancel

25 031 19 00011001 EM &#025; End of Medium

26 032 1A 00011010 SUB &#026; Substitute

27 033 1B 00011011 ESC &#027; Escape

28 034 1C 00011100 FS &#028; File Separator

29 035 1D 00011101 GS &#029; Group Separator

30 036 1E 00011110 RS &#030; Record Separator

31 037 1F 00011111 US &#031; Unit Separator

32 040 20 00100000 &#32; Space

33 041 21 00100001 ! &#33; Exclamation mark

34 042 22 00100010 " &#34; Double quotes

35 043 23 00100011 # &#35; Number

36 044 24 00100100 $ &#36; Dollar

37 045 25 00100101 % &#37; Procenttecken

38 046 26 00100110 & &#38; Ampersand

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39 047 27 00100111 ' &#39; Single quote

40 050 28 00101000 ( &#40; Open parenthesis

41 051 29 00101001 ) &#41; Close parenthesis

42 052 2A 00101010 * &#42; Asterisk

43 053 2B 00101011 + &#43; Plus

44 054 2C 00101100 , &#44; Comma

45 055 2D 00101101 - &#45; Hyphen

46 056 2E 00101110 . &#46; Period, dot or full stop

47 057 2F 00101111 / &#47; Slash or divide

48 060 30 00110000 0 &#48; Zero

49 061 31 00110001 1 &#49; One

50 062 32 00110010 2 &#50; Two

51 063 33 00110011 3 &#51; Three

52 064 34 00110100 4 &#52; Four

53 065 35 00110101 5 &#53; Five

54 066 36 00110110 6 &#54; Six

55 067 37 00110111 7 &#55; Seven

56 070 38 00111000 8 &#56; Eight

57 071 39 00111001 9 &#57; Nine

58 072 3A 00111010 : &#58; Colon

59 073 3B 00111011 ; &#59; Semicolon

60 074 3C 00111100 < &#60; Less than

61 075 3D 00111101 = &#61; Equals

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62 076 3E 00111110 > &#62; Greater than

63 077 3F 00111111 ? &#63; Question mark

64 100 40 01000000 @ &#64; At symbol

65 101 41 01000001 A &#65; Uppercase A

66 102 42 01000010 B &#66; Uppercase B

67 103 43 01000011 C &#67; Uppercase C

68 104 44 01000100 D &#68; Uppercase D

69 105 45 01000101 E &#69; Uppercase E

70 106 46 01000110 F &#70; Uppercase F

71 107 47 01000111 G &#71; Uppercase G

72 110 48 01001000 H &#72; Uppercase H

73 111 49 01001001 I &#73; Uppercase I

74 112 4A 01001010 J &#74; Uppercase J

75 113 4B 01001011 K &#75; Uppercase K

76 114 4C 01001100 L &#76; Uppercase L

77 115 4D 01001101 M &#77; Uppercase M

78 116 4E 01001110 N &#78; Uppercase N

79 117 4F 01001111 O &#79; Uppercase O

80 120 50 01010000 P &#80; Uppercase P

81 121 51 01010001 Q &#81; Uppercase Q

82 122 52 01010010 R &#82; Uppercase R

83 123 53 01010011 S &#83; Uppercase S

84 124 54 01010100 T &#84; Uppercase T

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85 125 55 01010101 U &#85; Uppercase U

86 126 56 01010110 V &#86; Uppercase V

87 127 57 01010111 W &#87; Uppercase W

88 130 58 01011000 X &#88; Uppercase X

89 131 59 01011001 Y &#89; Uppercase Y

90 132 5A 01011010 Z &#90; Uppercase Z

91 133 5B 01011011 [ &#91; Opening bracket

92 134 5C 01011100 \ &#92; Backslash

93 135 5D 01011101 ] &#93; Closing bracket

94 136 5E 01011110 ^ &#94; Caret - circumflex

95 137 5F 01011111 _ &#95; Underscore

96 140 60 01100000 ` &#96; Grave accent

97 141 61 01100001 a &#97; Lowercase a

98 142 62 01100010 b &#98; Lowercase b

99 143 63 01100011 c &#99; Lowercase c

100 144 64 01100100 d &#100; Lowercase d

101 145 65 01100101 e &#101; Lowercase e

102 146 66 01100110 f &#102; Lowercase f

103 147 67 01100111 g &#103; Lowercase g

104 150 68 01101000 h &#104; Lowercase h

105 151 69 01101001 i &#105; Lowercase i

106 152 6A 01101010 j &#106; Lowercase j

107 153 6B 01101011 k &#107; Lowercase k

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108 154 6C 01101100 l &#108; Lowercase l

109 155 6D 01101101 m &#109; Lowercase m

110 156 6E 01101110 n &#110; Lowercase n

111 157 6F 01101111 o &#111; Lowercase o

112 160 70 01110000 p &#112; Lowercase p

113 161 71 01110001 q &#113; Lowercase q

114 162 72 01110010 r &#114; Lowercase r

115 163 73 01110011 s &#115; Lowercase s

116 164 74 01110100 t &#116; Lowercase t

117 165 75 01110101 u &#117; Lowercase u

118 166 76 01110110 v &#118; Lowercase v

119 167 77 01110111 w &#119; Lowercase w

120 170 78 01111000 x &#120; Lowercase x

121 171 79 01111001 y &#121; Lowercase y

122 172 7A 01111010 z &#122; Lowercase z

123 173 7B 01111011 { &#123; Opening brace

124 174 7C 01111100 | &#124; Vertical bar

125 175 7D 01111101 } &#125; Closing brace

126 176 7E 01111110 ~ &#126; Equivalency sign (tilde)

127 177 7F 01111111 &#127; Delete

Extended ASCII Codes

Below is set of additional 128 Extended ASCII Codes according to ISO 8859-1, also called
ISO Latin-1.
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DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTMLCode Description

128 200 80 10000000 &#128; Euro sign

129 201 81 10000001

130 202 82 10000010 &#130; Single low-9 quotation mark

131 203 83 10000011 &#131; Latin small letter f with hook

132 204 84 10000100 &#132; Double low-9 quotation mark

133 205 85 10000101 &#133; Horizontal ellipsis

134 206 86 10000110 &#134; Dagger

135 207 87 10000111 &#135; Double dagger

136 210 88 10001000 &#136; Modifier letter circumflex accent

137 211 89 10001001 &#137; Per mille sign

138 212 8A 10001010 &#138; Latin capital letter S with caron

139 213 8B 10001011 &#139; Single left-pointing angle quotation

140 214 8C 10001100 &#140; Latin capital ligature OE

141 215 8D 10001101

142 216 8E 10001110 &#142; Latin capital letter Z with caron

143 217 8F 10001111

144 220 90 10010000

145 221 91 10010001 &#145; Left single quotation mark

146 222 92 10010010 &#146; Right single quotation mark

147 223 93 10010011 &#147; Left double quotation mark

148 224 94 10010100 &#148; Right double quotation mark

149 225 95 10010101 &#149; Bullet

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150 226 96 10010110 &#150; En dash

151 227 97 10010111 &#151; Em dash

152 230 98 10011000 &#152; Small tilde

153 231 99 10011001 &#153; Trade mark sign

154 232 9A 10011010 &#154; Latin small letter S with caron

Single right-pointing angle

155 233 9B 10011011 &#155;
quotation mark

156 234 9C 10011100 &#156; Latin small ligature oe

157 235 9D 10011101

158 236 9E 10011110 &#158; Latin small letter z with caron

159 237 9F 10011111 &#159; Latin capital letter Y with diaeresis

160 240 A0 10100000 &#160; Non-breaking space

161 241 A1 10100001 &#161; Inverted exclamation mark

162 242 A2 10100010 &#162; Cent sign

163 243 A3 10100011 &#163; Pound sign

164 244 A4 10100100 &#164; Currency sign

165 245 A5 10100101 &#165; Yen sign

166 246 A6 10100110 &#166; Pipe, Broken vertical bar

167 247 A7 10100111 &#167; Section sign

168 250 A8 10101000 &#168; Spacing diaeresis - umlaut

169 251 A9 10101001 &#169; Copyright sign

170 252 AA 10101010 &#170; Feminine ordinal indicator

171 253 AB 10101011 &#171; Left double angle quotes

172 254 AC 10101100 &#172; Not sign

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173 255 AD 10101101 &#173; Soft hyphen

