A. Photovoltaics - This: Electric Current Batteries Overvoltage

A.
Photovoltaics This devices generate electricity directly from sunlight via an electronic
process that occurs naturally in certain types of material, called semiconductors. Electrons
in these materials are freed by solar energy and can be induced to travel through an
electrical circuit, powering electrical devices or sending electricity to the grid.
Charge Controller- A charge controller, charge regulator or battery regulator limits the rate at
which electric current is added to or drawn from electric batteries.[1] It prevents overcharging and may
protect against overvoltage, which can reduce battery performance or lifespan, and may pose a
safety risk. It may also prevent completely draining ("deep discharging") a battery, or perform
controlled discharges, depending on the battery technology, to protect battery life.
Inverter- A solar inverter, or converter or PV inverter, converts the variable direct current (DC)
output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be
fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a
critical balance of system (BOS)component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary
AC-powered equipment. Solar power inverters have special functions adapted for use with
photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.
Backup Generator- The Solar Generator is an alternative source of power supply

utilizing the sun to produce 120 Volts.
A battery bank used for an uninterruptible power supply in a data center. A rechargeable lithium
polymer mobile phone battery. A common consumer battery charger for rechargeable AA and
AAA batteries.
B. Budget constraints
As of now, lots of manufacturers and home owners prefers to use PVs. Generally, solar are
simple to install or use. The price is very expensive at first glance due to the per installment
basis. Professional installations comparatively high expense is primarily due to the fact that
solar energy use is an emerging technology. To make the most of any solar panel
installation, energy efficient appliances should be utilized to prolong effectiveness and the
lifespan.
The solar power generator though, may seem to be quite complicated and complex to create,
you should be aware that it is actually the complete opposite as evidenced by a lot of people
who start to incorporate this environmentally friendly system. Once you purchase a good set
of plans, you can study dealers that can take the parts you will need and local hardware
provider.
PV is a mature, proven technology that is rapidly approaching grid parity. PV has
made remarkable progress in reducing costs, as until recently grid parity still
seemed very far away. It was only a few years ago that PV electricity was four to
five times more expensive than fossil fuels. However, with increases in fossil fuel
prices and continuing cost reductions in PV modules, grid parity could occur as early
as 2012 to 2013 in sunny regions of USA, Japan and Southern Europe. Other regions
with lower electricity production costs and/or more moderate solar resources may
achieve grid parity as early as 2020 (Breyer and Gerlach, 2011.
c. Technical conditions
Before installation:
Training of users
Information about prices, product performance
Communication about necessity of maintenance
Explanation of PV technology and operation on the community
Training of skilled technicians and access to site
After installation:
Regular maintenance of key components
Performance checks
Cleaning of PV modules
Water additions in batteries
Corrosion control
Replacement of broken elements
d. Minimum Economic Capacity

Financing is a crucial component for any enterprise wishing to sell solar home
systems. It might cost a lot in investing to this kind of energy but it is worth it in the
long run. As weve researched, in order for this project to produce consumable
energy to 200 houses, the proponents propose a total of 7,000 solar panels. Each
house would consume an average of 85kW per month.
As of 2016, the cost of a solar panel is PHP 12,000/ 335W. Thus, this whole
project would cost PHP 71,641,791.04
e. Available process technology
Many people associate solar electricity generation directly with photovoltaics and not with
solar thermal power. Yet large, commercial, concentrating solar thermal power plants have
been generating electricity at reasonable costs for more than 15 years. Volker Quaschning
describes the basics of the most important types of solar thermal power plants.
Most techniques for generating electricity from heat need high temperatures to achieve reasonable
efficiencies. The output temperatures of non-concentrating solar collectors are limited to temperatures
below 200C. Therefore, concentrating systems must be used to produce higher temperatures. Due to
their high costs, lenses and burning glasses are not usually used for large-scale power plants, and
more cost-effective alternatives are used, including reflecting concentrators.
The reflector, which concentrates the sunlight to a focal line or focal point, has a parabolic shape; such
a reflector must always be tracked. In general terms, a distinction can be made between one-axis and
two-axis tracking: one-axis tracking systems concentrate the sunlight onto an absorber tube in the
focal line, while two-axis tracking systems do so onto a relatively small absorber surface near the focal
point (see Figure 1).
FIGURE 1. Concentration of sunlight using (a) parabolic trough collector (b) linear Fresnel
collector (c) central receiver system with dish collector and (d) central receiver system
with distributed reflectors
The theoretical maximum concentration factor is 46,211. It is finite because the sun is not really a
point radiation source. The maximum theoretical concentration temperature that can be achieved is
the suns surface temperature of 5500C; if the concentration ratio is lower, the maximum achievable
temperature decreases. However, real systems do not reach these theoretical maxima. This is
because, on the one hand, it is not possible to build an absolutely exact system, and on the other, the
technical systems which transport heat to the user also reduce the receiver temperatures. If the heat
transfer process stops, though, the receiver can reach critically high temperatures.
f. break-even capacities/profit goals

The formula below can determine the years that it would take to return the
profit of the investment.
Cost
=Break Even Point
PriceVariable Cost
71,641,791.04
=29.85 years
( 1000 per month12 months0 )200 houses
g. dependability of figures
IV. Factors considered for construction of civil works

a. Cost of site preparation and improvements
One of the great advantages of solar photovoltaic is the simplicity of its
installation and a certified installer will do most of the work for you. An
off-grid solar system are much cheaper to construct as they dont
require power lines to be extended to remote areas. But other
components line generators make this system more expensive than an
on-grid system.
b. Building and civil works
A small solar power plant was to be set up for the Nagsabaran. The
first step taken in this initiative was to survey the land and establish an
optimum size and design for the plant being built. A detailed report is
then prepared by the team that is appointed to the project. This report
is then approved and then work begins. After everything has been
organized a team is sent to the site to set up the solar plant.
c. Classification of outdoor works
Solar power plant needs to be monitored to detect breakdown and optimize their
operation. Several solar power plants monitoring strategies are depending on the
output of the installation and its nature. Monitoring can be performed on site or
remotely. It can measure production only, retrieve all the data from the inverter or
retrieve all of the data from the communicating equipment (probes, meters, etc.). PV
monitoring is the cornerstone of the o and m of a solar power plant. Monitoring
includes inspection, supervision, sending signals and messages, and receiving signals
from the environment
d. Waste disposal system: sewage/dumps

The project doesnt need a waste disposal system since it is a
renewable energy.

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A.

Backup Generator- The Solar Generator is an alternative source of power supply

d. Minimum Economic Capacity

f. break-even capacities/profit goals

IV. Factors considered for construction of civil works

d. Waste disposal system: sewage/dumps

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