174 256 AE 10101110 &#174; Registered trade mark sign

175 257 AF 10101111 &#175; Spacing macron - overline

176 260 B0 10110000 &#176; Degree sign

177 261 B1 10110001 &#177; Plus-or-minus sign

178 262 B2 10110010 &#178; Superscript two - squared

179 263 B3 10110011 &#179; Superscript three - cubed

180 264 B4 10110100 &#180; Acute accent - spacing acute

181 265 B5 10110101 &#181; Micro sign

182 266 B6 10110110 &#182; Pilcrow sign - paragraph sign

183 267 B7 10110111 &#183; Middle dot - Georgian comma

184 270 B8 10111000 &#184; Spacing cedilla

185 271 B9 10111001 &#185; Superscript one

186 272 BA 10111010 &#186; Masculine ordinal indicator

187 273 BB 10111011 &#187; Right double angle quotes

188 274 BC 10111100 &#188; Fraction one quarter

189 275 BD 10111101 &#189; Fraction one half

190 276 BE 10111110 &#190; Fraction three quarters

191 277 BF 10111111 &#191; Inverted question mark

192 300 C0 11000000 &#192; Latin capital letter A with grave

193 301 C1 11000001 &#193; Latin capital letter A with acute

194 302 C2 11000010 &#194; Latin capital letter A with circumflex

195 303 C3 11000011 &#195; Latin capital letter A with tilde

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196 304 C4 11000100 &#196; Latin capital letter A with diaeresis

197 305 C5 11000101 &#197; Latin capital letter A with ring above

198 306 C6 11000110 &#198; Latin capital letter AE

199 307 C7 11000111 &#199; Latin capital letter C with cedilla

200 310 C8 11001000 &#200; Latin capital letter E with grave

201 311 C9 11001001 &#201; Latin capital letter E with acute

202 312 CA 11001010 &#202; Latin capital letter E with circumflex

203 313 CB 11001011 &#203; Latin capital letter E with diaeresis

204 314 CC 11001100 &#204; Latin capital letter I with grave

205 315 CD 11001101 &#205; Latin capital letter I with acute

206 316 CE 11001110 &#206; Latin capital letter I with circumflex

207 317 CF 11001111 &#207; Latin capital letter I with diaeresis

208 320 D0 11010000 &#208; Latin capital letter ETH

209 321 D1 11010001 &#209; Latin capital letter N with tilde

210 322 D2 11010010 &#210; Latin capital letter O with grave

211 323 D3 11010011 &#211; Latin capital letter O with acute

212 324 D4 11010100 &#212; Latin capital letter O with circumflex

213 325 D5 11010101 &#213; Latin capital letter O with tilde

214 326 D6 11010110 &#214; Latin capital letter O with diaeresis

215 327 D7 11010111 &#215; Multiplication sign

216 330 D8 11011000 &#216; Latin capital letter O with slash

217 331 D9 11011001 &#217; Latin capital letter U with grave

218 332 DA 11011010 &#218; Latin capital letter U with acute

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219 333 DB 11011011 &#219; Latin capital letter U with circumflex

220 334 DC 11011100 &#220; Latin capital letter U with diaeresis

221 335 DD 11011101 &#221; Latin capital letter Y with acute

222 336 DE 11011110 &#222; Latin capital letter THORN

223 337 DF 11011111 &#223; Latin small letter sharp s - ess-zed

224 340 E0 11100000 &#224; Latin small letter a with grave

225 341 E1 11100001 &#225; Latin small letter a with acute

226 342 E2 11100010 &#226; Latin small letter a with circumflex

227 343 E3 11100011 &#227; Latin small letter a with tilde

228 344 E4 11100100 &#228; Latin small letter a with diaeresis

229 345 E5 11100101 &#229; Latin small letter a with ring above

230 346 E6 11100110 &#230; Latin small letter ae

231 347 E7 11100111 &#231; Latin small letter c with cedilla

232 350 E8 11101000 &#232; Latin small letter e with grave

233 351 E9 11101001 &#233; Latin small letter e with acute

234 352 EA 11101010 &#234; Latin small letter e with circumflex

235 353 EB 11101011 &#235; Latin small letter e with diaeresis

236 354 EC 11101100 &#236; Latin small letter i with grave

237 355 ED 11101101 &#237; Latin small letter i with acute

238 356 EE 11101110 &#238; Latin small letter i with circumflex

239 357 EF 11101111 &#239; Latin small letter i with diaeresis

240 360 F0 11110000 &#240; Latin small letter eth

241 361 F1 11110001 &#241; Latin small letter n with tilde

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242 362 F2 11110010 &#242; Latin small letter o with grave

243 363 F3 11110011 &#243; Latin small letter o with acute

244 364 F4 11110100 &#244; Latin small letter o with circumflex

245 365 F5 11110101 &#245; Latin small letter o with tilde

246 366 F6 11110110 &#246; Latin small letter o with diaeresis

247 367 F7 11110111 &#247; Division sign

248 370 F8 11111000 &#248; Latin small letter o with slash

249 371 F9 11111001 &#249; Latin small letter u with grave

250 372 FA 11111010 &#250; Latin small letter u with acute

251 373 FB 11111011 &#251; Latin small letter u with circumflex

252 374 FC 11111100 &#252; Latin small letter u with diaeresis

253 375 FD 11111101 &#253; Latin small letter y with acute

254 376 FE 11111110 &#254; Latin small letter thorn

255 377 FF 11111111 &#255; Latin small letter y with diaeresis

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 33. HTML COLOR NAMES HTML

The following table shows the 16 color names that were introduced in HTML 3.2:

Color Name Hex Value Color Show

aqua #00ffff Demo

black #000000 Demo

blue #0000ff Demo

fuchsia #ff00ff Demo

green #008000 Demo

gray #808080 Demo

lime #00ff00 Demo

maroon #800000 Demo

navy #000080 Demo

olive #808000 Demo

purple #800080 Demo

red #ff0000 Demo

silver #c0c0c0 Demo

teal #008080 Demo

white #ffffff Demo

yellow #ffff00 Demo

There are other colors which are not part of HTML or XHTML but they are supported by
most of the versions of major browsers.

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Color Name Hex Value Color Show

aliceblue #f0f8ff Demo

antiquewhite #faebd7 Demo

aquamarine #7fffd4 Demo

azure #f0ffff Demo

beige #f5f5dc Demo

bisque #ffe4c4 Demo

blanchedalmond #ffebcd Demo

blueviolet #8a2be2 Demo

brown #a52a2a Demo

burlywood #deb887 Demo

cadetblue #5f9ea0 Demo

chartreuse #7fff00 Demo

chocolate #d2691e Demo

coral #ff7f50 Demo

cornflowerblue #6495ed Demo

cornsilk #fff8dc Demo

crimson #dc143c Demo

cyan #00ffff Demo

darkblue #00008b Demo

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darkcyan #008b8b Demo

darkgoldenrod #b8860b Demo

darkgray #a9a9a9 Demo

darkgreen #006400 Demo

darkkhaki #bdb76b Demo

darkmagenta #8b008b Demo

darkolivegreen #556b2f Demo

darkorange #ff8c00 Demo

darkorchid #9932cc Demo

darkred #8b0000 Demo

darksalmon #e9967a Demo

darkseagreen #8fbc8f Demo

darkslateblue #483d8b Demo

darkslategray #2f4f4f Demo

darkturquoise #00ced1 Demo

darkviolet #9400d3 Demo

deeppink #ff1493 Demo

deepskyblue #00bfff Demo

dimgray #696969 Demo

dodgerblue #1e90ff Demo

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firebrick #b22222 Demo

floralwhite #fffaf0 Demo

forestgreen #228b22 Demo

gainsboro #dcdcdc Demo

ghostwhite #f8f8ff Demo

gold #ffd700 Demo

goldenrod #daa520 Demo

gray #808080 Demo

greenyellow #adff2f Demo

honeydew #f0fff0 Demo

hotpink #ff69b4 Demo

indianred #cd5c5c Demo

indigo #4b0082 Demo

ivory #fffff0 Demo

khaki #f0e68c Demo

lavender #e6e6fa Demo

lavenderblush #fff0f5 Demo

lawngreen #7cfc00 Demo

lemonchiffon #fffacd Demo

lightblue #add8e6 Demo

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lightcoral #f08080 Demo

lightcyan #e0ffff Demo

lightgoldenrodyellow #fafad2 Demo

lightgreen #90ee90 Demo

lightgrey #d3d3d3 Demo

lightpink #ffb6c1 Demo

lightsalmon #ffa07a Demo

lightseagreen #20b2aa Demo

lightskyblue #87cefa Demo

lightslategray #778899 Demo

lightsteelblue #b0c4de Demo

lightyellow #ffffe0 Demo

limegreen #32cd32 Demo

linen #faf0e6 Demo

magenta #ff00ff Demo

mediumblue #0000cd Demo

mediumorchid #ba55d3 Demo

mediumpurple #9370db Demo

midnightblue #191970 Demo

mistyrose #ffe4e1 Demo

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moccasin #ffe4b5 Demo

oldlace #fdf5e6 Demo

orange #ffa500 Demo

orchid #da70d6 Demo

peachpuff #ffdab9 Demo

peru #cd853f Demo

pink #ffc0cb Demo

plum #dda0dd Demo

purple #800080 Demo

rosybrown #bc8f8f Demo

royalblue #4169e1 Demo

salmon #fa8072 Demo

sandybrown #f4a460 Demo

seagreen #2e8b57 Demo

sienna #a0522d Demo

skyblue #87ceeb Demo

slateblue #6a5acd Demo

steelblue #4682b4 Demo

tan #d2b48c Demo

thistle #d8bfd8 Demo

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tomato #ff6347 Demo

violet #ee82ee Demo

wheat #f5deb3 Demo

whitesmoke #f5f5f5 Demo

yellow #ffff00 Demo

yellowgreen #9acd32 Demo

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 34. HTML ENTITIES HTML

Some characters are reserved in HTML and they have special meaning when used in HTML
document. For example, you cannot use the greater than and less than signs or angle
brackets within your HTML text because the browser will treat them differently and will try
to draw a meaning related to HTML tag.

HTML processors must support following five special characters listed in the table that
follows.

Symbol Description Entity Name Number Code

" quotation mark &quot; &#34;

' apostrophe &apos; &#39;

& ampersand &amp; &#38;

< less-than &lt; &#60;

> greater-than &gt; &#62;

Example
If you want to write <div id="character"> as a code, then you will have to write as follows:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Entities</title>
</head>
<body>
&lt;div id=&quot;character&quot;&gt;
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

<div id="character">

There is also a long list of special characters in HTML 4.0. In order for these to appear in
your document, you can use either the numerical codes or the entity names. For example,
to insert a copyright symbol you can use either of the following:

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 HTML

&copy; 2007
or
&#169; 2007

ISO 8859-1 Symbol Entities

Result Description Entity Name Number Code

non-breaking space &nbsp; &#160;

inverted exclamation mark &iexcl; &#161;

currency &curren; &#164;

cent &cent; &#162;

pound &pound; &#163;

yen &yen; &#165;

broken vertical bar &brvbar; &#166;

section &sect; &#167;

spacing diaeresis &uml; &#168;

copyright &copy; &#169;

feminine ordinal indicator &ordf; &#170;

angle quotation mark (left) &laquo; &#171;

negation &not; &#172;

soft hyphen &shy; &#173;

registered trademark &reg; &#174;

trademark &trade; &#8482;

spacing macron &macr; &#175;

degree &deg; &#176;

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plus-or-minus &plusmn; &#177;

superscript 2 &sup2; &#178;

superscript 3 &sup3; &#179;

spacing acute &acute; &#180;

micro &micro; &#181;

paragraph &para; &#182;

middle dot &middot; &#183;

spacing cedilla &cedil; &#184;

superscript 1 &sup1; &#185;

masculine ordinal indicator &ordm; &#186;

angle quotation mark (right) &raquo; &#187;

fraction 1/4 &frac14; &#188;

fraction 1/2 &frac12; &#189;

fraction 3/4 &frac34; &#190;

inverted question mark &iquest; &#191;

multiplication &times; &#215;

division &divide; &#247;

ISO 8859-1 Character Entities

Result Description Entity Name Number Code

capital a, grave accent &Agrave; &#192;

capital a, acute accent &Aacute; &#193;

capital a, circumflex accent &Acirc; &#194;

capital a, tilde &Atilde; &#195;

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capital a, umlaut mark &Auml; &#196;

capital a, ring &Aring; &#197;

capital ae &AElig; &#198;

capital c, cedilla &Ccedil; &#199;

capital e, grave accent &Egrave; &#200;

capital e, acute accent &Eacute; &#201;

capital e, circumflex accent &Ecirc; &#202;

capital e, umlaut mark &Euml; &#203;

capital i, grave accent &Igrave; &#204;

capital i, acute accent &Iacute; &#205;

capital i, circumflex accent &Icirc; &#206;

capital i, umlaut mark &Iuml; &#207;

capital eth, Icelandic &ETH; &#208;

capital n, tilde &Ntilde; &#209;

capital o, grave accent &Ograve; &#210;

capital o, acute accent &Oacute; &#211;

capital o, circumflex accent &Ocirc; &#212;

capital o, tilde &Otilde; &#213;

capital o, umlaut mark &Ouml; &#214;

capital o, slash &Oslash; &#216;

capital u, grave accent &Ugrave; &#217;

capital u, acute accent &Uacute; &#218;

capital u, circumflex accent &Ucirc; &#219;

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capital u, umlaut mark &Uuml; &#220;

capital y, acute accent &Yacute; &#221;

capital THORN, Icelandic &THORN; &#222;

small sharp s, German &szlig; &#223;

small a, grave accent &agrave; &#224;

small a, acute accent &aacute; &#225;

small a, circumflex accent &acirc; &#226;

small a, tilde &atilde; &#227;

small a, umlaut mark &auml; &#228;

small a, ring &aring; &#229;

small ae &aelig; &#230;

small c, cedilla &ccedil; &#231;

small e, grave accent &egrave; &#232;

small e, acute accent &eacute; &#233;

small e, circumflex accent &ecirc; &#234;

small e, umlaut mark &euml; &#235;

small i, grave accent &igrave; &#236;

small i, acute accent &iacute; &#237;

small i, circumflex accent &icirc; &#238;

small i, umlaut mark &iuml; &#239;

small eth, Icelandic &eth; &#240;

small n, tilde &ntilde; &#241;

small o, grave accent &ograve; &#242;

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small o, acute accent &oacute; &#243;

small o, circumflex accent &ocirc; &#244;

small o, tilde &otilde; &#245;

small o, umlaut mark &ouml; &#246;

small o, slash &oslash; &#248;

small u, grave accent &ugrave; &#249;

small u, acute accent &uacute; &#250;

small u, circumflex accent &ucirc; &#251;

small u, umlaut mark &uuml; &#252;

small y, acute accent &yacute; &#253;

small thorn, Icelandic &thorn; &#254;

small y, umlaut mark &yuml; &#255;

Other Entities Supported by HTML Browsers

Result Description Entity Name Number Code

capital ligature OE &OElig; &#338;

small ligature oe &oelig; &#339;

capital S with caron &Scaron; &#352;

small S with caron &scaron; &#353;

capital Y with diaeres &Yuml; &#376;

modifier letter circumflex accent &circ; &#710;

small tilde &tilde; &#732;

en space &ensp; &#8194;

em space &emsp; &#8195;

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thin space &thinsp; &#8201;

zero width non-joiner &zwnj; &#8204;

zero width joiner &zwj; &#8205;

left-to-right mark &lrm; &#8206;

right-to-left mark &rlm; &#8207;

en dash &ndash; &#8211;

em dash &mdash; &#8212;

left single quotation mark &lsquo; &#8216;

right single quotation mark &rsquo; &#8217;

single low-9 quotation mark &sbquo; &#8218;

left double quotation mark &ldquo; &#8220;

right double quotation mark &rdquo; &#8221;

double low-9 quotation mark &bdquo; &#8222;

dagger &dagger; &#8224;

double dagger &Dagger; &#8225;

horizontal ellipsis &hellip; &#8230;

per mille &permil; &#8240;

single left-pointing angle quotation &lsaquo; &#8249;

single right-pointing angle quotation &rsaquo; &#8250;

euro &euro; &#8364;

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 35. MIME MEDIA TYPES HTML

MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) media types were originally devised so that
e-mails could include information other than plain text. MIME media types indicate the
following things:

How different parts of a message, such as text and attachments, are combined into
the message.

The way in which each part of the message is specified.

The way different items are encoded for transmission so that even software that
was designed to work only with ASCII text can process the message.

Now MIME types are not just for use with e-mail; they have been adopted by Web servers
as a way to tell Web browsers what type of material was being sent to them so that they
can cope with that kind of messages correctly.

MIME content types consist of two parts:

A main type
A sub-type

The main type is separated from the subtype by a forward slash character. For example,
text/html for HTML.

This chapter is organized for the main types:

text
image
multipart
audio
video
message
model
application

Following are subtypes for text:

calendar css directory

enriched html parityfec

plain vnd.curl prs.lines.tag

rfc822-headers richtext rtf

sgml t140 tab-separated-values

uri-list vnd.abc prs.fallenstein.rst

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 HTML

vnd.DMClientScript vnd.fly vnd.fmi.flexstor

vnd.in3d.3dml vnd.in3d.spot vnd.IPTC.NewsML

vnd.IPTC.NITF vnd.latex-z vnd.motorola.reflex

vnd.ms-mediapackage vnd.wap.wml vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor

vnd.wap.si vnd.wap.sl vnd.net2phone.commcenter.command

vnd.wap.wmlscript xml xml-external-parsed-entityvnd.wap.wml

Following are subtypes for image:

bmp cgm g3fax

gif ief jpeg

naplps png prs.btif

prs.pti t38 vnd.fujixerox.edmics-rlc

tiff-fx vnd.cns.inf2 vnd.djvu

vnd.dwg vnd.dxf vnd.fastbidsheet

vnd.fpx vnd.fst vnd.fujixerox.edmics-mmr

vnd.xiff tiff vnd.microsoft.icon

vnd.mix vnd.ms-modi vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.gif

vnd.net-fpx vnd.sealed.png vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.jpg

vnd.svf vnd.wap.wbmp vnd.globalgraphics.pgb

x-portable-pixmap x-xbitmap

Following are subtypes for multipart:

alternative appledouble byteranges

digest encrypted form-data

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 HTML

header-set mixed parallel

related report signed

voice-messagerelated &nsbp; &nsbp;

Following are subtypes for audio:

32kadpcm GSM-EFR vnd.3gpp.iufp

AMR L8 vnd.cisco.nse

AMR-WB L16 vnd.cns.anp1

basic L20 vnd.cns.inf1

CN L24 vnd.digital-winds

DAT12 LPC vnd.everad.plj

dsr-es201108 MPA vnd.lucent.voice

DVI4 MP4A-LATM vnd.nokia.mobile-xmf

EVRC mpa-robust vnd.nortel.vbk

EVRC0 mpeg vnd.nuera.ecelp4800

EVRC-QCP mpeg4-generic vnd.nuera.ecelp7470

G722 parityfec vnd.nuera.ecelp9600

G.722.1 PCMA vnd.octel.sbc

G723 PCMU vnd.qcelp.deprecated,use audio/qcelp

G726-16 prs.sid vnd.rhetorex.32kadpcm

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 HTML

G726-24 QCELP vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.mpeg

G726-32 RED vnd.vmx.cvsd

G726-40 SMV x-aiff

G728 SMV0 x-midi

G729 SMV-QCP x-mod

G729D telephone-event x-mp3

G729E tone x-wav

GSM VDVI

Following are subtypes for video:

BMPEG MP4V-ES vnd.mpegurl

BT656 MPV vnd.nokia.interleaved-multimedia

CelB mpeg vnd.objectvideo

DV mpeg4-generic vnd.sealed.mpeg1

H261 nv vnd.sealed.mpeg4

H263 parityfec vnd.sealed.swf

H263-1998 pointer vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.mov

H263-2000 quicktime vnd.vivo

JPEG SMPTE292M x-sgi-movie

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MP1S vnd.fvt x-msvideo

MP2P vnd.motorola.video

MP2T vnd.motorola.videop

Following are subtypes for message:

CPIM http s-http

delivery-status news sip

disposition-notification partial sipfrag

external-body rfc822

Following are subtypes for model:

iges vnd.gdl vnd.parasolid.transmit.binary

mesh vnd.gs-gdl vnd.parasolid.transmit.text

vnd.dwf vnd.gtw vnd.vtu

vnd.flatland.3dml vnd.mts vrml

Following are subtypes for application:

activemessage andrew-inset

applefile atomicmail

batch-SMTP beep+xml

cals-1840 cnrp+xml

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commonground cpl+xml

cybercash dca-rft

dec-dx dicom

dvcs EDI-Consent

EDIFACT eshop

font-tdpfr http

hyperstudio iges

index index.cmd

index.obj index.response

index.vnd iotp

ipp isup

mac-binhex40 macwriteii

marc mathematica

mpeg4-generic msword

news-message-id news-transmission

ocsp-request ocsp-response

octet-stream oda

ogg parityfec

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 HTML

pdf pgp-encrypted

pgp-keys pgp-signature

pidf+xml pkcs10

pkcs7-mime pkcs7-signature

pkix-cert pkixcmp

pkix-crl pkix-pkipath

postscript prs.alvestrand.titrax-sheet

prs.cww prs.nprend

prs.plucker qsig

reginfo+xml remote-printing

riscos rtf

sdp set-payment

set-payment-initiation set-registration

set-registration-initiation sgml

sgml-open-catalog sieve

slate timestamp-query

timestamp-reply tve-trigger

vemmi vnd.3gpp.pic-bw-large

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vnd.3gpp.pic-bw-small vnd.3gpp.pic-bw-var

vnd.3gpp.sms vnd.3M.Post-it-Notes

vnd.accpac.simply.aso vnd.accpac.simply.imp

vnd.acucobol vnd.acucorp

vnd.adobe.xfdf vnd.aether.imp

vnd.amiga.ami vnd.anser-web-certificate-issue-initiation

vnd.audiograph vnd.anser-web-funds-transfer-initiation

vnd.blueice.multipass vnd.bmi

vnd.businessobjects vnd.canon-cpdl

vnd.canon-lips vnd.cinderella

vnd.claymore vnd.commerce-battelle

vnd.commonspace vnd.cosmocaller

vnd.contact.cmsg vnd.criticaltools.wbs+xml

vnd.ctc-posml vnd.cups-postscript

vnd.cups-raster vnd.cups-raw

vnd.curl vnd.cybank

vnd.data-vision.rdz vnd.dna

vnd.dpgraph vnd.dreamfactory

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 HTML

vnd.dxr vnd.ecdis-update

vnd.ecowin.chart vnd.ecowin.filerequest

vnd.ecowin.fileupdate vnd.ecowin.series

vnd.ecowin.seriesrequest vnd.ecowin.seriesupdate

vnd.enliven vnd.epson.esf

vnd.epson.msf vnd.epson.quickanime

vnd.epson.salt vnd.epson.ssf

vnd.ericsson.quickcall vnd.eudora.data

vnd.fdf vnd.ffsns

vnd.fints vnd.FloGraphIt

vnd.framemaker vnd.fsc.weblaunch

vnd.fujitsu.oasys vnd.fujitsu.oasys2

vnd.fujitsu.oasys3 vnd.fujitsu.oasysgp

vnd.fujitsu.oasysprs vnd.fujixerox.ddd

vnd.fujixerox.docuworks vnd.fujixerox.docuworks.binder

vnd.fut-misnet vnd.genomatix.tuxedo

vnd.grafeq vnd.groove-account

vnd.groove-help vnd.groove-identity-message

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 HTML

vnd.groove-injector vnd.groove-tool-message

vnd.groove-tool-template vnd.groove-vcard

vnd.hbci vnd.hhe.lesson-player

vnd.hp-HPGL vnd.hp-hpid

vnd.hp-hps vnd.hp-PCL

vnd.hp-PCLXL vnd.httphone

vnd.hzn-3d-crossword vnd.ibm.afplinedata

vnd.ibm.electronic-media vnd.ibm.MiniPay

vnd.ibm.modcap vnd.ibm.rights-management

vnd.ibm.secure-container vnd.informix-visionary

vnd.intercon.formnet vnd.intertrust.digibox

vnd.intertrust.nncp vnd.japannet-registration-wakeup

vnd.intu.qfx vnd.ipunplugged.rcprofile

vnd.irepository.package+xml vnd.is-xpr

vnd.japannet-directory-service vnd.japannet-jpnstore-wakeup

vnd.japannet-payment-wakeup vnd.japannet-registration

vnd.intu.qbo vnd.japannet-setstore-wakeup

vnd.japannet-verification vnd.japannet-verification-wakeup

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vnd.jisp vnd.kde.karbon

vnd.kde.kchart vnd.kde.kformula

vnd.kde.kivio vnd.kde.kontour

vnd.kde.kpresenter vnd.kde.kspread

vnd.kde.kword vnd.kenameaapp

vnd.kidspiration vnd.koan

vnd.liberty-request+xml vnd.llamagraphics.life-balance.desktop

vnd.lotus-1-2-3 vnd.llamagraphics.life-balance.exchange+xml

vnd.lotus-approach vnd.lotus-freelance

vnd.lotus-notes vnd.lotus-organizer

vnd.lotus-screencam vnd.lotus-wordpro

vnd.mcd vnd.mediastation.cdkey

vnd.meridian-slingshot vnd.micrografx.flo

vnd.micrografx.igx vnd.mif

vnd.minisoft-hp3000-save vnd.mitsubishi.misty-guard.trustweb

vnd.Mobius.DAF vnd.Mobius.DIS

vnd.Mobius.MBK vnd.Mobius.MQY

vnd.Mobius.MSL vnd.Mobius.PLC

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 HTML

vnd.Mobius.TXF vnd.mophun.application

vnd.mophun.certificate vnd.motorola.flexsuite

vnd.motorola.flexsuite.adsi vnd.motorola.flexsuite.fis

vnd.motorola.flexsuite.gotap vnd.motorola.flexsuite.kmr

vnd.motorola.flexsuite.ttc vnd.motorola.flexsuite.wem

vnd.mozilla.xul+xml vnd.ms-artgalry

vnd.ms-asf vnd.mseq

vnd.ms-excel vnd.msign

vnd.ms-lrm vnd.ms-powerpoint

vnd.ms-project vnd.ms-tnef

vnd.ms-works vnd.ms-wpl

vnd.musician vnd.music-niff

vnd.nervana vnd.netfpx

vnd.noblenet-directory vnd.noblenet-sealer

vnd.noblenet-web vnd.novadigm.EDM

vnd.novadigm.EDX vnd.novadigm.EXT

vnd.obn vnd.osa.netdeploy

vnd.palm vnd.paos.xml

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vnd.pg.format vnd.picsel

vnd.pg.osasli vnd.powerbuilder6

vnd.powerbuilder6-s vnd.powerbuilder7

vnd.powerbuilder75 vnd.powerbuilder75-s

vnd.powerbuilder7-s vnd.previewsystems.box

vnd.publishare-delta-tree vnd.pvi.ptid1

vnd.pwg-multiplexed [RFC3391] vnd.pwg-xhtml-print+xml

vnd.Quark.QuarkXPress vnd.rapid

vnd.s3sms vnd.sealed.doc

vnd.sealed.eml vnd.sealed.mht

vnd.sealed.net vnd.sealed.ppt

vnd.sealed.xls vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.html

vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.pdf vnd.shana.informed.interchange

vnd.shana.informed.formdata vnd.shana.informed.formtemplate

vnd.seemail vnd.shana.informed.package

vnd.smaf vnd.sss-cod

vnd.sss-dtf vnd.sss-ntf

vnd.street-stream vnd.svd

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vnd.swiftview-ics vnd.triscape.mxs

vnd.trueapp vnd.truedoc

vnd.ufdl vnd.uiq.theme

vnd.uplanet.alert vnd.uplanet.alert-wbxml

vnd.uplanet.bearer-choice vnd.uplanet.bearer-choice-wbxml

vnd.uplanet.cacheop vnd.uplanet.cacheop-wbxml

vnd.uplanet.channel vnd.uplanet.channel-wbxml

vnd.uplanet.list vnd.uplanet.listcmd

vnd.uplanet.listcmd-wbxml vnd.uplanet.list-wbxml

vnd.uplanet.signal vnd.vcx

vnd.vectorworks vnd.vidsoft.vidconference

vnd.visio vnd.visionary

vnd.vividence.scriptfile vnd.vsf

vnd.wap.sic vnd.wap.slc

vnd.wap.wbxml vnd.wap.wmlc

vnd.wap.wmlscriptc vnd.webturbo

vnd.wqd vnd.wrq-hp3000-labelled

vnd.wt.stf vnd.wv.csp+xml

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vnd.wv.csp+wbxml vnd.wv.ssp+xml

vnd.xara vnd.xfdl

vnd.yamaha.hv-dic vnd.yamaha.hv-script

vnd.yamaha.hv-voice vnd.yamaha.smaf-audio

vnd.yamaha.smaf-phrase vnd.yellowriver-custom-menu

watcherinfo+xml whoispp-query

whoispp-response wita

wordperfect5.1 x400-bp

x-debian-package x-java

x-javascript x-gzip

x-msaccess x-msexcel

x-mspowerpoint x-rpm

x-zip xhtml+xml

xml xml-dtd

xml-external-parsed-entity zip

For example, the text main type contains types of plain text files, such as:

text/plain for plain text files

text/html for HTML files
text/rtf for text files using rich text formatting

MIME types are officially supposed to be assigned and listed by the Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority (IANA).

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Many of the popular MIME types in this list (all those begin with "x-") are not assigned by
the IANA and do not have official status. You can see the list of official MIME types at
http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/. Those preceded with .vnd are vendor-
specific.

When specifying the MIME type of a content-type field you can also indicate the character
set for the text being used. If you do not specify a character set, the default is US-ASCII.
For example:

content-type:text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1

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 36. HTML URL ENCODING HTML

URL encoding is the practice of translating unprintable characters or characters with special
meaning within URLs to a representation that is unambiguous and universally accepted by
web browsers and servers. These characters include:

ASCII control characters: Unprintable characters typically used for output

control. Character ranges 00-1F hex (0-31 decimal) and 7F (127 decimal). A
complete encoding table is given below.

Non-ASCII control characters: These are characters beyond the ASCII character
set of 128 characters. This range is part of the ISO-Latin character set and includes
the entire "top half" of the ISO-Latin set 80-FF hex (128-255 decimal). A complete
encoding table is given below.

Reserved characters: These are special characters such as the dollar sign,
ampersand, plus, common, forward slash, colon, semi-colon, equals sign, question
mark, and "at" symbol. All of these can have different meanings inside a URL so
need to be encoded. A complete encoding table is given below.

Unsafe characters: These are space, quotation marks, less than symbol, greater
than symbol, pound character, percent character, Left Curly Brace, Right Curly
Brace, Pipe, Backslash, Caret, Tilde, Left Square Bracket, Right Square Bracket,
Grave Accent. These character present the possibility of being misunderstood
within URLs for various reasons. These characters should also always be encoded.
A complete encoding table is given below.

The encoding notation replaces the desired character with three characters: a percent sign
and two hexadecimal digits that correspond to the position of the character in the ASCII
character set.

Example
One of the most common special characters is a white space. You can't type a space in a
URL directly. A space position in the character set is 20 hexadecimals. So you can use
%20 in place of a space when passing your request to the server.

http://www.example.com/new%20pricing.htm

This URL actually retrieves a document named "new pricing.htm" from the
www.example.com

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ASCII Control Characters Encoding

This includes the encoding for character ranges 00-1F hex (0-31 decimal) and 7F (127
decimal)

Decimal Hex Value Character URL Encode

0 00 %00

1 01 %01

2 02 %02

3 03 %03

4 04 %04

5 05 %05

6 06 %06

7 07 %07

8 08 backspace %08

9 09 tab %09

10 0a linefeed %0a

11 0b %0b

12 0c %0c

13 0d carriage return %0d

14 0e %0e

15 0f %0f

16 10 %10

17 11 %11

18 12 %12

19 13 %13

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20 14 %14

21 15 %15

22 16 %16

23 17 %17

24 18 %18

25 19 %19

26 1a %1a

27 1b %1b

28 1c %1c

29 1d %1d

30 1e %1e

31 1f %1f

127 7f %7f

Non-ASCII control characters encoding

This includes the encoding for the entire "top half" of the ISO-Latin set 80-FF hex (128-
255 decimal.)

Decimal Hex Value Character URL Encode

128 80 %80

129 81 %81

130 82 %82

131 83 %83

132 84 %84

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133 85 %85

134 86 %86

135 87 %87

136 88 %88

137 89 %89

138 8a %8a

139 8b %8b

140 8c %8c

141 8d %8d

142 8e %8e

143 8f %8f

144 90 %90

145 91 %91

146 92 %92

147 93 %93

148 94 %94

149 95 %95

150 96 %96

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151 97 %97

152 98 %98

153 99 %99

154 9a %9a

155 9b %9b

156 9c %9c

157 9d %9d

158 9e %9e

159 9f %9f

160 a0 %a0

161 a1 %a1

162 a2 %a2

163 a3 %a3

164 a4 %a4

165 a5 %a5

166 a6 %a6

167 a7 %a7

168 a8 %a8

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169 a9 %a9

170 aa %aa

171 ab %ab

172 ac %ac

173 ad %ad

174 ae %ae

175 af %af

176 b0 %b0

177 b1 %b1

178 b2 %b2

179 b3 %b3

180 b4 %b4

181 b5 %b5

182 b6 %b6

183 b7 %b7

184 b8 %b8

185 b9 %b9

186 ba %ba

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187 bb %bb

188 bc %bc

189 bd %bd

190 be %be

191 bf %bf

192 c0 %c0

193 c1 %c1

194 c2 %c2

195 c3 %c3

196 c4 %c4

197 c5 %c5

198 c6 %v6

199 c7 %c7

200 c8 %c8

201 c9 %c9

202 ca %ca

203 cb %cb

204 cc %cc

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205 cd %cd

206 ce %ce

207 cf %cf

208 d0 %d0

209 d1 %d1

210 d2 %d2

211 d3 %d3

212 d4 %d4

213 d5 %d5

214 d6 %d6

215 d7 %d7

216 d8 %d8

217 d9 %d9

218 da %da

219 db %db

220 dc %dc

221 dd %dd

222 de %de

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223 df %df

224 e0 %e0

225 e1 %e1

226 e2 %e2

227 e3 %e3

228 e4 %e4

229 e5 %e5

230 e6 %e6

231 e7 %e7

232 e8 %e8

233 e9 %e9

234 ea %ea

235 eb %eb

236 ec %ec

237 ed %ed

238 ee %ee

239 ef %ef

240 f0 %f0

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241 f1 %f1

242 f2 %f2

243 f3 %f3

244 f4 %f4

245 f5 %f5

246 f6 %f6

247 f7 %f7

248 f8 %f8

249 f9 %f9

250 fa %fa

251 fb %fb

252 fc %fc

253 fd %fd

254 fe %fe

255 ff %ff

Reserved Characters Encoding

Following is the table to be used to encode reserved characters.

Decimal Hex Value Char URL Encode

36 24 $ %24

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38 26 & %26

43 2b + %2b

44 2c , %2c

47 2f / %2f

58 3a : %3a

59 3b ; %3b

61 3d = %3d

63 3f ? %3f

64 40 @ %40

Unsafe Characters Encoding

Following is the table to be used to encode unsafe characters.

Decimal Hex Value Char URL Encode

32 20 space %20

34 22 " %22

60 3c < %3c

62 3e > %3e

35 23 # %23

37 25 % %25

123 7b { %7b

125 7d } %7d

124 7c | %7c

92 5c \ %5c

94 5e ^ %5e

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126 7e ~ %7e

91 5b [ %5b

93 5d ] %5d

96 60 ` %60

404
 37. LANGUAGE ISO CODES HTML

The following is a draft list of language code correspondences between ISO codes,
Microsoft codes, and Macintosh codes. Source of this information is Unicode Consortium.

Language Codes: ISO 639, Microsoft

ISO
Language Windows Name Win Code
Code

Abkhazian ab

Afar aa

Afrikaans af LANG_AFRIKAANS 0x36

Albanian sq LANG_ALBANIAN 0x1c

Amharic am (no constant defined) 0x5e

Arabic ar LANG_ARABIC 0x01

Armenian hy LANG_ARMENIAN 0x2b

Assamese as LANG_ASSAMESE 0x4d

Aymara ay

Azerbaijani az LANG_AZERI 0x2c

Bashkir ba

Basque eu LANG_BASQUE 0x2d

Bengali
bn LANG_BENGALI 0x45
(Bangla)

Bhutani dz

Bihari bh

Bislama bi

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Breton br

Bulgarian bg LANG_BULGARIAN 0x02

Burmese my (no constant defined) 0x55

Byelorussian
be LANG_BELARUSIAN 0x23
(Belarusian)

Cambodian km (no constant defined) 0x53

Catalan ca LANG_CATALAN 0x03

Cherokee (no constant defined) 0x5c

Chewa

Chinese LANG_CHINESE 0x04

zh
(Simplified) (SUBLANG_CHINESE_SIMPLIFIED) (0x0804)

Chinese LANG_CHINESE 0x04

zh
(Traditional) (SUBLANG_CHINESE_TRADITIONAL) (0x0404)

Corsican co

Croatian hr LANG_CROATIAN 0x1a

Czech cs LANG_CZECH 0x05

Danish da LANG_DANISH 0x06

Divehi LANG_DIVEHI 0x65

Dutch nl LANG_DUTCH 0x13

Edo (no constant defined) 0x66

English en LANG_ENGLISH 0x09

Esperanto eo

Estonian et LANG_ESTONIAN 0x25

Faeroese fo LANG_FAEROESE 0x38

Farsi fa LANG_FARSI 0x29

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Fiji fj

Finnish fi LANG_FINNISH 0x0b

0x13
Flemish LANG_DUTCH (SUBLANG_DUTCH_BELGIAN)
(0x0813)

French fr LANG_FRENCH 0x0c

Frisian fy (no constant defined) 0x62

Fulfulde (no constant defined) 0x67

Galician gl LANG_GALICIAN 0x56

Gaelic 0x3c
gd (no constant defined)
(Scottish) (0x043c)

Gaelic (Manx) gv

Georgian ka LANG_GEORGIAN 0x37

German de LANG_GERMAN 0x07

Greek el LANG_GREEK 0x08

Greenlandic kl

Guarani gn (no constant defined) 0x74

Gujarati gu LANG_GUJARATI 0x47

Hausa ha (no constant defined) 0x68

Hawaiian (no constant defined) 0x75

he,
Hebrew LANG_HEBREW 0x0d
iw*

Hindi hi LANG_HINDI 0x39

Hungarian hu LANG_HUNGARIAN 0x0e

Ibibio (no constant defined) 0x69

Icelandic is LANG_ICELANDIC 0x0f

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Igbo (no constant defined) 0x70

Indonesian id, in* LANG_INDONESIAN 0x21

Interlingua ia

Interlingue ie

Inuktitut iu (no constant defined) 0x5d

Inupiak ik

0x3c
Irish ga (no constant defined)
(0x083c)

Italian it LANG_ITALIAN 0x10

Japanese ja LANG_JAPANESE 0x11

Javanese jv

Kannada kn LANG_KANNADA 0x4b

Kanuri (no constant defined) 0x71

Kashmiri ks LANG_KASHMIRI 0x60

Kazakh kk LANG_KAZAK 0x3f

Kinyarwanda
rw
(Ruanda)

Kirghiz ky LANG_KYRGYZ 0x40

Kirundi (Rundi) rn

Konkani LANG_KONKANI 0x57

Korean ko LANG_KOREAN 0x12

Kurdish ku

Laothian lo (no constant defined) 0x54

Latin la (no constant defined) 0x76

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Latvian
lv LANG_LATVIAN 0x26
(Lettish)

Limburgish (
li
Limburger)

Lingala ln

Lithuanian lt LANG_LITHUANIAN 0x27

Macedonian mk LANG_MACEDONIAN 0x2f

Malagasy mg

Malay ms LANG_MALAY 0x3e

Malayalam ml LANG_MALAYALAM 0x4c

LANG_MANIPURI 0x58

Maltese mt (no constant defined) 0x3a

Maori mi

Marathi mr LANG_MARATHI 0x4e

Moldavian mo

Mongolian mn LANG_MONGOLIAN 0x50

Nauru na

Nepali ne LANG_NEPALI 0x61

Norwegian no LANG_NORWEGIAN 0x14

Occitan oc

Oriya or LANG_ORIYA 0x48

Oromo (Afan,
om (no constant defined) 0x72
Galla)

Papiamentu (no constant defined) 0x79

Pashto (Pushto) ps (no constant defined) 0x63

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Polish pl LANG_POLISH 0x15

Portuguese pt LANG_PORTUGUESE 0x16

Punjabi pa LANG_PUNJABI 0x46

Quechua qu

Rhaeto-
rm (no constant defined) 0x17
Romance

Romanian ro LANG_ROMANIAN 0x18

Russian ru LANG_RUSSIAN 0x19

Sami (Lappish) (no constant defined) 0x3b

Samoan sm

Sangro sg

Sanskrit sa LANG_SANSKRIT 0x4f

0x1a
LANG_SERBIAN (SUBLANG_SERBIAN_LATIN or
Serbian sr (0x081a or
SUBLANG_SERBIAN_CYRILLIC)
0x0c1a)

Serbo-Croatian sh

Sesotho st

Setswana tn

Shona sn

Sindhi sd LANG_SINDHI 0x59

Sinhalese si (no constant defined) 0x5b

Siswati ss

Slovak sk LANG_SLOVAK 0x1b

Slovenian sl LANG_SLOVENIAN 0x24

Somali so (no constant defined) 0x77

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Spanish es LANG_SPANISH 0x0a

Sundanese su

Swahili
sw LANG_SWAHILI 0x41
(Kiswahili)

Swedish sv LANG_SWEDISH 0x1d

Syriac LANG_SYRIAC 0x5a

Tagalog tl (no constant defined) 0x64

Tajik tg (no constant defined) 0x28

Tamazight (no constant defined) 0x5f

Tamil ta LANG_TAMIL 0x49

Tatar tt LANG_TATAR 0x44

Telugu te LANG_TELUGU 0x4a

Thai th LANG_THAI 0x1e

Tibetan bo (no constant defined) 0x51

Tigrinya ti (no constant defined) 0x73

Tonga to

Tsonga ts (no constant defined) 0x31

Turkish tr LANG_TURKISH 0x1f

Turkmen tk (no constant defined) 0x42

Twi tw

Uighur ug

Ukrainian uk LANG_UKRAINIAN 0x22

Urdu ur LANG_URDU 0x20

Uzbek uz LANG_UZBEK 0x43

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Venda (no constant defined) 0x33

Vietnamese vi LANG_VIETNAMESE 0x2a

Volap?k vo

Welsh cy (no constant defined) 0x52

Wolof wo

Xhosa xh (no constant defined) 0x34

Yi (no constant defined) 0x78

Yiddish yi, ji* (no constant defined) 0x3d

Yoruba yo (no constant defined) 0x6a

Zulu zu (no constant defined) 0x35

Language Codes: ISO 639, Macintosh

ISO
Language Mac Name Mac Code
Code

Abkhazian ab

Afar aa

Afrikaans af langAfricaans 141

Albanian sq langAlbanian 36

Amharic am langAmharic 85

Arabic ar langArabic 12

Armenian hy langArmenian 51

Assamese as langAssamese 68

Aymara ay langAymara 134

langAzerbaijani(Cyrllic), 49(C),
Azerbaijani az
langAzerbaijanAr(Arabic) 50(A)

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Bashkir ba

Basque eu langBasque 129

Bengali (Bangla) bn langBengali 67

Bhutani dz langDzongkha 137

Bihari bh

Bislama bi

Breton br langBreton 142

Bulgarian bg langBulgarian 44

Burmese my langBurmese 77

Byelorussian
be langByelorussian 46
(Belarusian)

Cambodian km langKhmer 78

Catalan ca langCatalan 130

Cherokee

Chewa langChewa 92

Chinese (Simplified) zh langSimpChinese 33

Chinese
zh langTradChinese 19
(Traditional)

Corsican co

Croatian hr langCroatian 18

Czech cs langCzech 38

Danish da langDanish 7

Divehi

Dutch nl langDutch 4

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Edo

English en langEnglish 0

Esperanto eo langEsperanto 94

Estonian et langEstonian 27

Faeroese fo langFaeroese 30

Farsi fa langFarsi, langPersian 31

Fiji fj

Finnish fi langFinnish 13

Flemish langFlemish 34

French fr langFrench 1

Frisian fy

Fulfulde

Galician gl langGalician 140

Gaelic (Scottish) gd langScottishGaelic 144

Gaelic (Manx) gv langManxGaelic 145

Georgian ka langGeorgian 52

German de langGerman 2

langGreek (monotonic), langGreekPoly 14(m),

Greek el
(polytonic) 148(p)

Greenlandic kl

Guarani gn langGuarani 133

Gujarati gu langGujarati 69

Hausa ha

Hawaiian

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Hebrew he, iw* langHebrew 10

Hindi hi langHindi 21

Hungarian hu langHungarian 26

Ibibio

Icelandic is langIcelandic 15

Igbo

Indonesian id, in* langIndonesian 81

Interlingua ia

Interlingue ie

Inuktitut iu langInuktitut 143

Inupiak ik

langIrishGaelic (normal), langIrishGaelicScr

Irish ga 35, 146
(dots above)

Italian it langItalian 3

Japanese ja langJapanese 11

Javanese jv langJavaneseRom 138

Kannada kn langKannada 73

Kanuri

Kashmiri ks langKashmiri 61

Kazakh kk langKazakh 48

Kinyarwanda
rw langKiryarwanda (langRuanda) 90
(Ruanda)

Kirghiz ky langKirghiz 54

Kirundi (Rundi) rn langRundi 91

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Konkani

Korean ko langKorean 23

Kurdish ku langKurdish 60

Laothian lo langLao 79

Latin la langLatin 131

Latvian (Lettish) lv langLatvian 28

Limburgish (
li
Limburger)

Lingala ln

Lithuanian lt langLithuanian 24

Macedonian mk langMacedonian 43

Malagasy mg langMalagasy 93

langMalayRoman(Latin), 83(L),
Malay ms
langMalayArabic(Arabic) 84(A)

Malayalam ml langMalayalam 72

Maltese mt langMaltese 16

Maori mi

Marathi mr langMarathi 66

Moldavian mo langMoldavian 53

langMongolian(Mongolian), 57(M),
Mongolian mn
langMongolianCyr(Cyrillic) 58(C)

Nauru na

Nepali ne langNepali 64

Norwegian no langNorwegian 9

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Occitan oc

Oriya or langOriya 71

Oromo (Afan, Galla) om langOromo (langGalla) 87

Papiamentu

Pashto (Pushto) ps langPashto 59

Polish pl langPolish 25

Portuguese pt langPortuguese 8

Punjabi pa langPunjabi 70

Quechua qu langQuechua 132

Rhaeto-Romance rm

Romanian ro langRomanian 37

Russian ru langRussian 32

Sami (Lappish) langSami (langLappish) 29

Samoan sm

Sangro sg

Sanskrit sa langSanskrit 65

Serbian sr langSerbian 42

Serbo-Croatian sh

Sesotho st

Setswana tn

Shona sn

Sindhi sd langSindhi 62

Sinhalese si langSinhalese 76

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Siswati ss

Slovak sk langSlovak 39

Slovenian sl langSlovenian 40

Somali so langSomali 88

Spanish es langSpanish 6

Sundanese su langSundaneseRom 139

Swahili (Kiswahili) sw langSwahili 89

Swedish sv langSwedish 5

Syriac

Tagalog tl langTagalog 82

Tajik tg langTajiki 55

Tamazight

Tamil ta langTamil 74

Tatar tt langTatar 135

Telugu te langTelugu 75

Thai th langThai 22

Tibetan bo langTibetan 63

Tigrinya ti langTigrinya 86

Tonga to langTongan 147

Tsonga ts

Turkish tr langTurkish 17

Turkmen tk langTurkmen 56

Twi tw

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Uighur ug langUighur 136

Ukrainian uk langUkrainian 45

Urdu ur langUrdu 20

Uzbek uz langUzbek 47

Venda

Vietnamese vi langVietnamese 80

Volap?k vo

Welsh cy langWelsh 128

Wolof wo

Xhosa xh

Yi

Yiddish yi, ji* langYiddish 41

Yoruba yo

Zulu zu

419
 38. HTML CHARACTER ENCODINGS HTML

Character encoding is a method of converting bytes into characters. To validate or display

an HTML document properly, a program must choose a proper character encoding.

The most common character set or character encoding in use on computers is ASCII - The
American Standard Code for Information Interchange, and this is probably the most
widely used character set for encoding text electronically.

ASCII encoding supports only the upper- and lowercase Latin alphabet, the numbers 0-9,
and some extra characters which make a total of 128 characters in all. You can have a
look at complete set of Printable ASCII Characters

However, many languages use either accented Latin characters or completely different
alphabets. ASCII does not address these characters; therefore, you need to learn about
character encodings if you want to use any non-ASCII characters.

The International Standards Organization created a range of character sets to deal with
different national characters. For the documents in English and most other Western
European languages, the widely supported encoding ISO-8859-1 is used.

Here is the list of Character Set being used around the world along with their description.

Character Set Description

Latin alphabet part 1

ISO-8859-1 Covering North America,Western Europe, Latin America,
theCaribbean, Canada, Africa

Latin alphabet part 2

ISO-8859-2
Covering Eastern Europe

Latin alphabet part 3

ISO-8859-3
Covering SE Europe, Esperanto, miscellaneous others

Latin alphabet part 4

ISO-8859-4
Covering Scandinavia/Baltics (and others not in ISO-8859-1)

ISO-8859-5 Latin/Cyrillic alphabet part 5

ISO-8859-6 Latin/Arabic alphabet part 6

ISO-8859-7 Latin/Greek alphabet part 7

ISO-8859-8 Latin/Hebrew alphabet part 8

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Latin 5 alphabet part 9

ISO-8859-9 Same as ISO-8859-1 except Turkish characters replace Icelandic
ones

ISO-8859-10 Latin 6 Latin 6 Lappish, Nordic, and Eskimo

ISO-8859-15 The same as ISO-8859-1 but with more characters added

ISO-2022-JP Latin/Japanese alphabet part 1

ISO-2022-JP-2 Latin/Japanese alphabet part 2

ISO-2022-KR Latin/Korean alphabet part 1

The Unicode Consortium was then set up to devise a way to show all characters of different
languages, rather than have these different incompatible character codes for different
languages.

Therefore, if you want to create documents that use characters from multiple character
sets, you will be able to do so using the single Unicode character encodings.

Unicode therefore specifies encodings that can deal with a string in special ways so as to
make enough space for the huge character set it encompasses. These are known as UTF-
8, UTF-16, and UTF-32.

Character Set Description

A Unicode Translation Format that comes in 8-bit units that is, it

UTF-8 comes in bytes. A character in UTF8 can be from 1 to 4 bytes long,
making UTF8 variable width.

A Unicode Translation Format that comes in 16-bit units that is, it

UTF-16 comes in shorts. It can be 1 or 2 shorts long, making UTF16
variable width.

A Unicode Translation Format that comes in 32-bit units that is, it

UTF-32 comes in longs. It is a fixed-width format and is always 1 "long" in
length.

The first 256 characters of Unicode character sets correspond to the 256 characters of
ISO-8859-1.

By default, HTML 4 processors should support UTF-8, and XML processors are supposed
to support UTF-8 and UTF-16; therefore all XHTML-compliant processors should also
support UTF-16.

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 39. HTML DEPRECATED TAGS HTML

A complete list of deprecated HTML tags and attributes are given here. All the tags have
been ordered alphabetically along with their equivalent tag or alternate CSS option.

Tag Description Alternate

<applet> Deprecated. Specifies an applet <object>

<basefont> Deprecated. Specifies a base font

<center> Deprecated. Specifies centered text text-align

<dir> Deprecated. Specifies a directory list

<embed> Deprecated. Embeds an application in a document <object>

<font> Deprecated. Specifies text font, size, and color font-family, font-size

<isindex> Deprecated. Specifies a single-line input field

<listing> Deprecated. Specifies listing of items <pre>

<menu> Deprecated. Specifies a menu list

<plaintext> Deprecated. Specifies plaintext <pre>

<s> Deprecated. Specifies strikethrough text text-decoration

<strike> Deprecated. Specifies strikethrough text text-decoration

<u> Deprecated. Specifies underlined text text-decoration

<xmp> Deprecated. Specifies preformatted text <pre>

HTML Deprecated Attributes

Following is the list of deprecated HTML attributes and alternative CSS options available.

Attribute Description Alternate

text-align, float &

align Specifies positioning of an element
vertical-align

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 HTML

alink Specifies the color of an active link or selected link active

background Specifies background image background-image

bgcolor Specifies background color background-color

border Specifies a border width of any element border-width

Indicates how the browser should display the line

clear clear
after the <br /> element

height Specifies height of body and other elements height

Specifies the amount of whitespace or padding that

hspace padding
should appear left or right an element

language Specifies scripting language being used type

Specifies the default color of all links in the

link link
document

Prevents the text from wrapping within that table

nowrap white-space
cell

Indicates the number at which a browser should

start counter-reset
start numbering a list

text Specifies color of body text color

type Specifies the type of list in <li> tag list-style-type

vlink Specifies the color of visited links visited

Specifies the amount of whitespace or padding that

vspace padding
should appear above or below an element

width Specifies width of body and other elements width

423